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t
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l J
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I
J
-
AI
)
Vo
l.
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,
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.
1
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r
ch
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0
1
8
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I
SS
N:
2252
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8938
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h
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JA
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Co
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pu
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of YorĆ¹bĆ”
La
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2
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Nig
e
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o
ff
icia
l
lan
g
u
a
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s
a
re
En
g
li
sh
,
Yo
r
Ć¹
b
Ć”
,
Ig
b
o
a
n
d
Ha
u
sa
.
T
h
e
f
o
c
u
s
o
f
th
e
st
u
d
y
re
p
o
rted
i
n
t
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
is
t
o
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e
v
e
lo
p
lea
rn
i
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g
to
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th
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t
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ist
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rs t
o
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rn
t
h
e
Yo
rĆ¹
b
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lan
g
u
a
g
e
u
sin
g
it
s a
lp
h
a
b
e
ts.
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h
e
stu
d
y
is crit
ica
l
to
Yo
r
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b
Ć”
lan
g
u
a
g
e
,
b
e
c
a
u
se
o
f
it
s
e
n
d
a
n
g
e
rm
e
n
t.
T
h
e
re
is
n
e
e
d
t
o
i
n
tr
o
d
u
c
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d
if
fe
re
n
t
lea
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g
to
o
ls
th
a
t
c
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n
m
it
ig
a
te
it
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e
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ti
n
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ti
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n
.
A
Yo
rĆ¹
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wo
rd
p
e
rf
e
c
t
s
y
ste
m
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s
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e
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ist
p
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in
lea
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g
t
h
e
Yo
rĆ¹
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lan
g
u
a
g
e
.
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g
li
sh
a
n
d
Yo
r
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Ć”
w
o
rd
s
f
o
rm
a
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o
n
a
re
e
x
p
e
rim
e
n
ted
u
sin
g
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
m
o
rp
h
o
lo
g
ica
l
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
(w
o
rd
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
).
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h
e
th
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
f
ra
m
e
w
o
r
k
c
o
n
sid
e
re
d
F
i
n
it
e
sta
te
a
u
to
m
a
ta
(
F
S
A
)
to
re
a
li
se
d
i
ff
e
re
n
t
w
a
y
s
o
f
c
o
m
b
in
in
g
th
e
c
o
n
so
n
a
n
ts
a
n
d
v
o
w
e
ls
to
f
o
rm
w
o
rd
.
Tw
o
to
f
iv
e
letter
wo
rd
s
w
e
re
c
o
n
sid
e
re
d
.
T
h
e
sy
st
e
m
w
a
s
d
e
sig
n
e
d
a
n
d
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
u
sin
g
UML
to
o
ls
a
n
d
p
y
th
o
n
p
ro
g
ra
m
m
in
g
lan
g
u
a
g
e
.
Th
e
sy
ste
m
w
il
l
tea
c
h
th
e
u
se
rs
o
n
h
o
w
th
e
w
o
rd
s
a
re
f
o
rm
e
d
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
sy
ll
a
b
les
in
e
a
c
h
w
o
rd
.
T
h
e
u
se
r
n
e
e
d
n
o
t
t
o
k
n
o
w
h
o
w
to
to
n
e
m
a
rk
wo
rd
b
e
f
o
re
h
e
/sh
e
c
a
n
u
se
th
e
sy
ste
m
.
A
n
y
w
o
rd
t
y
p
e
d
w
il
l
b
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
e
d
a
c
c
o
rd
in
g
to
it
s
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
y
ll
a
b
les
.
T
h
is
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
s
re
p
re
se
n
tativ
e
s
o
f
a
ll
p
a
rts
o
f
sp
e
e
c
h
(P
OS)
o
f
th
e
t
w
o
lan
g
u
a
g
e
s.
It
p
ro
d
u
c
e
s c
o
rp
o
ra
f
o
r
th
e
tw
o
lan
g
u
a
g
e
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
C
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
E
n
g
l
is
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
W
o
r
d
s
f
o
r
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atio
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r
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b
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lan
g
u
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g
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p
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h
t
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2
0
1
8
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
S.
I
.
E
lu
d
io
r
a,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
C
o
m
p
u
ter
Scie
n
ce
an
d
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
Ob
af
e
m
i
Aw
o
lo
w
o
U
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
,
I
le
-
I
f
e,
Ni
g
er
ia.
E
m
ail: e
l
u
d
io
r
ao
m
o
lo
la@
g
m
a
il.c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Firstl
y
,
ca
n
o
th
er
Af
r
ica
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
es
b
e
lear
n
t
u
s
in
g
t
h
i
s
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
?
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n
a
w
a
y
ca
n
I
g
b
o
an
d
Hau
s
a
(
th
e
o
th
er
t
w
o
Nig
er
ia
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
es)
b
e
lear
n
t u
s
i
n
g
t
h
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
?
Yo
r
Ć¹
b
Ć”,
I
g
b
o
an
d
Hau
s
a
ar
e
to
n
al
lan
g
u
a
g
e
s
an
d
p
o
s
s
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l
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s
o
m
e
o
th
er
Af
r
ic
an
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
.
Seco
n
d
l
y
,
ca
n
o
th
er
w
o
r
ld
lan
g
u
a
g
e
s
b
e
lear
n
t
u
s
i
n
g
th
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
?
Mo
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ical
an
al
y
s
i
s
is
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
in
m
an
y
n
atu
r
al
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
tas
k
s
.
T
ask
s
s
u
c
h
as
p
ar
s
i
n
g
,
m
ac
h
in
e
tr
a
n
s
lat
io
n
,
in
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
r
etr
iev
al
an
d
p
ar
t o
f
s
p
ee
ch
tag
g
i
n
g
,
a
m
o
n
g
o
t
h
er
s
[
1
]
.
Mo
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
is
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
t
h
e
in
ter
n
al
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
w
o
r
d
.
Mo
r
p
h
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lo
g
ical
an
al
y
s
i
s
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
r
etr
iev
e
th
e
g
r
a
m
m
atica
l
f
ea
tu
r
es
an
d
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
a
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
icall
y
in
f
lec
ted
w
o
r
d
[
2
]
.
I
t
is
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
eg
m
e
n
ti
n
g
w
o
r
d
s
i
n
to
m
o
r
p
h
e
m
e
s
an
d
an
al
y
s
i
n
g
th
e
w
o
r
d
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
.
I
t
is
a
p
r
im
ar
y
s
tep
f
o
r
v
ar
io
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s
ty
p
es
o
f
tex
t a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f
an
y
lan
g
u
ag
e
[
2
]
.
As
n
o
ted
in
[
3
]
,
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
s
tu
d
ie
s
th
e
in
ter
n
al
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
w
o
r
d
s
.
T
h
e
b
u
ild
in
g
b
lo
ck
s
ar
e
ca
lled
m
o
r
p
h
e
m
e
s
.
On
e
d
i
s
ti
n
g
u
i
s
h
e
s
b
et
w
ee
n
f
r
ee
a
n
d
b
o
u
n
d
m
o
r
p
h
e
m
e
s
.
Fre
e
m
o
r
p
h
e
m
es
ar
e
t
h
o
s
e
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
as
w
o
r
d
.
B
o
u
n
d
m
o
r
p
h
e
m
es
ar
e
th
o
s
e
th
at
al
w
a
y
s
h
av
e
to
attac
h
to
o
th
er
m
o
r
p
h
e
m
es
(
Sī¼
h
n
,
2
0
0
8
)
.
Mo
r
p
h
o
r
Mo
r
p
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em
e
is
a
m
i
n
i
m
al
d
is
ti
n
cti
v
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it
o
f
g
r
a
m
m
a
r
.
E
.
g
.
,
a
w
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r
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lik
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lf
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(
Ć
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)
h
as
th
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ee
m
o
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h
e
m
es
in
t
h
e
E
n
g
l
is
h
lan
g
u
a
g
e.
T
h
ey
ar
e:
u
n
-
,
s
elf
an
d
-
is
h
.
I
n
Yo
r
Ć¹
b
Ć”,
it
h
a
s
n
in
e
m
o
r
p
h
e
m
e
s
:
Ć
+
Ƭ
+
n
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+
Ƭ
f
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t
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+
a
r
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+
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+
k
a
n
w
h
ich
ca
n
b
e
s
e
g
m
e
n
ted
[
4
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ļ²
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8938
IJ
-
AI
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
8
:
1
1
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18
12
An
allo
m
o
r
p
h
is
a
p
o
s
s
ib
le
w
a
y
o
f
r
ea
lizin
g
a
m
o
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p
h
e
m
e.
Fo
r
ex
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m
p
le,
th
e
p
l
u
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m
o
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p
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E
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b
y
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h
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p
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s
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-
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-
s
.
E
.
g
.
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o
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(
b
o
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f
l
y
(
f
lies
)
an
d
b
o
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k
(
b
o
o
k
s
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[
3
]
.
T
h
e
m
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m
e
w
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s
ta
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ce
,
ap
p
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s
in
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ev
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v
ar
ian
t
s
: c
ap
/cap
s
,
lo
g
/lo
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s
,
f
o
r
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/
f
o
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ce
s
,
m
o
u
s
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m
ice,
s
h
ee
p
/s
h
ee
p
,
etc
.
T
w
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f
t
h
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v
ar
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f
o
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th
e
v
o
icele
s
s
[
s
]
o
f
ca
p
s
,
t
h
e
v
o
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[
z]
o
f
lo
g
s
.
T
h
e
ir
r
eg
u
lar
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h
ap
e
o
f
m
ice
c
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b
e
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m
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m
ea
n
s
Ć
w
į»
n
į»
mį»
ilƩ
-
įŗ¹
Ģ
k
į»
Ģ
.
W
o
r
d
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
i
n
th
e
t
w
o
la
n
g
u
a
g
es
f
o
llo
w
s
a
s
i
m
p
le
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
n
E
n
g
lis
h
,
v
o
w
el
ca
n
attac
h
w
it
h
a
co
n
s
o
n
a
n
t
to
f
o
r
m
a
w
o
r
d
,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
i
n
,
o
n
,
o
f
(
m
o
s
tl
y
p
r
ep
o
s
itio
n
s
)
,
etc.
I
n
Yo
r
Ć¹
b
Ć”,
co
n
s
o
n
a
n
t
ca
n
attac
h
w
it
h
a
v
o
w
el
to
f
o
r
m
a
w
o
r
d
o
r
w
o
r
d
s
(
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
v
ar
i
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
to
n
e
m
ar
k
s
u
s
u
all
y
v
er
b
)
,
th
i
s
w
o
r
d
i
s
u
s
u
all
y
a
r
o
o
t w
o
r
d
o
f
a
w
h
o
le
class
o
f
w
o
r
d
s
,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
d
Ć©
co
v
er
,
g
Ć©
cu
t,
kĆ
r
ea
d
etc.
P
r
e
-
f
ix
i
n
g
a
v
o
w
el
to
th
ese
w
o
r
d
s
,
a
n
o
u
n
is
f
o
r
m
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
a
m
e
r
o
o
t
w
o
r
d
,
f
o
r
e
x
a
m
p
le,
dƩ
ā
>
c
o
v
er
,
a
+
d
Ć©
ā
>
cr
o
w
n
,
lĆ¹
ā
>
b
ea
t,
Ƭ
-
lĆ¹
ā
>
d
r
u
m
[
4
]
.
I
n
[
5
]
,
ex
ten
s
i
v
e
w
o
r
k
o
n
Yo
r
Ć¹
b
Ć”
w
o
r
d
s
y
l
lab
icatio
n
h
ad
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e.
T
h
e
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
to
n
e
m
ar
k
i
n
g
an
d
u
n
d
er
-
d
o
ttin
g
o
f
Yo
r
Ć¹
b
Ć”
w
o
r
d
s
.
Ou
r
co
n
ce
r
n
i
n
th
is
p
ap
er
is
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
to
o
l
th
at
ca
n
s
i
m
p
l
if
y
th
e
w
o
r
d
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
an
d
h
o
w
t
h
e
s
y
l
lab
le
ca
n
b
e
id
en
tif
ied
in
a
w
o
r
d
.
T
h
e
t
o
o
l
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
o
th
er
r
elate
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
w
it
h
i
n
Af
r
ica
an
d
o
th
er
p
ar
ts
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
ld
.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
i
n
g
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
p
a
p
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
s
ec
tio
n
2
ex
a
m
in
e
s
r
elate
d
w
o
r
k
s
;
s
ec
tio
n
3
g
iv
e
s
t
h
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
; sectio
n
3
s
ec
tio
n
4
d
is
cu
s
s
e
s
th
e
r
es
u
lt
s
,
w
h
ile
s
ec
ti
o
n
5
c
o
n
clu
d
es t
h
e
p
ap
er
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
S
I
n
[
5
]
,
is
o
f
o
p
in
io
n
th
at
i
f
u
r
g
en
t
s
tep
s
ar
e
n
o
t
ta
k
e
n
b
y
th
e
s
tak
e
h
o
ld
er
s
th
at
Y
o
r
Ć¹
b
Ć”
L
a
n
g
u
ag
e
w
i
l
l
b
e
en
d
an
g
er
ed
.
He
ex
a
m
in
ed
l
o
w
-
u
s
ag
e
o
f
th
e
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
in
s
o
m
e
s
tates i
n
So
u
th
W
est o
f
N
ig
er
ia.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
th
e
s
t
u
d
en
ts
f
i
n
d
it d
if
f
ic
u
lt to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
w
it
h
t
h
e
p
eo
p
le
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
Y
o
r
Ć¹
b
Ć”
lan
g
u
a
g
e.
I
n
[
6
]
,
ex
a
m
i
n
ed
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
o
r
v
ar
iab
les
th
at
ar
e
r
esp
o
n
s
i
b
le
f
o
r
Y
o
r
Ć¹
b
Ć”
lan
g
u
ag
e
en
d
an
g
er
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
w
lac
k
o
f
co
m
m
it
m
en
t
to
in
d
ig
en
o
u
s
la
n
g
u
a
g
e;
h
ab
itat
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t,
co
lo
n
ial
leg
ac
y
,
an
d
d
ef
ec
ti
v
e
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
p
lan
n
i
n
g
ar
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
to
th
e
g
r
ad
u
al
ex
ti
n
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
th
at
th
e
Y
o
r
Ć¹
b
Ć”
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
at
h
o
m
e,
an
d
it s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
a
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
p
o
s
t p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l a
d
m
is
s
io
n
.
I
n
[
7
]
,
laid
d
o
w
n
a
b
asic
w
a
y
o
f
lear
n
in
g
th
e
Y
o
r
Ć¹
b
Ć”
lan
g
u
ag
e
.
I
n
t
h
e
b
o
o
k
t
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
ex
p
lai
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
t
y
p
es
o
f
Y
o
r
Ć¹
b
Ć”
v
o
w
el
s
an
d
th
eir
f
ea
t
u
r
es.
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
p
h
o
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
o
f
Y
o
r
Ć¹
b
Ć”
lan
g
u
a
g
e.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
ex
p
lain
e
d
h
o
w
w
o
r
d
s
ar
e
f
o
r
m
ed
.
T
h
e
b
o
o
k
is
in
f
o
r
m
ati
v
e
an
d
it
w
il
l
h
elp
lear
n
er
s
.
I
n
[
8
]
,
ex
a
m
i
n
ed
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
m
o
th
er
to
n
g
u
e
i
n
p
r
e
-
Nu
r
s
er
y
o
r
p
r
im
ar
y
ea
r
l
y
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
r
ai
s
ed
s
i
x
is
s
u
es:
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
s
itu
atio
n
i
n
Ni
g
er
ia,
p
o
lic
y
d
o
cu
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
i
n
Ni
g
er
ia,
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
th
eo
r
y
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
a
n
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
tate
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
r
at
io
n
ale.
S
u
cc
es
s
an
d
f
ail
u
r
es o
f
m
o
th
er
to
n
g
u
e
u
s
ag
e
in
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
r
ev
ie
w
ed
in
o
r
d
er
to
ad
d
r
ess
is
s
u
es
m
en
tio
n
ed
.
I
n
[
9
]
,
w
a
s
o
f
o
p
in
io
n
th
at
p
r
o
p
er
im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
p
o
licies
in
Ni
g
er
ia
w
il
l
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
lear
n
in
g
o
f
i
n
d
ig
e
n
o
u
s
la
n
g
u
a
g
es i
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
Y
o
r
Ć¹
b
Ć”
lan
g
u
ag
e.
I
n
[
1
0
]
,
p
r
esen
ted
th
at
o
n
e
o
f
Nig
er
ia
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licies
s
tip
u
lated
i
t
t
h
at
ā
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
t
h
r
ee
y
ea
r
s
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
tau
g
h
t
i
n
lear
n
er
s
ā
m
o
t
h
er
to
n
g
u
e.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
c
ted
s
h
o
w
th
at
p
r
i
m
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
u
s
ed
w
er
e
ab
le
t
o
teac
h
th
e
s
u
b
j
ec
ts
(
lik
e
s
o
cial
s
t
u
d
ies),
b
u
t
w
it
h
c
h
alle
n
g
e
s
.
I
n
[
1
1
]
,
ex
am
i
n
ed
w
h
ic
h
o
f
t
h
e
Y
o
r
Ć¹
b
Ć”
lan
g
u
ag
e
(
m
o
t
h
er
to
n
g
u
e
lear
n
er
s
)
as
a
m
ed
i
u
m
o
f
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
an
d
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
s
a
m
e
d
iu
m
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
s
to
teac
h
s
o
cial
s
tu
d
ies
i
n
t
h
e
n
u
r
s
er
y
s
ch
o
o
l w
o
u
ld
m
a
k
e
t
h
e
p
u
p
ils
p
er
f
o
r
m
ex
ce
l
len
t
l
y
w
e
ll.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
w
a
s
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
an
d
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
th
e
p
u
p
ils
tau
g
h
t
w
it
h
th
eir
m
o
t
h
er
to
n
g
u
e
(
Y
o
r
Ć¹
b
Ć”
lan
g
u
ag
e)
p
er
f
o
r
m
b
etter
t
h
an
th
o
s
e
th
a
t w
er
e
ta
u
g
h
t
w
it
h
E
n
g
li
s
h
la
n
g
u
a
g
e.
I
n
[
1
2
]
,
lear
n
in
g
i
s
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
a
ch
an
g
e
in
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
attr
ib
u
tab
le
to
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
i
n
v
o
l
v
es
a
ch
an
g
e
in
th
e
lear
n
er
,
lear
n
er
ā
s
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
an
d
ca
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
ch
an
g
e
is
th
e
lear
n
er
ā
s
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
.
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
is
n
o
t
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
n
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
d
ef
i
n
itio
n
.
R
at
h
er
,
lear
n
in
g
i
s
a
b
len
d
o
f
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
i
o
n
,
tr
an
s
f
er
o
f
n
e
w
m
ater
ial,
an
d
th
e
r
eten
tio
n
o
f
m
a
ter
ial.
I
n
f
ac
t,
m
o
s
t
tr
an
s
f
er
s
tu
d
ie
s
f
o
cu
s
p
u
r
el
y
o
n
t
h
e
s
i
m
ilar
itie
s
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
co
n
t
ex
ts
o
f
i
n
itial
lear
n
in
g
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t
tr
an
s
f
er
[
1
3
]
.
Giv
en
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
t
u
d
y
,
lear
n
in
g
h
as b
ee
n
e
v
alu
a
ted
u
s
in
g
a
m
u
lti
m
ed
ia
d
ev
ice.
I
n
[
1
3
]
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
E
-
lear
n
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
teac
h
an
d
lear
n
th
e
Y
o
r
Ć¹
b
Ć”
lan
g
u
a
g
e.
He
o
p
in
ed
th
at
t
h
e
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
I
C
T
)
is
a
g
o
o
d
to
o
l
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
p
eo
p
le
ā
s
in
ter
e
s
t
i
n
lear
n
in
g
t
h
e
lan
g
u
ag
e.
I
n
[
1
4
]
,
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
w
in
d
o
w
s
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
licatio
n
f
o
r
lear
n
i
n
g
Y
o
r
Ć¹
b
Ć”
la
n
g
u
a
g
e.
T
h
e
lear
n
er
ca
n
lear
n
h
o
w
to
r
ea
d
alp
h
ab
ets,
n
u
m
b
e
r
s
an
d
co
m
m
o
n
w
o
r
d
s
in
Y
o
r
Ć¹
b
Ć”
lan
g
u
ag
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
-
AI
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8938
ļ²
C
o
mp
u
ta
tio
n
a
l Mo
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ica
l
A
n
a
lysi
s
o
f Yo
r
Ć¹
b
Ć”
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
W
o
r
d
s
(
S
.
I
.
E
lu
d
io
r
a
)
13
3.
T
H
E
O
R
E
T
I
CA
L
F
RAM
E
WO
RK
Fin
ite
s
ta
te
au
to
m
ata
(
FS
A
)
te
ch
n
iq
u
e
w
a
s
u
s
ed
to
a
n
al
y
s
ed
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
w
a
y
s
o
f
f
o
r
m
in
g
w
o
r
d
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
t
w
o
la
n
g
u
a
g
es
ā
alp
h
ab
ets.
T
h
e
FS
A
w
as
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
w
o
to
f
i
v
e
letter
w
o
r
d
s
,
w
h
ile
s
o
m
e
n
o
tab
le
ex
a
m
p
les
o
f
s
in
g
le
letter
w
o
r
d
s
w
er
e
m
e
n
ti
o
n
ed
.
I
n
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t
s
u
b
s
ec
t
io
n
s
,
t
h
e
y
w
i
ll b
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
in
d
etails.
3
.
1
.
Sin
g
le
let
t
er
w
o
rds
I
n
E
n
g
lis
h
la
n
g
u
a
g
e,
ā
Iā
(
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
)
an
d
ā
aā
(
d
eter
m
i
n
er
)
ar
e
th
e
s
i
n
g
le
letter
w
o
r
d
s
.
.
I
n
Yo
r
Ć¹
b
Ć”
lan
g
u
a
g
e
it is
m
o
s
tl
y
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
s
.
E
x
a
m
p
le:
ā
Ćā
(3
rd
p
e
r
s
o
n
s
in
g
u
lar
,
s
/h
e,
an
d
it)
an
d
ā
Aā
(
w
e)
.
3
.
2
.
T
w
o
let
t
er
wo
rds
T
w
o
letter
w
o
r
d
s
(
KF)
in
Yo
r
Ć¹
b
Ć”
lan
g
u
a
g
e
ar
e
v
er
b
s
an
d
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
s
,
an
d
s
in
g
le
s
y
llab
le.
I
n
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
a
g
e
t
h
e
t
w
o
le
tter
w
o
r
d
s
ca
n
b
e
C
V
(
h
e,
m
e,
w
e,
to
,
etc)
,
an
d
VC
(
an
,
o
n
,
in
,
it,
o
f
,
et
c)
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
h
o
w
t
w
o
letter
s
w
o
r
d
s
ar
e
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
i
n
ite
s
tate
au
to
m
ata.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
w
s
all
p
o
s
s
ib
le
Yo
r
Ć¹
b
Ć”
w
o
r
d
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
g
en
er
ated
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
s
o
f
KF
o
r
C
V
ar
e
n
o
t
s
en
s
ib
le
s
e
m
an
ticall
y
i
n
s
o
m
e
ca
s
es,
b
u
t s
y
n
tactica
ll
y
th
e
y
ar
e
s
en
s
ib
le.
T
h
e
f
o
cu
s
h
er
e
is
to
ad
d
r
ess
is
s
u
e
o
f
s
y
llab
le
th
at
w
il
l g
iv
e
m
ea
n
i
n
g
s
to
all
th
e
s
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
co
m
b
in
at
io
n
s
.
A
l
s
o
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
,
t
h
r
ee
d
if
f
er
en
t
Yo
r
Ć¹
b
Ć”
lan
g
u
ag
e
to
n
e
m
ar
k
s
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
;
h
ig
h
to
n
e
(
H:
Ć”)
,
lo
w
to
n
e
(
L
:
Ć )
an
d
m
id
-
to
n
e
h
a
s
n
o
s
y
m
b
o
lic
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
(
a)
.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
to
n
e
m
ar
k
s
o
n
v
o
w
els
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
r
eso
lv
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
a
m
b
i
g
u
it
ies
in
s
o
m
e
w
o
r
d
s
.
I
f
th
e
to
n
e
m
ar
k
s
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
u
s
ed
to
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
t
h
e
w
o
r
d
s
,
th
e
n
s
u
c
h
w
o
r
d
s
ca
n
b
e
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
c
o
n
tex
t
u
all
y
.
A
s
en
s
ib
le
t
w
o
let
ter
w
o
r
d
s
ca
n
o
n
l
y
f
o
r
m
t
h
r
ee
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
w
o
r
d
s
m
a
x
i
m
all
y
(
bĆ”,
bĆ
an
d
ba)
,
ea
ch
w
o
r
d
m
a
y
h
a
v
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
ea
n
in
g
s
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
ā
bĆ ā
is
an
a
m
b
i
g
u
o
u
s
w
o
r
d
.
I
t m
ea
n
s
to
u
c
h
d
o
w
n
o
r
f
er
m
e
n
t
s
.
P
u
r
e
s
y
llab
ic
v
o
w
el
s
(
m
an
d
n
)
in
Yo
r
Ć¹
b
Ć”
lan
g
u
a
g
e
ca
n
b
e
to
n
e
m
ar
k
ed
w
i
th
i
n
a
s
e
n
te
n
ce
o
r
a
p
h
r
ase.
I
n
m
o
s
t
ca
s
e
s
th
e
y
tak
e
h
ig
h
to
n
e,
an
d
th
e
y
ar
e
s
i
n
g
le
letter
w
o
r
d
s
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le:
įøæ
b
į»
Ģ
an
d
Å
lį»
.
A
ls
o
,
co
n
s
o
n
a
n
t
į¹¢į¹£
is
t
h
e
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
th
at
h
a
s
u
n
d
er
d
o
t.
I
n
m
o
s
t
ca
s
e
it
is
u
s
ed
to
s
tr
ess
w
o
r
d
(
e.
g
.
,
tįŗ¹li
fĆį¹£
Ć
n
-
telev
is
io
n
)
.
T
h
e
alp
h
ab
et
GB
g
b
is
a
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
t
w
o
letter
s
(
also
ter
m
ed
as
d
ig
r
ap
h
)
is
co
n
s
o
n
an
t
n
o
t
t
w
o
co
n
s
o
n
a
n
ts
(
g
b
Ć©
,
g
b
Ć
,
g
b
į»
Ģ
,
etc)
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
ex
p
lai
n
s
p
o
s
s
ib
le
w
a
y
s
o
f
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
t
w
o
letter
w
o
r
d
s
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
la
n
g
u
a
g
es.
T
h
e
Y
o
r
Ć¹
b
Ć”
h
a
s
o
n
e
w
a
y
o
f
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
t
w
o
let
ter
w
o
r
d
s
.
T
h
at
is
,
Ko
n
s
o
n
an
ti
(
K)
+
Fa
w
eli
(
F)
=>
KF.
T
h
e
E
n
g
l
is
h
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
h
as
t
w
o
f
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
at
is
,
co
n
s
o
n
a
n
ts
(
C
)
+
v
o
w
el
s
(
V)
=>
C
V
an
d
VC
.
E
x
a
m
p
les ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Y
o
r
Ć¹
b
Ć”
lan
g
u
ag
e
t
w
o
letter
w
o
r
d
s
K
+
F
Ć”
Ć©
įŗ¹
Ģ
Ć
Ć³
į»
Ģ
Ćŗ
Ć
ĆØ
įŗ¹
Ģ
Ƭ
Ć²
į»
Ģ
Ć¹
a
e
įŗ¹
i
o
į»
u
(
n
o
t
o
n
e
m
a
r
k
s)
Bb
B
+
a
bĆ”
BĆ
ba
B
+
įŗ¹
BĆ©
BĆØ
Bįŗ¹
B
+
įŗ¹
B
įŗ¹
Ģ
B
įŗ¹
Ģ
Bįŗ¹
B
+
i
BĆ
BƬ
Bi
B
+
o
BĆ³
BĆ²
Bo
B
+
į»
B
į»
Ģ
B
į»
Ģ
Bį»
B
+
u
BĆŗ
BĆ¹
Bu
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
FS
A
s
tate
d
ia
g
r
a
m
f
o
r
E
n
g
lis
h
an
d
Yo
r
Ć¹
b
Ć”
t
w
o
letter
w
o
r
d
s
T
ab
le
2
.
E
n
g
lis
h
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
t
wo
letter
w
o
r
d
s
CV
P
O
S
VC
P
O
S
He
P
R
N
if
C
o
n
j
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
to
P
R
N
o
n
P
r
e
p
o
si
t
i
o
n
be
V
e
r
b
an
D
e
t
e
r
mi
n
e
r
me
P
R
N
it
P
R
N
we
P
R
N
in
P
r
e
p
o
si
t
i
o
n
go
V
e
r
b
of
P
r
e
p
o
si
t
i
o
n
do
V
e
r
b
us
P
R
N
3
.
3
.
T
hree
let
t
er
w
o
rds
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
s
tate
d
ia
g
r
a
m
o
f
th
r
ee
let
ter
w
o
r
d
s
f
o
r
E
n
g
li
s
h
a
n
d
Yo
r
Ć¹
b
Ć”
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
is
s
h
o
w
n
.
Fo
r
th
e
Yo
r
Ć¹
b
Ć”
lan
g
u
ag
e
t
h
er
e
ar
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
th
r
ee
co
m
b
in
at
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
(
FK
F)
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
3
(
p
o
s
s
ib
le
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
o
f
F,
K,
a
n
d
F).
I
t
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
s
ev
e
n
v
o
w
el
s
ca
n
b
e
co
m
b
in
e
d
w
it
h
co
n
s
o
n
a
n
t
s
p
r
ef
ix
a
n
d
p
o
s
tf
i
x
.
T
h
e
to
n
e
m
ar
k
s
a
n
d
u
n
d
er
-
d
o
ts
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t
w
o
r
d
s
.
T
h
is
is
A
+
b
+
o
th
er
v
o
w
e
ls
.
q
0
q
1
C
C
V
q
2
V
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ļ²
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8938
IJ
-
AI
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
8
:
1
1
ā
18
14
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
FS
A
State
Dia
g
r
a
m
o
f
E
n
g
lis
h
an
d
Yo
r
Ć¹
b
Ć”
T
h
r
ee
L
etter
W
o
r
d
s
T
ab
le
3
.
Scen
ar
io
1
: F
+
KF
F
+
K
F
Y
o
r
Ć¹
b
Ć”
w
o
r
d
S
y
l
l
a
b
l
e
P
O
S
En
g
l
i
sh
w
o
r
d
P
O
S
A
+
b
a
Ć
b
a
2
v
e
r
b
t
o
i
n
c
u
b
a
t
e
V
e
r
b
A
+
b
a
A
b
Ć
2
n
o
u
n
H
a
ml
e
t
n
o
u
n
A
+
b
a
Ć
b
Ć
2
n
o
u
n
L
a
d
d
e
r
n
o
u
n
A
+
b
e
Ć
b
e
2
n
o
u
n
V
i
l
l
a
g
e
n
a
me
n
o
u
n
A
+
b
įŗ¹
A
b
įŗ¹
2
n
o
u
n
b
l
a
d
e
n
o
u
n
A
+
b
i
Ć
b
Ć
2
I
sn
ā
t
i
t
A
+
b
o
A
b
o
2
n
o
u
n
F
e
mal
e
n
o
u
n
A
+
b
o
Ć
b
o
2
n
o
u
n
n
o
u
n
I
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
2
(
KFF),
KF
F
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
o
n
e
w
o
r
d
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
a
b
le
4
.
Scen
ar
io
3
(
KFK
)
as
s
h
o
w
in
T
ab
le
5
,
g
iv
es
th
e
co
m
b
in
at
io
n
o
f
KFK
i.e
.
K
+
FK.
T
h
e
FK
ca
n
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
f
i
v
e
n
a
s
a
l
v
o
w
el
s
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
in
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
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