I
AE
S In
t
er
na
t
io
na
l
J
o
urna
l o
f
Art
if
icia
l In
t
ellig
ence
(
I
J
-
AI)
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2020
,
p
p
.
439
~
447
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8938
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
ai.
v
9
.i
3
.
p
p
439
-
4
4
7
439
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A
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s
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se
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p
ro
v
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e
s
d
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e
rs
with
sa
f
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m
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t
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k
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ti
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z
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g
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h
e
m
u
lt
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-
p
a
ra
m
e
ter
G
re
e
d
y
Be
st
F
irst
a
l
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o
rit
h
m
.
Th
e
re
su
lt
s
o
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th
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re
se
a
r
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l
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
V
A
NET'
s
sa
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y
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e
v
e
l
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n
d
w
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l
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il
it
a
te
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n
ti
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ti
o
n
o
f
m
isb
e
h
a
v
in
g
v
e
h
icle
s
a
n
d
th
e
ir
m
e
ss
a
g
e
s.
T
h
e
re
su
lt
s
o
f
th
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
sy
ste
m
h
a
v
e
a
lso
p
ro
v
e
n
t
o
b
e
s
u
p
e
ri
o
r
to
o
t
h
e
r
re
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
sy
ste
m
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
R
ep
u
tatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
Saf
et
y
m
ess
a
g
e
s
T
r
u
s
t
VANE
T
s
ec
u
r
it
y
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Gh
as
s
an
Sa
m
ar
a
,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
C
o
m
p
u
ter
Scie
n
ce
,
Facu
lt
y
o
f
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Z
ar
q
a
Un
i
v
er
s
it
y
,
Z
ar
q
a,
J
o
r
d
an
.
E
m
ail:
g
s
a
m
ar
a@
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u
.
ed
u
.
j
o
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
C
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
w
ir
eless
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
ts
o
f
f
er
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
ties
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
ese
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
d
r
iv
i
n
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
r
o
ad
s
af
et
y
,
i
n
f
o
tain
m
e
n
t
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t.
W
o
r
ld
w
id
e
d
ea
th
s
ar
e
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
d
r
a
m
at
icall
y
,
a
n
d
a
s
u
b
s
t
an
tial
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
o
f
t
h
ese
d
ea
th
s
ar
e
o
n
r
o
ad
s
,
in
2
0
1
8
,
ab
o
u
t
1
.
3
5
m
illi
o
n
p
eo
p
le
we
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e
k
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led
w
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ld
w
id
e,
an
d
o
v
er
5
0
m
i
llio
n
ar
e
in
j
u
r
ed
.
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n
th
e
n
ex
t
f
e
w
y
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r
s
,
t
h
ese
n
u
m
b
er
s
w
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ll
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y
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o
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n
d
6
0
p
er
ce
n
t,
u
n
le
s
s
a
ctio
n
i
s
ta
k
en
[
1
]
,
as
w
ell
as
o
th
er
h
ar
m
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
th
e
lo
s
s
o
f
ti
m
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
tr
af
f
ic
j
a
m
s
.
T
r
af
f
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a
m
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s
t
h
e
w
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s
t
t
h
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n
g
an
y
d
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i
n
t
h
e
w
o
r
ld
d
r
ea
m
s
o
f
av
o
id
in
g
,
m
an
y
v
e
h
icle
s
t
h
at
tr
av
el
ca
n
cr
ea
te
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
o
r
ev
e
n
h
a
v
e
tr
o
u
b
le
th
a
t
m
u
s
t
b
e
n
o
ti
f
ied
to
o
t
h
er
v
eh
ic
les
to
p
r
ev
en
t
o
v
er
cr
o
w
d
ed
tr
a
f
f
ic,
b
esid
es,
m
an
y
v
eh
icles
m
a
y
d
is
p
atc
h
in
ac
c
u
r
ate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
r
f
la
w
ed
d
ata,
an
d
th
is
ca
n
ev
e
n
w
o
r
s
e
n
t
h
e
s
it
u
atio
n
[2
-
4]
.
Veh
icle
s
r
ec
eiv
e
m
e
s
s
a
g
es
i
n
v
eh
ic
u
lar
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
o
r
s
en
d
m
a
n
y
m
es
s
ag
e
s
,
an
d
n
o
t
ev
er
y
s
u
ch
m
es
s
ag
e
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
tak
en
in
to
c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
,
as n
o
t e
v
er
y
v
e
h
icle
h
as
g
o
o
d
in
te
n
t,
an
d
s
o
m
e
h
a
v
e
an
E
v
il
attitu
d
e.
Veh
icle
A
d
Ho
c
Net
w
o
r
k
s
(
V
A
NE
T
)
is
a
w
ir
ele
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
th
at
co
n
n
ec
ts
v
e
h
icle
s
to
ea
c
h
o
th
er
a
n
d
allo
w
s
f
o
r
I
n
ter
n
et
ac
ce
s
s
.
V
A
NE
T
is
a
s
p
ec
ial
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
Mo
b
ile
A
d
Ho
c
Net
w
o
r
k
s
(
MA
NE
T
s
)
in
w
h
ic
h
n
o
d
es
m
o
v
e
f
r
ee
l
y
,
s
o
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
li
m
itat
io
n
to
t
h
eir
m
o
b
ilit
y
.
W
h
e
n
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e
ch
an
g
e
s
it
s
lo
ca
tio
n
,
it
w
i
ll
r
e
m
ai
n
co
n
n
ec
ted
,
w
h
ic
h
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
V
ANE
T
s
h
av
e
h
ig
h
l
y
d
y
n
a
m
ic
to
p
o
lo
g
ies.
No
d
es
ar
e
co
m
m
u
n
icati
n
g
w
i
th
ea
c
h
o
th
er
in
a
s
in
g
le
h
o
p
o
r
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
[5
-
6]
.
VANE
T
s
ec
u
r
it
y
s
h
o
u
ld
ac
h
i
ev
e
f
o
u
r
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
at
t
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
r
ec
eiv
ed
is
co
r
r
ec
t
(
au
th
e
n
tici
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
)
,
w
h
o
clai
m
s
to
b
e
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
(
in
teg
r
it
y
o
f
m
e
s
s
a
g
es
an
d
a
u
th
e
n
tica
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
)
,
u
n
ab
le
to
id
en
tify
a
n
d
tr
ac
k
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
th
e
m
es
s
ag
e
(
p
r
iv
ac
y
)
,
an
d
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
r
o
b
u
s
t
[
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8938
I
n
t J
A
r
ti
f
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
te
m
b
er
20
20
:
4
3
9
–
447
440
In
itiati
v
es
o
f
r
ec
e
n
t
r
esear
ch
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
ts
an
d
au
to
m
o
b
ile
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
s
ar
e
s
ee
k
in
g
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
ec
u
r
it
y
an
d
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
,
an
d
"
Fak
e
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
"
h
as
b
ee
n
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
ain
s
u
b
j
ec
ts
to
s
ea
r
ch
.
C
u
r
r
en
t
s
t
u
d
ies
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
t
h
at
th
e
R
o
ad
Sid
e
Un
it
(
R
SU)
,
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
o
f
v
eh
ic
le
m
is
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
.
R
SU
al
s
o
m
a
n
ag
e
s
t
h
e
ce
r
tific
ate,
co
m
m
u
n
icate
w
i
th
th
e
C
er
ti
f
icat
e
Au
t
h
o
r
it
y
(
C
A
)
,
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
w
ar
n
i
n
g
m
es
s
ag
e
s
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icate
w
it
h
o
th
er
R
SU
s
.
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
s
u
b
j
ec
t
to
a
lar
g
e
R
SU o
v
er
h
ea
d
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
en
t
ir
e
Veh
icle
Net
w
o
r
k
(
VN)
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
u
n
d
er
R
SU
'
s
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
[8
-
9]
.
An
i
n
telli
g
e
n
t
r
ep
u
tatio
n
al
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
id
en
ti
f
y
in
g
attac
k
i
n
g
v
e
h
icles
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
th
is
p
ap
er
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
te
m
w
ill
r
el
y
o
n
o
p
in
io
n
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
tr
u
s
t
v
a
lu
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co
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,
tr
a
f
f
ic
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al
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is
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p
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itio
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ased
,
d
ata
co
llectio
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an
d
in
tell
ig
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t
d
ec
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m
a
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b
y
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ti
lizin
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m
u
lt
i
-
p
ar
a
m
eter
Gr
ee
d
y
B
est
First
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
is
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in
t
u
r
n
,
i
m
p
r
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v
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et
w
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k
p
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b
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m
m
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h
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VA
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T
s
y
s
te
m
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tr
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ct
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r
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w
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cl
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v
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icles,
R
SU
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A
s
i
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s
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Fi
g
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r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
VA
NE
T
s
y
s
te
m
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
In
[
10
]
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
ep
u
tat
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
b
ased
o
n
ev
en
ts
(
E
R
S)
w
h
ic
h
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
b
eh
av
io
u
r
o
f
t
h
e
v
e
h
icle,
a
T
r
u
s
t P
o
in
ts
s
h
all
b
e
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
v
eh
icle
e
v
er
y
t
i
m
e
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
v
e
h
icle
s
e
n
d
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
m
atc
h
in
g
o
th
er
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
g
ain
ed
f
r
o
m
o
t
h
er
v
eh
icles,
w
h
en
e
v
er
a
m
es
s
ag
e
m
atc
h
i
n
g
o
th
er
m
es
s
ag
es
is
r
ec
ei
v
ed
,
a
s
in
g
le
p
o
in
t
w
il
l
r
aise
th
e
v
alu
e
,
a
v
e
h
icl
e
w
ill
b
e
tr
ea
ted
as
tr
u
s
ted
w
h
en
th
e
v
al
u
e
h
its
a
p
r
ed
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in
ed
th
r
es
h
o
ld
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d
an
y
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
f
r
o
m
i
t
w
ill
b
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
w
it
h
o
u
t
in
s
p
ec
tio
n
,
t
h
e
v
al
u
e
w
il
l
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
ev
er
y
t
i
m
e
i
t
s
e
n
d
s
i
n
co
r
r
ec
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
W
h
ile
t
he
Veh
icle
A
d
Ho
c
R
ep
u
tatio
n
S
y
s
te
m
(
V
AR
S)
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
in
[
11
]
,
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
o
p
in
io
n
o
f
ea
ch
v
e
h
icle
i
s
tr
an
s
m
itted
to
all
o
th
er
v
e
h
icle
s
,
s
u
c
h
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
i
s
ag
g
r
eg
a
ted
to
f
o
r
m
a
r
ep
u
tat
io
n
f
o
r
all
s
y
s
te
m
v
e
h
icles.
I
n
[
12
-
14
]
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
m
aj
o
r
s
af
et
y
i
s
s
u
es
f
ac
ed
b
y
V
ANE
T
,
s
u
ch
a
s
Den
ial
o
f
Ser
v
ice
at
tack
,
Me
s
s
ag
e
S
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
a
ttack
,
Fab
r
icatio
n
A
ttac
k
,
A
lter
atio
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A
tt
ac
k
,
R
ep
la
y
Attac
k
,
S
y
b
il
Attac
k
,
P
r
an
k
s
ter
s
,
Ma
li
cio
u
s
a
ttack
er
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
d
ef
in
ed
th
e
k
i
n
d
s
o
f
V
ANE
T
attac
k
er
s
s
u
c
h
as Sel
f
i
s
h
Dr
i
v
er
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
also
id
en
ti
f
ied
t
h
e
ch
alle
n
g
e
s
o
f
V
A
NE
T
s
af
et
y
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
it
y
.
I
n
[
15
]
,
au
th
o
r
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
o
f
id
en
ti
f
ica
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
ad
v
er
s
e
v
eh
icles
an
d
o
f
f
er
ed
n
o
t
to
u
s
e
th
e
C
er
tific
ate
R
e
v
o
ca
tio
n
L
is
t
(
C
R
L
)
w
h
ic
h
is
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
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s
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
it
ca
u
s
es
d
ela
y
,
o
v
er
h
ea
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
an
d
c
h
a
n
n
el
i
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
,
t
h
e
Valid
C
er
t
if
ica
te
(
VC
)
o
r
I
n
v
alid
C
er
tific
ate
(
I
C
)
,
s
h
al
l
ap
p
l
y
to
ea
ch
v
eh
icle
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
an
d
o
th
er
v
e
h
icles
o
n
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
h
a
ll
p
r
o
ce
s
s
m
es
s
a
g
es
tr
an
s
m
itted
f
r
o
m
an
y
v
e
h
icle
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
ese
ce
r
tif
ica
tes.
I
n
[
16
]
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
m
eth
o
d
to
d
ea
l
w
i
th
ca
r
ce
r
tif
icatio
n
s
to
f
ac
ili
tate
t
h
e
i
d
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
ad
v
er
s
ar
ial
v
eh
icles
.
T
h
i
s
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
r
e
v
o
k
i
n
g
th
e
ir
ce
r
tif
ica
tes
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
t
h
e
R
o
a
d
Sid
e
U
n
i
t
R
eg
u
lat
io
n
a
n
d
th
e
Net
w
o
r
k
C
er
ti
f
icat
io
n
Au
t
h
o
r
it
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
e
th
o
d
ai
m
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
I
n
[
17
]
Au
t
h
o
r
s
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
a
r
ep
u
tat
io
n
s
er
v
er
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
n
e
n
ti
t
y
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
o
r
r
ev
o
k
i
n
g
ce
r
tif
icate
s
f
r
o
m
u
n
tr
u
s
ted
v
eh
icles
.
T
h
e
s
e
r
v
er
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
ce
r
tif
icate
s
f
o
r
all
v
e
h
icles,
an
d
it
ca
n
r
ev
o
k
e
ce
r
tif
icate
an
d
s
to
p
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
a
n
y
n
e
w
w
h
e
n
i
t
f
i
n
d
s
t
h
at
th
i
s
v
e
h
icle
ca
u
s
e
s
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as c
er
tif
ied
r
ep
u
tatio
n
,
w
h
ic
h
is
f
ir
s
tl
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
i
n
[
18
].
I
n
[
1
9
]
au
th
o
r
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
tr
u
s
t
-
b
ased
s
ch
e
m
e,
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
itial
l
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
ca
lc
u
lat
io
n
o
f
th
e
tr
u
s
t
w
o
r
t
h
in
e
s
s
o
f
ea
c
h
v
e
h
ic
le.
T
h
e
lo
ca
tio
n
d
ata
o
f
a
v
eh
icle
is
ca
lc
u
lated
af
ter
tr
u
s
t
w
o
r
th
in
e
s
s
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
ca
lcu
lati
n
g
co
n
f
id
en
ce
i
s
f
o
r
th
e
g
r
ea
te
r
t
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
a
n
o
d
e
to
b
e
tr
u
s
ted
,
th
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
e
lik
eli
h
o
o
d
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
w
i
th
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
Au
t
h
o
r
s
h
av
e
f
o
u
n
d
a
c
h
a
n
g
e
in
t
h
e
tr
u
s
t
w
o
r
t
h
i
n
ess
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
ata
w
h
e
n
n
o
d
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
s
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
,
an
d
t
h
u
s
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
ep
lie
s
is
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
.
Af
ter
w
ar
d
,
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
u
s
ed
th
e
m
o
s
t
tr
u
s
ted
n
o
d
e's
lo
ca
tio
n
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
o
f
a
n
y
v
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h
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is
ab
o
v
e
5
0
%.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
A
cc
ep
ta
n
ce
o
f
tr
u
s
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8938
I
n
tellig
en
t rep
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ta
tio
n
s
ystem
f
o
r
s
a
fety
mess
a
g
es in
V
A
N
E
T
(
Gh
a
s
s
a
n
S
a
ma
r
a
)
441
d
ata
f
o
r
v
eh
icles
w
it
h
th
e
t
r
u
s
t
w
o
r
th
in
e
s
s
o
f
m
o
r
e
th
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n
5
0
%
in
clu
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m
a
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s
h
i
g
h
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
a
n
d
o
v
er
h
ea
d
s
.
I
n
[
20
]
,
au
th
o
r
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
r
ep
u
tatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
-
b
a
s
ed
li
g
h
t
weig
h
t
m
es
s
ag
e
au
t
h
e
n
ticatio
n
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
an
d
p
r
o
to
co
l
f
o
r
5
G
-
en
ab
led
v
eh
ic
u
lar
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
(
R
SM
A
)
.
I
s
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
m
an
a
g
i
n
g
r
ep
u
tatio
n
.
A
v
eh
icle
h
av
i
n
g
a
r
ep
u
tatio
n
v
a
lu
e
b
elo
w
t
h
e
g
i
v
en
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
ap
p
r
o
v
ed
f
o
r
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
b
y
t
h
e
C
A;
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
u
n
tr
u
s
ted
m
es
s
ag
es i
s
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
t
h
e
v
e
h
icle
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
Au
t
h
o
r
s
i
n
[
2
1
]
A
u
th
o
r
s
d
ef
in
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
an
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
co
u
n
ti
n
g
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
ca
teg
o
r
ic
al
d
i
s
ti
n
ct
p
s
e
u
d
o
-
id
en
tit
y
s
ch
e
m
e
.
T
h
i
s
s
ch
e
m
e
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
es
s
ec
r
e
c
y
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
co
u
n
ti
n
g
i
s
s
u
e
. T
h
e
p
ap
er
w
a
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
tr
u
s
t le
v
el
an
d
v
eh
icle
lo
ca
tio
n
.
3.
T
H
E
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
SYS
T
E
M
B
asic S
y
s
te
m
a
s
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
s
:
1.
E
ac
h
v
e
h
icle
h
as a
n
i
n
ter
n
al
m
e
m
o
r
y
o
n
b
o
ar
d
(
OB
U)
th
at
s
to
r
e
ce
r
tif
icate
s
an
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
2.
T
h
e
C
er
tif
icatio
n
A
u
t
h
o
r
it
y
(
C
A
)
an
d
R
o
ad
Sid
e
Un
it (
R
S
U)
ar
e
t
w
o
tr
u
s
ted
ag
en
ts
.
3.
E
ac
h
v
eh
ic
le
h
as
a
u
n
iq
u
e
c
er
tif
icate
w
it
h
a
d
i
g
ital
s
i
g
n
a
tu
r
e
i
s
s
u
ed
b
y
C
A
,
a
n
d
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
ch
a
n
g
ed
o
v
er
ti
m
e.
4.
A
ll
n
et
w
o
r
k
v
e
h
icles
s
y
n
c
t
h
ei
r
clo
ck
s
w
ith
t
h
e
e
x
is
t
in
g
R
SU
.
5.
T
h
e
d
ec
is
io
n
to
ac
ce
p
t o
r
r
e
j
ec
t sen
d
er
v
e
h
icle
d
ata
m
u
s
t b
e
tak
en
v
er
y
q
u
ick
l
y
.
Me
s
s
a
g
e
an
d
Veh
icle
t
y
p
es
:
T
w
o
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
s
ar
e
s
en
t
b
y
ea
c
h
ca
r
in
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
P
er
io
d
ic
b
ea
co
n
(
s
tatu
s
)
m
e
s
s
a
g
es
s
en
t
1
0
ti
m
e
s
a
s
ec
o
n
d
to
n
o
tify
t
h
e
s
e
n
d
er
'
s
co
n
d
itio
n
to
n
e
ig
h
b
o
u
r
in
g
v
eh
icles
[
1
2
]
.
W
ar
n
in
g
m
es
s
ag
e
s
(
ev
en
t
-
d
r
iv
e
n
)
s
e
n
t
o
n
l
y
i
n
s
i
tu
atio
n
s
o
f
d
a
n
g
er
s
u
c
h
as
a
ca
r
cr
ash
,
ice
o
n
t
h
e
p
av
e
m
en
t,
s
u
d
d
en
b
r
ea
k
.
T
h
ese
m
es
s
ag
e
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
en
t
w
it
h
o
u
t a
lter
atio
n
o
r
i
m
p
er
s
o
n
atio
n
a
s
q
u
ic
k
l
y
a
s
p
o
s
s
i
b
le
[
2
2
-
2
3
]
.
S
y
s
te
m
v
e
h
icle
s
ar
e
ca
te
g
o
r
ized
in
to
th
r
ee
t
y
p
es
[
2
3
]
:
1
-
d
i
s
co
v
er
er
s
:
T
r
u
s
t
f
u
l
ag
e
n
t
s
w
it
h
I
Ds,
ce
r
ti
f
icate
s
,
v
eh
ic
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
th
o
s
e
ag
en
t
s
in
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
ar
e
th
e
R
SU
s
an
d
C
A
s
i
n
th
e
ex
is
ti
n
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
2
-
attac
k
er
s
:
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
v
eh
icles
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
an
attac
k
o
n
o
th
er
n
et
w
o
r
k
v
eh
ic
les.
3
-
R
ec
eiv
er
s
:
No
r
m
a
l
v
eh
ic
les s
e
n
d
in
g
a
n
d
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
n
o
r
m
a
l d
ata
in
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
R
ec
eiv
in
g
m
ess
a
g
e
E
ac
h
v
eh
icle
h
as
L
o
ca
l
R
ep
u
tatio
n
p
o
in
t
s
L
i
s
t
(
L
R
L
)
.
T
h
e
li
s
t
co
n
tai
n
s
an
ev
a
lu
at
io
n
p
o
in
t
s
w
h
ic
h
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
v
e
h
icle
ca
lc
u
lates
f
o
r
all
th
e
v
eh
icle
s
t
h
at
s
e
n
t
a
m
ess
a
g
e
to
it
s
h
o
r
tl
y
an
d
R
SU
R
ep
u
tatio
n
P
o
in
ts
L
is
t
(
R
R
L
)
,
sh
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
is
is
a
l
is
t
ca
lc
u
lated
b
y
R
S
U
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
ep
o
r
ts
s
en
t
b
y
n
et
w
o
r
k
v
e
h
icles,
an
d
an
u
p
d
ated
lis
t i
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
ed
to
all
n
et
w
o
r
k
v
e
h
icles,
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
-
le
v
el
s
L
R
L
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
3
.
T
o
p
:
t
h
at
r
ese
m
b
les
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
r
eliab
le
v
eh
icle
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
r
ep
u
tatio
n
,
th
i
s
lev
el
i
s
at
its
to
p
s
o
th
at
th
e
v
eh
icle
ca
n
r
ea
lize
th
at
th
e
s
e
n
d
in
g
v
e
h
icle
is
tr
u
s
ted
an
d
q
u
ick
l
y
ac
ce
p
t
it
s
m
e
s
s
a
g
e.
Mid
d
le:
co
n
tain
i
n
g
s
u
s
p
icio
u
s
v
e
h
icles
th
at
ca
n
b
e
m
alic
io
u
s
a
n
d
h
ar
m
f
u
l.
B
o
tto
m
:
m
i
s
b
e
h
av
ed
(
m
alicio
u
s
)
v
e
h
icle
s
th
a
t h
a
v
e
alr
ea
d
y
s
en
t t
h
e
r
ec
ip
ien
t
f
alse o
r
m
i
s
l
ea
d
in
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
ab
le
1
.
R
SU
r
ep
u
tatio
n
p
o
in
t
s
lis
t str
u
ct
u
r
e
R
S
U
R
e
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
p
o
i
n
t
s
L
i
st
(
R
R
L
)
T
o
p
(
L
o
w
R
e
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
P
o
i
n
t
s)
M
i
d
d
l
e
(
M
i
d
d
l
e
R
e
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
P
o
i
n
t
s)
B
o
t
t
o
m
(
h
i
g
h
R
e
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
P
o
i
n
t
s)
T
ab
le
2
.
L
R
L
u
p
d
ate
ID
R
e
p
.
P
o
i
n
t
s
T
r
u
st
l
e
v
e
l
V
2
6
13
T
o
p
V
1
8
11
T
o
p
V2
7
M
e
d
i
u
m
V
5
7
6
M
e
d
i
u
m
V
1
4
4
L
o
w
V
1
1
3
L
o
w
V
2
3
1
L
o
w
V
3
8
1
L
o
w
T
ab
le
3
.
L
o
ca
l
r
ep
u
tatio
n
p
o
in
ts
lis
t str
u
ct
u
r
e
L
o
c
a
l
R
e
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
p
o
i
n
t
s
L
i
st
(
L
R
L
)
T
o
p
(
h
i
g
h
R
e
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
P
o
i
n
t
s)
M
i
d
d
l
e
(
M
i
d
d
l
e
R
e
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
P
o
i
n
t
s)
B
o
t
t
o
m (L
o
w
R
e
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
P
o
i
n
t
s)
Op
in
io
n
g
en
er
atio
n
E
ac
h
v
eh
ic
le
i
n
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
h
a
s
it
s
o
w
n
r
ep
u
tatio
n
ca
lc
u
latio
n
(
Data
-
ce
n
tr
ic)
,
an
d
t
h
i
s
i
s
d
o
n
e
all
th
e
ti
m
e
b
y
r
ec
eiv
in
g
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
e
s
s
a
g
es
lik
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b
ea
co
n
s
,
w
ar
n
i
n
g
s
o
r
d
ata
m
e
s
s
a
g
es,
i
f
a
v
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h
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r
e
ce
iv
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a
m
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ag
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o
f
w
ar
n
in
g
f
r
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m
o
t
h
er
v
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h
icles,
it
ch
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k
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L
R
L
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t
f
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t
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e
g
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b
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av
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v
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h
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s
o
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to
p
o
f
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li
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t,
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d
m
i
s
b
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a
v
e
v
e
h
icles
at
t
h
e
b
o
tto
m
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T
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if
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m
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ated
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m
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f
r
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m
v
eh
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lo
ca
ted
at
th
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b
o
tto
m
.
F
u
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
R
R
L
li
s
t
p
lay
s
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
r
u
le
an
d
m
u
s
t
b
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tak
en
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
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i
n
th
e
co
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m
u
n
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n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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I
n
t J
A
r
ti
f
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
te
m
b
er
20
20
:
4
3
9
–
447
442
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
d
ec
is
io
n
s
in
ce
it
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
o
p
in
io
n
o
n
th
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
th
e
v
e
h
icle
,
w
h
ile
it
h
as
f
e
w
er
w
ei
g
h
t th
a
n
L
R
L
s
in
ce
L
R
L
r
ep
r
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p
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s
o
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al
e
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p
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ien
c
e
o
f
th
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v
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h
icle
r
ec
ei
v
er
.
R
ep
u
tatio
n
p
o
in
ts
:
I
f
th
e
r
ec
ip
ien
t
r
ec
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m
e
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s
ag
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s
co
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r
n
i
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g
a
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it
u
atio
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t
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co
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ce
r
n
in
g
th
e
s
a
m
e
s
itu
a
tio
n
,
t
h
e
r
ec
ip
i
en
t
v
eh
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co
n
s
id
er
s
t
h
e
s
en
d
er
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g
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o
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e
w
ar
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o
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m
u
s
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f
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o
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eh
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u
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r
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b
y
m
o
r
e
th
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n
o
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e
n
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m
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eg
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L
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in
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f
t
h
er
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ar
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a
lo
t o
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r
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y
v
e
h
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t
h
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ess
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th
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s
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w
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Fig
u
r
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w
ar
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w
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if
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e
s
e
n
d
er
is
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alr
ea
d
y
a
m
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eh
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v
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if
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th
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if
ied
as
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o
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s
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e
v
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cle,
th
e
m
e
s
s
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g
e
w
o
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ld
b
e
ig
n
o
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w
it
h
o
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t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
o
n
ce
a
m
is
b
eh
a
v
e
v
e
h
icle
w
ar
n
in
g
i
s
r
ec
eiv
ed
,
R
SU
c
h
ec
k
s
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f
th
e
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en
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er
is
alr
ea
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a
m
is
b
e
h
av
e
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ic
le
o
r
n
o
t,
if
th
e
s
en
d
er
's
id
en
ti
f
icatio
n
h
as
b
ee
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v
er
i
f
ied
as
a
p
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ten
tial
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is
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eh
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e
v
e
h
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th
e
m
es
s
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g
e
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o
u
ld
n
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t
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r
o
ce
s
s
ed
,
else,
t
w
o
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ie
s
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
t
h
e
m
es
s
ag
e.
First,
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
v
eh
ic
le
s
e
n
d
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
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8938
I
n
t J
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r
ti
f
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
te
m
b
er
20
20
:
4
3
9
–
447
444
th
at
s
p
ec
if
ic
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n
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,
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le
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d
r
ef
er
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ed
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n
t
h
e
m
es
s
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g
e
ar
e
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e
g
ar
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ed
as
s
u
s
p
ec
t.
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f
a
f
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r
t
h
er
w
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y
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th
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e
t
w
o
v
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later
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ep
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ted
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e
v
eh
icl
e
w
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ld
f
o
r
m
all
y
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eg
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ts
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e
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ts
,
t
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e
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icle
is
k
n
o
w
n
to
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SU
a
s
a
m
is
b
e
h
av
e
v
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icle,
th
e
p
o
in
ts
o
f
m
is
b
eh
a
v
io
r
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
b
y
o
n
e
p
o
in
t.
T
h
is
v
eh
icle
ca
n
a
d
v
an
ce
to
th
e
to
p
o
f
th
e
lis
t
s
.
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n
d
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if
th
e
w
ar
n
in
g
ab
o
u
t
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a
p
ar
ticu
lar
v
e
h
i
cle,
th
en
th
e
m
is
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e
h
av
io
r
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o
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ts
f
o
r
th
e
v
eh
ic
le
r
ep
o
r
ted
s
h
all
b
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
.
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o
w
n
i
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
2
f
o
r
a
tr
u
s
t
d
ec
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io
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n
d
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n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
f
o
r
m
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s
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g
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ec
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p
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s
s
in
g
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A
l
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r
ith
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2
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r
u
s
t
d
ec
is
io
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T
o
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R
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u
p
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t
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f
o
r
mat
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o
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[
me
ssag
e
w
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t
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a
l
a
r
m
]
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s
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p
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u
r
e
3
.
Me
s
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s
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n
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r
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h
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s
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n
th
e
m
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ates
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s
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ated
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et
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ith
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s
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o
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er
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e
n
t
h
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th
e
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et
wo
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k
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ap
id
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h
a
n
g
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le
a
n
d
th
e
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R
L
ac
co
r
d
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g
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t
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ld
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r
e,
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e
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ate
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m
o
r
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r
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e
n
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l
y
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te
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Thr
.
=
∑
ℎ
<
∑
ℎ
2
(
3
)
R
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f
r
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
b
r
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ad
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ts
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I
Ds
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f
t
h
e
m
is
b
e
h
av
e
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icles
f
o
r
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e
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r
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et
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k
.
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U
s
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o
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ld
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n
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tr
u
s
ted
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ata
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n
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y
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ted
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h
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s
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e
y
.
I
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
i
s
f
o
r
w
ar
d
ed
to
th
e
n
e
x
t
R
SU
in
th
e
d
ir
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tio
n
t
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e
v
e
h
icle
is
m
o
v
i
n
g
to
,
An
d
R
SU
r
ec
ip
ie
n
t
w
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ll
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p
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ate
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d
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r
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ad
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s
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t
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m
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e
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io
r
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o
r
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atio
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t
o
its
n
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g
h
b
o
r
s
,
i.e
.
,
R
SU a
n
d
v
eh
icles,
o
n
a
r
eg
u
la
r
b
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.
4.
SI
M
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I
O
N
A
ND
RE
SU
L
T
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r
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p
r
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to
c
o
l,
an
in
ten
s
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e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
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s
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n
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cte
d
w
it
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M
A
T
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B
R
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1
8
a
v
er
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io
n
[
24
]
.
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h
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1
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a
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clu
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ter
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C
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[
21
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d
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[
20
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.
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m
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s
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m
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
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ta
k
en
f
r
o
m
[
2
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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Sep
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20
20
:
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3
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–
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4
46
I
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F
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5
10
15
20
25
30
35
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
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N
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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M
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E.
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A
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e
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a
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o
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o
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re
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e
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NETs.
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o
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[9
]
Be
r
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a
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.
a
n
d
Om
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.
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N.
-
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.
L
o
a
n
d
H.
-
C.
T
sa
i,
“
A
Re
p
u
tatio
n
S
y
ste
m
f
o
r
T
r
a
ff
ic
S
a
f
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t
y
Ev
e
n
t
o
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e
h
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lar
A
d
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c
Ne
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o
rk
s,”
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l.
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0
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,
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o
.
1
,
p
.
1
2
5
3
4
8
,
2
0
0
9
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[1
1
]
F
.
Do
tze
r,
L
.
F
isc
h
e
r,
a
n
d
P
.
M
a
g
iera
,
“
V
A
RS
:
A
V
e
h
icle
A
d
-
Ho
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
Re
p
u
tatio
n
S
y
ste
m
,
”
in
S
ixth
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m o
n
a
W
o
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o
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les
s M
o
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il
e
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n
d
M
u
lt
i
me
d
ia
Ne
two
rk
s
,
p
p
.
4
5
4
-
4
5
6
.
[1
2
]
G
.
S
a
m
a
ra
,
W
.
A
.
H.
A
l
-
S
a
li
h
y
,
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n
d
R.
S
u
re
s,
“
S
e
c
u
rity
a
n
a
lys
is
o
f
Veh
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la
r
Ad
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c
Ne
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rk
s
(
VA
NET
),
”
in
P
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e
e
d
in
g
s
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2
n
d
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tern
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ti
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Co
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n
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e
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A
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o
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n
d
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e
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NETA
P
P
S
2
0
1
0
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
3
]
G
.
S
a
m
a
ra
,
W
.
A
.
H.
A
l
-
S
a
li
h
y
,
a
n
d
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S
u
re
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“
S
e
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r
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s
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),
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in
NIS
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2
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4
th
In
tern
a
ti
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l
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re
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In
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o
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e
a
n
d
S
e
rv
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S
c
ien
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e
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
4
]
A
ri
f
,
M
.
,
W
a
n
g
,
G
.
,
Bh
u
iy
a
n
,
M
.
Z.
A
.
,
W
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n
g
,
T
.
a
n
d
Ch
e
n
,
J
.
,
A
su
rv
e
y
o
n
se
c
u
r
it
y
a
tt
a
c
k
s
in
V
A
NET
s:
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
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n
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n
d
c
h
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ll
e
n
g
e
s.
Veh
icu
l
a
r Co
mm
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ic
a
ti
o
n
s
,
p
.
1
0
0
1
7
9
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
5
]
G
.
S
a
m
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r
a
a
n
d
W
.
A
.
H.
A
.
A
lsa
li
h
y
,
“
A
n
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w
se
c
u
rity
me
c
h
a
n
i
sm
fo
r
v
e
h
icu
l
a
r
c
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
n
e
two
rk
s,”
i
n
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
2
0
1
2
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
C
y
b
e
r
S
e
c
u
rit
y
,
C
y
b
e
r
War
f
a
re
a
n
d
Dig
it
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l
F
o
re
n
sic
,
Cy
b
e
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e
c
2
0
1
2
.
[1
6
]
G
.
S
a
m
a
ra
,
W
.
A
.
H.
A
l
-
S
a
li
h
y
,
a
n
d
R
.
S
u
re
s,
“
Ef
fi
c
ien
t
c
e
rtif
ica
te
ma
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
in
VA
NET
,
”
in
P
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
2
0
1
0
2
n
d
In
tern
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ti
o
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l
Co
n
f
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re
n
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e
o
n
F
u
t
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re
Co
m
p
u
ter an
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
IC
F
CC 2
0
1
0
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
7
]
Qin
L
i,
A
.
M
a
li
p
,
K.
M
.
M
a
rti
n
,
S
iaw
-
Ly
n
n
Ng
,
a
n
d
Jie
Zh
a
n
g
,
“
A
Re
p
u
tatio
n
-
Ba
se
d
A
n
n
o
u
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
S
c
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
V
A
NET
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Veh
.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
.
,
v
o
l.
6
1
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,
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p
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4
0
9
5
-
4
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0
8
,
No
v
.
2
0
1
2
.
[1
8
]
T
.
D.
Hu
y
n
h
,
N.
R.
Je
n
n
i
n
g
s,
a
n
d
N.
R
.
S
h
a
d
b
o
lt
,
“
Ce
rtif
ied
Rep
u
ta
ti
o
n
-
H
o
w
a
n
A
g
e
n
t
Ca
n
T
r
u
st
a
S
tra
n
g
e
r,”
F
if
th
In
t.
Jt.
Co
n
f
.
A
u
to
n
.
A
g
e
n
ts M
u
lt
iag
e
n
t
S
y
st.
(AA
M
A
S
2
0
0
6
),
p
p
.
1
2
1
7
-
1
2
2
4
,
2
0
0
6
.
[1
9
]
S
.
Da
s,
I.
Da
s,
R.
P
.
S
in
g
h
,
P
.
Jo
h
ri,
a
n
d
A
.
Ku
m
a
r,
“
T
ru
st
-
Ba
s
e
d
S
c
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
L
o
c
a
ti
o
n
F
in
d
i
n
g
in
V
A
NET
s
Us
in
g
T
ru
stw
o
rth
in
e
ss
o
f
No
d
e
,
”
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r
,
S
in
g
a
p
o
re
,
p
p
.
4
3
-
5
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
0
]
J.
Cu
i,
X
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
H.
Z
h
o
n
g
,
Z
.
Yin
g
,
a
n
d
L
.
L
iu
,
“
RS
M
A
:
Re
p
u
tatio
n
S
y
ste
m
-
b
a
se
d
L
i
g
h
tw
e
i
g
h
t
M
e
ss
a
g
e
A
u
th
e
n
ti
c
a
ti
o
n
F
ra
m
e
w
o
rk
a
n
d
P
r
o
to
c
o
l
f
o
r
5
G
-
e
n
a
b
led
V
e
h
icu
l
a
r
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s,”
IEE
E
In
ter
n
e
t
T
h
i
n
g
s
J
.
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
1
]
C.
Y.
Ye
u
n
g
,
L
.
C.
K.
H
u
i,
T
.
W
.
Ch
im
,
S
.
-
M
.
Yi
u
,
G
.
Zen
g
,
a
n
d
J.
Ch
e
n
,
“
A
n
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
Co
u
n
t
in
g
P
r
o
b
lem
in
T
ru
st
L
e
v
e
l
Warn
in
g
S
y
ste
m
f
o
r
V
A
N
ET
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
.
Veh
.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
.
,
v
o
l.
6
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
4
–
4
8
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
1
9
.
[2
2
]
G
.
S
a
m
a
ra
,
“
A
n
in
telli
g
e
n
t
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
t
o
c
o
l
in
V
A
NET
,
”
In
t.
J
.
A
d
Ho
c
Ub
iq
u
it
o
u
s
C
o
mp
u
t
.
,
v
o
l.
2
9
,
n
o
.
1
/
2
,
p
.
7
7
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
3
]
G
.
P
rim
iero
,
A
.
M
a
rto
ra
n
a
,
a
n
d
J.
T
a
g
li
a
b
u
e
,
“
S
im
u
latio
n
o
f
a
T
ru
st an
d
Re
p
u
tatio
n
Ba
se
d
M
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
P
ro
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
a
Blac
k
Ho
le
S
t
y
le
A
tt
a
c
k
o
n
V
AN
ET
s,”
in
2
0
1
8
I
E
EE
Eu
r
o
p
e
a
n
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
o
n
S
e
c
u
rity
a
n
d
Pri
v
a
c
y
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
s
(
Eu
ro
S
&
PW
)
,
p
p
.
1
2
7
-
1
3
5
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
4
]
“
W
irele
ss
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
-
M
ATLA
B
&
a
m
p
;
S
im
u
li
n
k
S
o
lu
t
io
n
s
-
M
A
TL
A
B
&
a
m
p
;
S
i
m
u
li
n
k
.
”
[
On
li
n
e
]
.
Av
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s://
u
k
.
m
a
th
w
o
rk
s.c
o
m
/so
lu
ti
o
n
s/w
irele
ss
-
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s.
h
tm
l.
[
A
c
c
e
ss
e
d
:
1
1
-
A
p
r
-
2
0
1
7
].
[2
5
]
S
a
m
a
ra
,
G
.
,
A
n
i
m
p
ro
v
e
d
CF
-
M
A
C
p
ro
to
c
o
l
f
o
r
V
A
NET
.
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
&
Co
mp
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
)
,
9
,
2
0
1
9
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
Y
O
F
AUTHO
R
G
h
a
ss
a
n
S
a
m
a
ra
:
Ho
ld
s
BS
c
.
a
n
d
M
S
c
.
in
C
o
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
a
n
d
P
h
D
in
Co
m
p
u
ter
Ne
tw
o
rk
s.
He
o
b
tain
e
d
h
is
P
h
D,
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
S
a
in
s
M
a
lay
sia
(USM
)
in
2
0
1
2
.
His
f
ield
o
f
sp
e
c
ializa
ti
o
n
is
Cr
y
p
to
g
ra
p
h
y
,
A
u
th
e
n
ti
c
a
ti
o
n
,
Co
m
p
u
ter
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s,
Co
m
p
u
ter
Da
ta
a
n
d
Ne
t
w
o
rk
S
e
c
u
rit
y
,
W
irele
ss
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s,
V
e
h
icu
lar
Ne
tw
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rk
s,
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ter
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t
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rk
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r
to
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m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
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rti
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ica
t
e
s,
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rti
f
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t
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Re
v
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ti
o
n
,
Qo
S
,
Em
e
rg
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n
c
y
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a
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t
y
S
y
st
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m
s.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
Dr.
S
a
m
a
r
a
is
th
e
a
ss
istan
t
p
r
o
f
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ss
o
r
a
t
Zarq
a
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Jo
rd
a
n
.
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