I
A
E
S
I
n
t
e
r
n
at
io
n
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
A
r
t
if
ic
ia
l
I
n
t
e
ll
ig
e
n
c
e
(
I
J
-
AI
)
V
ol
.
1
4
, N
o.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
202
5
, pp.
1
2
~
1
8
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
,
D
O
I
:
10.11591/
ij
a
i.
v
1
4
.i
1
.pp
1
2
-
1
8
12
Jou
r
n
al
h
om
e
page
:
ht
tp
:
//
ij
ai
.
ia
e
s
c
or
e
.c
om
A
d
van
c
i
n
g
i
n
t
e
gr
i
t
y an
d
p
r
i
vac
y i
n
c
l
ou
d
st
or
age
:
c
h
al
l
e
n
ge
s,
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
sol
u
t
i
on
s, an
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
S
h
r
in
iv
as
a
1
, C
h
an
d
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ak
al
a
B
e
t
u
r
p
al
ya
M
u
d
d
ar
aj
u
2
, A
n
n
a
p
u
r
n
a
P
r
as
h
an
t
h
P
a
t
il
2
1
D
e
pa
r
t
m
e
nt
of
C
om
put
e
r
a
nd
C
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng, N
M
A
M
I
ns
t
i
t
ut
e
of
T
e
c
hnol
ogy,
N
I
T
T
E
(
D
e
e
m
e
d t
o be
U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
y)
,
N
i
t
t
e
, I
ndi
a
2
D
e
pa
r
t
m
e
nt
of
I
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on
S
c
i
e
nc
e
a
nd
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng, D
a
ya
na
nda
S
a
ga
r
C
ol
l
e
g
e
of
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng, B
a
nga
l
or
e
, I
ndi
a
A
r
t
ic
le
I
n
f
o
A
B
S
T
R
A
C
T
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
to
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
iv
e
d
J
a
n
29
,
2024
R
e
vi
s
e
d
J
un
27
,
2024
A
c
c
e
pt
e
d
J
ul
26
,
2024
The
rapid
expansion
of
cloud
computing
has
steered
in
an
era
where
cloud
storage
is
increasingly
prevalent,
offering
significant
advantages
in
terms
of
reducing
local
storage
burden.
However,
this
technologi
cal
shift
ha
s
also
introduced
complex
security
ch
allenges,
includi
ng
data
integrit
y
and
p
rivacy
concerns.
In
response
to
th
ese
challenges
,
various
data
integrity
a
uditing
(DIA)
protocols
have
been
developed,
aiming
to
enable
efficient
and
secure
verification of data stored in cloud
environm
ents. Th
is surv
ey paper pr
ovides
a comprehens
ive analy
sis of
existi
ng DIA mech
anisms,
focusin
g on
m
ethods
like
homomorphic
linear
authentication,
dynamic
hash
tables
,
and
watermarking
techniques
for
integrity
and
privacy
preservation.
It
cri
tically
evaluates
these
methods
in
terms
of
their
advantages
,
limit
ations,
and
the
unique
challenges
they
face
in
practical
applications,
such
as
scal
ability,
efficiency
in
multi
-
owner
contexts,
and
real
-
time
auditing.
Furthermo
re,
the
paper
identifies
key
resear
ch
gaps,
including
the
need
for
optimizing
large
-
scale
data
handling,
balancing
watermarking
imperceptibility
with
emb
edding
capacity,
and
developi
ng
comprehens
ive
soluti
ons
for
decentrali
zed
public
auditin
g.
The
survey
serves
as
a
critical
resource
for
re
searcher
s
to
und
erstand
the
current
background
of
cloud
data
integrity
auditing
and
the
future
directions in this evolving field
.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
lo
ud c
om
put
in
g
C
lo
ud e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
s
D
a
ta
i
nt
e
gr
it
y a
udi
ti
ng
H
om
om
or
phi
c
l
in
e
a
r
a
ut
he
nt
ic
a
ti
on
P
r
iv
a
c
y
pr
e
s
e
r
va
ti
on
This is an
open
acce
ss artic
le unde
r the
CC BY
-
SA
license.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
di
n
g A
u
th
or
:
S
hr
in
iv
a
s
a
D
e
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
C
om
put
e
r
a
nd
C
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g, N
M
A
M
I
ns
ti
tu
te
of
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
N
I
T
T
E
(
D
e
e
m
e
d t
o be
U
ni
ve
r
s
it
y)
K
a
r
ka
la
T
a
lu
k, U
dupi
-
574110, Ka
r
na
ta
ka
, I
ndi
a
E
m
a
il
:
s
hr
in
iv
a
s
a
na
ik
2024@
r
e
di
f
f
m
a
il
.c
om
1.
I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
A
lo
ngs
id
e
t
he
gr
ow
th
of
c
lo
ud
c
om
put
in
g c
om
e
s
t
he
popula
r
it
y
of
c
lo
ud s
to
r
a
ge
, l
a
r
ge
da
ta
s
e
ts
m
a
y
be
m
ove
d
to
th
e
c
lo
ud
by
da
ta
ow
ne
r
s
,
w
hi
c
h
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
lo
w
e
r
s
th
e
de
m
a
nd
f
or
lo
c
a
l
s
to
r
a
ge
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
th
e
r
e
a
r
e
a
num
be
r
of
s
e
c
ur
it
y
r
is
ks
a
s
s
oc
ia
te
d
w
it
h
c
lo
ud
s
to
r
a
ge
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
m
a
lwa
r
e
,
hum
a
n
m
is
ta
ke
,
a
nd
ha
r
dw
a
r
e
/s
of
twa
r
e
m
a
lf
unc
ti
ons
.
E
ve
n
w
it
h
th
e
be
s
t
e
f
f
or
ts
m
a
de
by
c
lo
ud
s
e
r
vi
c
e
pr
ovi
de
r
(
C
S
P
)
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
s
e
c
ur
it
y
is
s
u
e
s
,
d
a
ta
lo
s
s
is
a
n
una
voi
da
bl
e
e
ve
nt
[
1]
.
I
t
is
po
s
s
i
bl
e
f
or
C
S
P
s
to
pa
r
ti
c
ip
a
te
in
di
s
hone
s
t
t
a
c
ti
c
s
in
da
ta
lo
s
s
s
it
ua
ti
ons
f
or
th
e
ir
ow
n
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
goa
ls
.
O
w
ne
r
s
of
da
ta
m
us
t
pe
r
io
di
c
a
ll
y
c
onf
ir
m
th
a
t
th
e
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
th
e
y
ha
ve
out
s
our
c
e
d
is
a
c
c
ur
a
te
.
I
t
m
a
ke
s
s
e
ns
e
f
or
da
ta
ow
ne
r
s
to
g
e
t
th
e
ir
c
om
pl
e
te
da
ta
s
e
t
ba
c
k
f
r
om
t
he
c
lo
ud i
n t
he
s
e
c
ondi
ti
ons
. B
ut
i
n r
e
a
li
ty
, t
hi
s
s
tr
a
te
gy i
s
i
m
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
be
c
a
u
s
e
of
i
ts
i
ne
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y.
A
da
ta
in
te
gr
it
y
a
udi
t
in
g
(
D
I
A
)
p
r
ot
oc
ol
de
ve
lo
pe
d
by
[
2]
in
o
r
de
r
to
s
ol
ve
th
e
c
ur
r
e
nt
is
s
ue
,
us
in
g
c
onde
ns
e
d
e
vi
de
nc
e
f
r
om
th
e
c
lo
ud,
th
is
a
ppr
oa
c
h
e
na
bl
e
s
da
ta
ow
ne
r
s
to
c
onf
ir
m
th
e
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
of
th
e
ir
da
ta
.
B
e
c
a
us
e
of
t
h
e
ir
s
im
pl
ic
it
y a
nd
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
,
m
a
ny D
I
A
t
e
c
hni
que
s
w
e
r
e
put
out
a
f
te
r
t
hi
s
f
in
di
ng. E
nha
n
c
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
A
dv
anc
in
g i
nt
e
gr
it
y
and pr
iv
ac
y
i
n
c
lo
ud s
to
r
age
:
c
hal
le
ng
e
s
,
c
ur
r
e
nt
s
ol
ut
io
ns
, and fut
ur
e
…
(
Shr
in
iv
as
a
)
13
da
ta
in
te
gr
it
y
a
udi
ti
ng'
s
op
e
r
a
ti
ona
l
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
is
one
go
a
l,
th
is
id
e
a
m
a
y
b
e
s
how
n
u
s
in
g
s
e
ve
r
a
l
in
s
t
a
nc
e
s
,
one
s
uc
h
in
s
ta
n
c
e
,
w
hi
c
h
is
b
a
s
e
d
on
th
e
id
e
a
s
of
F
e
r
m
a
t'
s
li
tt
le
th
e
or
e
m
,
ba
s
e
d
on
th
e
di
s
c
r
e
te
lo
g
a
r
it
hm
pr
obl
e
m
(
D
L
P
)
,
is
a
not
he
r
e
xa
m
pl
e
.
A
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
s
tr
a
te
gy
is
to
im
pr
ove
th
e
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
of
D
I
A
pr
ot
oc
ol
s
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
th
ir
d
-
pa
r
ty
publi
c
a
udi
ti
ng, da
ta
dyna
m
ic
s
e
na
bl
e
m
e
nt
, ba
tc
h a
u
di
ti
ng, a
nd ke
y
-
e
xpos
ur
e
r
e
s
il
ie
nc
e
[
3]
.
F
ur
th
e
r
,
p
ubl
is
he
d
th
e
f
ir
s
t
pr
iv
a
c
y
-
pr
e
s
e
r
vi
ng
d
a
ta
publ
is
hi
ng
(
P
D
P
)
[
4]
m
ode
l
f
or
gr
oup
da
ta
s
h
a
r
in
g,
ut
il
iz
in
g
th
e
r
in
g
s
ig
na
tu
r
e
te
c
hni
que
to
ge
ne
r
a
te
ta
gs
th
a
t
a
ll
o
w
e
d
f
or
bot
h
publ
ic
a
udi
ti
ng
a
nd
us
e
r
pr
iv
a
c
y
pr
e
s
e
r
va
ti
on.
T
he
P
D
P
te
c
hni
que
w
a
s
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d
a
s
a
uni
que
w
a
y
to
pr
ot
e
c
t
us
e
r
pr
iv
a
c
y
in
s
ha
r
e
d
da
ta
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
th
e
a
dde
d
f
e
a
tu
r
e
of
dyna
m
ic
g
r
oups
,
a
ll
ow
in
g
pa
r
ti
c
ip
a
nt
s
to
e
a
s
il
y
jo
in
a
nd
e
xi
t
th
e
gr
oup
a
s
ne
e
de
d.
A
P
D
P
a
ppr
oa
c
h
pr
ovi
de
s
dyna
m
ic
gr
oup
f
unc
ti
oni
ng,
th
e
f
ounda
ti
on
of
th
is
m
e
th
od
is
br
oa
dc
a
s
t
e
n
c
r
ypt
io
n.
T
he
P
D
P
a
ppr
oa
c
h us
e
s
t
he
pr
oxy r
e
-
s
ig
na
tu
r
e
te
c
hni
que
t
o
a
s
s
ig
n t
he
us
e
r
r
e
voc
a
ti
on j
ob
t
o t
he
C
S
P
. A
P
D
P
pr
ot
oc
ol
w
a
s
f
or
m
e
d
to
ha
ndl
e
gr
oup
da
ta
m
a
n
a
ge
m
e
nt
w
hi
le
m
a
in
ta
in
in
g
us
e
r
id
e
nt
it
y
pr
iv
a
c
y
a
nd
tr
a
c
e
a
bi
li
ty
.
A
P
D
P
te
c
hni
que
w
a
s
put
up
to
m
a
k
e
da
ta
s
ha
r
in
g
a
c
r
os
s
s
e
ve
r
a
l
upl
oa
d
e
r
s
e
a
s
ie
r
[
5]
.
I
de
nt
it
y
-
ba
s
e
d
c
r
ypt
ogr
a
phy
w
a
s
ut
il
iz
e
d
to
de
ve
lo
p
P
D
P
pr
ot
oc
ol
th
a
t
pr
ot
e
c
ts
us
e
r
pr
iv
a
c
y
in
dyna
m
ic
g
r
oups
.
I
t'
s
c
r
uc
ia
l
t
o
r
e
m
e
m
be
r
,
th
ough,
th
a
t
th
is
m
e
th
od
is
m
os
t
li
ke
ly
to
be
be
ne
f
ic
ia
l
ju
s
t
f
or
de
vi
c
e
s
w
it
h
li
tt
le
pr
oc
e
s
s
in
g
pow
e
r
.
T
he
r
e
a
f
te
r
,
P
D
P
s
y
s
te
m
th
a
t
m
a
n
a
ge
s
s
ha
r
e
d
da
ta
a
c
r
os
s
gr
oups
by
us
in
g
c
e
r
ti
f
ic
a
te
l
e
s
s
c
r
ypt
ogr
a
phy
[
6]
.
T
r
a
di
ti
ona
l
ke
y
e
s
c
r
ow
a
nd
c
e
r
ti
f
ic
a
te
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
s
ys
te
m
s
c
a
n
be
r
e
pl
a
c
e
d
w
it
h
th
is
a
ppr
oa
c
h,
ne
ve
r
th
e
le
s
s
,
th
e
d
e
s
ig
n
di
d
not
in
c
lu
de
th
e
pr
iv
a
c
y
pr
ot
e
c
ti
o
n
c
om
pone
nt
.
A
c
e
r
ti
f
ic
a
te
le
s
s
c
r
ypt
ogr
a
phy
s
ha
r
e
d da
ta
s
y
s
te
m
ha
s
be
e
n de
s
c
r
ib
e
d t
ha
t
th
e
tr
us
te
d t
hi
r
d
-
pa
r
ty
a
udi
to
r
(
T
P
A
)
i
s
a
bl
e
t
o ga
in
t
he
c
onne
c
ti
on
be
twe
e
n t
he
d
a
ta
a
nd
t
he
publi
c
k
e
ys
a
t
th
e
ve
r
if
ic
a
ti
on
s
te
p, e
v
e
n t
hough the
m
e
th
od i
s
s
uppo
s
e
d t
o
gua
r
a
nt
e
e
us
e
r
i
de
nt
it
y. A
s
a
r
e
s
ul
t,
i
t
la
c
ke
d t
h
e
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng r
e
qui
r
e
d t
o pr
ope
r
ly
pr
ot
e
c
t
u
s
e
r
pr
iv
a
c
y
[
7]
.
I
t
is
c
r
uc
i
a
l
to
r
e
m
e
m
be
r
th
a
t
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
f
il
e
s
a
r
e
e
n
c
r
ypt
e
d
w
it
h
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
publ
i
c
ke
y
s
.
R
a
th
e
r
,
th
e
s
e
d
a
ta
a
r
e
f
r
e
qu
e
nt
ly
e
nc
r
ypt
e
d w
it
h va
r
io
u
s
publi
c
ke
ys
a
nd s
h
a
r
e
d
a
m
ong nume
r
o
us
u
s
e
r
s
. O
n
e
i
nt
e
r
e
s
t
in
g a
s
pe
c
t
of
th
e
a
pp
li
c
a
ti
on
i
s
th
a
t
it
l
e
t
s
us
e
r
s
s
ha
r
e
da
t
a
w
it
h
ot
he
r
u
s
e
r
s
o
nl
y
th
e
d
a
ta
th
e
y
c
h
oo
s
e
to
s
ha
r
e
.
I
n
th
i
s
c
a
s
e
,
A
li
c
e
c
ou
ld
n
e
e
d
to
s
ha
r
e
c
onf
id
e
nt
ia
l
phot
o
s
of
he
r
pa
l
s
w
i
th
he
r
f
a
m
il
y
a
n
d
a
l
s
o
ne
e
d
to
s
e
nd
w
or
k
-
r
e
l
a
te
d
doc
um
e
nt
s
t
o he
r
c
o
-
w
or
k
e
r
s
.
A
s
a
c
on
s
e
que
nc
e
, c
on
s
um
e
r
s
of
da
ta
c
a
n v
i
e
w
s
om
e
f
il
e
s
pa
r
ti
a
ll
y pr
ov
id
e
d t
ha
t
th
e
a
ppr
opr
ia
te
d
a
ta
ow
n
e
r
ha
s
gr
a
nt
e
d
a
c
c
e
s
s
.
O
ne
m
e
th
od
th
a
t
da
ta
ow
ne
r
s
f
r
e
que
n
tl
y
u
s
e
i
s
e
nc
r
y
pt
io
n,
w
hi
c
h
us
e
s
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
ke
y
s
to
s
a
f
e
gua
r
d
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
f
il
e
s
.
T
hi
s
a
ll
ow
s
va
r
io
us
u
s
e
r
s
,
a
c
c
or
di
ng
to
th
e
ir
ow
n
k
e
y
as
s
ig
nm
e
nt
s
, t
o
a
c
c
e
s
s
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
f
il
e
s
. E
a
c
h
us
e
r
m
u
s
t
h
a
ve
t
he
s
e
c
r
e
t
ke
y
s
t
h
a
t
th
e
d
a
ta
ow
n
e
r
ha
s
i
s
s
ue
d
[
8]
.
A
l
a
c
k o
f
c
o
nf
id
e
nc
e
in
t
h
e
d
a
ta
i
s
c
a
u
s
e
d
by
t
he
l
a
c
k
of
c
on
tr
ol
da
t
a
o
w
n
e
r
s
h
a
ve
o
v
e
r
t
h
e
i
r
d
a
t
a
k
e
pt
in
c
l
o
ud
s
t
or
a
g
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
.
T
h
e
m
a
i
n
c
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
i
s
m
i
s
tr
u
s
t
i
s
th
e
C
S
P
d
i
s
ho
n
e
s
t
y
[
9]
.
F
o
r
in
s
t
a
n
c
e
,
m
a
li
c
io
u
s
C
S
P
s
c
a
n
t
r
y
t
o
r
e
m
o
ve
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
t
ha
t
i
s
r
a
r
e
l
y
a
c
c
e
s
s
e
d
w
i
th
o
ut
p
e
r
m
i
s
s
io
n
i
n
or
de
r
t
o
f
r
e
e
u
p
s
t
or
a
g
e
s
p
a
c
e
.
A
s
a
n
a
l
t
e
r
na
ti
v
e
,
t
h
e
y
c
a
n
a
c
t
a
s
th
ou
g
h
s
t
or
in
g
i
n
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
d
a
t
a
,
i
t
i
s
po
s
s
i
bl
e
to
m
a
n
ip
u
l
a
t
e
pa
r
t
ic
u
la
r
d
a
t
a
i
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
f
o
o
l
o
w
ne
r
s
a
n
d
m
a
k
e
m
or
e
m
on
e
y.
T
h
e
r
e
i
s
no
w
a
c
om
pr
om
i
s
e
w
it
h
th
e
s
e
c
u
r
it
y
a
n
d
d
e
p
e
n
d
a
b
il
it
y
of
c
lo
ud
d
a
t
a
.
A
t
e
a
m
of
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
c
r
e
a
te
d
t
he
r
e
m
o
te
d
a
t
a
a
ud
it
in
g
(
R
D
A
)
m
e
th
od
s
o
t
h
a
t
da
t
a
o
w
n
e
r
s
m
a
y
a
s
s
e
s
s
t
he
r
e
li
a
b
il
it
y
of
C
S
P
s
w
i
th
ou
t
ha
v
in
g
t
o
p
a
y
m
or
e
m
o
n
e
y
.
P
ut
a
no
th
e
r
w
a
y,
e
v
e
n
a
f
t
e
r
e
r
a
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
o
c
a
l
c
o
p
y,
a
da
t
a
o
w
n
e
r
c
a
n
u
s
e
t
h
e
R
D
A
to
ve
r
if
y
t
h
e
i
nt
e
gr
i
ty
a
nd
c
or
r
e
c
t
n
e
s
s
of
di
s
t
a
n
tl
y
s
t
or
e
d
da
t
a
[
10
]
.
O
n
e
ty
pi
c
a
l
s
tr
a
t
e
gy
u
s
e
d
by
t
h
e
d
a
t
a
o
w
n
e
r
a
n
d
C
S
P
t
o
h
e
l
p
w
i
th
R
D
A
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on
i
s
t
o
u
s
e
a
"
c
h
a
l
le
n
g
e
-
pr
oo
f
v
e
r
i
f
y"
m
e
c
h
a
n
i
s
m
w
h
il
e
c
o
nd
u
c
t
in
g
p
r
i
v
a
t
e
a
u
di
t
s
.
U
nd
e
r
t
hi
s
t
e
c
hn
iq
u
e
,
t
he
C
S
P
v
e
r
if
i
e
s
t
h
e
a
c
c
o
m
p
a
n
yi
ng
p
r
o
of
s
,
w
h
il
e
t
he
d
a
ta
o
w
n
e
r
s
t
a
r
t
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
o
f
c
r
e
a
t
i
ng
d
a
ta
c
h
a
ll
e
ng
e
s
,
th
e
t
r
a
c
ki
ng
o
f
di
s
t
a
n
t
d
a
t
a
s
t
a
t
u
s
i
s
m
a
de
po
s
s
ib
l
e
by
t
hi
s
pr
o
c
e
du
r
e
[
11
]
.
T
he
d
a
t
a
o
w
n
e
r
i
s
t
he
on
ly
on
e
w
h
o
c
o
nd
u
c
t
s
t
h
e
v
e
r
if
i
c
a
ti
on
pr
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
t
he
c
on
t
e
x
t
of
pr
i
v
a
t
e
a
u
di
ti
ng
.
I
t
i
s
p
o
s
s
i
bl
e
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
a
u
di
ti
ng
r
e
s
u
lt
w
a
s
t
a
m
pe
r
e
d
w
it
h
o
n
pu
r
p
o
s
e
i
n
a
n
a
t
te
m
p
t
to
d
a
m
a
g
e
t
h
e
C
S
P
.
I
t
m
a
y
b
e
c
o
m
e
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
ng
ly
d
if
f
i
c
ul
t
a
n
d
d
if
f
i
c
u
l
t
f
o
r
th
e
d
a
ta
o
w
n
e
r
to
r
e
ly
o
nl
y
o
n
pr
i
v
a
t
e
m
e
th
o
d
s
a
s
t
h
e
a
m
o
un
t
of
d
a
t
a
g
r
o
w
s
a
n
d
th
e
n
um
b
e
r
o
f
a
u
di
ti
ng
r
e
q
ue
s
t
s
r
i
s
e
s
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
s
tr
e
a
m
li
n
e
t
he
pu
b
li
c
a
u
di
ti
ng
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
,
a
n
e
w
or
g
a
n
i
z
a
ti
o
n
c
a
ll
e
d
t
he
T
P
A
w
a
s
e
s
t
a
bl
i
s
h
e
d.
I
t
i
s
t
he
d
ut
y
of
T
P
A
s
t
o a
c
c
e
p
t
a
u
di
ti
n
g d
e
l
e
g
a
t
io
n
s
f
r
om
d
a
t
a
ow
n
e
r
s
a
n
d
c
a
r
r
y
t
h
e
m
ou
t
a
s
di
r
e
c
t
e
d
[
12
]
.
T
hi
s
p
r
o
c
e
du
r
e
he
l
p
s
to
r
e
m
o
v
e
a
ny
d
o
ub
t
r
e
g
a
r
di
ng
a
u
d
it
in
g
f
i
nd
in
g
s
a
n
d
im
pr
ov
e
s
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
ic
i
e
n
c
y
of
t
h
e
d
a
t
a
ow
n
e
r
s
'
v
e
r
if
ic
a
ti
on
pr
o
c
e
s
s
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
s
e
t
e
c
hn
iq
u
e
s
r
e
ly
o
n
t
h
e
f
un
d
a
m
e
nt
a
l
s
u
p
po
s
it
io
n
th
a
t
t
h
e
t
r
u
s
t
e
d
T
P
A
w
o
ul
d
b
e
h
a
ve
i
n
a
t
r
u
s
t
w
or
t
hy
m
a
nn
e
r
,
w
hi
c
h
i
s
im
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
i
n
r
e
a
l
-
w
o
r
l
d
s
it
u
a
t
io
n
s
.
U
n
d
e
r
s
o
m
e
c
i
r
c
u
m
s
t
a
nc
e
s
,
a
t
r
u
s
t
e
d
T
P
A
c
o
ul
d
c
on
s
p
ir
e
w
it
h
th
e
d
a
t
a
ow
n
e
r
t
o
e
ng
a
g
e
in
di
s
ho
n
e
s
t
a
c
ti
v
it
ie
s
in
a
n
e
f
f
or
t
to
a
v
o
id
f
in
e
s
.
I
n
a
s
im
il
a
r
m
a
n
n
e
r
,
t
h
e
T
P
A
a
n
d
t
h
e
C
S
P
c
o
u
ld
w
or
k
t
og
e
th
e
r
t
o
c
o
nc
e
a
l
d
a
t
a
c
or
r
up
ti
o
n
i
nc
id
e
nt
s
.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
a
s
in
g
le
c
e
n
tr
a
l
i
z
e
d
T
P
A
i
s
s
i
gn
if
ic
a
nt
ly
vu
ln
e
r
a
bl
e
w
h
e
n
it
ha
s
a
s
i
ng
l
e
po
in
t
of
f
a
il
ur
e
[
1
3]
.
T
he
r
a
pi
d gr
ow
th
of
c
lo
ud c
om
put
in
g a
nd t
he
i
nc
r
e
a
s
in
g r
e
li
a
nc
e
on c
lo
ud s
to
r
a
ge
ha
ve
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
r
e
duc
e
d
th
e
lo
c
a
l
s
to
r
a
ge
bur
de
ns
f
or
da
ta
ow
ne
r
s
but
h
a
ve
in
t
r
oduc
e
d
s
e
ve
r
a
l
c
om
pl
e
x
s
e
c
ur
it
y
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
.
K
e
y
a
m
ong
th
e
s
e
a
r
e
vul
n
e
r
a
bi
li
ti
e
s
to
ha
r
dw
a
r
e
/
s
of
twa
r
e
f
a
u
lt
s
,
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
e
r
r
or
s
,
a
nd
m
a
li
c
io
u
s
a
tt
a
c
k
s
,
of
te
n
le
a
di
ng
to
da
ta
lo
s
s
in
c
id
e
nt
s
.
D
e
s
pi
te
C
S
P
s
e
f
f
or
ts
to
s
e
c
ur
e
d
a
ta
,
th
e
r
is
k
of
da
ta
lo
s
s
pe
r
s
i
s
ts
,
e
xa
c
e
r
ba
te
d
by
C
S
P
s
'
pot
e
nt
ia
l
la
c
k
of
tr
a
ns
pa
r
e
n
c
y
due
to
e
c
onomi
c
m
ot
iv
a
ti
on.
T
hi
s
s
it
ua
ti
on
ne
c
e
s
s
it
a
te
s
r
obus
t
da
ta
in
te
gr
it
y
ve
r
if
ic
a
ti
on
m
e
th
ods
by
da
ta
ow
ne
r
s
.
C
ur
r
e
nt
D
I
A
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
s
,
a
lt
hough
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f
f
ic
ie
nt
c
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pa
r
e
d
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tr
a
di
ti
ona
l
m
e
th
ods
,
a
r
e
e
nha
nc
e
d
w
it
h
is
s
ue
s
li
ke
t
he
unr
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
of
a
udi
to
r
s
,
in
a
de
qua
te
pr
iv
a
c
y
pr
ot
e
c
ti
on
in
publ
ic
a
u
di
ti
ng,
s
u
s
c
e
pt
ib
il
it
y
to
m
a
ni
pul
a
ti
ons
by
m
a
li
c
io
us
C
S
P
s
in
de
c
e
nt
r
a
li
z
e
d
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
li
m
it
a
ti
ons
in
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
a
udi
ti
ng
a
nd
di
s
put
e
r
e
s
ol
ut
io
n,
a
nd
in
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
ie
s
in
pr
e
c
is
e
ta
m
pe
r
in
g
lo
c
a
li
z
a
ti
on.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
,
V
ol
.
1
4
, N
o.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2025
:
1
2
-
1
8
14
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
th
e
r
e
a
r
is
e
s
a
ne
e
d
f
or
a
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
,
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
,
a
nd
s
e
c
ur
e
c
lo
ud
s
to
r
a
ge
a
udi
ti
ng
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
th
a
t
e
ns
ur
e
s
da
ta
i
nt
e
gr
it
y a
nd pr
iv
a
c
y w
hi
le
a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g t
he
s
e
c
r
it
ic
a
l
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
A
T
U
R
E
R
E
V
I
E
W
2.1. Re
la
t
e
d
w
or
k
I
n
r
e
c
e
nt
ye
a
r
s
,
th
e
r
e
ha
s
be
e
n
a
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
a
m
ount
of
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
c
onduc
te
d
to
e
xpl
or
e
th
e
s
ubj
e
c
ts
of
c
lo
ud da
ta
i
nt
e
gr
it
y a
nd pr
iv
a
c
y pr
ot
e
c
ti
on. M
ul
ti
pl
e
op
e
n ve
r
if
ic
a
ti
on i
ni
ti
a
ti
ve
s
ha
ve
b
e
e
n i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
e
d
w
it
h
th
e
a
im
of
e
nha
nc
in
g
th
e
in
te
gr
it
y
o
f
c
lo
ud
da
ta
[
14
]
.
D
a
ta
i
nt
e
gr
it
y
c
a
n
be
ve
r
if
ie
d
by
e
m
pl
oyi
ng
pub
li
c
ve
r
if
ic
a
ti
on,
w
hi
c
h
c
a
n
be
p
e
r
f
or
m
e
d
by
e
it
he
r
a
us
e
r
or
a
de
s
ig
n
a
te
d
T
P
A
.
T
he
a
udi
to
r
p
e
r
f
or
m
s
a
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
e
xa
m
in
a
ti
on
of
th
e
da
ta
w
it
hi
n
th
e
de
s
ig
na
te
d
ti
m
e
f
r
a
m
e
a
nd
p
r
om
pt
ly
no
ti
f
ie
s
th
e
us
e
r
o
f
a
n
y
di
s
c
r
e
pa
nc
ie
s
i
de
nt
if
ie
d dur
in
g t
he
ve
r
if
ic
a
ti
on pr
oc
e
dur
e
. A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y, i
n or
de
r
t
o m
a
in
ta
in
us
e
r
pr
iv
a
c
y, i
t
is
c
r
uc
ia
l
f
or
th
e
a
udi
to
r
to
a
bs
ta
in
f
r
om
a
c
qui
r
in
g
a
ny
a
ddi
ti
ona
l
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
a
bout
us
e
r
da
ta
w
hi
le
f
unc
ti
oni
ng
a
s
a
th
ir
d
pa
r
ty
.
S
e
ve
r
a
l
pr
iv
a
c
y
-
pr
e
s
e
r
vi
ng
publ
ic
a
udi
ti
ng
te
c
hni
que
s
ha
ve
b
e
e
n
de
ve
lo
pe
d
[
15]
.
T
h
e
a
dva
nc
e
m
e
nt
of
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
te
c
hnol
ogy
ha
s
le
d
to
th
e
e
m
e
r
ge
nc
e
of
s
e
ve
r
a
l
be
ne
f
it
s
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
tr
us
tl
e
s
s
c
ons
e
ns
u
s
,
ta
m
pe
r
-
pr
oof
in
g,
t
r
a
c
e
a
bi
li
ty
,
a
nd
de
c
e
nt
r
a
li
z
a
ti
on.
P
r
e
s
e
nt
ly
,
a
c
ons
id
e
r
a
bl
e
num
be
r
o
f
s
c
hol
a
r
s
a
r
e
a
c
ti
ve
ly
in
vol
ve
d
in
th
e
in
ve
s
ti
ga
ti
on
of
de
c
e
nt
r
a
li
z
e
d
publ
ic
a
udi
ti
ng
te
c
hni
que
s
.
T
he
pr
im
a
r
y
obj
e
c
ti
ve
of
th
is
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h i
s
t
o t
a
c
kl
e
t
he
pr
obl
e
m
of
m
a
li
c
io
us
a
udi
to
r
s
a
nd
m
it
ig
a
te
t
he
ir
a
dve
r
s
e
e
f
f
e
c
ts
.
T
h
e
a
ud
it
or
i
s
w
i
d
e
l
y a
c
kn
o
w
l
e
dg
e
d a
s
a
d
e
p
e
nd
a
bl
e
a
n
d
tr
u
s
t
w
or
th
y
a
u
th
or
it
y i
n
t
h
e
m
a
j
or
it
y
of
pu
bl
i
c
v
e
r
if
i
c
a
t
io
n
p
r
o
gr
a
m
s
.
I
t
i
s
im
p
e
r
a
t
i
ve
to
t
a
k
e
in
to
a
c
c
ou
nt
th
a
t
t
he
r
e
l
i
a
b
il
it
y
of
t
h
e
a
u
di
to
r
c
a
nn
o
t
b
e
a
s
s
ur
e
d
.
I
n
c
e
r
t
a
in
c
ir
c
um
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
,
th
e
r
e
i
s
a
po
s
s
ib
il
it
y
of
c
o
ll
u
s
i
on
b
e
tw
e
e
n
th
e
a
ud
it
or
a
n
d
th
e
c
om
p
ut
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
(
C
S
)
i
n
or
d
e
r
t
o
hi
d
e
in
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
of
d
a
t
a
t
a
m
p
e
r
in
g.
T
h
e
c
ur
r
e
n
t
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
l
a
c
k
s
c
on
t
e
m
p
or
a
r
y
s
t
u
di
e
s
th
a
t
s
p
e
c
if
ic
a
ll
y
e
xa
m
i
n
e
th
e
e
x
i
s
t
e
n
c
e
of
a
n
a
dv
e
r
s
a
r
i
a
l
a
ud
it
or
.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
i
t
i
s
im
p
e
r
a
t
iv
e
t
o
a
c
k
no
w
l
e
d
g
e
th
a
t
a
s
ig
n
if
i
c
a
nt
p
or
ti
on
o
f
c
ur
r
e
nt
s
e
c
u
r
i
ty
p
r
o
to
c
ol
s
d
e
s
ig
n
e
d
t
o
m
in
im
i
z
e
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
of
m
a
li
c
io
u
s
a
ud
it
or
s
r
e
l
y
h
e
a
v
il
y
o
n
a
d
e
p
e
n
d
a
b
l
e
a
nd
c
e
n
tr
a
l
i
z
e
d
t
h
ir
d
p
a
r
t
y
[
16
]
.
T
h
e
in
t
e
g
r
a
ti
o
n
of
bl
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
t
e
c
h
no
lo
g
y
i
nt
o
p
ub
li
c
a
u
di
ti
n
g
m
e
t
ho
d
ol
og
i
e
s
pr
o
vi
d
e
s
a
s
t
r
o
n
g
a
n
d
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
s
ol
ut
io
n
f
or
a
d
dr
e
s
s
i
ng
a
d
ve
r
s
a
r
i
a
l
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
f
a
c
e
d
by
a
ud
it
or
s
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
th
e
c
on
s
e
n
s
u
s
t
e
c
hn
iq
u
e
do
e
s
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
n
um
b
e
r
of
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
.
B
e
f
or
e
c
om
m
e
n
c
in
g
c
h
a
ll
e
ng
e
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
s
,
i
t
i
s
c
r
uc
i
a
l
f
o
r
t
h
e
a
ud
it
or
t
o
a
c
k
no
w
l
e
dg
e
t
h
a
t
a
m
a
l
ic
i
ou
s
c
l
ou
d
s
e
r
v
e
r
c
a
n
e
x
pl
o
it
p
ub
li
c
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
s
t
o
r
e
tr
i
e
v
e
a
u
di
ti
ng
in
f
or
m
a
t
io
n.
T
he
obj
e
c
ti
ve
of
th
is
s
tu
dy
is
to
e
xa
m
in
e
a
pr
obl
e
m
th
a
t
ha
s
be
e
n
id
e
nt
if
ie
d
in
de
c
e
nt
r
a
li
z
e
d
publ
ic
a
udi
ti
ng s
ys
te
m
s
,
s
pe
c
if
ic
a
ll
y f
oc
us
in
g on the
c
lo
ud s
e
r
ve
r
'
s
a
bi
li
ty
t
o pr
e
di
c
t
c
ha
ll
e
nge
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
be
f
or
e
ha
nd.
I
n
or
de
r
to
e
ns
ur
e
th
e
pr
ot
e
c
ti
on
of
us
e
r
p
r
iv
a
c
y,
w
e
ha
ve
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
e
d
va
r
io
us
m
e
a
s
ur
e
s
to
pr
e
ve
nt
a
ny
una
ut
hor
iz
e
d
a
c
c
e
s
s
by
T
P
A
s
to
a
ddi
ti
ona
l
us
e
r
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on.
T
he
e
xe
c
ut
io
n
of
th
is
pr
oc
e
s
s
oc
c
ur
s
c
onc
ur
r
e
nt
ly
w
it
h t
he
e
xe
c
ut
io
n of
ot
he
r
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
.
B
ia
n
et
al
.
[
17]
c
onduc
te
d a
s
tu
dy w
he
r
e
t
he
y doc
um
e
nt
e
d t
he
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
de
pl
oym
e
nt
of
in
te
gr
it
y
te
s
ti
ng
f
or
f
il
e
s
s
to
r
e
d
on
r
e
m
ot
e
s
e
r
ve
r
s
us
in
g
c
ha
ll
e
ng
e
-
r
e
s
pons
e
pr
ot
oc
ol
s
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
th
e
ve
r
if
ie
r
is
ta
s
ke
d
w
it
h
th
e
r
e
s
pons
ib
il
it
y
of
s
to
r
in
g
th
e
pr
e
c
om
put
e
d
c
h
e
c
ks
um
f
or
e
a
c
h
f
il
e
th
a
t
ne
c
e
s
s
it
a
te
s
ve
r
if
ic
a
ti
on.
T
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
m
e
th
odol
ogy
f
unc
ti
ons
a
s
a
n
in
it
ia
l
in
ve
s
ti
ga
ti
on
in
to
th
e
pr
obl
e
m
of
in
te
gr
it
y
ve
r
if
ic
a
ti
on.
N
e
ve
r
th
e
le
s
s
,
th
is
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
s
ol
ut
io
n
is
s
ubopti
m
a
l
w
he
n
it
c
om
e
s
to
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
m
a
na
gi
ng
la
r
ge
a
m
ount
s
o
f
da
ta
th
a
t
a
r
e
s
to
r
e
d
in
c
lo
ud
s
to
r
a
g
e
.
T
he
a
bs
e
nc
e
of
pr
ope
r
c
ons
id
e
r
a
ti
on
f
or
th
e
s
to
r
a
ge
ove
r
he
a
d of
t
he
ve
r
if
ie
r
i
s
t
he
pr
im
a
r
y c
a
us
e
f
or
t
hi
s
i
s
s
ue
.
Y
a
n
a
nd
G
ui
[
18]
i
nt
r
oduc
e
d
th
e
c
onc
e
pt
of
p
r
iv
a
c
y
-
pr
e
s
e
r
vi
ng
publ
ic
a
udi
ti
ng
f
or
s
e
c
ur
e
c
lo
ud
s
to
r
a
ge
.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
a
ppr
oa
c
h
ut
il
iz
e
s
a
hybr
id
m
e
th
odol
ogy
th
a
t
in
c
or
por
a
te
s
bot
h
a
r
a
ndom
m
a
s
ki
ng
te
c
hni
que
a
nd
a
hom
om
or
phi
c
l
in
e
a
r
a
ut
he
nt
ic
a
ti
on
m
e
th
od.
T
he
de
s
ig
n
of
th
e
s
e
r
ve
r
in
c
lu
de
s
a
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
th
a
t
le
ve
r
a
ge
s
r
a
ndomne
s
s
to
ob
s
c
ur
e
th
e
li
ne
a
r
c
om
bi
na
ti
on
o
f
s
a
m
pl
e
d
bl
oc
ks
in
it
s
r
e
s
pon
s
e
.
T
h
e
T
P
A
i
s
una
bl
e
to
de
te
r
m
in
e
th
e
da
t
a
pa
yl
oa
d
of
th
e
c
li
e
nt
.
N
um
e
r
ous
s
uppl
e
m
e
nt
a
r
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
ha
ve
be
e
n
de
vi
s
e
d
to
a
ugm
e
nt
th
e
in
te
gr
it
y
a
udi
t
c
a
pa
bi
li
ti
e
s
w
it
hi
n
c
lo
ud
s
to
r
a
g
e
.
S
he
n
e
t
al
.
[
19]
in
tr
oduc
e
d
a
r
a
nk
-
ba
s
e
d
a
ut
he
nt
ic
a
te
d
di
c
ti
ona
r
y
in
th
e
ir
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,
w
hi
c
h
ut
il
iz
e
s
a
s
ki
p
li
s
t
a
s
it
s
f
unda
m
e
nt
a
l
da
ta
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
.
T
h
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
di
c
ti
ona
r
y
e
nha
nc
e
s
th
e
c
ur
r
e
nt
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
of
P
D
P
by
in
t
e
gr
a
ti
ng
th
e
c
a
pa
bi
li
ty
to
a
ut
he
nt
ic
a
te
a
ny
m
odi
f
ic
a
ti
ons
m
a
de
to
th
e
s
to
r
e
d
da
ta
.
L
iu
e
t
al
.
[
20
]
f
oc
us
e
d
on
th
e
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on
of
m
odi
f
ic
a
ti
ons
to
th
e
c
onve
nt
io
na
l
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
of
th
e
m
e
r
kl
e
ha
s
h
tr
e
e
(
M
H
T
)
u
s
e
d
f
or
bl
oc
k
ta
g
ve
r
if
ic
a
ti
on.
T
he
obj
e
c
ti
ve
of
th
e
s
e
m
odi
f
ic
a
ti
ons
w
a
s
to
opt
im
iz
e
th
e
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
of
th
e
M
H
T
.
T
he
dyna
m
ic
ha
s
h
ta
bl
e
,
a
two
-
di
m
e
ns
io
na
l
da
ta
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
.
T
he
da
ta
pr
ope
r
ty
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
r
e
la
te
d
to
dyn
a
m
ic
a
u
di
ti
ng
is
s
to
r
e
d
a
t
th
e
T
P
A
lo
c
a
ti
on.
T
he
da
ta
dyna
m
ic
ve
r
if
ic
a
ti
on t
e
c
hni
que
w
a
s
e
xt
e
nde
d t
o i
nc
lu
de
s
c
e
na
r
i
os
i
nvol
vi
ng mul
ti
pl
e
ow
ne
r
s
.
T
he
a
ppr
oa
c
h
pr
op
os
e
d
by
[
20]
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
a
m
e
t
hod
f
or
c
ond
uc
ti
n
g
s
ha
r
e
d
da
t
a
in
te
gr
it
y
a
udi
ti
ng,
w
hi
c
h
in
c
or
por
a
te
s
t
he
in
te
gr
a
ti
o
n
of
id
e
nt
it
y
-
b
a
s
e
d
c
on
c
e
a
lm
e
nt
of
s
e
ns
it
iv
e
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on.
T
he
a
udi
ti
ng
t
e
c
hni
que
s
m
e
nt
io
n
e
d a
bove
r
e
ly
o
n e
po
c
h
s
, w
h
ic
h m
e
a
n
s
t
h
a
t
th
e
ve
r
if
i
e
r
c
onduc
t
s
r
e
gul
a
r
v
e
r
if
ic
a
ti
on
s
of
t
h
e
out
s
our
c
e
d
da
ta
.
T
he
de
t
e
c
ti
o
n
of
c
or
r
upt
io
n
or
m
a
ni
pu
la
ti
o
n
c
a
n
o
nl
y
b
e
pe
r
f
or
m
e
d
a
t
th
e
c
onc
l
us
i
on
of
e
a
c
h
e
po
c
h.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
w
it
hi
n
th
e
s
e
w
or
k
s
,
t
he
r
e
s
po
ns
i
bi
li
ty
of
ve
r
if
yi
n
g
is
f
ul
f
il
l
e
d
by
e
it
h
e
r
th
e
c
li
e
nt
it
s
e
lf
or
a
t
hi
r
d
-
pa
r
ty
a
udi
to
r
s
p
e
c
if
i
c
a
ll
y a
ppoi
nt
e
d by
t
he
c
li
e
nt
,
r
a
th
e
r
th
a
n
a
u
ni
ve
r
s
a
ll
y
a
c
know
le
dg
e
d
t
hi
r
d
-
pa
r
t
y
a
ut
hor
it
y.
I
t
is
c
r
uc
ia
l
to
n
ot
e
th
a
t
t
he
m
e
t
hod
s
ou
tl
in
e
d i
n
t
he
s
e
w
or
k
s
do n
ot
pr
ovi
d
e
a
c
onc
lu
s
i
ve
gua
r
a
nt
e
e
t
h
a
t
th
e
C
S
P
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
A
dv
anc
in
g i
nt
e
gr
it
y
and pr
iv
ac
y
i
n
c
lo
ud s
to
r
age
:
c
hal
le
ng
e
s
,
c
ur
r
e
nt
s
ol
ut
io
ns
, and fut
ur
e
…
(
Shr
in
iv
as
a
)
15
w
il
l
a
c
knowl
e
dg
e
th
e
c
li
e
nt
'
s
a
c
c
u
s
a
ti
on
in
th
e
e
v
e
nt
of
in
a
c
c
ur
a
te
a
u
di
t
r
e
s
ul
t
s
.
T
he
e
xi
s
ti
ng
c
h
a
ll
e
nge
s
ha
ve
ne
c
e
s
s
it
a
te
d t
he
a
dv
a
nc
e
m
e
nt
of
f
a
ir
a
r
bi
tr
a
ti
on pr
ot
oc
o
ls
a
nd r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
i
nt
e
gr
it
y a
u
di
ts
i
n
c
lo
ud
s
to
r
a
ge
.
T
h
e
r
e
a
l
-
t
im
e
a
ud
it
s
c
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
f
il
e
-
or
ie
n
te
d
c
lo
ud
s
t
or
a
g
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
w
a
s
d
e
v
e
l
op
e
d
in
t
he
ir
s
t
ud
y
[
2
1]
,
[
22]
.
T
h
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
nt
e
d
s
c
h
e
m
e
a
ll
o
w
s
f
or
th
e
s
im
ul
t
a
n
e
ou
s
e
x
e
c
u
ti
on
of
a
ud
it
in
g
pr
o
c
e
du
r
e
s
a
l
on
g
s
i
d
e
e
a
c
h
f
i
le
a
c
ti
vi
ty
.
T
h
e
f
u
ll
bi
na
r
y
h
a
s
h
t
r
e
e
(
F
B
H
T
r
e
e
)
,
i
s
a
da
t
a
s
tr
u
c
t
ur
e
t
h
a
t
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
r
e
c
e
n
tl
y
in
tr
od
u
c
e
d
.
T
h
e
C
S
P
e
n
a
b
l
e
s
th
e
f
a
c
i
li
t
a
t
io
n of
s
to
r
i
ng
f
i
l
e
ha
s
h v
a
l
u
e
s
f
or
a
ut
h
e
n
ti
c
a
ti
on p
ur
po
s
e
s
. A
c
c
o
r
d
in
g t
o t
h
e
pr
o
po
s
e
d pl
a
n, t
h
e
c
li
e
nt
w
il
l
i
n
it
ia
t
e
a
r
e
q
u
e
s
t
f
or
a
d
e
s
i
gn
a
te
d
s
e
gm
e
n
t
of
t
h
e
F
B
H
T
r
e
e
.
T
h
e
ha
s
h
v
a
lu
e
of
t
h
e
f
i
l
e
w
il
l
be
in
c
lu
d
e
d
in
t
he
r
e
q
u
e
s
t
w
h
e
n
e
v
e
r
a
f
i
le
a
c
ti
on
i
s
e
xe
c
ut
e
d.
T
h
e
f
o
ll
ow
in
g
m
e
t
ho
d
p
r
o
vi
d
e
s
t
h
e
c
l
i
e
n
t
w
i
th
th
e
a
bi
li
ty
t
o
v
e
r
if
y
t
h
e
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
f
il
e
.
N
e
v
e
r
th
e
l
e
s
s
,
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
s
i
gn
if
ic
a
nt
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
s
r
e
g
a
r
d
i
ng
t
h
e
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
of
t
h
i
s
s
c
h
e
m
e
. T
h
e
u
s
e
r
m
u
s
t
s
t
or
e
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
r
e
c
e
nt
r
oo
t
h
a
s
h
v
a
lu
e
o
f
t
h
e
F
B
H
T
r
e
e
e
a
c
h
t
im
e
a
f
i
l
e
i
s
d
ow
n
lo
a
de
d
.
I
n or
d
e
r
t
o m
a
in
t
a
i
n t
h
e
i
nt
e
gr
it
y
o
f
t
he
do
w
nl
oa
d
e
d
f
il
e
,
it
i
s
c
r
u
c
i
a
l
f
or
t
h
e
c
li
e
nt
t
o
v
e
r
if
y
t
h
e
r
o
ot
ha
s
h
of
t
he
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
s
li
c
e
.
T
he
v
e
r
i
f
i
c
a
t
io
n
pr
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
vo
lv
e
s
t
h
e
c
om
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
of
h
a
s
h
v
a
lu
e
s
.
T
h
e
a
p
pr
o
a
c
h
e
m
pl
oy
e
d b
y
[
23
]
ut
il
i
z
e
s
th
e
m
o
du
la
ti
o
n
t
e
c
h
ni
qu
e
k
n
ow
n
a
s
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
e
x
p
a
n
s
io
n
(
D
E
)
.
T
he
pr
o
c
e
s
s
e
n
ta
il
s
th
e
c
om
pu
t
a
t
io
n
o
f
d
i
s
c
r
e
p
a
n
c
i
e
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
a
d
j
a
c
e
n
t
p
ix
e
l
v
a
l
u
e
s
,
f
ol
lo
w
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
io
n
o
f
s
p
e
c
if
i
c
di
s
c
r
e
p
a
n
c
y
v
a
lu
e
s
to
f
a
c
il
it
a
t
e
th
e
in
te
gr
a
ti
on
of
a
w
a
t
e
r
m
a
r
k
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
D
E
t
e
c
hn
iq
u
e
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o a
d
dr
e
s
s
t
h
e
i
s
s
u
e
s
of
o
v
e
r
f
lo
w
a
nd u
nd
e
r
f
lo
w
, i
t
i
s
c
r
u
c
i
a
l
t
o
l
im
it
t
h
e
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
v
a
lu
e
t
o a
p
r
e
d
e
t
e
r
m
in
e
d
r
a
ng
e
. T
h
e
t
e
c
hn
i
qu
e
of
h
i
s
t
og
r
a
m
s
hi
f
t
in
g
(
H
S
)
m
o
du
l
a
t
io
n
-
b
a
s
e
d w
a
s
pr
op
o
s
e
d
a
s
a
n
a
lt
e
r
n
a
t
i
ve
s
o
l
ut
io
n.
T
he
t
e
c
hn
iq
u
e
of
H
S
i
s
u
ti
li
z
e
d
t
o
c
r
e
a
t
e
a
"
g
a
p"
n
e
xt
t
o
th
e
p
e
a
k
s
of
t
h
e
i
m
a
g
e
h
i
s
t
og
r
a
m
s
.
T
h
e
i
nt
e
gr
a
ti
on
o
f
t
h
e
w
a
te
r
m
a
r
k
c
o
m
p
o
ne
n
t
n
e
c
e
s
s
i
ta
t
e
s
t
h
e
d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
of
pi
xe
l
s
th
a
t
c
or
r
e
s
p
on
d
t
o
t
h
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
hi
s
t
ogr
a
m
.
T
h
e
pi
x
e
l
s
h
a
v
e
th
e
o
p
ti
on
t
o
b
e
r
e
l
o
c
a
t
e
d
to
t
h
e
d
e
s
i
gn
a
t
e
d
g
a
p
or
r
e
m
a
in
u
n
a
l
t
e
r
e
d
.
I
n a
pr
e
vi
ous
s
tu
dy, a
m
e
th
od uti
li
z
in
g
pr
e
di
c
ti
on e
r
r
or
e
xpa
ns
i
on (
P
E
E
)
f
or
da
ta
e
m
be
ddi
ng me
th
od
a
im
s
to
e
nha
nc
e
da
ta
in
te
gr
a
ti
on
by
a
m
pl
if
yi
ng
th
e
di
s
pa
r
it
y
be
twe
e
n
a
pi
xe
l
a
nd
it
s
pr
oj
e
c
te
d
va
lu
e
.
T
he
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
of
t
he
s
ys
te
m
s
ur
pa
s
s
e
s
t
ha
t
of
D
E
a
nd
H
S
be
c
a
us
e
of
i
ts
i
m
pr
ove
d
di
s
tr
ib
ut
io
n o
f
t
he
p
r
e
di
c
ti
on
e
r
r
or
hi
s
to
gr
a
m
(
P
E
H
)
it
ge
ne
r
a
te
s
.
Z
hou
e
t
al
.
[
24]
e
m
pl
oye
d
a
pa
r
ti
ti
oni
ng
te
c
hni
que
to
de
li
be
r
a
te
ly
ge
ne
r
a
te
a
n
e
le
va
ti
on
in
pr
e
di
c
ti
on
e
r
r
or
s
.
T
hi
s
te
c
hni
que
in
vol
ve
s
di
vi
di
ng
th
e
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
be
twe
e
n
th
e
c
ur
r
e
nt
pi
xe
l
a
nd
it
s
e
xpe
c
te
d c
ont
e
xt
.
T
h
e
s
tu
dy c
onduc
te
d
by
[
25]
in
vol
ve
d
th
e
a
na
ly
s
is
of
c
ons
e
c
ut
iv
e
pr
e
di
c
ti
on
e
r
r
or
s
.
T
he
e
r
r
or
s
m
e
nt
io
ne
d
e
a
r
li
e
r
w
e
r
e
c
om
bi
ne
d
to
c
r
e
a
te
a
s
e
que
nc
e
c
om
pr
is
in
g
pa
ir
s
of
pr
e
di
c
ti
on
e
r
r
or
s
.
A
nove
l
s
c
he
m
e
,
known
a
s
pa
ir
w
is
e
P
E
E
,
ha
s
be
e
n
de
vi
s
e
d
w
it
h
th
e
a
i
m
of
im
pr
ovi
ng
im
pe
r
c
e
pt
ib
il
it
y.
T
he
s
c
h
e
m
e
ut
il
iz
e
s
bot
h t
he
s
e
que
n
c
e
a
nd t
he
pr
ogr
a
m
m
a
bl
e
e
x
e
c
ut
io
n hi
e
r
a
r
c
hy
to
a
c
hi
e
ve
i
ts
goa
l
s
.
I
n
th
is
c
om
pr
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
r
e
vi
e
w
,
th
e
a
ut
hor
s
in
tr
odu
c
e
s
e
ve
r
a
l
in
n
ov
a
ti
ve
s
c
h
e
m
e
s
a
nd
pr
ot
oc
ol
s
a
dd
r
e
s
s
i
ng
v
a
r
i
ou
s
c
ha
ll
e
ng
e
s
in
th
e
do
m
a
in
s
of
c
lo
ud
s
t
or
a
ge
,
in
t
e
r
n
e
t
of
th
i
ng
s
(
I
o
T
)
,
f
og
–
c
lo
ud
c
om
put
in
g
,
m
obi
le
c
r
o
w
d
-
s
e
n
s
i
ng,
e
d
ge
c
o
m
pu
ti
n
g,
a
n
d
da
ta
pr
iv
a
c
y
pr
ot
e
c
ti
o
n.
T
h
e
y
pr
o
po
s
e
a
c
ip
he
r
te
xt
-
p
ol
i
c
y
a
tt
r
ib
u
te
-
ba
s
e
d
e
n
c
r
y
pt
i
on
(
C
P
-
A
B
E
)
s
c
h
e
m
e
f
or
c
lo
ud
s
to
r
a
g
e
w
it
h
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
u
s
e
r
r
e
v
oc
a
t
io
n
t
hr
o
ugh
us
e
r
gr
oup
s
[
26]
–
[
30]
.
A
d
di
ti
on
a
ll
y,
a
n
e
w
r
e
s
i
s
ti
ng
o
n
–
o
f
f
a
tt
a
c
k
d
a
t
a
f
or
w
a
r
di
ng
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
(
O
A
D
M
)
f
or
m
obi
le
s
e
n
s
or
ne
t
w
or
k
s
(
M
S
N
s
)
i
s
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d
,
ut
il
i
z
i
ng
hi
d
de
n
m
a
r
k
ov
m
o
de
ls
(
H
M
M
)
f
or
no
d
e
b
e
h
a
vi
or
e
v
a
l
ua
t
io
n
a
nd
e
f
f
e
c
t
iv
e
r
e
la
y
no
d
e
s
e
l
e
c
ti
on
[
3
0]
.
A
n
ot
h
e
r
c
on
tr
ib
ut
i
on
i
s
t
h
e
dyn
a
m
i
c
tr
u
s
t
r
e
l
a
ti
on
s
hi
p
s
a
w
a
r
e
da
t
a
p
r
iv
a
c
y
pr
ot
e
c
ti
o
n
(
D
T
R
P
P
)
m
e
c
h
a
n
is
m
f
or
m
obi
le
c
r
ow
d
-
s
e
n
s
in
g,
in
t
e
gr
a
t
in
g
k
e
y
di
s
tr
ib
ut
i
on
a
nd
tr
u
s
t
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
nt
[
31]
.
T
he
a
u
th
or
s
a
l
s
o
in
ve
s
t
ig
a
t
e
c
ont
e
nt
c
a
c
hi
ng
(
C
C
)
a
nd
us
e
r
a
s
s
oc
ia
ti
o
n
(
U
A
)
o
pt
im
iz
a
t
io
n
f
or
e
dg
e
c
om
put
in
g,
a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g
t
he
N
P
-
h
a
r
d
n
a
tu
r
e
o
f
th
e
pr
ob
le
m
w
i
th
a
pr
opo
s
e
d
a
l
gor
i
th
m
[
32]
.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
th
e
y
e
xp
lo
r
e
th
e
i
nt
e
gr
a
ti
on
of
bi
g
d
a
t
a
a
n
d
a
r
ti
f
ic
ia
l
i
nt
e
ll
i
g
e
n
c
e
(
A
I
)
a
n
d
i
ts
im
pl
i
c
a
ti
on
s
in
s
oc
i
a
l
n
e
t
w
or
ks
,
he
a
lt
hc
a
r
e
,
a
nd
f
i
na
nc
e
[
33
]
,
[
34
]
.
I
n
th
e
c
ont
e
x
t
of
c
l
ou
d
s
t
or
a
g
e
,
va
r
i
ou
s
id
e
n
ti
t
y
-
b
a
s
e
d
pr
o
va
bl
e
da
ta
p
o
s
s
e
s
s
io
n
s
c
h
e
m
e
s
a
r
e
i
nt
r
odu
c
e
d
, s
uc
h a
s
id
e
n
ti
t
y
-
b
a
s
e
d pr
i
va
c
y
-
pr
e
s
e
r
v
in
g pr
ov
a
b
le
da
ta
p
o
s
s
e
s
s
io
n
s
c
h
e
m
e
(ID
-
P
3
D
P
)
,
ID
-
b
a
s
e
d
P
D
P
w
it
h
c
om
pr
e
s
s
e
d
c
l
ou
d
s
to
r
a
ge
,
a
nd
a
n
i
d
e
nt
i
ty
-
ba
s
e
d
r
e
m
ot
e
d
a
t
a
po
s
s
e
s
s
i
on
c
he
c
k
in
g
s
c
he
m
e
w
it
h
dy
na
m
i
c
up
da
te
c
a
p
a
bi
li
t
y
[
35
]
–
[
3
9]
.
T
he
a
u
th
o
r
s
im
pr
ov
e
u
pon
e
x
is
ti
n
g
w
or
k
,
pr
e
s
e
nt
i
ng
a
m
or
e
e
xpr
e
s
s
iv
e
a
c
c
e
s
s
c
on
tr
ol
pol
ic
y
ba
s
e
d
o
n
a
tt
r
i
but
e
s
a
nd
r
e
ly
i
ng
o
n
s
ta
nd
a
r
d
a
s
s
um
pt
i
on
s
.
T
h
e
y
a
l
s
o
pr
op
os
e
a
c
a
p
a
bi
li
t
y
-
ba
s
e
d
pr
iv
a
c
y
pr
o
te
c
t
io
n
h
a
n
dov
e
r
a
u
th
e
nt
ic
a
t
io
n
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
i
n
s
of
t
w
a
r
e
d
e
f
in
e
d
n
e
t
w
or
k
(
S
D
N
)
-
ba
s
e
d
5G
H
e
t
N
e
t
s
[
40
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
dy
i
nt
r
o
du
c
e
s
P
ol
i
s
m
a
,
a
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
f
or
l
e
a
r
ni
n
g
a
tt
r
i
but
e
-
ba
s
e
d
a
c
c
e
s
s
c
on
tr
o
l
(
A
B
A
C
)
pol
i
c
i
e
s
f
r
om
da
ta
,
c
om
bi
n
in
g
d
a
t
a
m
in
in
g
a
nd
m
a
c
h
in
e
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
t
e
c
h
ni
q
ue
s
.
A
n
i
m
pr
ov
e
d
U
C
S
A
(
iU
C
S
A
)
pr
ot
oc
ol
i
s
pr
o
vi
d
e
d, a
d
dr
e
s
s
i
ng w
e
a
kn
e
s
s
e
s
i
n a
pr
e
v
io
u
s
s
c
h
e
m
e
[
4
1]
–
[
45]
.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
t
he
no
ve
l
c
on
c
e
pt
of
pr
ov
a
b
le
da
ta
po
s
s
e
s
s
io
n
w
i
th
o
ut
s
o
ur
c
e
d d
a
t
a
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
(
D
T
-
P
D
P
)
is
in
tr
od
uc
e
d
,
s
a
ti
s
f
y
in
g
s
e
c
ur
i
ty
r
e
q
ui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
f
or
da
ta
in
t
e
gr
it
y
,
pr
i
va
c
y
,
a
nd
tr
a
n
s
f
e
r
a
bi
li
t
y,
w
it
h
c
o
m
pu
ta
ti
o
n
o
ut
s
our
c
e
d
t
o
pu
bl
i
c
c
lo
u
d
s
e
r
ve
r
s
[
46]
,
[
47]
.
T
h
e
a
ut
hor
s
r
e
-
c
on
s
i
de
r
th
e
n
ot
i
on
of
pr
o
of
of
r
e
tr
ie
va
bi
l
it
y
(
P
o
R
)
pr
ot
oc
o
l
a
nd
pr
op
o
s
e
th
e
c
on
c
e
pt
of
a
d
m
i
s
s
ib
le
P
o
R
pr
ot
oc
ol
,
i
m
po
s
in
g
a
dd
it
i
on
a
l
c
on
di
ti
on
s
[
4
8]
.
T
h
e
p
a
p
e
r
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
th
e
f
ir
s
t
c
on
s
tr
u
c
ti
on
s
of
id
e
nt
it
y
-
b
a
s
e
d
e
n
c
r
y
pt
i
on
a
nd
hi
e
r
a
r
c
hi
c
a
l
i
de
nt
i
ty
-
ba
s
e
d
e
nc
r
ypt
io
n b
a
s
e
d
on
t
h
e
ha
r
dn
e
s
s
of
t
he
D
if
f
i
e
-
H
e
l
lm
a
n
p
r
o
bl
e
m
[
49]
.
F
in
a
ll
y
,
a
ne
w
r
e
m
o
te
da
ta
p
o
s
s
e
s
s
i
on
c
h
e
c
ki
n
g
(
R
D
P
C
)
s
c
he
m
e
w
it
h
a
d
e
s
i
gn
a
t
e
d
v
e
r
if
ie
r
is
in
tr
od
uc
e
d
,
e
n
s
ur
i
ng
da
t
a
in
t
e
gr
it
y
b
a
s
e
d
on
th
e
c
om
pu
ta
t
io
na
l
D
if
f
i
e
-
H
e
l
lm
a
n
a
s
s
um
p
ti
on
[
5
0]
.
T
a
bl
e
1
s
ho
w
s
t
he
s
ur
ve
y t
a
b
le
.
2.2.
D
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
C
ur
r
e
nt
m
e
th
ods
li
ke
hom
om
or
phi
c
li
ne
a
r
a
ut
he
nt
ic
a
ti
on
a
r
e
not
f
ul
ly
opt
im
iz
e
d
f
or
la
r
ge
-
s
c
a
le
da
ta
ha
ndl
in
g.
I
m
pr
ove
m
e
nt
s
a
r
e
ne
e
de
d
in
s
c
a
la
bi
li
ty
a
nd
dyna
m
ic
s
,
r
e
duc
in
g
th
e
c
om
put
a
ti
ona
l
bur
de
n
on
ti
m
e
-
ba
s
e
d
a
udi
ti
ng
(
T
P
A
s
)
,
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
in
m
ul
t
i
-
ow
ne
r
c
ont
e
xt
s
,
s
tr
e
a
m
li
ni
ng
th
e
a
r
bi
tr
a
ti
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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ti
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V
ol
.
1
4
, N
o.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2025
:
1
2
-
1
8
16
de
ve
lo
pi
ng
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
a
udi
ti
ng
s
ol
ut
io
ns
,
ba
la
nc
in
g
im
pe
r
c
e
pt
ib
il
it
y
a
nd
e
m
be
ddi
ng
c
a
pa
c
it
y
in
w
a
te
r
m
a
r
ki
ng,
opt
im
iz
in
g
w
a
te
r
m
a
r
ki
ng
te
c
hni
que
s
w
it
h
m
in
im
a
l
ove
r
he
a
d,
a
nd
e
nha
nc
in
g
th
e
P
E
E
m
e
th
od
f
or
da
ta
e
m
be
ddi
ng.
A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y,
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
s
ol
ut
io
ns
f
or
de
c
e
nt
r
a
li
z
e
d
publ
ic
a
udi
ti
ng
a
r
e
ne
e
de
d
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
in
r
e
s
i
s
ti
ng
m
a
li
c
io
us
a
udi
to
r
s
a
nd
e
n
s
ur
in
g
pr
iv
a
c
y
pr
ot
e
c
ti
on.
R
e
duc
in
g
c
om
put
a
ti
ona
l
ove
r
he
a
d
is
c
r
uc
ia
l
f
or
t
he
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
of
dyna
m
ic
a
udi
ti
ng
s
c
e
na
r
io
s
.
T
a
bl
e
1. S
ur
ve
y t
a
bl
e
R
e
f
.
M
e
t
hod
A
dva
nt
a
ge
s
D
i
s
a
dva
nt
a
ge
s
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
g
ap
[
2]
H
om
om
or
phi
c
l
i
ne
a
r
a
ut
he
nt
i
c
a
t
i
on w
i
t
h r
a
ndom
m
a
s
ki
ng
P
r
e
s
e
r
ve
s
da
t
a
c
ont
e
nt
pr
i
va
c
y dur
i
ng a
udi
t
s
C
om
pl
e
x c
om
put
a
t
i
ons
f
or
l
a
r
ge
da
t
a
s
e
t
s
N
e
e
ds
opt
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
on f
or
ha
ndl
i
ng l
a
r
ge
-
s
c
a
l
e
da
t
a
[
3]
C
l
a
s
s
i
c
M
H
T
c
ons
t
r
uc
t
i
on f
or
bl
oc
k t
a
g ve
r
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
I
m
pr
ove
d e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y f
or
i
nt
e
gr
i
t
y a
udi
t
L
i
m
i
t
e
d s
c
a
l
a
bi
l
i
t
y f
or
dyna
m
i
c
da
t
a
S
c
a
l
a
bi
l
i
t
y a
nd dyna
m
i
c
s
of
da
t
a
not
f
ul
l
y a
ddr
e
s
s
e
d
[
4]
R
a
nk
-
ba
s
e
d a
ut
he
nt
i
c
a
t
e
d
di
c
t
i
ona
r
y ove
r
a
s
ki
p l
i
s
t
S
uppor
t
s
pr
ova
bl
e
upda
t
e
s
t
o s
t
or
e
d da
t
a
I
nc
r
e
a
s
e
d c
om
pl
e
xi
t
y f
or
da
t
a
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
m
a
i
nt
e
na
nc
e
O
pt
i
m
a
l
da
t
a
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
de
s
i
gn
f
or
dyna
m
i
c
da
t
a
[
5]
D
yna
m
i
c
ha
s
h t
a
bl
e
l
oc
a
t
e
d
a
t
T
P
A
f
or
a
udi
t
i
ng
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
dyna
m
i
c
a
udi
t
i
ng
I
nc
r
e
a
s
e
d ove
r
he
a
d a
t
T
P
A
R
e
duc
i
ng T
P
A
’
s
c
om
put
a
t
i
ona
l
bur
de
n
[
6]
D
a
t
a
dyna
m
i
c
ve
r
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on f
or
m
ul
t
i
pl
e
ow
ne
r
s
E
xt
e
nds
a
udi
t
i
ng t
o m
ul
t
i
-
ow
ne
r
s
c
e
na
r
i
os
C
om
pl
e
xi
t
y i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
s
w
i
t
h
m
or
e
ow
ne
r
s
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
i
n
m
ul
t
i
-
ow
ne
r
c
ont
e
xt
s
[
10]
S
i
gna
t
ur
e
e
xc
ha
nge
f
or
f
a
i
r
a
r
bi
t
r
a
t
i
on
E
ns
ur
e
s
f
a
i
r
di
s
put
e
r
e
s
ol
ut
i
on be
t
w
e
e
n pa
r
t
i
e
s
I
ne
f
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y due
t
o
s
i
gna
t
ur
e
ve
r
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
S
t
r
e
a
m
l
i
ni
ng a
r
bi
t
r
a
t
i
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
[
12]
F
B
H
T
r
e
e
f
or
r
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e
a
udi
t
I
m
m
e
di
a
t
e
t
a
m
pe
r
i
ng
de
t
e
c
t
i
on
H
i
gh ove
r
he
a
d f
or
ve
r
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
R
e
duc
i
ng ve
r
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
ove
r
he
a
d
[
15]
HS
i
n w
a
t
e
r
m
a
r
ki
ng
R
e
duc
e
s
di
s
t
or
t
i
on,
a
da
pt
a
bl
e
E
xt
r
a
ove
r
he
a
d due
t
o
a
ddi
t
i
ona
l
da
t
a
e
m
be
ddi
ng
B
a
l
a
nc
i
ng i
m
pe
r
c
e
pt
i
bi
l
i
t
y a
nd
e
m
be
ddi
ng c
a
pa
c
i
t
y
[
20]
I
de
nt
i
t
y
-
ba
s
e
d s
ha
r
e
d da
t
a
i
nt
e
gr
i
t
y a
udi
t
i
ng
H
i
de
s
s
e
n
s
i
t
i
ve
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on dur
i
ng a
udi
t
E
poc
h
-
ba
s
e
d, not
r
e
a
l
-
time
D
e
ve
l
opi
ng r
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e
a
udi
t
i
ng
s
ol
ut
i
ons
[
14]
DE
m
odul
a
t
i
on i
n
w
a
t
e
r
m
a
r
ki
ng
P
r
e
ve
nt
s
ove
r
f
l
ow
a
nd
unde
r
f
l
ow
i
n
w
a
t
e
r
m
a
r
ki
ng
A
ddi
t
i
ona
l
ove
r
he
a
d f
or
a
uxi
l
i
a
r
y i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on
O
pt
i
m
i
z
i
ng w
a
t
e
r
m
a
r
ki
ng w
i
t
h
m
i
ni
m
a
l
ove
r
he
a
d
[
17]
I
m
a
ge
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on pr
oc
e
s
s
f
or
w
a
t
e
r
m
a
r
ki
ng
I
de
nt
i
f
i
e
s
be
s
t
a
r
e
a
s
i
n a
n
i
m
a
ge
f
or
w
a
t
e
r
m
a
r
ki
ng
C
om
pl
e
x c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
S
t
r
e
a
m
l
i
ni
ng w
a
t
e
r
m
a
r
ki
ng i
n
di
ve
r
s
e
i
m
a
ge
t
ype
s
[
18]
P
E
E
f
o
r
da
t
a
e
m
be
ddi
ng
S
upe
r
i
or
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
nc
e
i
n
da
t
a
e
m
be
ddi
ng
R
e
qui
r
e
s
c
a
r
e
f
ul
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
on
of
pr
e
di
c
t
i
on e
r
r
or
s
E
nha
nc
i
ng P
E
E
m
e
t
hod
f
or
br
oa
de
r
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
[
26]
CP
-
A
B
E
w
i
t
h us
e
r
gr
oups
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
us
e
r
r
e
voc
a
t
i
on
f
or
c
l
oud s
t
or
a
ge
N
ot
t
ha
t
m
uc
h e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
F
ur
t
he
r
e
xpl
or
a
t
i
on of
us
e
r
gr
oup dyna
m
i
c
s
a
nd
s
c
a
l
a
bi
l
i
t
y
3.
C
O
N
C
L
U
S
I
O
N
T
he
e
xpl
or
a
ti
on
of
c
lo
ud
s
to
r
a
ge
in
te
gr
it
y
a
nd
pr
iv
a
c
y
in
th
is
s
ur
ve
y
hi
ghl
ig
ht
s
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
a
dva
nc
e
m
e
nt
s
a
nd
unde
r
s
c
or
e
s
pe
r
s
i
s
ti
ng
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
in
th
e
f
ie
l
d.
A
s
c
lo
ud
c
om
put
in
g
c
ont
in
ue
s
to
e
vol
ve
,
it
be
c
om
e
s
im
pe
r
a
ti
ve
to
f
oc
us
on
de
ve
lo
pi
ng
m
or
e
s
c
a
la
bl
e
,
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
,
a
nd
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
da
ta
in
te
gr
it
y
a
udi
ti
n
g
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
s
.
F
ut
ur
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
houl
d
pr
io
r
it
iz
e
opt
im
iz
in
g
m
e
t
hods
f
or
ha
ndl
in
g
la
r
ge
-
s
c
a
le
d
a
ta
,
e
nh
a
nc
in
g
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
a
udi
ti
ng
c
a
pa
bi
li
ti
e
s
,
a
nd
f
ur
th
e
r
in
g
w
a
te
r
m
a
r
ki
ng
te
c
hni
que
s
f
or
ba
la
n
c
e
d
im
pe
r
c
e
pt
ib
il
i
ty
a
nd
e
m
be
ddi
ng
c
a
pa
c
it
y.
A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y,
th
e
r
e
is
an
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
n
e
e
d
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
th
e
c
om
pl
e
xi
ti
e
s
of
m
ul
ti
-
ow
ne
r
da
ta
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
s
a
nd
to
r
e
f
in
e
de
c
e
nt
r
a
li
z
e
d
publ
ic
a
udi
ti
ng
s
ys
t
e
m
s
to
c
om
ba
t
th
e
r
is
ks
pos
e
d
by
m
a
li
c
io
us
a
udi
to
r
s
.
I
nnova
ti
ons
in
th
e
s
e
a
r
e
a
s
c
oul
d
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
e
nha
nc
e
th
e
s
e
c
ur
it
y,
pr
iv
a
c
y,
a
nd
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
of
c
lo
ud
s
to
r
a
ge
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
th
e
r
e
by
f
os
te
r
in
g
gr
e
a
te
r
tr
us
t
a
nd
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
i
n
c
lo
ud
-
ba
s
e
d
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
.
T
hi
s
pr
ogr
e
s
s
io
n
w
il
l
not
onl
y
be
ne
f
it
th
e
c
lo
ud
c
om
put
in
g
in
dus
tr
y
but
a
ls
o
o
f
f
e
r
a
m
or
e
s
e
c
ur
e
a
nd
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
f
o
r
e
nd
-
us
e
r
s
a
c
r
os
s
va
r
io
us
s
e
c
to
r
s
.
I
n
c
ha
r
ti
ng
th
e
c
our
s
e
f
or
f
ut
ur
e
a
dva
nc
e
m
e
nt
s
,
th
e
f
ol
lo
w
in
g
a
r
e
a
s
pr
e
s
e
nt
r
ip
e
oppor
tu
ni
ti
e
s
f
or
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
nd
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
,
a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g
c
u
r
r
e
nt
li
m
it
a
ti
ons
a
nd
s
te
e
r
in
g
th
e
f
ie
ld
to
w
a
r
ds
e
nha
nc
e
d
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
a
nd
in
nova
ti
on.
F
oc
u
s
in
g
on
th
e
s
e
a
s
pe
c
ts
w
il
l
c
o
nt
r
ib
ut
e
to
th
e
e
vol
ut
io
n
of
r
obus
t
s
ol
ut
io
ns
in
c
lo
ud
s
to
r
a
ge
in
te
gr
it
y
a
nd
pr
iv
a
c
y
:
i)
w
a
te
r
m
a
r
ki
ng
te
c
hni
que
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
HS
,
f
a
c
e
c
h
a
ll
e
nge
s
in
a
c
hi
e
vi
ng a
ba
l
a
nc
e
d t
r
a
de
-
of
f
be
twe
e
n
i
m
pe
r
c
e
pt
ib
il
it
y a
nd e
m
be
ddi
ng c
a
pa
c
it
y
;
ii
)
f
ut
ur
e
w
or
k s
houl
d f
oc
u
s
on
m
e
th
ods
th
a
t
c
a
n
opt
im
iz
e
th
i
s
tr
a
de
-
of
f
,
e
ns
ur
in
g
w
a
te
r
m
a
r
ki
ng
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
in
va
r
io
us
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
;
a
nd
ii
i)
f
ur
th
e
r
e
nha
nc
e
m
e
nt
of
th
e
P
E
E
m
e
th
od
f
or
da
ta
e
m
be
ddi
ng
i
s
ne
e
de
d
to
br
oa
d
e
n
it
s
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
a
nd
e
ns
ur
e
c
a
r
e
f
ul
s
e
le
c
ti
on of
pr
e
di
c
ti
on e
r
r
or
s
.
R
E
F
E
R
E
N
C
E
S
[
1]
Y
. M
i
a
o, J
.
M
a
, X
.
L
i
u, J
.
W
e
ng, H
.
L
i
,
a
nd H
.
L
i
, “
L
i
ght
w
e
i
ght
f
i
ne
-
gr
a
i
ne
d s
e
a
r
c
h ove
r
e
nc
r
ypt
e
d d
a
t
a
i
n f
og
c
om
put
i
ng,”
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
t
i
ons
on Se
r
v
i
c
e
s
C
om
put
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r
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e
i
nt
e
gr
i
t
y
a
ud
i
t
i
ng
w
i
t
h
pr
i
va
c
y
-
pr
e
s
e
r
vi
ng
a
r
bi
t
r
a
t
i
on
f
or
i
m
a
ge
s
i
n c
l
oud s
t
or
a
ge
s
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t
e
m
,”
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E
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X
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D
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J
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N
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M
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X
.
H
ua
ng,
“
A
A
D
E
C
:
A
nonym
ous
a
nd
a
udi
t
a
bl
e
di
s
t
r
i
but
e
d
a
c
c
e
s
s
c
ont
r
ol
f
or
e
dge
c
om
put
i
ng
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
,”
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
t
i
ons
on
I
nf
or
m
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i
on
F
or
e
ns
i
c
s
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S
e
c
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y
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Y
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S
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A
b
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s
a
l
a
m
a
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d
M
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d
a
b
ou
,
“
D
e
c
e
nt
r
a
l
i
z
e
d
d
a
t
a
i
nt
e
g
r
i
t
y
s
c
he
m
e
f
o
r
p
r
e
s
e
r
v
i
n
g
p
r
i
va
c
y
i
n
c
l
ou
d
c
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
,”
i
n
2
02
1
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
na
l
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
,
P
a
t
t
e
r
n
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
,
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d
C
y
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r
ne
t
i
c
s
（
S
P
A
C
)
,
p
p
.
6
0
7
–
612,
J
u
n
.
2
0
21
,
d
o
i
:
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0
.1
1
0
9
/
S
P
A
C
53
8
3
6
.2
0
2
1
.9
5
3
9
94
6
.
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J
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L
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,
W
.
Y
a
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Y
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Z
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H
.
Q
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n,
a
nd
J
.
H
a
n,
“
F
l
e
xi
bl
e
a
nd
f
i
ne
-
gr
a
i
ne
d
a
t
t
r
i
but
e
-
ba
s
e
d
da
t
a
s
t
or
a
ge
i
n
c
l
oud
c
om
put
i
ng,”
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
t
i
ons
on Se
r
v
i
c
e
s
C
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“
A
nove
l
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
r
e
m
ot
e
da
t
a
pos
s
e
s
s
i
on
c
he
c
ki
ng
pr
ot
oc
ol
i
n
c
l
oud
s
t
or
a
ge
,”
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
t
i
ons
on I
nf
or
m
at
i
on F
or
e
n
s
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c
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B
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G
.
K
i
m
,
a
nd
B
.
G
upt
a
,
“
S
e
c
ur
e
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
i
on
of
I
oT
a
nd
c
l
oud
c
om
put
i
ng,”
F
ut
ur
e
G
e
ne
r
at
i
on
C
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m
put
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Sy
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S
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o
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a
n
d
A
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r
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,
“
C
l
o
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
d
a
t
a
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
r
e
l
a
t
i
n
g
t
o
da
t
a
i
n
t
e
g
r
i
t
y
,
p
r
i
v
a
c
y
a
n
d
t
r
us
t
,”
i
n
2
0
15
1s
t
I
n
t
e
r
na
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
on
f
e
r
e
nc
e
o
n
N
e
x
t
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
C
om
p
u
t
i
ng
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
(
N
G
C
T
)
,
p
p
.
1
1
5
–
1
18
,
2
01
5
,
do
i
:
1
0.
1
1
0
9
/
N
G
C
T
.
2
0
1
5.
7
3
7
50
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4
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D
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W
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F
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Z
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ng,
H
.
W
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a
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R
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W
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ng,
“
S
e
c
ur
i
t
y
-
or
i
e
nt
e
d
oppo
r
t
uni
s
t
i
c
d
a
t
a
f
or
w
a
r
di
ng
i
n
m
obi
l
e
s
oc
i
a
l
ne
t
w
or
ks
,”
F
u
t
ur
e
G
e
ne
r
at
i
on C
om
put
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r
Sy
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“
D
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m
i
c
t
r
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t
r
e
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
ps
a
w
a
r
e
da
t
a
pr
i
va
c
y
pr
ot
e
c
t
i
on
i
n
m
obi
l
e
c
r
ow
d
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s
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E
E
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I
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r
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a
n
d
G
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W
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ng
,
“
O
p
t
i
m
i
z
e
d c
on
t
e
n
t
c
a
c
h
i
ng
a
n
d
us
e
r
a
s
s
oc
i
a
t
i
on
f
o
r
e
d
g
e
c
om
p
u
t
i
ng
i
n d
e
ns
e
l
y
de
p
l
o
ye
d
h
e
t
e
r
o
ge
n
e
o
u
s
ne
t
w
o
r
ks
,
”
I
E
E
E
T
r
an
s
ac
t
i
o
ns
o
n
M
o
b
i
l
e
C
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
2
1
,
n
o.
6
,
p
p.
2
1
30
–
2
1
42
,
20
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.1
1
0
9
/
T
M
C
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0
2
0
.3
0
3
3
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Q
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i
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i
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nd S
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i
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I
de
nt
i
f
yi
ng unt
r
us
t
e
d i
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
ve
be
ha
vi
our
i
n e
nt
e
r
pr
i
s
e
r
e
s
our
c
e
pl
a
nni
ng s
y
s
t
e
m
s
ba
s
e
d
on
a
bi
g
da
t
a
pa
t
t
e
r
n
r
e
c
ogni
t
i
on
m
e
t
hod
us
i
ng
be
ha
vi
our
a
l
a
na
l
yt
i
c
s
,”
B
e
hav
i
our
&
I
nf
or
m
at
i
on
T
e
c
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on
t
he
i
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
on
be
t
w
e
e
n
bi
g
d
a
t
a
a
nd
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
,”
Sy
s
t
e
m
s
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
and
B
e
hav
i
or
al
Sc
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M
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m
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A
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Ç
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C
e
ngi
l
,
“
I
nve
s
t
i
ga
t
i
on
of
c
l
oud
c
om
put
i
ng
ba
s
e
d
bi
g
da
t
a
on
m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
a
l
gor
i
t
hm
s
,”
B
i
t
l
i
s
E
r
e
n Ü
ni
v
e
r
s
i
t
e
s
i
F
e
n B
i
l
i
m
l
e
r
i
D
e
r
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s
i
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K
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,
“
D
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e
p
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
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a
s
s
i
s
t
e
d
s
m
a
r
t
pr
oc
e
s
s
pl
a
nni
ng,
c
ogni
t
i
ve
a
ut
om
a
t
i
on,
a
nd i
ndus
t
r
i
a
l
bi
g
da
t
a
a
na
l
yt
i
c
s
i
n s
u
s
t
a
i
na
bl
e
c
ybe
r
-
phys
i
c
a
l
pr
oduc
t
i
on s
ys
t
e
m
s
,
”
J
our
nal
of
Se
l
f
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G
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e
r
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e
nt
E
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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J
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K
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, Y
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T
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a
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g, “
I
de
nt
i
t
y
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ba
s
e
d p
r
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a
b
l
e
da
t
a
p
os
s
e
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s
i
on
f
r
om
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S
A
a
s
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u
m
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t
i
on
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o
r
s
e
c
u
r
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c
l
o
ud s
t
o
r
a
ge
,”
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
t
i
o
ns
o
n
D
e
pe
nd
abl
e
a
nd
Se
c
ur
e
C
om
put
i
n
g
,
vo
l
.
19
,
no.
3
, p
p.
17
53
–
17
6
9, M
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y
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2,
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i
:
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0.1
10
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Y
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a
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g,
Y
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C
he
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F
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C
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e
n,
a
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J
.
C
he
n
,
“
A
n
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
i
d
e
nt
i
t
y
-
ba
s
e
d
p
r
o
va
b
l
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da
t
a
pos
s
e
s
s
i
on
p
r
ot
o
c
o
l
w
i
t
h
c
om
pr
e
s
s
e
d
c
l
ou
d
s
t
or
a
ge
,
”
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
a
c
t
i
ons
o
n
I
n
f
or
m
at
i
on
F
or
e
ns
i
c
s
an
d
Se
c
ur
i
t
y
,
vo
l
.
17
,
pp.
1
359
–
1
37
1,
202
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do
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0.1
10
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T
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I
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nt
i
t
y
-
ba
s
e
d
pr
i
va
c
y
p
r
e
s
e
r
vi
ng
r
e
m
ot
e
da
t
a
i
nt
e
gr
i
t
y
c
he
c
ki
ng
w
i
t
h
a
de
s
i
gna
t
e
d
ve
r
i
f
i
e
r
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E
E
E
A
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S
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“
F
l
e
xi
bl
e
i
de
nt
i
t
y
-
ba
s
e
d
r
e
m
ot
e
da
t
a
i
nt
e
gr
i
t
y
c
he
c
ki
ng
f
or
c
l
oud
s
t
or
a
ge
w
i
t
h
pr
i
va
c
y
pr
e
s
e
r
vi
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ope
r
t
y,”
C
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e
r
C
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J
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Z
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W
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X
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a
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Z
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L
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,
“
I
de
nt
i
t
y
-
ba
s
e
d
publ
i
c
da
t
a
i
nt
e
gr
i
t
y
ve
r
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
s
c
he
m
e
i
n
c
l
oud
s
t
or
a
ge
s
ys
t
e
m
vi
a
bl
oc
kc
ha
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a
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“
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e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
e
l
e
s
s
c
ondi
t
i
ona
l
pr
i
va
c
y
-
pr
e
s
e
r
vi
ng
a
ut
he
nt
i
c
a
t
i
on
f
o
r
V
A
N
E
T
s
,”
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
t
i
ons
on
V
e
hi
c
ul
ar
T
e
c
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ogy
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M
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S
e
da
gha
t
a
nd
B
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P
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ne
e
l
,
“
C
r
os
s
-
dom
a
i
n
a
t
t
r
i
but
e
-
ba
s
e
d
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c
c
e
s
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r
ol
e
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on,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
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C
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e
r
e
nc
e
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J
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ng, “
C
P
P
H
A
:
C
a
pa
bi
l
i
t
y
-
ba
s
e
d pr
i
va
c
y
-
pr
ot
e
c
t
i
on ha
ndove
r
a
ut
he
nt
i
c
a
t
i
on m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
f
or
S
D
N
-
ba
s
e
d 5G
H
e
t
N
e
t
s
,”
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
t
i
ons
on D
e
pe
ndabl
e
and Se
c
u
r
e
C
om
p
ut
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ng
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:
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T
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A
.
A
.
J
a
ba
l
e
t
al
.
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“
P
ol
i
s
m
a
-
A
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
f
or
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
a
t
t
r
i
but
e
-
ba
s
e
d
a
c
c
e
s
s
c
ont
r
ol
pol
i
c
i
e
s
,”
C
om
put
e
r
Se
c
u
r
i
t
y
–
E
SO
R
I
C
S
2020
,
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H
.
W
a
ng,
L
.
F
e
ng,
Y
.
J
i
,
B
.
S
ha
o,
a
nd
R
.
X
ue
,
“
T
ow
a
r
d
us
a
bl
e
c
l
oud
s
t
or
a
ge
a
udi
t
i
ng,
r
e
vi
s
i
t
e
d,”
I
E
E
E
Sy
s
t
e
m
s
J
our
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Q
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,
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.
W
a
ng,
“
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r
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bl
e
da
t
a
po
s
s
e
s
s
i
on
w
i
t
h
out
s
our
c
e
d
da
t
a
t
r
a
ns
f
e
r
,”
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
t
i
ons
on
Se
r
v
i
c
e
s
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put
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[
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J
.
C
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ng,
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.
S
ha
o,
Y
.
J
i
,
M
.
X
u,
a
nd
R
.
X
u
e
,
“
S
e
c
ur
e
ne
t
w
or
k
c
odi
ng
f
r
om
s
e
c
ur
e
pr
oof
of
r
e
t
r
i
e
va
bi
l
i
t
y,”
Sc
i
e
nc
e
C
hi
na
I
nf
or
m
at
i
on
Sc
i
e
nc
e
s
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. 64, no. 12, p. 229301, D
e
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. 2021, doi
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N
.
D
öt
t
l
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ng
a
nd
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.
G
a
r
g,
“
I
de
nt
i
t
y
-
ba
s
e
d
e
nc
r
ypt
i
on
f
r
om
t
he
d
i
f
f
i
e
-
he
l
l
m
a
n
a
s
s
um
pt
i
on,”
A
dv
anc
e
s
i
n
C
r
y
pt
ol
ogy
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R
Y
P
T
O
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2017, doi
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3
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[
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H
.
Y
a
n,
J
.
L
i
,
a
nd
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.
Z
ha
ng,
“
R
e
m
ot
e
da
t
a
c
he
c
ki
ng
w
i
t
h
a
de
s
i
gna
t
e
d
ve
r
i
f
i
e
r
i
n
c
l
oud
s
t
or
a
ge
,”
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E
E
E
Sy
s
t
e
m
s
J
our
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S
Y
S
T
.2019.2918022.
B
I
O
G
R
A
P
H
I
E
S
O
F
A
U
T
H
O
R
S
Shrinivasa
is
working
as
an
Assistant
Professor
Gd.
-
III
in
the
Department
of
Computer
and
Communicat
ion
Enginee
ring,
NMAM
Institute
of
Technol
ogy,
Nitte,
Karka
la.
He
has
about
16
years
of
teaching
and
two
years
of
industrial
exp
erience.
He
received
his
Bachelo
r
of
Engin
eering
degree
in
Computer
Science
and
Engineering
and
an
M.Tech
.
degree
in
Computer
Science
and
Engineering
with
Distinction
from
Visv
esvaraya
Technological
University,
Belagavi.
He
is
pursuing
his
Ph
.
D
.
at
Visvesvaraya
T
echnological
University,
Belagav
i.
He
has
published
eight
papers
in
repute
d
journals
and
also
has
a
patent.
His
areas
of
research
include
cloud
computing
and
security.
He
is
an
active
mem
ber
of
ISTE.
He
can
be
contacted
at email
: shrin
iva
sanaik2024@rediffmail.com
.
Chandraka
la
Beturpalya
Muddaraju
w
orking
as
an
Associ
ate
Professor,
Dep
artment
of
Information
Science
&
Engineering,
Dayananda
Sagar
College
o
f
Eng
ineering
,
Bengalur
u,
Karna
taka,
India.
She
recei
ved
her
Ph.D.
Degre
e
in
Co
mputer
and
Informa
tion
Scienc
e
and
Engineering,
Visvesvaraya
Technological
University,
Belagavi,
Karnataka
.
She
had
been
working
as
an
Associate
Professor
for
the
past
20
years.
Her
research
interests
are
in
cloud
computing,
network
security,
cyber
security,
artificial
intelligenc
e,
and
machine
learning
.
Publishe
d
44
paper
s
in
journa
ls
and
confe
renc
e.
Publishe
d
5
patent
s.
G
uiding
Resea
rch
Scholar
s
in various do
mains. She c
an be co
ntacted a
t email:
chandrakalabm
-
ise@
dayanandsagar.edu
.
Annapurn
a
Prashanth
Patil
is
currently
working
as
D
ean
in
Da
yananda
Sagar
College
of
Enginee
ring.
Her
areas
of
interes
t
are
mobile
ad
hoc
networ
k
(
MANET
)
and
wireless
sensor
networks
(
WSN
)
.
She
has
27
years
of
teaching
experience.
She
c
an
be
contacted
at
email:
annapurnaap2
@
yahoo.com
.
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