I
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E
S
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t
e
r
n
at
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Jou
r
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al
of
A
r
t
if
ic
ia
l
I
n
t
e
ll
ig
e
n
c
e
(
I
J
-
A
I
)
V
ol
. 13, No. 4, D
e
c
e
m
be
r
2024, pp.
3808
~
3813
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938, DO
I
:
10.11591/
ij
a
i.
v13.i4.pp
3808
-
3813
3808
Jou
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e
page
:
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tp
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//
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p, P
ol
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nd T
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hnol
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t
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s
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T
he
U
ni
ve
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s
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A
l
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ba
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l
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y
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R
e
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e
b
16
,
2024
R
e
vi
s
e
d
A
pr
21
,
2024
A
c
c
e
pt
e
d
J
un
1
,
2024
Artificial
intelligence
(AI)
is
becoming
in
creasingly
influential
in
the
academic sect
or, which
is why
it is
import
ant to
explore
the ethica
l dil
emmas
and concerns
surroun
ding A
I chatbot
s
’
design,
development, and
deplo
yment
in educatio
nal contex
ts. Conducted
as a thema
tic
literature
review,
this
paper
explores
existin
g
research
on
AI
in
education
,
AI
chatbots
,
and
their
integration w
ith higher e
ducation to g
ather e
vidence a
nd
insights that
discuss
ethical
impli
cations
and
challenges
.
The
study
has
analyzed
several
articles
on
AI
chatbots
and
their
integration
into
academic
fields.
Significan
t
gaps
have been identified, such as the
need for more prac
tical implications a
nd the
recognition
of
AI
chatbots
as
a
collaborativ
e
tool
for
academic
purposes.
More
AI
c
hatbots
should
be
explicitly
trained
on
data
relevant
to
the
learners
’
study
to
examine
their
usefulness
properly.
The
paper
discusses
the
ethical
dilemmas
and
concerns
about
the
design,
development,
and
deployment
of
AI
chatbots
in
higher
education
.
It
se
eks
to
provide
insight
s
and
recommendatio
ns to ens
ure the ethical
use of AI chat
bots in
higher ed
ucation
by
identifying
significant
gaps
in
the
existing
literature
and
pro
viding
scenarios
to expect
in the deve
lopment of A
I in educ
ation.
K
e
y
w
o
r
ds
:
A
r
ti
f
ic
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
c
ha
tb
ot
s
D
e
e
p l
e
a
r
ni
ng
H
ig
he
r
e
duc
a
ti
on
M
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
V
ir
tu
a
l
a
s
s
is
ta
nt
This is an
open
acce
ss artic
le unde
r the
CC BY
-
SA
license.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
di
n
g A
u
th
or
:
S
ye
d A
li
F
a
z
a
l
D
e
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
B
us
in
e
s
s
A
dm
in
is
tr
a
ti
on, F
a
c
ul
ty
of
B
us
in
e
s
s
a
n
d E
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
s
hi
p
D
a
f
f
odi
l
I
nt
e
r
na
ti
ona
l
U
ni
ve
r
s
it
y
D
a
f
f
odi
l
S
m
a
r
t
C
it
y, B
ir
ul
ia
, S
a
va
r
, D
ha
ka
1216, B
a
ngl
a
de
s
h
E
m
a
il
:
f
a
z
a
l.
ba
@
di
u.e
du.bd
1.
I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
A
r
ti
f
ic
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
(
A
I
)
a
nd
s
im
il
a
r
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
a
r
e
be
c
o
m
in
g
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
gl
y
in
f
lu
e
nt
ia
l
in
th
e
a
c
a
de
m
ic
s
e
c
to
r
f
or
e
duc
a
to
r
s
a
nd
le
a
r
ne
r
s
a
li
ke
[
1]
,
e
s
pe
c
ia
ll
y w
it
h
th
e
e
m
e
r
ge
nc
e
of
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
th
e
m
e
ta
ve
r
s
e
in
te
ge
r
a
t
e
d
w
it
hi
n
S
oc
ie
ty
5.0
[
2]
,
[
3]
.
T
hi
s
h
a
s
l
e
d
t
o
m
uc
h
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
be
in
g c
onduc
te
d
f
or
a
r
ti
f
ic
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
in
e
du
c
a
ti
on
(
A
I
E
d)
f
or
th
e
pa
s
t
30
ye
a
r
s
[
4]
.
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
ha
ve
s
ta
te
d
th
a
t
‘
a
ll
A
I
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
s
houl
d
be
c
onc
e
r
ne
d
w
it
h
th
e
e
th
ic
a
l
im
pl
ic
a
ti
ons
of
th
e
ir
w
o
r
k
’
[
5]
.
A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y,
c
ount
r
ie
s
ha
ve
e
xpr
e
s
s
e
d
th
e
ir
c
onc
e
r
ns
ove
r
t
he
pot
e
nt
ia
l
s
e
c
ur
it
y r
is
ks
c
onc
e
r
ni
ng A
I
a
nd t
hus
ha
ve
t
a
ke
n
s
te
ps
a
g
a
in
s
t
it
i
s
us
e
[
6]
.
A
I
c
a
n
pot
e
nt
ia
ll
y
c
ha
nge
c
la
s
s
r
oom
te
a
c
hi
ng
s
tr
uc
tu
r
a
ll
y
onl
y
by
a
ut
om
a
ti
on,
s
o
th
e
r
e
a
r
e
be
tt
e
r
s
ol
ut
io
ns
f
or
m
or
e
c
om
pl
e
x
ta
s
ks
.
T
he
a
dopt
io
n
of
A
I
E
d
r
a
is
e
s
e
th
ic
a
l
c
ons
id
e
r
a
ti
ons
.
T
hus
,
e
n
s
ur
in
g
A
I
c
ha
tb
ot
s
’
f
a
ir
ne
s
s
,
tr
a
ns
p
a
r
e
nc
y,
a
nd
a
c
c
ount
a
bi
li
ty
is
c
r
uc
i
a
l
to
pr
e
ve
nt
bi
a
s
a
nd
di
s
c
r
im
in
a
ti
on.
E
th
ic
a
l
gove
r
na
nc
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
s
houl
d be
de
v
e
lo
pe
d t
o guide
t
he
us
a
g
e
of
A
I
i
n hi
ghe
r
e
duc
a
ti
on.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
m
pl
ic
at
io
ns
of
ar
ti
fi
c
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
c
hat
bot
m
ode
ls
i
n hi
ghe
r
e
duc
at
io
n
(
H
is
s
an K
handak
a
r
)
3809
T
hi
s
pa
p
e
r
di
s
c
us
s
e
s
t
he
e
th
ic
a
l
di
le
m
m
a
s
a
nd c
onc
e
r
ns
a
bout
A
I
c
ha
tb
ot
s
’
de
s
ig
n, d
e
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
, a
nd
de
pl
oym
e
nt
in
e
duc
a
ti
ona
l
c
ont
e
xt
s
.
A
lt
hough
e
duc
a
to
r
s
a
r
e
m
a
ki
ng
c
ons
id
e
r
a
bl
e
pr
ogr
e
s
s
in
a
c
c
e
pt
in
g
A
I
c
ha
tb
ot
s
, a
b
e
tt
e
r
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng of
e
th
i
c
a
l
is
s
ue
s
w
il
l
he
lp
de
s
ig
n A
I
c
ha
tb
ot
s
i
n
e
duc
a
ti
ona
l
c
ont
e
xt
s
[
7]
. T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
s
e
e
ks
to
pr
ovi
de
in
s
ig
ht
s
a
nd
r
e
c
om
m
e
nda
ti
ons
to
e
ns
ur
e
th
e
e
th
ic
a
l
us
e
of
A
I
c
ha
tb
ot
s
in
hi
ghe
r
e
duc
a
ti
on
by
th
or
oughly
e
xa
m
in
in
g
e
xi
s
ti
ng
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
us
in
g
r
e
a
l
-
w
or
ld
e
xa
m
pl
e
s
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
th
e
pa
pe
r
a
ls
o
pr
ovi
de
s
a
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
s
um
m
a
r
y
of
th
e
m
a
jo
r
f
in
di
ngs
of
pr
i
or
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
on
th
e
to
pi
c
o
f
A
I
E
d,
a
na
ly
s
in
g
it
s
m
a
jo
r
c
ont
r
ib
ut
io
ns
, w
hi
le
e
m
pha
s
iz
in
g i
ts
f
ut
ur
e
s
c
ope
.
C
ha
tb
ot
s
us
e
in
put
f
r
om
us
e
r
s
to
le
a
r
n
na
tu
r
a
l
la
ngua
ge
pr
oc
e
s
s
in
g
(
N
L
P
)
a
nd
r
e
s
pond
to
it
us
in
g
m
a
c
hi
ne
/d
e
e
p
le
a
r
ni
ng
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
a
nd
A
I
a
lg
or
it
h
m
s
.
T
he
r
e
s
pons
e
c
ons
tr
uc
to
r
pr
oduc
e
s
s
ui
ta
bl
e
r
e
s
pons
e
s
,
w
hi
c
h a
r
e
t
he
n c
ho
s
e
n by
t
he
r
e
s
pon
s
e
s
e
le
c
to
r
[
8]
. N
L
P
i
s
us
e
d
i
n A
I
c
ha
tb
ot
s
t
o pr
oc
e
s
s
t
he
huma
n l
a
ngu
a
ge
f
r
om
te
xt
o
r
voi
c
e
a
nd
“
m
a
ke
s
e
ns
e
’
of
it
s
m
e
a
ni
ng,
not
in
g
th
e
u
s
e
r
’
s
in
te
nt
a
nd
e
m
ot
io
ns
[
9]
.
N
L
P
te
c
hnol
ogy
a
ll
ow
s
A
I
c
ha
tb
ot
s
to
in
te
r
pr
e
t
s
tu
de
nt
in
put
a
nd
r
e
tu
r
n
s
ui
t
a
bl
e
r
e
s
pons
e
s
[
8]
,
[
10]
.
F
u
r
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
th
e
s
e
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
e
na
bl
e
c
h
a
tb
ot
s
to
a
n
a
ly
z
e
la
r
ge
vol
um
e
s
of
da
t
a
a
nd
pr
ovi
de
ta
il
or
e
d
r
e
c
om
m
e
nda
ti
ons
,
a
s
s
is
t
a
nc
e
,
a
nd
s
uppor
t
to
s
tu
de
nt
s
[
11]
,
[
12]
.
T
he
s
e
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
c
a
n
a
l
s
o
i
de
nt
if
y
in
di
vi
dua
l
le
a
r
ni
ng
ne
e
d
s
a
nd
pr
ovi
de
pe
r
s
ona
li
z
e
d
f
e
e
dba
c
k
a
nd
r
e
c
om
m
e
nda
ti
ons
,
f
a
c
il
it
a
ti
ng
a
da
pt
i
ve
le
a
r
ni
ng
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
[
8]
.
M
a
jo
r
A
I
c
ha
tb
ot
s
in
hi
ghe
r
e
duc
a
ti
on
.
E
ve
r
s
in
c
e
th
e
in
c
e
pt
io
n
of
E
L
I
Z
A
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
A
I
la
ngua
ge
m
ode
l
d
e
ve
lo
pe
d
by
M
I
T
in
1966
[
8]
, [
13
]
, A
I
c
ha
tb
ot
s
ha
ve
be
c
om
e
e
ve
r
popula
r
, e
s
pe
c
ia
ll
y c
ons
id
e
r
in
g t
he
r
a
pi
d pr
og
r
e
s
s
a
nd ope
n a
c
c
e
s
s
t
o
th
e
publ
ic
in
r
e
c
e
nt
ye
a
r
s
.
M
a
ny
A
I
c
ha
tb
ot
s
a
r
e
c
ur
r
e
nt
ly
be
in
g
us
e
d,
s
uc
h
a
s
C
h
a
tG
P
T
,
G
oogl
e
G
e
m
in
i
,
J
a
s
pe
r
C
ha
t,
B
in
g
C
ha
t,
Y
ouC
ha
t,
C
h
a
ts
oni
c
,
R
e
pl
ik
a
,
a
nd
C
le
ve
r
bot
-
a
m
ong
th
e
m
a
ny
to
e
xi
s
t
ove
r
th
e
y
e
a
r
s
.
A
m
ong
th
e
s
e
A
I
c
ha
tb
ot
s
,
C
ha
tG
P
T
,
G
oogl
e
G
e
m
in
i
,
a
nd J
a
s
pe
r
C
ha
t
a
r
e
t
he
m
os
t
a
dva
nc
e
d a
nd u
s
e
r
-
f
r
ie
ndl
y
[
14]
.
C
ha
tG
P
T
is
a
n
A
I
m
ode
l
de
s
ig
ne
d
a
nd
de
ve
lo
pe
d
by
O
pe
nA
I
,
de
s
ig
ne
d
in
it
ia
ll
y
to
le
a
r
n
hum
a
n
la
ngua
ge
pa
tt
e
r
ns
,
a
nd
c
a
r
r
y
out
na
tu
r
a
l
c
onve
r
s
a
ti
ons
w
it
h
hu
m
a
ns
[
15]
.
C
ha
tGP
T
-
1
w
a
s
in
tr
oduc
e
d
in
J
une
2018,
not
a
bl
y
onl
y
b
e
in
g
a
c
lo
s
e
d
-
a
c
c
e
s
s
pr
oj
e
c
t
to
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
a
t
O
pe
nA
I
[
15]
.
A
f
te
r
onl
y
a
f
e
w
m
or
e
it
e
r
a
ti
ons
,
O
pe
nA
I
f
in
a
ll
y
r
e
le
a
s
e
d
a
de
m
o
of
C
ha
t
G
P
T
-
3
to
th
e
publi
c
,
a
nd
ve
r
y
s
oon,
th
e
he
lp
f
ul
na
tu
r
e
of
A
I
w
a
s
r
e
a
li
z
e
d
by
a
ll
.
A
lm
os
t
im
m
e
di
a
te
ly
a
f
te
r
r
e
le
a
s
e
,
us
e
r
s
qui
c
kl
y
r
e
a
li
z
e
d
it
is
pot
e
nt
ia
l
f
or
a
c
a
de
m
ic
us
e
s
,
a
nd
th
us
C
h
a
tG
P
T
be
c
a
m
e
a
lm
o
s
t
ir
r
e
pl
a
c
e
a
bl
e
f
or
f
in
is
hi
ng
a
c
a
de
m
ic
a
s
s
ig
nm
e
nt
s
a
nd
pr
oj
e
c
t
w
or
k
qui
c
kl
y
a
nd
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
ly
[
16]
.
C
ha
tG
P
T
is
not
a
bl
e
f
or
it
s
a
bi
li
ty
to
pr
ovi
de
a
s
yn
c
hr
onous
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on.
T
hi
s
f
e
a
tu
r
e
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
s
tu
de
nt
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
a
nd
c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
on
a
s
s
tu
de
nt
s
c
a
n
pos
t
que
s
ti
ons
a
nd
di
s
c
us
s
to
pi
c
s
s
im
ul
ta
ne
ous
ly
[
17]
.
G
oogl
e
G
e
m
in
i
is
a
n
e
xpe
r
im
e
nt
a
l
c
onve
r
s
a
ti
ona
l
A
I
s
e
r
vi
c
e
de
ve
lo
pe
d
by
G
oogl
e
.
I
t
c
om
bi
ne
s
e
xt
e
ns
iv
e
knowle
dg
e
w
it
h
th
e
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
of
la
ngu
a
ge
m
ode
ls
to
pr
ovi
de
hi
gh
-
qua
li
ty
r
e
s
pon
s
e
s
c
onve
r
s
a
ti
ona
ll
y
[
18]
. G
e
m
in
i
a
im
s
t
o
s
im
pl
if
y c
om
pl
e
x t
opi
c
s
a
nd e
nga
ge
us
e
r
s
i
n c
r
e
a
ti
v
e
a
nd
c
ur
io
us
w
a
y
s
.
G
e
m
in
i
a
im
s
t
o pr
ovi
de
us
e
r
s
w
it
h a
c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
ve
t
ool
pow
e
r
e
d
by ge
ne
r
a
ti
ve
A
I
. L
e
ve
r
a
gi
ng a
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h l
a
r
ge
la
ngua
ge
m
ode
l
(
L
L
M
)
c
a
n
boos
t
pr
oduc
ti
vi
ty
,
s
pa
r
k
c
r
e
a
ti
vi
ty
,
a
nd
f
ue
l
c
ur
io
s
it
y.
G
e
m
in
i
pr
ovi
de
s
m
ul
ti
p
le
r
e
s
pons
e
dr
a
f
ts
,
a
ll
ow
in
g
us
e
r
s
to
c
hoos
e
th
e
be
s
t
r
e
s
pons
e
s
a
n
d
c
ol
la
bor
a
te
f
ur
th
e
r
.
I
t
is
a
ls
o
c
om
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
r
y
to
t
he
G
oogl
e
S
e
a
r
c
h e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
, w
it
h t
he
opt
io
n t
o e
xpl
or
e
a
ddi
ti
ona
l
s
our
c
e
s
[
19]
.
J
a
s
pe
r
C
ha
t
(
ht
tp
s
:/
/ww
w
.j
a
s
pe
r
.a
i/
c
ha
t
)
i
s
a
n
a
dva
nc
e
d
c
onve
r
s
a
ti
ona
l
A
I
s
ys
te
m
th
a
t
ut
il
iz
e
s
N
L
P
a
nd
m
a
c
hi
ne
/d
e
e
p
le
a
r
ni
ng
te
c
hnol
ogy
to
e
nga
ge
in
na
tu
r
a
l
hu
m
a
n
c
onve
r
s
a
ti
ons
.
T
hi
s
c
ha
tb
ot
c
a
n
im
pr
ove
va
r
io
us
a
s
pe
c
ts
of
e
duc
a
ti
on,
in
c
lu
di
ng
s
tu
de
nt
s
uppor
t,
tu
to
r
in
g,
a
nd
pe
r
s
ona
li
z
e
d
le
a
r
ni
ng
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
[2
0
]
.
J
a
s
pe
r
C
ha
t
pr
ovi
de
s
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
a
s
s
i
s
ta
nc
e
t
o
s
tu
de
nt
s
.
B
y a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g s
tu
de
nt
que
r
ie
s
a
nd
c
onc
e
r
ns
,
J
a
s
pe
r
C
h
a
t
of
f
e
r
s
pe
r
s
ona
li
z
e
d
s
uppor
t
a
nd
gui
da
nc
e
,
im
pr
ovi
ng
s
tu
de
nt
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
a
nd
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
on.
S
uc
h
c
a
pa
bi
li
ti
e
s
m
a
ke
J
a
s
p
e
r
C
ha
t
a
n
in
te
ll
ig
e
nt
tu
to
r
in
g
s
ys
te
m
.
J
a
s
pe
r
C
ha
t
pr
o
vi
de
s
pe
r
s
ona
li
z
e
d
le
a
r
ni
ng
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
to
h
e
lp
s
tu
de
nt
s
unde
r
s
ta
nd
c
om
pl
e
x
c
onc
e
pt
s
a
nd
im
pr
ove
th
e
ir
a
c
a
de
m
ic
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
.
J
a
s
pe
r
C
h
a
t
’
s
in
te
r
a
c
ti
ve
c
onve
r
s
a
ti
ona
l
a
bi
li
ti
e
s
m
a
ke
i
t
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
va
lu
a
bl
e
i
n l
a
ngua
ge
l
e
a
r
ni
ng doma
in
s
w
it
hi
n hi
ghe
r
e
duc
a
ti
on. I
t
f
a
c
il
it
a
te
s
la
ngua
ge
a
c
qui
s
it
io
n
by
e
nga
gi
ng
s
tu
de
nt
s
in
r
e
a
li
s
ti
c
c
onve
r
s
a
ti
ons
,
of
f
e
r
in
g
la
ngua
ge
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
,
a
nd
pr
ovi
di
ng
in
s
ta
n
t
f
e
e
dba
c
k.
T
he
hum
a
n
-
l
ik
e
r
e
s
pon
s
e
s
ge
ne
r
a
t
e
d
by
J
a
s
pe
r
C
ha
t
e
nh
a
nc
e
l
a
ngua
ge
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
he
s
tu
dy
of
f
e
r
s
a
n
in
-
de
pt
h
a
na
ly
s
is
of
s
e
ve
r
a
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
r
ti
c
le
s
r
e
ga
r
di
ng
A
I
c
ha
tb
ot
s
a
nd
th
e
i
r
in
te
gr
a
ti
on
in
to
a
c
a
de
m
ic
f
ie
ld
s
.
T
he
s
tu
dy
c
onduc
ts
a
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
a
na
ly
s
is
of
r
e
le
va
nt
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
,
e
xa
m
in
in
g
th
e
s
ubj
e
c
t
m
a
tt
e
r
’
s
s
our
c
e
,
m
e
a
ni
ng,
a
nd
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
.
A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y,
a
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
f
o
r
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
is
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d.
T
he
a
r
ti
c
le
a
l
s
o
e
xpl
or
e
s
th
e
pos
s
ib
le
us
e
s
,
c
h
a
ll
e
nge
s
,
a
nd
pr
os
p
e
c
ts
f
or
f
ur
th
e
r
in
ve
s
ti
ga
ti
ng
th
e
A
I
C
ha
tb
ot
s
in
e
duc
a
ti
on.
T
he
pa
pe
r
w
il
l
th
us
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
to
d
e
ve
lo
pi
ng
e
th
ic
a
l
gui
de
li
ne
s
:
i)
to
unde
r
s
ta
nd
th
e
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
th
a
t
a
r
is
e
w
it
h
th
e
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on
of
A
I
E
d;
ii
)
to
unde
r
s
ta
nd
th
e
e
th
ic
a
l
is
s
ue
s
th
a
t
a
r
is
e
w
it
h
th
e
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on
of
A
I
E
d;
a
nd
ii
i)
to
pr
opos
e
vi
a
bl
e
s
ol
ut
io
ns
to
ove
r
c
om
e
s
uc
h
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
a
nd i
s
s
ue
s
t
o e
ns
ur
e
m
a
xi
m
um
l
e
a
r
ni
ng ga
in
.
3.
R
E
S
U
L
T
S
A
N
D
D
I
S
C
U
S
S
I
O
N
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
, V
ol
. 13, No. 4, D
e
c
e
m
be
r
2024:
3808
-
3813
3810
3.1. Re
s
e
ar
c
h
gap
S
om
e
of
th
e
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ga
ps
in
th
e
s
e
s
tu
di
e
s
in
c
lu
de
th
a
t
th
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
ne
e
ds
to
pr
ovi
de
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
im
pl
ic
a
ti
ons
of
A
I
c
ha
tb
ot
s
i
n hi
ghe
r
e
duc
a
ti
on. I
ns
te
a
d, i
t
di
s
c
us
s
e
s
m
e
r
e
ly
t
he
a
dva
nt
a
ge
s
a
nd
di
s
a
dva
nt
a
ge
s
of
A
I
c
ha
tb
ot
s
i.
e
.,
a
ns
w
e
r
in
g
w
hy
but
not
how
[2
1
]
.
A
not
he
r
ga
p
e
xi
s
ts
in
th
e
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
us
e
f
ul
ne
s
s
of
A
I
c
ha
tb
ot
s
to
le
a
r
ne
r
s
a
nd
e
duc
a
to
r
s
.
A
s
no
in
s
ti
tu
ti
on
ha
s
f
or
m
a
ll
y
r
e
c
ogni
z
e
d
A
I
c
ha
tb
ot
s
a
s
a
c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
ve
to
ol
f
or
a
c
a
de
m
ic
pur
pos
e
s
,
th
is
a
r
e
a
r
e
m
a
in
s
gr
e
y
a
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
c
a
nnot
a
s
k
que
s
ti
on
s
on
th
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
of
A
I
in
te
gr
a
ti
on
in
th
e
le
a
r
ne
r
s
’
s
c
ope
of
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
[2
0
]
.
A
ll
th
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
im
pl
ie
s
th
a
t
m
or
e
A
I
c
ha
tb
ot
s
s
houl
d be
e
xpl
ic
it
ly
t
r
a
in
e
d on
da
ta
r
e
le
va
nt
t
o
t
he
l
e
a
r
ne
r
s
’
s
tu
dy t
o e
xa
m
in
e
t
he
ir
us
e
f
ul
ne
s
s
pr
ope
r
ly
. T
hus
,
th
e
e
xi
s
ti
ng
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
c
a
nnot
c
or
r
e
c
tl
y
c
onc
lu
de
w
he
th
e
r
A
I
c
h
a
tb
ot
s
c
a
n
be
a
v
a
lu
a
bl
e
c
ol
la
bor
a
to
r
to
e
nr
ic
h
th
e
le
a
r
ne
r
s
’
s
tu
dy
ga
in
.
T
h
e
f
ol
lo
w
in
g
a
r
ti
c
le
s
ha
ve
b
e
e
n
c
om
pi
le
d
to
gi
ve
a
m
or
e
th
or
ough
id
e
a
is
s
how
n
in
T
a
bl
e
1.
T
a
bl
e
1. A
r
e
vi
e
w
of
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h a
r
ti
c
le
s
S
t
udy
M
a
j
or
f
i
ndi
ngs
F
ut
ur
e
s
c
ope
[
10]
E
duc
a
t
i
on
i
s
a
hum
a
n
-
c
e
nt
r
i
c
s
ys
t
e
m
,
not
a
n
A
I
-
ba
s
e
d
s
ol
ut
i
on.
A
I
c
ha
t
bot
s
c
a
n
m
e
r
e
l
y
be
t
r
a
i
ne
d
t
o
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
or
gr
a
m
m
a
r
m
i
s
t
a
ke
s
a
nd
pl
a
gi
a
r
i
s
m
.
T
he
r
ol
e
of
A
I
E
d
i
s
t
o
e
nha
nc
e
hum
a
n
t
hi
nki
ng
a
nd
t
o
a
ugm
e
nt
t
he
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
pr
oc
e
s
s
, not
f
or
c
ont
e
nt
de
l
i
ve
r
y, c
on
t
r
ol
, a
nd a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
.
I
ns
t
i
t
ut
i
ons
m
us
t
e
n
s
ur
e
t
ha
t
t
he
A
I
c
ha
t
bot
s
us
e
d
f
or
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
a
nd
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
pur
pos
e
s
a
r
e
not
c
ont
r
ol
l
e
d
di
r
e
c
t
l
y
by
t
e
c
h
c
or
por
a
t
i
ons
t
o
e
s
t
a
bl
i
s
h
t
he
i
r
a
ge
nda
.
T
he
s
e
m
ode
l
s
m
us
t
a
l
s
o
be
f
r
e
e
f
r
om
bi
a
s
e
s
a
nd pr
ovi
de
f
a
i
r
r
e
s
ul
t
s
.
[2
1
]
A
I
c
ha
t
b
ot
s
ha
v
e
ha
d
a
p
r
o
f
o
un
d
i
n
f
l
ue
nc
e
o
n
he
l
pi
ng
t
o
ove
r
c
o
m
e
s
t
ude
nt
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
i
e
s
a
n
d
e
n
r
i
c
h
t
he
i
r
e
duc
a
t
i
on
a
l
e
xpe
r
i
e
nc
e
,
a
l
t
hou
gh
A
I
w
i
l
l
no
t
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
l
y
r
e
p
l
a
c
e
t
r
a
di
t
i
ona
l
e
duc
a
t
i
on
a
l
s
ys
t
e
m
s
.
A
I
c
ha
t
bo
t
s
c
a
nn
ot
be
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e
i
n
e
ve
r
y
s
i
t
ua
t
i
on
w
i
t
h
out
a
hu
m
a
n
m
e
nt
o
r
.
A
I
c
ha
t
bot
s
c
a
n
be
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
e
d
i
n
m
a
ny
pa
r
t
s
of
t
he
e
duc
a
t
i
ona
l
pr
oc
e
s
s
,
i
nc
l
udi
ng
c
ont
e
nt
de
ve
l
opm
e
nt
,
t
e
a
c
hi
ng
m
e
t
hod
s
,
s
t
ude
nt
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
,
a
nd
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on
be
t
w
e
e
n
t
e
a
c
he
r
s
a
nd
s
t
ude
nt
s
.
[
4]
T
he
r
e
ne
e
d
t
o
be
m
or
e
s
t
udi
e
s
f
r
om
t
he
t
e
c
hnol
ogi
c
a
l
pe
r
s
pe
c
t
i
ve
s
of
A
I
c
ha
t
bot
s
,
a
nd
qua
nt
i
t
a
t
i
ve
m
e
t
hod
s
a
r
e
m
or
e
pr
e
va
l
e
nt
i
n
e
m
pi
r
i
c
a
l
s
t
udi
e
s
.
A
I
c
ha
t
bot
s
c
a
n
s
uppor
t
s
t
ude
nt
s
, f
a
c
ul
t
y m
e
m
be
r
s
,
a
nd a
dm
i
ni
s
t
r
a
t
or
s
.
E
duc
a
t
or
s
m
us
t
a
i
m
t
o
c
onduc
t
i
nnova
t
i
ve
a
nd
m
e
a
ni
ngf
ul
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
w
i
t
h
A
I
E
d,
t
ha
t
c
oul
d
h
a
ve
a
hi
ghe
r
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
i
m
pa
c
t
.
A
I
c
ha
t
bot
s
m
i
ght
o
f
f
e
r
f
l
e
xi
bl
e
,
i
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
ve
,
a
nd
pe
r
s
ona
l
i
z
e
d
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
oppor
t
uni
t
i
e
s
by
r
e
l
i
e
vi
ng
t
e
a
c
he
r
s
f
r
om
t
he
bur
de
ns
of
gr
a
di
ng a
s
s
i
gnm
e
nt
s
.
[2
2
]
A
I
E
d
s
i
gni
f
i
c
a
nt
l
y
i
m
pa
c
t
e
d
i
ns
t
r
uc
t
or
s
us
i
ng
A
I
c
ha
t
bot
s
t
o
a
c
hi
e
ve
gr
e
a
t
e
r
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y
on
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
a
c
a
de
m
i
c
t
a
s
ks
.
S
t
ude
nt
s
c
a
n
ha
ve
a
b
e
t
t
e
r
a
nd
r
i
c
he
r
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
e
xpe
r
i
e
nc
e
w
i
t
h
pr
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
or
e
xpe
r
i
e
nt
i
a
l
l
e
a
r
ni
ng.
T
he
pos
i
t
i
ve
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
of
A
I
c
ha
t
bot
s
out
w
e
i
gh t
he
a
dve
r
s
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
.
A
I
c
ha
t
bo
t
s
w
i
l
l
p
l
a
y a
m
or
e
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
r
o
l
e
a
s
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g r
e
qu
i
r
e
m
e
nt
s
c
ha
n
ge
.
W
i
t
h
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
ngl
y
f
r
e
q
ue
n
t
i
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
he
e
du
c
a
t
i
o
na
l
pr
oc
e
s
s
,
A
I
c
ha
t
bo
t
s
w
i
l
l
ge
ne
r
a
t
e
m
o
r
e
da
t
a
t
o
p
r
ov
i
de
a
c
l
e
a
r
e
r
pi
c
t
u
r
e
o
f
t
he
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
nd
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
p
r
oc
e
s
s
,
e
na
bl
i
n
g
m
o
r
e
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
on
r
e
c
o
m
m
e
nd
a
t
i
ons
.
[2
0
]
S
t
ude
nt
s
’
i
nt
e
r
e
s
t
s
dr
oppe
d
a
f
t
e
r
one
w
e
e
k
w
i
t
h
A
I
c
ha
t
bot
s
,
a
nd
hum
a
n
-
pa
r
t
ne
r
c
ondi
t
i
ons
w
e
r
e
l
e
s
s
l
i
ke
l
y
t
o
do s
o.
M
or
e
e
m
pi
r
i
c
a
l
s
t
udi
e
s
a
r
e
r
e
qui
r
e
d t
o
e
xa
m
i
ne
t
he
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
of
A
I
c
ha
t
bot
s
i
n e
duc
a
t
i
on. F
ur
t
he
r
A
I
E
d
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h m
a
y
r
e
s
ul
t
i
n m
o
r
e
pr
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
gui
de
l
i
ne
s
a
nd e
xa
m
pl
e
s
f
or
e
duc
a
t
or
s
.
[2
3
]
A
I
’
s
pr
of
ound
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
on
e
duc
a
t
i
on
m
a
y
not
b
e
pos
i
t
i
ve
,
a
nd
e
duc
a
t
i
ona
l
i
ne
qua
l
i
t
y
m
a
y
w
i
de
n
w
i
t
hi
n
t
he
e
a
r
l
y
da
y
s
of
A
I
c
ha
t
bot
s
.
A
I
E
d
ha
s
t
h
e
pot
e
nt
i
a
l
t
o
m
a
ke
s
i
gni
f
i
c
a
nt
pos
i
t
i
ve
c
ont
r
i
but
i
ons
t
o l
e
a
r
ni
ng.
A
I
c
ha
t
bot
s
s
houl
d
be
d
e
ve
l
ope
d
t
o
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
pe
r
s
on
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
on
i
n
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
f
or
a
l
l
s
t
ude
nt
s
.
T
he
num
be
r
of
t
e
a
c
hi
ng
s
t
a
f
f
i
n
c
l
a
s
s
r
oom
s
m
a
y b
e
r
e
duc
e
d.
[2
4
]
I
t
i
s
f
unda
m
e
nt
a
l
t
ha
t
t
he
publ
i
c
m
ov
e
s
f
r
om
pa
s
s
i
ve
l
y
a
dopt
i
ng
or
r
e
j
e
c
t
i
ng
t
e
c
hnol
ogy
t
o
be
i
ng
a
t
t
he
f
or
e
f
r
ont
of
t
he
i
nnova
t
i
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
.
T
he
s
uc
c
e
s
s
of
A
I
E
d
de
pe
nd
s
on
i
t
s
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
on hum
a
n w
e
l
l
-
be
i
ng.
H
um
a
n
w
e
l
l
-
be
i
ng
m
us
t
be
put
a
t
t
he
c
or
e
of
de
ve
l
opm
e
nt
t
o
pr
ovi
de
a
s
ur
e
r
e
c
i
pe
f
or
i
nnova
t
i
on
a
nd
s
e
t
bot
h
r
e
a
l
i
s
t
i
c
goa
l
s
a
nd c
onc
r
e
t
e
m
e
a
ns
t
o m
e
a
s
ur
e
t
he
i
m
pa
c
t
of
A
I
c
ha
t
bot
s
.
[2
5
]
R
e
gul
a
t
i
on
i
s
r
e
qui
r
e
d
t
o
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
A
I
E
d.
A
ny
de
pl
oym
e
nt
of
A
I
c
ha
t
bot
s
i
n
e
duc
a
t
i
on
s
houl
d
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
t
he
r
ol
e
of
e
duc
a
t
i
on
a
s
a
n
e
ngi
ne
of
e
qua
l
i
t
y
a
nd
de
ve
l
opm
e
nt
.
A
I
m
us
t
be
dr
i
ve
n
a
nd
c
ont
r
ol
l
e
d
by
hum
a
ns
.
A
I
c
h
a
t
bot
s
c
a
n
do
a
l
ot
of
good
i
n
e
duc
a
t
i
on
bu
t
a
l
s
o
s
c
a
l
e
up
poor
pe
da
gogi
c
a
l
i
de
a
s
.
A
c
or
r
e
c
t
a
nd
m
e
a
ni
ngf
ul
e
t
hi
c
s
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
s
houl
d
be
de
ve
l
ope
d
t
o
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
A
I
c
ha
t
bot
s
i
n
e
duc
a
t
i
on.
I
t
ne
e
ds
t
o
s
t
a
r
t
w
i
t
h
pur
pos
e
-
a
s
ki
ng
w
he
t
he
r
a
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
A
I
M
ode
l
f
ur
t
he
r
s
r
a
t
he
r
t
ha
n
hi
nde
r
s
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
a
nd
que
s
t
i
ons
how
i
t
doe
s
s
o,
t
he
m
e
a
s
ur
e
of
i
m
pa
c
t
.
C
ons
ul
t
a
t
i
ons
w
i
t
h
s
t
ud
e
nt
s
,
pa
r
e
nt
s
,
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
,
a
nd
t
he
w
i
de
r
c
om
m
uni
t
y a
r
e
r
e
c
om
m
e
nde
d.
[2
6
]
A
I
c
ha
t
bot
s
c
a
n
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
a
t
e
p
e
r
s
ona
l
i
z
e
d
l
e
a
r
ni
ng.
A
I
c
ha
t
bot
s
a
l
s
o
ha
ve
t
he
pot
e
nt
i
a
l
t
o
ge
ne
r
a
t
e
pl
a
u
s
i
bl
e
a
nd
r
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e
f
e
e
dba
c
k.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
t
he
e
xt
e
nt
of
t
he
i
m
pa
c
t
of
t
he
f
e
e
db
a
c
k
pr
ovi
de
d
by
A
I
on
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
ga
i
n
r
e
m
a
i
ns
a
m
bi
guous
i
n
c
om
pa
r
i
s
on t
o ot
he
r
s
our
c
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s
of
f
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dba
c
k.
E
duc
a
t
or
s
m
us
t
t
a
ke
a
dva
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a
ge
of
A
I
m
ode
l
’
s
oppor
t
uni
t
y
f
or
e
duc
a
t
i
on w
hi
l
e
a
t
t
e
m
pt
i
ng t
o m
i
ni
m
i
z
e
i
t
s
t
hr
e
a
t
s
t
o e
du
c
a
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T
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c
ul
a
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us
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dj
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goa
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a
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, a
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s
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s
s
,
a
nd us
e
t
he
s
e
t
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
.
[2
7
]
A
I
c
ha
t
bot
s
ha
ve
pot
e
nt
i
a
l
be
ne
f
i
t
s
w
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vi
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a
s
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t
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or
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a
nt
s
a
nd
vi
r
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s
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.
H
ow
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,
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onc
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s
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a
s
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of
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nc
or
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a
nd pot
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nt
i
a
l
l
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m
i
t
a
t
i
ons
.
[2
8
]
T
he
us
e
of
A
I
c
ha
t
bot
s
i
n
e
duc
a
t
i
on
i
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om
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a
of
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ha
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m
a
ny
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o A
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A
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A
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m
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I
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on
w
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or
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gui
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F
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A
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ga
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t
he
r
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s
ks
i
de
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f
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d.
3.2. T
h
e
c
h
al
le
n
ge
s
an
d
e
t
h
ic
al
i
m
p
li
c
at
io
n
s
of
ar
t
if
ic
ia
l
in
t
e
ll
ig
e
n
c
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
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ll
I
S
S
N
:
2252
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8938
I
m
pl
ic
at
io
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of
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ti
fi
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in
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ll
ig
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nc
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c
hat
bot
m
ode
ls
i
n hi
ghe
r
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duc
at
io
n
(
H
is
s
an K
handak
a
r
)
3811
T
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n
of
w
o
r
k
th
a
t
i
s
n
ot
t
h
e
i
r
ow
n
[
29
]
.
T
h
e
u
n
i
q
u
e
t
e
x
t
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
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m
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s
t
a
n
c
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s
of
p
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a
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a
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m
[2
6
]
.
A
I
-
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
d
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
,
s
u
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h a
s
a
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i
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o
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a
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a
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m
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p
a
p
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,
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q
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A
I
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vo
l
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m
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d
pu
b
l
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pr
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E
n
s
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tr
a
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p
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A
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gr
it
y
of
a
c
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m
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pu
b
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in
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[
30
]
.
A
s
A
I
-
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I
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po
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hi
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s
[3
1
]
.
T
h
e
e
t
hi
c
a
l
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
a
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i
ons
of
A
I
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of
A
I
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m
s
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ty
[
16
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.
A
I
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h
a
t
bo
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s
m
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f
or
m
a
t
io
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a
bo
u
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s
tu
d
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n
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s
[3
1
]
.
T
h
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s
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a
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s
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s
c
o
nc
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r
n
s
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or
[3
2
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.
P
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a
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s
[3
3
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.
T
h
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s
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of
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oo
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s
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ti
on
a
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d
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ht
. E
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a
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c
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H
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A
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s
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s
[2
7
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.
3.4. E
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s
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r
in
g e
t
h
ic
al
u
s
e
of
ar
t
if
i
c
ia
l
in
t
e
ll
ig
e
n
c
e
E
duc
a
to
r
s
a
nd i
ns
ti
tu
ti
ons
m
us
t
pr
oa
c
ti
v
e
ly
a
ddr
e
s
s
a
c
a
de
m
ic
h
one
s
ty
c
onc
e
r
ns
r
e
la
te
d
t
o A
I
E
d. T
hi
s
in
c
lu
de
s
pr
om
ot
in
g
s
tu
de
nt
s
’
a
w
a
r
e
ne
s
s
of
th
e
e
th
ic
a
l
im
pl
ic
a
ti
o
ns
of
us
in
g
A
I
to
ol
s
,
e
m
pha
s
iz
in
g
or
ig
in
a
li
ty
’
s
im
por
ta
nc
e
,
a
nd
c
la
r
if
yi
ng
pl
a
gi
a
r
is
m
pol
ic
ie
s
[
16]
.
T
o
c
om
ba
t
pl
a
gi
a
r
is
m
f
a
c
il
it
a
te
d
by
A
I
E
d,
e
duc
a
to
r
s
c
a
n
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
s
c
a
f
f
ol
di
ng
w
r
it
in
g
a
s
s
ig
nm
e
nt
s
,
pr
ovi
di
ng
c
le
a
r
gui
de
li
ne
s
on
c
it
a
ti
on
a
nd
a
tt
r
ib
ut
io
n,
a
nd
pr
om
ot
in
g
th
e
us
e
of
li
br
a
r
y
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
[
16]
.
I
t
is
c
r
uc
ia
l
to
e
duc
a
te
s
tu
de
nt
s
a
bout
th
e
r
e
s
pons
ib
le
us
e
of
A
I
to
ol
s
.
T
hi
s
in
vol
ve
s
di
s
c
u
s
s
in
g
e
th
ic
a
l
c
o
ns
id
e
r
a
ti
ons
,
e
m
pha
s
i
z
in
g
th
e
va
lu
e
of
c
r
it
ic
a
l
th
in
ki
ng a
nd i
nde
pe
nde
nt
w
or
k, a
nd e
nc
our
a
gi
ng
s
tu
de
nt
s
t
o e
n
ga
ge
w
it
h A
I
-
ge
ne
r
a
te
d c
ont
e
nt
c
r
it
ic
a
ll
y
[
30
]
.
O
ngoi
ng
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
nd
c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
on
be
twe
e
n
a
c
a
d
e
m
ia
,
A
I
de
ve
lo
pe
r
s
,
a
nd
e
duc
a
ti
ona
l
in
s
ti
tu
ti
ons
a
r
e
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
th
e
e
vol
vi
ng
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
of
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
hone
s
ty
in
th
e
c
ont
e
xt
of
A
I
E
d.
T
hi
s
in
c
lu
de
s
e
xpl
or
in
g
in
nova
ti
ve
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
to
pl
a
gi
a
r
is
m
de
t
e
c
ti
on
a
nd
d
e
ve
lo
pi
ng
gui
de
li
ne
s
s
p
e
c
if
ic
to
A
I
-
ge
ne
r
a
te
d
c
ont
e
nt
[2
6
]
.
I
ns
ti
tu
t
io
ns
a
nd
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
a
r
e
a
c
ti
ve
ly
r
e
th
in
ki
ng
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
m
e
th
ods
to
m
a
ke
th
e
m
m
or
e
pl
a
gi
a
r
is
m
-
pr
oof
in
li
ght
.
E
xpl
or
in
g
in
nova
ti
ve
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
th
a
t
a
s
s
e
s
s
c
r
it
ic
a
l
th
in
ki
ng,
pr
obl
e
m
-
s
ol
vi
ng, a
nd a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on of
knowle
dge
c
a
n he
lp
m
it
ig
a
te
t
he
r
is
k of
pl
a
gi
a
r
is
m
[
16]
, [
33
]
.
A
I
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
s
t
h
e
b
e
li
e
f
s
of
i
t
s
de
v
e
l
op
e
r
s
i
n
a
p
o
s
i
ti
on
of
p
o
w
e
r
[
34
]
.
A
c
c
or
di
ng
t
o
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
,
‘
w
h
e
ne
v
e
r
p
e
o
pl
e
c
r
e
a
t
e
a
l
g
or
i
th
m
s
,
th
e
y
a
l
s
o
c
r
e
a
t
e
a
s
e
t
of
d
a
t
a
r
e
pr
e
s
e
n
ti
ng
s
o
c
i
e
t
y
’
s
h
i
s
t
or
i
c
a
l
a
nd
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
c
bi
a
s
e
s
,
w
hi
c
h
u
l
ti
m
a
t
e
l
y
tr
a
n
s
f
or
m
in
to
a
lg
or
it
hm
i
c
bi
a
s
’
[
35
]
.
T
hu
s
,
it
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
t
r
e
s
s
e
d
th
a
t
a
n
e
t
hi
c
a
l
a
n
d p
r
a
c
ti
c
a
l
m
od
e
l
m
u
s
t
b
e
f
r
e
e
f
r
om
a
ll
bi
a
s
e
s
a
nd
i
n
f
or
m
a
t
io
n
e
r
r
or
s
t
o
m
a
k
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
a
c
h
i
e
ve
t
h
e
m
a
x
im
um
l
e
a
r
n
i
ng
g
a
i
n.
T
o
e
n
s
ur
e
a
n
A
I
m
od
e
l
f
r
e
e
f
r
om
t
h
e
s
e
n
e
g
a
t
i
ve
e
x
t
e
r
na
li
ti
e
s
,
th
e
a
c
c
ou
nt
a
bi
l
it
y
,
r
e
s
po
n
s
ib
il
it
y,
t
r
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
c
y
(
A
R
T
)
m
o
d
e
l
p
r
i
n
c
i
pl
e
s
f
o
r
r
e
s
po
n
s
i
bl
e
a
n
d
t
r
u
s
tw
or
th
y A
I
[3
6
]
, w
a
s
m
e
a
nt
f
or
t
h
e
w
ho
l
e
A
I
s
o
c
i
o
-
t
e
c
hn
i
c
a
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
n
s
te
a
d of
j
u
s
t
s
of
t
w
a
r
e
. T
h
e
A
R
T
of
t
h
e
A
I
m
od
e
l
c
a
n
b
e
s
u
m
m
a
r
i
z
e
d
b
y t
h
e
f
ol
lo
w
in
g
[2
4
]
:
i
)
a
c
c
o
un
t
a
b
il
it
y:
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
l
s
’
d
e
c
i
s
i
on
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
j
u
s
t
if
i
a
bl
e
to
u
s
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
d
e
c
i
s
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
m
e
c
h
a
n
i
s
m
s
ho
ul
d
e
xp
la
i
n
t
h
e
s
e
de
c
i
s
i
on
s
t
o
th
e
u
s
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
p
ur
po
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
m
u
s
t
b
e
b
ui
lt
on
m
o
r
a
l
v
a
lu
e
s
a
n
d
s
o
c
i
e
t
a
l
n
or
m
s
,
a
n
d
i
t
s
i
nt
e
r
pr
e
ta
ti
o
n
s
m
u
s
t
be
e
x
p
la
in
e
d
o
p
e
nl
y;
ii
)
r
e
s
p
on
s
ib
i
l
it
y:
th
e
p
e
o
pl
e
m
u
s
t
p
l
a
y
a
r
o
le
in
t
h
e
i
r
r
e
l
a
ti
on
s
hi
p
w
i
th
A
I
c
h
a
t
bo
t
m
od
e
l
s
t
o
l
in
k
a
c
h
a
t
bo
t
’
s
de
c
i
s
i
on
s
t
o
i
t
i
s
i
np
u
t
a
nd
u
s
e
r
s
’
a
c
ti
o
n
s
;
a
n
d
ii
i)
t
r
a
ns
p
a
r
e
n
c
y:
t
h
e
A
I
c
ha
tb
o
t
m
o
d
e
l
m
u
s
t
b
e
c
a
pa
b
le
o
f
d
e
s
c
r
ib
in
g
,
in
s
p
e
c
t
in
g
a
n
d
r
e
pr
o
du
c
in
g
t
he
m
e
c
h
a
n
i
s
m
s
th
r
o
ug
h
w
h
i
c
h
t
h
e
y
w
i
ll
le
a
r
n
t
o
m
a
k
e
d
e
c
i
s
io
n
s
a
n
d
a
d
a
pt
t
o
t
h
e
ir
e
n
vi
r
o
nm
e
nt
.
T
h
i
s
w
il
l
a
l
s
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
u
s
e
r
s
’
tr
u
s
t
,
a
n
d
it
m
a
y
pr
om
ot
e
o
p
e
n
n
e
s
s
a
s
w
e
l
l.
4.
C
O
N
C
L
U
S
I
O
N
A
s
A
I
c
ont
in
ue
s
to
a
dva
n
c
e
a
nd
is
in
t
e
gr
a
te
d
in
to
hi
ghe
r
e
duc
a
ti
on,
th
e
r
e
is
a
gr
ow
in
g
ne
e
d
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
th
ic
a
l
c
ons
id
e
r
a
ti
on
s
. G
iv
e
n t
he
e
th
ic
a
l
c
h
a
ll
e
nge
s
a
s
s
oc
ia
te
d
w
it
h A
I
i
n hi
ghe
r
e
duc
a
ti
on, de
v
e
lo
pi
ng e
th
ic
a
l
gove
r
na
nc
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
a
r
e
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l.
T
he
s
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
c
a
n
gui
de
de
c
is
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng,
e
ns
ur
e
tr
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y,
a
nd
e
s
ta
bl
is
h
m
e
c
h
a
ni
s
m
s
f
or
a
c
c
ount
a
bi
li
ty
a
nd
r
e
s
pons
ib
le
A
I
u
s
e
.
A
I
c
a
n
pot
e
nt
ia
ll
y
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
te
a
c
hi
ng
a
nd
le
a
r
ni
ng
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
in
hi
ghe
r
e
duc
a
ti
on.
T
he
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
ut
il
iz
a
ti
on
of
A
I
c
ha
tb
ot
s
i
n
e
du
c
a
ti
ona
l
s
e
tt
in
gs
ha
s
be
e
n
dr
iv
e
n
by
th
e
ir
pot
e
nt
ia
l
to
s
uppor
t
s
tu
de
nt
s
’
le
a
r
ni
ng
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
,
im
pr
ove
in
s
ti
tu
ti
ona
l
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y,
a
nd
pr
ovi
de
pe
r
s
ona
li
z
e
d
e
duc
a
ti
ona
l
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
.
L
e
ve
r
a
gi
ng
A
I
a
nd
da
ta
a
na
ly
ti
c
s
of
f
e
r
s
oppor
tu
ni
ti
e
s
f
or
le
a
r
ni
ng
a
na
ly
ti
c
s
in
hi
ghe
r
e
du
c
a
ti
on.
B
y
a
na
ly
z
in
g
e
nor
m
ous
a
m
ount
s
of
d
a
ta
,
A
I
s
ys
te
m
s
c
a
n
id
e
nt
if
y
a
t
-
r
is
k
s
tu
de
nt
s
,
pr
ovi
de
e
a
r
ly
in
te
r
ve
nt
io
n,
a
nd
of
f
e
r
in
s
ig
ht
s
to
opt
im
iz
e
te
a
c
hi
ng
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
a
nd
c
ur
r
ic
ul
um
de
s
ig
n.
T
hi
s
da
ta
-
dr
iv
e
n
a
ppr
oa
c
h
h
e
lp
s
in
s
ti
tu
ti
ons
be
tt
e
r
unde
r
s
ta
nd
s
tu
de
nt
p
e
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
a
nd
m
a
ke
in
f
or
m
e
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
, V
ol
. 13, No. 4, D
e
c
e
m
be
r
2024:
3808
-
3813
3812
de
c
is
io
ns
t
o
i
m
pr
ove
e
duc
a
ti
ona
l
out
c
om
e
s
. I
nt
e
gr
a
ti
ng A
I
c
h
a
tb
ot
s
i
n hi
ghe
r
e
duc
a
ti
on r
e
qui
r
e
s
c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
on
be
twe
e
n
e
du
c
a
to
r
s
,
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
,
a
nd
A
I
e
xpe
r
ts
f
r
om
va
r
io
us
di
s
c
ip
li
ne
s
.
I
nt
e
r
di
s
c
ip
li
na
r
y
pa
r
tn
e
r
s
hi
ps
m
us
t
b
e
f
os
te
r
e
d
to
le
ve
r
a
ge
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
f
ie
ld
s
’
e
xpe
r
ti
s
e
a
nd
pr
om
ot
e
i
nnova
ti
ve
A
I
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
in
e
duc
a
ti
on.
T
he
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
pr
e
va
le
nc
e
of
A
I
c
h
a
tb
ot
s
in
hi
ghe
r
e
duc
a
ti
on
ne
c
e
s
s
it
a
te
s
th
e
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on
of
r
e
gul
a
to
r
y
a
nd
pol
ic
y
in
it
ia
ti
ve
s
.
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
ha
s
c
e
r
ta
in
li
m
it
a
ti
ons
.
I
t
do
e
s
not
de
lv
e
in
t
o
pot
e
nt
ia
l
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
s
f
or
A
I
la
ngua
ge
m
ode
ls
,
a
s
it
r
e
li
e
s
on
pa
s
t
s
tu
di
e
s
r
a
th
e
r
th
a
n
e
xpe
r
i
m
e
nt
a
l
f
in
di
ngs
.
P
ubl
ic
a
ti
on
bi
a
s
m
a
y
e
xi
s
t,
a
s
r
e
por
ts
w
it
h
ir
r
e
le
va
nt
c
onc
lu
s
io
ns
m
a
y
not
ha
ve
be
e
n
di
s
s
e
m
in
a
te
d.
I
n
to
da
y
’
s
c
ont
e
xt
,
one
of
th
e
c
r
i
ti
c
a
l
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
of
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ul
ly
a
dopt
in
g
A
I
c
h
a
tb
ot
s
in
hi
gh
e
r
e
duc
a
t
io
n
is
th
e
kno
w
le
dge
g
a
p
be
twe
e
n
le
a
r
ne
r
s
a
nd
e
duc
a
to
r
s
.
T
he
f
in
di
ngs
of
th
is
pa
pe
r
poi
nt
to
th
e
f
ol
lo
w
in
g
is
s
ue
,
w
hi
c
h
w
oul
d,
in
tu
r
n,
ha
ve
c
ons
e
que
nc
e
s
f
or
f
ut
ur
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h.
A
I
in
te
gr
a
ti
on
c
a
n
on
ly
be
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
if
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
f
r
om
s
e
ve
r
a
l
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
di
s
c
ip
li
ne
s
c
ol
la
bor
a
te
.
T
he
w
id
e
s
pr
e
a
d
us
e
of
A
I
c
ha
tb
ot
s
ha
s
c
r
e
a
te
d
ne
w
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
f
or
th
e
de
ve
lo
pi
ng
w
or
ld
,
e
s
pe
c
ia
ll
y
in
th
e
e
duc
a
ti
on
s
e
c
to
r
,
a
s
pl
a
gi
a
r
is
m
a
nd
m
is
u
s
e
r
e
m
a
in
r
is
in
g.
A
lt
hough
A
I
c
h
a
tb
ot
s
m
a
y
th
r
e
a
te
n
le
a
r
ne
r
s
’
unbi
a
s
e
d,
c
r
it
ic
a
l
th
in
ki
ng,
s
om
e
of
th
e
m
os
t
popula
r
A
I
c
ha
tb
ot
s
ha
ve
ye
t
to
be
de
ve
lo
pe
d
by
ke
e
pi
ng
le
a
r
ne
r
s
a
nd e
duc
a
to
r
s
i
n m
in
d. T
hus
, t
he
s
tu
dy c
a
n f
a
c
il
it
a
te
a
nd c
ont
r
i
but
e
t
o t
he
gr
ow
in
g
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h of
t
he
i
n
te
r
e
s
ts
of
ed
uc
a
to
r
s
on
in
te
gr
a
ti
ng
A
I
c
ha
tb
ot
s
in
to
te
a
c
hi
ng
m
e
th
ods
to
im
pr
ove
le
a
r
ne
r
ga
in
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
a
s
m
or
e
A
I
c
ha
tb
ot
s
a
r
e
t
r
a
in
e
d on
e
xi
s
ti
ng unbia
s
e
d da
t
a
, A
I
c
ha
tb
ot
s
m
a
y
be
ne
f
it
l
e
a
r
ne
r
s
i
f
onl
y i
t
is
t
r
a
in
e
d on
t
he
da
ta
s
pe
c
if
ic
t
o t
he
ir
e
duc
a
ti
ona
l
m
a
te
r
ia
ls
.
R
E
F
E
R
E
N
C
E
S
[
1]
S
.
A
.
B
e
c
ke
r
e
t
al
.,
“
N
M
C
hor
i
z
on
r
e
por
t
:
2018
hi
ghe
r
e
duc
a
t
i
on
e
di
t
i
on
,”
N
e
w
M
e
di
a
C
ons
o
r
t
i
um
and
E
D
U
C
A
U
SE
L
e
ar
ni
ng
I
ni
t
i
at
i
v
e
,
L
oui
s
vi
l
l
e
,
C
ol
or
a
do:
E
duc
a
us
e
,
2018.
[
2]
H
. K
ha
nda
ka
r
a
nd K
. K
. H
a
s
a
n,
“
T
a
ki
ng
hum
a
ni
t
y
’
s
ne
xt
l
e
a
p w
i
t
h s
o
c
i
e
t
y 5
.0
,”
Z
e
nodo
, 2023, doi
:
10.5281/
z
e
nodo.8064112
.
[
3]
H
.
K
ha
nda
ka
r
,
K
.
K
.
H
a
s
a
n,
P
.
Y
.
P
e
r
m
a
r
upa
n
,
a
n
d
K
.
F
.
A
f
na
n,
“
T
he
m
a
t
i
c
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
of
t
he
m
e
t
a
ve
r
s
e
w
i
t
hi
n
s
oc
i
e
t
y
5
.0
i
n
e
duc
a
t
i
on
,”
J
our
nal
o
f
H
una
n U
ni
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
N
at
ur
a
l
Sc
i
e
nc
e
s
,
vol
. 50,
no.
10, p
p. 16
8
–
174
, O
c
t
. 2023,
doi
:
10.
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/
i
s
s
n.16
74
-
2
974.5
0.10.
16.
[
4]
O
.
Z
.
-
R
i
c
ht
e
r
,
V
.
I
.
M
a
r
í
n,
M
.
B
ond,
a
nd
F
.
G
ouve
r
ne
ur
,
“
S
ys
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
r
e
vi
e
w
of
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
on
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
i
n
hi
ghe
r
e
duc
a
t
i
on
–
w
he
r
e
a
r
e
t
he
e
duc
a
t
or
s
?
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
E
duc
at
i
onal
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
i
n
H
i
ghe
r
E
duc
at
i
on
,
vol
.
16,
no.
1, D
e
c
. 2019, doi
:
10.1186/
s
41239
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019
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0.
[
5]
S
. R
us
s
e
l
l
a
nd P
. N
or
vi
g,
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
al
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
:
a m
ode
r
n appr
oa
c
h
,
U
ppe
r
S
a
ddl
e
R
i
ve
r
, N
e
w
J
e
r
s
e
y
:
P
e
a
r
s
on E
duc
a
t
i
on, 2010.
[
6]
S
. M
c
C
a
l
l
um
,
“
C
h
a
t
G
P
T
ba
nne
d i
n I
t
a
l
y ove
r
pr
i
va
c
y c
onc
e
r
ns
,”
B
B
C
N
e
w
s
, 2
023. A
c
c
e
s
s
e
d:
A
ug. 09, 2023. [
O
nl
i
ne
]
. A
va
i
l
a
bl
e
:
ht
t
ps
:
/
/
w
w
w
.bbc
.c
om
/
ne
w
s
/
t
e
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hnol
ogy
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65139406
[
7]
A
.
N
guye
n,
H
.
N
.
N
go,
Y
.
H
ong,
B
.
D
a
ng,
a
nd
B
.
-
P
.
T
.
N
guye
n,
“
E
t
hi
c
a
l
pr
i
nc
i
pl
e
s
f
or
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
i
n
e
duc
a
t
i
on
,”
E
duc
at
i
on and I
nf
or
m
at
i
on T
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
, vol
. 28, no. 4, pp. 4221
–
4241, A
pr
. 2023, doi
:
10.1007/
s
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022
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-
w.
[
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M
.
A
l
e
e
dy,
E
.
A
t
w
e
l
l
,
a
nd
S
.
M
e
s
houl
,
“
U
s
i
ng
A
I
c
h
a
t
bot
s
i
n
e
du
c
a
t
i
on:
r
e
c
e
nt
a
dva
nc
e
s
c
ha
l
l
e
nge
s
a
nd
u
s
e
c
a
s
e
,”
i
n
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
al
I
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
and Sus
t
ai
nabl
e
C
om
put
i
ng
, S
pr
i
nge
r
, 2022, pp. 661
–
675. doi
:
10.1007/
978
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981
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19
-
1653
-
3_50.
[
9]
J
.
H
ol
ds
w
or
t
h
,
“
W
ha
t
i
s
na
t
ur
a
l
l
a
ngua
ge
pr
oc
e
s
s
i
ng?
,”
I
B
M
.
A
c
c
e
s
s
e
d:
J
un.
10,
2023.
[
O
nl
i
ne
]
.
A
va
i
l
a
bl
e
:
ht
t
ps
:
/
/
w
w
w
.i
bm
.c
om
/
t
opi
c
s
/
na
t
ur
a
l
-
l
a
ngua
ge
-
pr
oc
e
s
s
i
ng
[
10]
S
.
A
.
D
.
P
ope
ni
c
i
a
nd
S
.
K
e
r
r
,
“
E
xpl
or
i
ng
t
he
i
m
pa
c
t
of
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
on
t
e
a
c
hi
ng
a
nd
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
i
n
hi
ghe
r
e
duc
a
t
i
on
,”
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h and P
r
ac
t
i
c
e
i
n T
e
c
hnol
ogy
E
nhanc
e
d L
e
ar
ni
ng
, vol
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e
c
.
2017, doi
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[
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C
. K
ool
i
,
“
C
ha
t
bot
s
i
n
e
duc
a
t
i
on a
nd r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h:
a
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
e
xa
m
i
na
t
i
on of
e
t
hi
c
a
l
i
m
pl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
a
nd s
ol
ut
i
ons
,”
Sus
t
ai
nabi
l
i
t
y
, vol
. 15,
no. 7, M
a
r
. 2023, doi
:
10.3390/
s
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[
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N
.
I
.
M
.
R
a
hi
m
,
N
.
A
.
I
a
ha
d
,
A
.
F
.
Y
us
of
,
a
nd
M
.
A
.
A
.
-
S
ha
r
a
f
i
,
“
AI
-
ba
s
e
d
c
ha
t
b
ot
s
a
dop
t
i
on
m
ode
l
f
or
hi
g
he
r
-
e
duc
a
t
i
on
i
ns
t
i
t
ut
i
ons
:
a
hybr
i
d
P
L
S
-
S
E
M
-
ne
ur
a
l
ne
t
w
or
k
m
ode
l
l
i
n
g a
pp
r
oa
c
h
,”
Sus
t
a
i
nabi
l
i
t
y
, vol
. 14,
no. 19,
O
c
t
.
2022,
doi
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[
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J
.
R
us
s
e
l
l
,
“
A
c
hi
e
vi
ng
i
nc
l
u
s
i
ve
e
xc
e
l
l
e
n
c
e
i
n
ki
ne
s
i
ol
ogy:
i
ns
i
ght
s
,
s
t
r
a
t
e
gi
e
s
,
a
nd
pe
r
s
pe
c
t
i
ve
s
,”
Q
u
e
s
t
,
vol
.
71,
no.
4,
pp. 349
–
360, O
c
t
. 2019, doi
:
10.1080/
00336297.2019.1604387.
[
14]
M
.
K
oi
vi
s
t
o
a
nd
S
.
G
r
a
s
s
i
ni
,
“
B
e
s
t
hum
a
n
s
s
t
i
l
l
out
pe
r
f
or
m
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
n
c
e
i
n
a
c
r
e
a
t
i
ve
di
ve
r
ge
nt
t
hi
nki
ng
t
a
s
k
,”
Sc
i
e
nt
i
f
i
c
R
e
por
t
s
, vol
. 13, no. 1, S
e
p. 2023, doi
:
10.1038/
s
41598
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023
-
40858
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3.
[
15]
O
pe
nA
I
,
“
I
nt
r
oduc
i
ng C
ha
t
G
P
T
,”
O
pe
n
AI
,
2022.
A
c
c
e
s
s
e
d:
J
un. 05, 2023. [
O
nl
i
ne
]
. A
va
i
l
a
bl
e
:
ht
t
ps
:
/
/
ope
na
i
.c
om
/
bl
og/
c
ha
t
gpt
[
16]
M
.
S
ul
l
i
va
n,
A
.
K
e
l
l
y,
a
nd
P
.
M
c
L
a
ughl
a
n,
“
C
ha
t
G
P
T
i
n
hi
ghe
r
e
duc
a
t
i
on:
C
ons
i
de
r
a
t
i
ons
f
or
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
i
nt
e
gr
i
t
y
a
nd
s
t
ude
n
t
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
,”
J
our
nal
of
A
ppl
i
e
d L
e
ar
ni
ng &
T
e
ac
hi
ng
, vol
. 6, no. 1,
M
a
r
. 2023, d
oi
:
10.37074/
j
a
l
t
.2023.6.1.17.
[
17]
C
.
L
i
a
nd
W
.
X
i
ng,
“
N
a
t
ur
a
l
l
a
ngu
a
ge
ge
ne
r
a
t
i
on
u
s
i
ng
de
e
p
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
t
o
s
uppor
t
M
O
O
C
l
e
a
r
ne
r
s
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
I
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
i
n E
duc
at
i
on
, vol
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S
.
P
i
c
ha
i
,
“
A
n
i
m
por
t
a
nt
ne
xt
s
t
e
p
on
our
A
I
j
our
ne
y
,”
G
oogl
e
.
A
c
c
e
s
s
e
d:
J
un.
07,
2023.
[
O
nl
i
ne
]
.
A
va
i
l
a
bl
e
:
ht
t
ps
:
/
/
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d
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-
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s
/
[
19]
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.
R
.
S
a
e
i
dni
a
,
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l
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om
e
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o
t
he
G
e
m
i
ni
e
r
a
:
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oogl
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e
e
p
M
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nd
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nd
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he
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on
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ndus
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y
,”
L
i
br
ar
y
H
i
T
e
c
h
N
e
w
s
,
pp.
1
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6,
D
e
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L
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T
N
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]
K
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Z
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ng
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nd
A
.
B
.
A
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l
a
n,
“
A
I
t
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
f
or
e
duc
a
t
i
on:
R
e
c
e
nt
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
&
f
ut
u
r
e
di
r
e
c
t
i
ons
,”
C
om
put
e
r
s
and
E
duc
at
i
on:
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
al
I
nt
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l
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i
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j
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e
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i
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A
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K
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A
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l
i
m
ova
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nd
A
.
B
i
l
ya
t
di
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,
“
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
I
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
t
r
e
nds
i
n
e
duc
a
t
i
on:
a
na
r
r
a
t
i
ve
ove
r
vi
e
w
,”
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r
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e
di
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om
put
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r
Sc
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P
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t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
i
n
e
duc
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t
i
on:
a
r
e
vi
e
w
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E
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T
he
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A
I
i
n
e
duc
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t
i
on:
P
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
i
t
i
e
s
a
nd
e
t
hi
c
a
l
c
on
s
i
de
r
a
t
i
ons
,”
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ondon
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e
v
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e
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on
,
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L
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E
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V
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gnum
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T
he
r
ol
e
a
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h
a
l
l
e
nge
s
of
e
duc
a
t
i
on f
or
r
e
s
pons
i
bl
e
A
I
,”
L
ondon
R
e
v
i
e
w
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E
duc
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i
on
, vol
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E
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,
“
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I
i
n
e
duc
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t
i
on
,”
i
n
T
he
E
t
hi
c
s
of
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
al
I
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
i
n
E
duc
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on
,
N
e
w
Y
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k:
R
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l
e
dge
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9780429329067
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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nt
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A
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ll
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:
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I
m
pl
ic
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ia
l
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te
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ig
e
nc
e
c
hat
bot
m
ode
ls
i
n hi
ghe
r
e
duc
at
io
n
(
H
is
s
an K
handak
a
r
)
3813
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]
M
. F
a
r
r
okhni
a
, S
.
K
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a
ni
ha
s
he
m
, O
. N
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ooz
i
, a
nd A
.
W
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l
s
,
“
A
S
W
O
T
a
na
l
ys
i
s
of
C
ha
t
G
P
T
:
I
m
pl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
f
o
r
e
duc
a
t
i
ona
l
pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
a
nd r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,”
I
nnov
at
i
ons
i
n E
duc
at
i
on and T
e
ac
hi
ng I
nt
e
r
nat
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onal
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r
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. K
. L
o,
“
W
ha
t
i
s
t
he
i
m
pa
c
t
of
C
ha
t
G
P
T
on
e
duc
a
t
i
on?
A
r
a
pi
d
r
e
vi
e
w
of
t
he
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
,”
E
duc
at
i
on Sc
i
e
nc
e
s
, vol
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pr
.
2023, doi
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e
duc
s
c
i
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[2
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]
E
.
K
a
s
ne
c
i
e
t
a
l
.,
“
C
ha
t
G
P
T
f
or
good
?
O
n
oppo
r
t
uni
t
i
e
s
a
nd
c
ha
l
l
e
nge
s
of
l
a
r
ge
l
a
ngua
ge
m
ode
l
s
f
or
e
duc
a
t
i
on
,”
L
e
ar
ni
ng
and
I
ndi
v
i
dual
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
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pr
. 2023, doi
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j
.l
i
ndi
f
.2023.102274.
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M
.
L
i
e
br
e
nz
,
R
.
S
c
hl
e
i
f
e
r
,
A
.
B
u
a
dz
e
,
D
.
B
hugr
a
,
a
nd
A
.
S
m
i
t
h,
“
G
e
ne
r
a
t
i
ng
s
c
hol
a
r
l
y
c
ont
e
nt
w
i
t
h
C
ha
t
G
P
T
:
e
t
hi
c
a
l
c
ha
l
l
e
ng
e
s
f
or
m
e
di
c
a
l
publ
i
s
hi
ng
,”
T
he
L
anc
e
t
D
i
gi
t
al
H
e
al
t
h
,
vol
. 5,
M
a
r
. 2023, doi
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10.1016/
S
2589
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7500(
23)
00019
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5.
[3
0
]
K
.
P
e
a
r
c
e
,
“
'
A
n
i
nf
l
e
c
t
i
on
poi
nt
r
a
t
he
r
t
ha
n
a
c
r
i
s
i
s
'
:
C
ha
t
G
P
T
'
s
i
m
pl
i
c
a
t
i
on
s
f
or
hi
ghe
r
e
d
,”
J
ohn
H
opk
i
ns
M
agaz
i
ne
,
2023.
A
c
c
e
s
s
e
d:
J
un. 06, 2023. [
O
nl
i
ne
]
. A
va
i
l
a
bl
e
:
ht
t
ps
:
/
/
hub.j
hu.e
du/
2023/
02/
20/
c
ha
t
gpt
-
in
-
hi
ghe
r
-
e
duc
a
t
i
on
-
di
s
c
us
s
i
on/
[3
1
]
D
.
D
.
L
uxt
on,
“
E
t
hi
c
a
l
i
m
pl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
of
c
onv
e
r
s
a
t
i
ona
l
a
ge
nt
s
i
n
gl
oba
l
publ
i
c
h
e
a
l
t
h
,”
B
ul
l
e
t
i
n
of
t
he
W
or
l
d
H
e
al
t
h
O
r
gani
z
at
i
on
,
vol
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287, A
pr
. 2020, doi
:
10.2471/
B
L
T
.19.237636.
[3
2
]
E
.
R
ua
ne
,
A
.
B
i
r
ha
ne
,
a
nd
A
.
V
e
nt
r
e
s
qu
e
,
“
C
onve
r
s
a
t
i
ona
l
A
I
:
s
oc
i
a
l
a
nd
e
t
hi
c
a
l
c
ons
i
de
r
a
t
i
ons
,”
A
I
C
S
-
27t
h
A
I
A
I
I
r
i
s
h
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
al
I
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
and C
ogni
t
i
v
e
Sc
i
e
nc
e
,
G
a
l
w
a
y, I
r
e
l
a
nd
,
2019.
[3
3
]
D
.
R
.
E
.
C
ot
t
on,
P
.
A
.
C
ot
t
on,
a
nd
J
.
R
.
S
hi
pw
a
y,
“
C
ha
t
t
i
ng
a
nd
c
he
a
t
i
ng:
E
ns
ur
i
ng
a
c
a
de
m
i
c
i
nt
e
gr
i
t
y
i
n
t
he
e
r
a
of
C
ha
t
G
P
T
,”
I
nnov
at
i
ons
i
n E
duc
at
i
on and T
e
ac
hi
ng I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
, pp. 1
–
12, M
a
r
. 2023, doi
:
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14703297.2023.2190148.
[3
4
]
S
.
A
kgun
a
nd
C
.
G
r
e
e
nho
w
,
“
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
i
n
e
duc
a
t
i
on:
A
ddr
e
s
s
i
ng
e
t
hi
c
a
l
c
ha
l
l
e
nge
s
i
n
K
-
12
s
e
t
t
i
ngs
,”
A
I
and
E
t
hi
c
s
,
vol
. 2, no. 3, pp. 431
–
440, A
ug. 2022, doi
:
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s
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021
-
00096
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7.
[3
5
]
S
.
H
r
a
s
t
i
ns
ki
e
t
al
.,
“
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
i
m
a
gi
na
r
i
e
s
a
nd
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
ons
on
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
a
nd
r
obot
s
i
n
pos
t
di
gi
t
a
l
K
-
12
e
duc
a
t
i
on
,”
P
os
t
di
gi
t
al
Sc
i
e
nc
e
and E
duc
at
i
on
, vol
. 1, no. 2, pp. 427
–
445, O
c
t
. 2019, doi
:
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s
42438
-
019
-
00046
-
x.
[3
6
]
D
.
R
i
c
ha
r
ds
a
nd
V
.
D
i
gn
um
,
“
S
u
ppo
r
t
i
n
g
a
nd
c
ha
l
l
e
n
gi
ng
l
e
a
r
ne
r
s
t
hr
o
ugh
pe
da
gogi
c
a
l
a
ge
nt
s
:
A
dd
r
e
s
s
i
ng
e
t
hi
c
a
l
i
s
s
ue
s
t
hr
oug
h
de
s
i
gni
ng
f
o
r
va
l
ue
s
,”
B
r
i
t
i
s
h
J
our
na
l
of
E
duc
at
i
o
nal
T
e
c
hno
l
ogy
,
v
ol
.
5
0,
no.
6,
pp.
2885
–
2901
,
N
ov.
2019
,
doi
:
10.1
111/
bj
e
t
.
12863
.
B
I
O
G
R
A
P
H
I
E
S
O
F
A
U
T
H
O
R
S
Hi
ssan
Khandakar
achieved
his
O
levels
qualificat
ion
fro
m
the
Cambrid
ge
Assessment
International
Education
board,
under
the
British
Counc
il
Dhaka,
in
2023.
He
has
published several articles in both national and
international newspaper
s. He is a former voice a
rtist
at
Bang
ladesh
Betar,
the
state
-
owned
radio
station
of
Bangladesh,
co
-
hosting
a
leading
children
’
s
show
-
‘
Ami
Meena
Bolsi
,
’
funded
by
UNICEF.
He
is
currently
an
‘
a
level
candidate’
under
the
Cambridge
Assessme
nt
Interna
tional
Educatio
n
board,
to
be
conducte
d
by
the
British
Council
Dhaka.
His
areas
of
interest
include
business
cybersecurity
,
FinTe
ch,
green
finance,
artificial
intelligence
,
society
5
.0,
metaverse
,
and
design
thinking.
He
ca
n
be
contacted
at
email:
hissanbd@
gmail.com.
Syed
Ali
Fazal
is
As
soc
ia
te
P
ro
fes
so
r
a
t
D
epa
rt
men
t
o
f
B
usi
ne
ss
A
dm
i
nis
tra
ti
on,
Fa
cu
lty
of
Bu
sin
es
s
and
E
nt
rep
re
neu
rs
hip
,
Da
ffo
di
l
Int
er
nat
io
nal
U
ni
ver
si
ty
,
Ba
ng
lad
es
h.
He
s
er
ved
a
s
Pos
tdo
ct
ora
l
R
es
ear
ch
er
at
U
KM
-
Gr
ad
ua
te
S
ch
ool
of
Bu
sin
es
s
(
AA
CSB
Acc
re
di
ted
),
Uni
ve
rsi
ti
Kem
ban
ga
n
Mal
ay
sia
(
QS
W
orl
d
Ra
nki
ng
-
1
38
)
.
He
ea
rn
ed
hi
s
Ph
.D.
(
M
ana
gem
en
t)
fr
om
t
he
Fa
cu
lty
of
Ent
re
pr
ene
ur
shi
p
and
B
usi
ne
ss,
U
niv
er
sit
y
Mal
ay
sia
K
el
ant
an
(N
o.
1
Ent
rep
re
neu
ri
al
Un
iv
ers
it
y
o
f
Mal
ays
ia
).
H
e aut
ho
red
m
or
e th
an
50
aca
de
mic
j
ou
rna
l
ar
ti
cle
s,
f
ew
c
on
fer
enc
e
pa
pe
rs,
a
nd
r
es
ear
ch
boo
k
a
nd
m
ana
ge
d to se
cur
e na
tio
na
l
a
nd
i
nte
rn
ati
on
al
ac
ad
emi
c gr
ant
s as we
ll.
H
is pu
bli
ca
tio
ns
a
re
cit
e
d
mor
e t
ha
n
2
,
0
00
tim
es
wi
th
H I
nde
x 2
2
(
Go
ogl
e S
ch
ol
ar)
. H
is
re
se
arc
h i
nte
re
sts
r
evo
lv
e a
rou
nd
qua
nti
ta
tiv
e
so
cia
l
sc
ien
ce
,
kno
wl
edg
e
tr
ans
fe
r,
an
d
bu
sin
es
s
man
ag
em
ent
,
par
ti
cul
ar
ly
fo
cu
sin
g
on
org
ani
za
tio
na
l
sus
ta
ina
bi
lit
y
an
d
sus
ta
ina
bl
e
dev
el
opm
en
t.
He
c
a
n
b
e
co
nta
ct
ed
at
e
ma
il:
faz
al.
ba
@
di
u.
edu
.b
d.
Kazi
Fattah
Afnan
earned
his
HSC
from
St.
Joseph
Higher
Secondary
School
in
2021
and
his
SSC
from
Adamjee
Cantonmen
t
Public
School
in
2019.
H
e
served
as
the
organisin
g
secretar
y
of
St.
Joseph
Higher
Secondary
School
’
s
Chess
Club.
He
is
currently
seeking
his
B.Sc.
from
the
Department
of
Electrical
and
Electronics
Engineering
at
American
International
University
Bangladesh,
Dhaka,
Bangladesh.
His
areas
of
interest
in
clude
artificial
intelligence,
society
5.0,
information
technology,
IoT
,
and
design
thinking.
He
can
be
contacted
at
email:
afnankazi0@
gmail.co
m.
Khandakar Kamrul Hasan
was awarded his
Ph.D. from th
e Depar
tment of Busi
ness
Management
at
Tripura
University,
India
in
2023.
He
also
receiv
ed
his
M.Sc.
and
B.Sc.
in
Management
from
Peter
the
Great
St.
Petersburg
Polytechnic
Universit
y,
Russia
in
2002
and
2003,
respectively.
He is currentl
y an
Associate P
rofessor
at the Departm
ent
of Busin
ess Admin
istration
,
University
of
Scholars
in
Dhaka,
Bangladesh.
He
is
also
pursuing
a
s
econd
Ph.D.
in
Educational
Leadership from the
Department of Educational
Leadership,
Policy an
d Technology St
udies at the
University
of
Alabama
in
the
USA
.
He
is
a
member
of
American
Educa
tional
Research
Association
(
AERA
).
His
research
interests
include
education
al
leadership
,
learning
continuity,
online
learning,
blended
learning,
knowledge
management,
and
design
thinking.
He
can
be
contacted
at
email:
kkhasan@
crimson.ua.edu
.
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