I
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S
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n
t
e
r
n
at
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n
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
A
r
t
if
ic
ia
l
I
n
t
e
ll
ig
e
n
c
e
(
I
J
-
AI
)
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2025
, pp.
1
~
1
1
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
,
D
O
I
:
10.11591/
ij
a
i.
v
14
.i
1
.pp
1
-
1
1
1
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al
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page
:
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tp
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//
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D
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nt
o de
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s
t
udi
os
G
e
ne
r
a
l
e
s
, U
ni
ve
r
s
i
da
d C
ont
i
ne
nt
a
l
,
L
i
m
a
, P
e
r
ú
A
r
t
ic
le
I
n
f
o
A
B
S
T
R
A
C
T
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
to
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
iv
e
d
M
a
r
6
,
2024
R
e
vi
s
e
d
J
un
21
,
2024
A
c
c
e
pt
e
d
J
ul
26
,
2024
Addressing
climate
change
is
one
of
the
fundamental
priorities
at
a
global
level,
given
its
significant
impact
on
both
the
environment
and
societ
y.
This
systematic
literature
review
explores
the
role
of
artificial
intelligence
(AI)
in
addressin
g
climate
change.
It
identif
ied
applicati
ons,
contribu
ti
ons
to
predicting
extreme
events,
techniques
used,
ethical
challenges,
and
ass
ociated
biases.
The
rapid
systematic
literature
review
(RSL)
was
conducted
using
databases
such
as
Scopus,
Dimensions,
directory
of
open
access
j
ournals
(DOAJ),
and
IEEE
Xplore.
The
preferred
reporting
items
for
syst
ematic
reviews
and
meta
-
analyses
(PRISMA)
statement
was
used
to
ensu
re
the
completen
ess
and
transparency
of
the
analysis
.
40
article
s
were
select
ed
that
were
published
between
2018
and
2023
and
addressed
AI
in
climate
c
hange.
The
findings
show
that
AI
is
being
used
to
predict
and
mitigate
e
xtreme
climate
events,
estimat
e
the
greenhouse
effect,
and
predict
temperatu
res.
In
additio
n,
innovat
ive
techniqu
es
such
as
hybrid
machine
learning
models,
convolut
ional
neural
networks,
artificial
neural
networks,
support
vector
machines,
and
logistic
regressio
n.
In
conclusion,
AI
offers
a
pro
mising
approach
to
addressin
g
climate
change,
with
transform
ative
poten
tial
in
predicting
and
mitigating
its
effects.
However,
continuous
ethical
considerat
ions
are
required
to
guarantee
its
conscient
ious
and
ef
ficient
utilization.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
A
r
ti
f
ic
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
C
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
C
li
m
a
te
e
ve
nt
s
E
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
M
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
This is an
open
acce
ss artic
le unde
r the
CC BY
-
SA
license.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
di
n
g A
u
th
or
:
C
é
s
a
r
Y
a
c
ta
yo
-
A
r
ia
s
D
e
pa
r
ta
m
e
nt
o de
E
s
tu
di
os
G
e
ne
r
a
le
s
,
U
ni
ve
r
s
id
a
d
C
ont
in
e
nt
a
l
A
ve
ni
da
A
lf
r
e
do M
e
ndi
ol
a
-
5210, L
im
a
, P
e
r
u
E
m
a
il
:
c
ya
c
ta
yo@
c
ont
in
e
nt
a
l.
e
du.pe
1.
I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
C
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
s
ta
nds
out
a
s
one
of
th
e
m
os
t
ur
ge
nt
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
in
our
e
r
a
,
c
a
r
r
yi
ng
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
im
pl
ic
a
ti
ons
f
or
th
e
e
c
ol
ogi
c
a
l
e
qui
li
br
iu
m
a
nd
s
u
s
ta
in
a
bi
li
t
y
of
th
e
pl
a
ne
t.
I
t
h
a
s
b
e
c
om
e
a
pa
r
a
m
ount
c
ha
ll
e
nge
c
onf
r
ont
in
g
hum
a
ni
ty
[
1]
,
[
2]
.
H
um
a
n
a
c
ti
vi
ti
e
s
a
n
d
a
c
c
e
le
r
a
te
d
in
dus
tr
ia
li
z
a
ti
on
ha
ve
tr
ig
ge
r
e
d
s
e
r
io
us
r
e
a
c
ti
ons
in
th
e
e
c
o
s
ys
te
m
,
w
it
h
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
im
pa
c
ts
o
n
it
s
ba
s
ic
e
le
m
e
nt
s
:
s
oi
l,
a
ir
,
a
nd
w
a
te
r
[
3]
.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
gr
e
e
nhous
e
ga
s
e
m
is
s
io
ns
,
lo
s
s
of
bi
o
di
ve
r
s
it
y,
a
nd
e
xt
r
e
m
e
w
e
a
th
e
r
e
ve
nt
s
th
r
e
a
te
n
th
e
na
tu
r
a
l
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
nd t
he
s
ta
bi
li
ty
of
s
oc
ie
ti
e
s
a
r
ound the
w
or
ld
. A
w
a
r
e
of
t
hi
s
c
r
is
is
, i
t
is
i
m
pe
r
a
ti
ve
t
o
a
ddr
e
s
s
th
e
s
e
pr
obl
e
m
s
m
or
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
a
nd
w
is
e
ly
,
us
in
g
te
c
hnol
ogy
to
de
ve
lo
p
s
ol
ut
io
ns
th
a
t
m
it
ig
a
te
a
nd
r
e
ve
r
s
e
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
im
pa
c
ts
[
4]
.
I
n
th
is
c
ont
e
xt
,
th
e
im
por
ta
nc
e
of
a
r
ti
f
ic
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
(
A
I
)
ha
s
r
e
a
c
he
d
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
le
ve
ls
,
a
s
it
ha
s
th
e
pot
e
nt
ia
l
to
c
h
a
nge
th
e
r
ul
e
s
of
th
e
ga
m
e
in
a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g
th
e
gl
oba
l
c
ha
ll
e
nge
of
c
li
m
a
te
c
h
a
nge
th
a
t
th
r
e
a
te
ns
hum
a
ni
ty
a
nd
pr
om
ot
e
s
s
u
s
ta
in
a
bl
e
d
e
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
[
5]
.
T
he
p
r
e
va
il
in
g
ne
e
d
to
us
e
A
I
to
ol
s
is
ba
s
e
d
on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
,
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
1
-
1
1
2
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
th
e
m
e
a
ni
ng
be
hi
nd
th
e
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
f
lo
w
of
da
ta
a
nd
a
da
pt
in
g
to
th
e
gr
ow
in
g
de
m
a
nds
of
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
m
oni
to
r
in
g
[
6]
.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
gl
oba
l
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
a
r
e
no
w
be
in
g
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
d
th
r
ough
th
e
u
s
e
of
di
gi
ta
l
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
da
ta
a
na
ly
ti
c
s
a
nd
A
I
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on
[
7]
,
[
8]
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
th
e
unde
r
ly
in
g
p
r
obl
e
m
is
how
to
f
ul
ly
ha
r
ne
s
s
th
e
pot
e
nt
ia
l
of
A
I
to
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
c
om
ba
t
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
.
A
s
th
e
c
on
s
e
que
nc
e
s
of
gl
oba
l
w
a
r
m
in
g
be
c
om
e
m
or
e
a
ppa
r
e
nt
,
it
is
c
r
uc
ia
l
to
e
v
a
lu
a
te
how
A
I
c
a
n
pl
a
y
a
c
r
it
ic
a
l
r
ol
e
in
th
e
f
ig
ht
a
ga
in
s
t
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
in
r
e
c
e
nt
de
c
a
d
e
s
,
pr
ogr
e
s
s
in
m
a
c
hi
ne
le
a
r
ni
ng
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
,
th
e
a
c
c
e
s
s
ib
il
it
y
of
e
xt
e
ns
iv
e
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
da
ta
s
e
ts
,
a
nd
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
s
in
c
om
pu
ti
ng
pow
e
r
ha
ve
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
e
d
th
e
r
ol
e
of
A
I
in
c
li
m
a
te
m
ode
li
ng,
pr
e
di
c
ti
ng
e
xt
r
e
m
e
e
ve
nt
s
,
a
nd
opt
im
iz
in
g
a
d
a
pt
a
ti
on
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
.
T
hi
s
c
ha
nge
h
a
s
c
r
e
a
te
d
th
e
ne
e
d t
o i
de
nt
if
y a
nd e
va
lu
a
te
t
he
m
os
t
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
c
ont
r
ib
ut
io
ns
of
A
I
i
n
c
r
it
ic
a
l
a
r
e
a
s
s
uc
h a
s
na
tu
r
a
l
r
e
s
our
c
e
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
, e
m
is
s
io
ns
r
e
duc
ti
on, e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
m
oni
to
r
in
g, a
nd t
he
e
th
ic
s
of
i
ts
us
e
.
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
a
s
ys
te
m
a
ti
c
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
r
e
vi
e
w
(
S
L
R
)
f
oc
us
in
g
on
th
e
c
ont
r
ib
ut
io
n
o
f
A
I
to
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
m
it
ig
a
ti
on. S
pe
c
if
ic
a
ll
y, t
he
s
tu
dy
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
ly
a
nd
c
r
it
ic
a
ll
y e
xa
m
in
e
s
t
he
e
xi
s
ti
ng knowle
dg
e
on
how
A
I
is
be
in
g
a
ppl
ie
d
in
c
li
m
a
te
c
h
a
nge
m
i
ti
ga
ti
on.
T
he
r
e
vi
e
w
a
na
ly
z
e
s
v
a
r
io
us
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
a
nd
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
of
t
hi
s
t
e
c
hnol
ogy, r
a
ngi
ng f
r
om
e
ne
r
gy e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y opti
m
iz
a
ti
on
t
o w
e
a
th
e
r
f
or
e
c
a
s
ti
ng. T
he
m
a
in
obj
e
c
ti
ve
of
th
is
S
L
R
is
to
pr
ovi
de
a
c
om
pr
e
he
n
s
iv
e
a
nd
up
-
to
-
da
te
pe
r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
on
th
e
in
vol
ve
m
e
nt
of
A
I
in
th
e
f
ie
ld
of
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
.
S
pe
c
if
ic
a
ll
y,
it
s
e
e
ks
to
id
e
nt
if
y
A
I
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
th
a
t
pl
a
y
a
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
a
ti
ve
r
ol
e
in
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
m
it
ig
a
ti
on
a
nd
a
da
pt
a
ti
on.
I
t
a
ls
o
a
im
s
to
id
e
nt
i
f
y
how
A
I
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
s
to
th
e
p
r
e
di
c
ti
on
of
c
li
m
a
te
e
ve
nt
s
a
nd t
o e
xa
m
in
e
t
he
t
e
c
hni
que
s
, e
th
ic
a
l
c
on
s
id
e
r
a
ti
ons
, a
nd bia
s
e
s
a
s
s
oc
ia
te
d w
it
h i
ts
u
s
e
i
n t
hi
s
c
r
uc
ia
l
f
ie
ld
.
B
y
pr
ovi
di
n
g
a
d
e
e
p
e
r
un
de
r
s
t
a
n
di
ng
of
t
h
e
r
o
le
of
A
I
in
a
ddr
e
s
s
i
ng
c
l
im
a
t
e
c
h
a
n
ge
,
th
i
s
r
e
vi
e
w
a
im
s
t
o
c
on
s
ol
i
da
te
c
ur
r
e
nt
kno
w
l
e
d
ge
a
nd
pr
o
vi
d
e
s
o
li
d
gu
id
a
n
c
e
f
or
f
ut
ur
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e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
nd
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
pub
li
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a
ki
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g.
I
n
a
c
o
nt
e
xt
w
h
e
r
e
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n
vi
r
o
nm
e
nt
a
l
s
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s
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l
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y
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c
r
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a
s
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ly
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a
ti
v
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,
t
hi
s
c
on
s
ol
id
a
ti
on
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no
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l
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dg
e
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s
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s
s
e
n
ti
a
l
to
c
on
tr
ib
ut
i
ng
t
o t
h
e
gl
ob
a
l
e
f
f
or
t
t
o pr
e
s
e
r
v
e
th
e
pl
a
n
e
t
f
o
r
f
ut
u
r
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
ti
on
s
.
F
i
n
a
ll
y
,
it
i
s
h
op
e
d
th
a
t
th
i
s
r
e
v
ie
w
w
il
l
pr
ov
id
e
c
l
a
r
it
y
a
nd
g
ui
d
a
n
c
e
t
o
ot
h
e
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
in
t
e
r
e
s
t
e
d i
n t
hi
s
a
r
e
a
of
s
tu
d
y
[
9]
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.1.
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
q
u
e
s
t
io
n
s
T
he
S
R
L
on
th
e
r
ol
e
of
A
I
in
a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g
th
e
c
li
m
a
te
e
m
e
r
ge
nc
y
is
ba
s
e
d
on
a
s
e
t
of
ke
y
que
s
ti
ons
th
a
t
gui
de
d
th
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h.
T
he
s
e
que
s
ti
ons
a
r
e
de
s
ig
ne
d
to
a
c
c
ur
a
te
l
y
a
nd
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
ly
a
ddr
e
s
s
th
e
s
c
ope
a
nd
r
e
le
va
nc
e
of
A
I
i
n e
nde
a
vor
s
t
o m
it
ig
a
te
a
nd a
da
pt
t
o c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
. T
he
s
e
que
s
ti
ons
a
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d i
n a
br
ie
f
a
nd
c
onc
is
e
m
a
nne
r
[
10]
to
pr
ovi
de
a
c
le
a
r
a
nd
a
c
c
e
s
s
ib
le
s
t
r
uc
tu
r
e
f
or
th
e
a
na
ly
s
is
a
nd
s
ynt
he
s
is
of
th
e
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on c
ol
le
c
te
d T
a
bl
e
1.
T
a
bl
e
1
. R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h qu
e
s
ti
ons
Id
Q
ue
s
t
i
ons
R
Q
1
W
ha
t
a
r
e
t
he
m
os
t
s
i
gni
f
i
c
a
nt
a
dva
nc
e
s
i
n t
he
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on of
A
I
t
o a
ddr
e
s
s
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
c
ha
nge
?
R
Q
2
H
ow
ha
s
AI
c
ont
r
i
but
e
d
t
o
i
m
p
r
ovi
ng
t
he
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
a
nd
a
nt
i
c
i
pa
t
i
on
o
f
e
xt
r
e
m
e
w
e
a
t
he
r
e
ve
nt
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
dr
ought
s
,
f
l
oods
,
a
nd s
now
m
e
l
t
r
e
l
a
t
e
d t
o c
l
i
m
a
t
e
c
ha
nge
?
R
Q
3
W
ha
t
A
I
t
e
c
hni
que
s
ha
ve
e
xi
s
t
i
ng r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h pr
opos
e
d t
o m
i
t
i
ga
t
e
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
c
ha
nge
?
R
Q
4
W
ha
t
a
r
e
t
he
e
t
hi
c
a
l
c
ha
l
l
e
nge
s
a
nd bi
a
s
e
s
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
e
d w
i
t
h us
i
ng
AI
t
o m
i
t
i
ga
t
e
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
c
ha
nge
?
2
.
2
.
S
e
le
c
t
io
n
of
t
h
e
i
n
f
or
m
at
io
n
s
ou
r
c
e
F
our
r
e
now
ne
d
da
ta
s
our
c
e
s
w
e
r
e
c
hos
e
n
to
lo
c
a
te
th
e
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
a
r
ti
c
le
s
:
I
E
E
E
X
pl
or
e
,
th
e
di
r
e
c
to
r
y
of
ope
n
a
c
c
e
s
s
jo
ur
na
ls
(
D
O
A
J
)
,
D
im
e
ns
io
n
s
,
a
nd
S
c
opus
. T
hi
s
s
tr
a
te
gi
c
a
ppr
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h
w
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s
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w
it
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im
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r
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c
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of
r
e
s
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a
r
c
h
e
f
f
or
ts
in
th
is
a
r
e
a
[
11]
.
T
hi
s
s
ys
te
m
a
ti
c
s
e
a
r
c
h
m
e
th
od
gua
r
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br
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nd
di
ve
r
s
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c
ove
r
a
ge
,
th
us
f
a
c
il
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ti
ng
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n
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xha
us
ti
ve
r
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vi
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w
of
th
e
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va
il
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bl
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s
c
ie
nt
if
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li
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r
a
tu
r
e
on
th
e
s
e
l
e
c
te
d
to
pi
c
.
T
h
e
in
c
lu
s
io
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of
th
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s
e
r
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ogni
z
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d
s
our
c
e
s
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ur
e
s
th
e
qua
li
ty
a
nd r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
of
t
he
d
a
ta
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ol
le
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te
d f
or
t
he
s
tu
dy.
2
.
3
.
S
e
ar
c
h
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t
r
at
e
gy
T
h
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
tr
a
t
e
g
y
f
or
t
hi
s
r
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vi
e
w
w
a
s
ba
s
e
d
on
c
l
e
a
r
ly
d
e
f
i
ne
d
s
e
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r
c
h
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tr
in
g
s
a
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c
t
io
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a
n
d
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li
gi
b
il
it
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c
r
i
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r
ia
.
S
pe
c
if
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nt
a
c
a
de
m
i
c
d
a
t
a
b
a
s
e
s
[
1
2]
.
T
he
r
ig
or
ou
s
a
pp
li
c
a
ti
o
n
of
in
c
lu
s
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c
l
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r
it
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r
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ns
ur
e
d
t
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s
e
le
c
t
io
n
of
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
a
nd
hi
g
h
-
q
ua
li
t
y
s
tu
di
e
s
,
t
hu
s
e
n
s
ur
in
g
th
e
r
obu
s
tn
e
s
s
a
n
d
c
on
s
is
te
nc
y
of
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nf
or
m
a
t
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c
ol
le
c
t
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d
.
T
hi
s
s
ou
nd
m
e
t
ho
dol
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c
a
l
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ppr
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c
h
c
o
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to
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a
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e
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ti
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s
s
.
2.3.1. S
e
ar
c
h
s
t
r
in
g
T
he
s
tu
dy s
e
a
r
c
h s
tr
in
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s
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ons
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s
in
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c
om
bi
na
ti
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ke
yw
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bool
e
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n
ope
r
a
to
r
s
"
A
N
D
"
a
nd
"
O
R
"
[
12]
.
T
hi
s
a
ll
ow
e
d
f
or
a
n
e
xha
u
s
ti
ve
s
e
a
r
c
h
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r
e
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va
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li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
in
a
c
a
de
m
ic
da
ta
b
a
s
e
s
.
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a
nu
a
r
y
2018
w
e
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e
e
xc
lu
de
d.
T
he
s
e
c
r
it
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r
ia
w
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ig
or
ous
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ti
on pr
oc
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t
o e
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ur
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t
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qua
li
ty
a
nd r
e
le
va
nc
e
of
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vi
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w
.
2
.
3.3
.
C
on
d
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g r
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vi
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p
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oc
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s
s
T
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por
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-
a
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(
P
R
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S
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A
)
2020
s
ta
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s
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F
ig
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2.
A
n
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xha
us
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s
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of
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c
a
de
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ic
da
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m
e
d t
o ga
th
e
r
r
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le
va
nt
l
it
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tu
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e
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I
nc
lu
s
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nd e
xc
lu
s
io
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c
r
it
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r
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w
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ppl
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ta
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xt
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odol
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a
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s
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d, a
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s
ul
ts
w
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r
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pr
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s
e
nt
e
d c
ohe
r
e
nt
ly
a
nd t
r
a
ns
pa
r
e
nt
ly
. T
hi
s
e
ns
ur
e
d a
hi
gh
-
qua
li
ty
s
ys
te
m
a
ti
c
r
e
vi
e
w
of
t
he
c
ont
r
ib
ut
io
n of
A
I
in
c
om
ba
ti
ng c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
.
F
ig
ur
e
2. P
R
I
S
M
A
2020 f
lo
w
di
a
gr
a
m
of
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he
s
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ope
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por
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3.
R
E
S
U
L
T
S
T
hi
s
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ti
on
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xpl
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a
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na
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z
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de
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m
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s
ti
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a
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gui
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tu
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E
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br
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ki
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s
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va
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s
pe
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ts
a
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pr
ovi
di
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a
th
o
r
ough
a
na
ly
s
is
.
T
hi
s
d
e
ta
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d
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x
a
m
in
a
ti
on
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ll
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s
f
or
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c
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ns
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unde
r
s
ta
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pi
c
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ur
in
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th
a
t
a
ll
c
r
it
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l
di
m
e
ns
io
ns
a
r
e
t
hor
oughly c
ove
r
e
d a
nd e
xpl
a
in
e
d.
3.1.
R
Q
1:
Wh
at
ar
e
t
h
e
m
os
t
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
ad
van
c
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
ap
p
li
c
at
io
n
of
A
I
t
o ad
d
r
e
s
s
c
li
m
at
e
c
h
an
ge
?
T
he
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
of
A
I
in
th
e
f
ig
ht
a
ga
in
s
t
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
c
ov
e
r
s
s
e
ve
r
a
l
a
r
e
a
s
,
a
s
de
m
ons
tr
a
te
d
by
va
r
io
us
s
tu
di
e
s
. T
he
s
e
i
nc
lu
de
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
c
ont
r
ib
ut
io
ns
t
o t
he
u
nde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng a
nd pr
e
di
c
ti
on of
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
ba
s
e
d on
t
he
a
na
ly
s
i
s
of
gr
e
e
nhou
s
e
ga
s
e
m
is
s
i
ons
[
13]
.
A
l
s
o no
te
w
or
th
y i
s
t
he
i
m
pr
ove
m
e
nt
i
n t
he
e
s
ti
m
a
ti
on
of
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
e
va
pot
r
a
ns
pi
r
a
ti
on,
w
hi
c
h
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
s
to
m
or
e
a
c
c
ur
a
te
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
m
ode
li
ng
[
14]
.
T
he
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
of
A
I
a
ls
o
e
xt
e
nds
to
th
e
f
ie
ld
of
f
or
e
s
t
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
,
pr
ovi
di
ng
pr
e
di
c
ti
ons
of
tr
e
e
gr
ow
th
to
opt
im
iz
e
f
or
e
s
tr
y
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
[
15]
.
T
hi
s
e
nc
om
pa
s
s
e
s
th
e
c
a
pa
c
i
ty
to
f
o
r
e
c
a
s
t
tr
e
e
gr
ow
th
a
m
id
s
t
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
nd
a
nt
ic
ip
a
te
d
c
li
m
a
ti
c
c
ir
c
um
s
ta
nc
e
s
,
pr
ovi
di
ng
va
lu
a
bl
e
pr
e
di
c
ti
ve
to
ol
s
f
or
s
us
ta
in
a
bl
e
f
or
e
s
t
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on, t
he
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
c
la
s
s
if
ic
a
ti
on of
w
e
tl
a
nds
i
s
hi
ghl
ig
ht
e
d t
o a
ddr
e
s
s
t
he
l
os
s
of
t
he
s
e
c
r
it
ic
a
l
e
c
o
s
ys
te
m
s
,
hi
ghl
ig
ht
in
g
th
e
us
e
f
ul
ne
s
s
of
th
e
t
e
c
hnol
ogy
in
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
c
ons
e
r
va
ti
on
in
th
e
c
ont
e
xt
of
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
[
16]
, [
17]
.
A
I
a
ls
o
pl
a
ys
a
c
r
uc
ia
l
r
ol
e
in
e
s
ti
m
a
ti
ng
gr
e
e
nhous
e
g
a
s
e
m
is
s
io
ns
,
pr
ovi
di
ng
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
f
or
de
c
is
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng
in
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
m
it
ig
a
ti
on
pol
ic
ie
s
[
18]
,
a
nd
not
onl
y
dr
iv
e
s
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
m
e
a
s
ur
e
s
to
c
om
ba
t
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
but
a
ls
o
hi
ghl
ig
ht
s
th
e
r
e
le
va
nc
e
of
A
I
in
th
e
t
r
a
ns
it
io
n
to
m
o
r
e
s
us
ta
in
a
bl
e
bus
in
e
s
s
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
[
19]
.
I
t
a
ls
o
hi
ghl
ig
ht
s
th
e
c
ont
r
ib
ut
io
n
of
A
I
in
a
s
s
e
s
s
in
g
th
e
im
pa
c
t
of
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
ng
e
on
w
a
te
r
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
,
a
c
r
uc
ia
l
a
s
pe
c
t
of
th
e
s
u
s
ta
in
a
bl
e
m
a
na
g
e
m
e
nt
of
th
is
f
unda
m
e
nt
a
l
r
e
s
our
c
e
[
20]
.
L
ik
e
w
is
e
,
th
e
pr
e
di
c
ti
ve
c
a
pa
c
it
y of
A
I
i
s
us
e
d t
o e
s
ti
m
a
te
t
he
f
ut
ur
e
pr
oduc
ti
on of
photovol
ta
ic
s
ys
te
m
s
, t
hus
s
tr
e
ngt
he
ni
ng
th
e
t
ool
s
f
or
a
s
s
e
s
s
in
g r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy i
n l
ig
ht
of
t
he
phe
nom
e
non of
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
[
21]
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
th
e
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
of
A
I
in
r
a
in
f
a
ll
f
or
e
c
a
s
ti
ng,
a
s
m
e
nt
io
ne
d
in
[
22]
,
is
de
m
ons
tr
a
ti
ng
it
s
us
e
f
ul
ne
s
s
f
or
gove
r
nm
e
nt
a
l
a
nd
non
-
gove
r
nm
e
nt
a
l
e
nt
it
ie
s
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
bus
in
e
s
s
e
s
in
f
or
m
ul
a
ti
ng
s
tr
a
te
gi
c
de
c
is
io
ns
a
nd
unde
r
ta
ki
ng
lo
ng
-
r
a
nge
pl
a
nni
ng
a
c
r
os
s
di
ve
r
s
e
s
e
c
to
r
s
.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
th
e
a
bi
l
it
y
of
A
I
to
pr
e
di
c
t
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
c
ha
nge
s
on
a
gl
ob
a
l
s
c
a
le
,
a
s
hi
ghl
ig
ht
e
d
in
[
23]
,
tr
a
ns
la
te
s
in
to
a
c
r
it
ic
a
l
to
ol
f
or
c
li
m
a
te
pr
e
di
c
ti
on
a
nd
pl
a
nni
ng
a
da
pt
a
ti
on
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
in
va
r
io
us
s
e
c
to
r
s
.
S
im
il
a
r
ly
,
A
I
-
ba
s
e
d
f
lo
od
de
te
c
ti
on
hi
ghl
ig
ht
s
th
e
te
c
hnol
ogy'
s
a
bi
li
ty
to
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
ly
m
a
na
ge
na
tu
r
a
l
di
s
a
s
te
r
s
by
pr
ovi
di
ng
a
dva
nc
e
d
s
ol
ut
io
ns
f
or
f
lo
od
pr
e
di
c
ti
on
a
nd
r
a
pi
d
r
e
s
pons
e
[
24]
.
E
xpl
or
in
g
s
pa
ti
ot
e
m
por
a
l
va
r
ia
ti
ons
in
pr
e
c
ip
it
a
ti
on
w
it
h
A
I
pr
ovi
de
s
va
lu
a
bl
e
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
f
or
w
a
te
r
r
e
s
our
c
e
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
[
25]
,
e
na
bl
in
g
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
a
da
pt
a
ti
on
to
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
.
D
r
ought
pr
e
di
c
ti
on
us
in
g
A
I
not
onl
y
a
im
s
to
im
pr
ove
th
e
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
of
p
r
e
di
c
ti
ng
dr
ought
e
ve
nt
s
but
a
ls
o
s
ugge
s
ts
th
e
pot
e
nt
ia
l
of
A
I
t
o s
tr
e
ngt
he
n pr
e
di
c
ti
ve
c
a
pa
bi
li
ti
e
s
i
n e
xt
r
e
m
e
c
li
m
a
te
s
it
ua
ti
ons
[
26]
.
I
n
s
um
m
a
r
y,
F
ig
u
r
e
3
s
how
s
th
e
di
ve
r
s
it
y
o
f
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
of
A
I
in
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
m
it
ig
a
ti
on,
hi
ghl
ig
ht
in
g
it
s
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
r
ol
e
in
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
a
r
e
a
s
.
F
r
om
c
li
m
a
te
f
or
e
c
a
s
ti
ng
to
dr
ought
pr
e
di
c
ti
on,
A
I
s
ta
nds
out
f
or
it
s
a
bi
li
ty
to
unde
r
s
ta
nd
a
nd
pr
e
di
c
t
w
e
a
th
e
r
pa
tt
e
r
ns
,
a
ll
ow
in
g
f
or
m
or
e
a
c
c
ur
a
te
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
of
na
tu
r
a
l
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
.
T
he
u
s
e
of
A
I
to
p
r
e
di
c
t
f
or
e
s
t
gr
ow
th
a
nd
w
e
tl
a
n
d
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
de
m
ons
tr
a
te
s
it
s
ve
r
s
a
ti
li
ty
in
pr
e
s
e
r
vi
ng e
c
os
ys
te
m
s
a
nd ma
ki
ng e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
de
c
is
io
ns
t
o c
ount
e
r
a
c
t
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
. I
n a
ddi
ti
on, t
he
us
e
of
A
I
to
e
s
ti
m
a
te
gr
e
e
nhous
e
g
a
s
e
m
i
s
s
io
ns
a
nd
pr
e
di
c
t
hydr
ol
ogi
c
a
l
r
e
s
pons
e
s
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
s
to
m
it
ig
a
ti
on
a
nd
a
da
pt
a
ti
on
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
.
S
im
il
a
r
ly
,
th
e
a
na
ly
s
is
of
pr
e
c
ip
it
a
ti
on
va
r
ia
bi
li
ty
a
nd
th
e
pr
opos
a
l
of
a
n
in
nova
ti
ve
a
ppr
oa
c
h t
o dr
ought f
o
r
e
c
a
s
ti
ng e
xpa
nd t
he
r
a
nge
of
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
o
ns
of
A
I
i
n
th
e
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
of
w
a
te
r
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
a
nd
e
xt
r
e
m
e
c
li
m
a
te
e
ve
nt
s
.
T
he
s
e
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
hi
ghl
ig
ht
th
e
im
por
ta
nc
e
of
AI
a
s
a
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
to
ol
t
o
a
ddr
e
s
s
th
e
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
of
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
,
pr
ovi
di
ng
va
lu
a
bl
e
in
s
ig
ht
s
a
nd
s
uppor
ti
ng
in
f
or
m
e
d
de
c
is
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng i
n e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
T
he
c
r
uc
ia
l
r
ol
e
of
a
r
ti
fi
c
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
i
n addr
e
s
s
in
g c
li
m
at
e
c
hange
…
(
L
abe
r
ia
no A
ndr
ade
-
A
r
e
na
s
)
5
F
ig
ur
e
3. A
I
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
i
de
nt
if
ie
d t
o a
ddr
e
s
s
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
ng
e
3.2.
R
Q
2:
H
ow
h
as
AI
c
on
t
r
ib
u
t
e
d
t
o
im
p
r
ovi
n
g
t
h
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
an
d
an
t
ic
ip
a
t
io
n
of
e
xt
r
e
m
e
w
e
at
h
e
r
e
ve
n
t
s
, s
u
c
h
as
d
r
ou
gh
t
s
, f
lo
od
s
, an
d
s
n
ow
m
e
lt
r
e
la
t
e
d
t
o c
li
m
at
e
c
h
an
ge
?
I
n t
he
c
om
pl
e
x
s
c
e
n
a
r
io
of
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
,
A
I
ha
s
e
m
e
r
ge
d a
s
a
n e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
to
ol
t
o
i
m
pr
ove
our
a
bi
li
ty
to
pr
e
di
c
t
a
nd unde
r
s
ta
nd e
xt
r
e
m
e
c
li
m
a
te
e
v
e
nt
s
. I
ts
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
o
n ha
s
b
e
e
n p
a
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
pr
om
in
e
nt
i
n pr
e
di
c
ti
ng
a
nd
m
it
ig
a
ti
ng
r
is
ks
a
s
s
oc
ia
te
d
w
it
h
f
lo
od
s
,
s
to
r
m
s
,
dr
oughts
,
a
nd
m
e
lt
in
g
gl
a
c
ie
r
s
.
T
he
c
ont
r
ib
ut
io
n
of
A
I
to
e
a
c
h c
li
m
a
te
e
v
e
nt
i
s
de
ta
il
e
d
a
s
f
ol
lo
w
s
.
3.2.1. Dr
ou
gh
t
D
r
ought
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
it
s
e
lf
a
s
a
m
ul
ti
f
a
c
e
te
d
a
nd
f
in
a
nc
ia
ll
y
bur
de
ns
om
e
na
tu
r
a
l
ha
z
a
r
d.
P
r
e
c
is
e
r
e
c
ogni
ti
on
of
th
e
pi
vot
a
l
e
le
m
e
nt
s
li
nke
d
to
dr
ought
is
c
r
uc
ia
l
f
or
pr
of
ic
ie
nt
m
ode
li
ng
a
nd
pr
e
di
c
ti
on
of
th
is
oc
c
ur
r
e
nc
e
[
27]
.
B
y
r
e
vi
e
w
in
g
va
r
io
us
s
tu
di
e
s
,
th
e
r
e
is
a
c
onv
e
r
ge
nc
e
of
e
vi
de
nc
e
th
a
t
s
uppor
ts
th
e
pos
it
iv
e
c
ont
r
ib
ut
io
n
of
A
I
in
th
is
f
ie
ld
.
O
ne
o
f
th
e
hi
ghl
ig
h
ts
is
th
e
d
e
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
of
a
dva
nc
e
d
m
ode
ls
,
s
uc
h
a
s
th
e
e
xt
r
e
m
e
le
a
r
ni
ng
m
a
c
hi
ne
(
E
L
M
)
ba
s
e
d
on
e
nha
nc
e
d
va
r
ia
ti
o
na
l
m
ode
de
c
om
pos
it
io
n
(
V
M
D
)
,
o
r
th
ogona
l
tr
ia
ngul
a
r
(
Q
R
)
,
a
nd
onl
in
e
s
e
que
nc
e
(
O
S
)
,
w
hi
c
h
a
r
e
c
om
bi
ne
d
to
f
or
m
th
e
V
M
D
-
OS
-
QR
-
E
L
M
m
ode
l
[
26]
,
w
hi
c
h
in
c
or
por
a
te
s
nove
l
te
c
hni
que
s
s
uc
h
a
s
V
M
D
a
nd
hi
d
de
n
la
ye
r
opt
im
iz
a
ti
on,
a
c
hi
e
vi
ng
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
s
in
th
e
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
a
nd
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
of
dr
ought
pr
e
di
c
t
io
n.
T
hi
s
a
ppr
oa
c
h
r
e
f
le
c
t
s
th
e
a
bi
li
ty
of
A
I
to
in
te
gr
a
te
i
nnova
ti
ve
m
e
th
ods
a
nd i
m
pr
ove
t
he
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y of
e
xi
s
ti
ng mode
ls
.
I
n a
ddi
ti
on, t
he
us
e
of
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
s
uc
h
a
s
e
xt
r
e
m
e
ly
r
a
ndom t
r
e
e
s
(
E
R
T
)
a
nd E
L
M
de
m
ons
tr
a
te
s
how
A
I
c
a
n
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
a
ddr
e
s
s
th
e
c
om
pl
e
xi
ty
of
e
xt
r
e
m
e
c
li
m
a
te
e
ve
nt
s
a
t
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
ti
m
e
s
c
a
le
s
[
27]
.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
in
te
gr
a
ti
on
pr
e
di
c
ti
on
m
ode
l
[
28]
,
w
hi
c
h
f
us
e
s
in
de
pe
nde
nt
m
ode
ls
w
it
h
s
ig
na
l
de
c
om
pos
it
io
n
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
to
a
c
hi
e
ve
gr
e
a
te
r
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
a
nd
s
ta
bi
li
ty
in
dr
ought
pr
e
di
c
ti
on,
s
ugge
s
ts
th
a
t
s
yne
r
gy
be
twe
e
n
tr
a
di
ti
ona
l
a
nd
m
ode
r
n
te
c
hni
que
s
c
a
n
le
a
d
to
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
a
dva
nc
e
s
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
hybr
id
m
ode
l
s
in
c
or
po
r
a
ti
ng
be
lu
ga
w
ha
le
opt
im
iz
a
ti
on
(
B
W
O
)
[
29]
,
ha
ve
th
e
pot
e
nt
ia
l
to
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
i
m
pr
ove
th
e
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
of
dr
ought
a
nd
hot
s
pot
pr
e
di
c
ti
on.
T
he
s
e
m
ode
ls
pr
ovi
de
va
lu
a
bl
e
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
f
or
de
c
is
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng
a
nd
w
a
te
r
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
.
A
m
ong
th
e
hybr
id
m
ode
ls
, t
he
ou
ts
ta
ndi
ng pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
of
t
he
r
e
gul
a
r
i
z
e
d e
xt
r
e
m
e
l
e
a
r
ni
ng mode
l
w
it
h
be
lu
ga
w
ha
le
opt
im
iz
a
ti
on
(
R
E
L
M
-
B
W
O
)
s
ta
nds
out
,
a
tt
a
in
in
g
th
e
hi
ghe
s
t
pr
e
c
is
io
n
a
nd
s
ur
pa
s
s
in
g
tr
a
di
ti
ona
l
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
ot
he
r
c
om
bi
ne
d
m
ode
ls
by
a
s
ubs
ta
nt
ia
l
m
a
r
gi
n.
O
n
th
e
ot
he
r
ha
nd,
th
e
nove
l
hybr
id
m
ode
l
th
a
t
f
us
e
s
a
r
e
gul
a
r
iz
e
d
E
LM
w
it
h
th
e
S
na
ke
a
lg
or
it
hm
[
30]
,
ha
s
s
how
n a
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
in
pr
e
di
c
ti
on
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
a
nd
ha
s
th
e
pr
e
c
i
s
e
a
bi
li
ty
to
pr
e
di
c
t
th
e
oc
c
ur
r
e
nc
e
of
dr
ough
ts
a
nd
e
va
lu
a
te
th
e
tr
e
nds
,
s
uppl
yi
ng
v
a
lu
a
bl
e
in
s
ig
ht
s
f
or
w
a
te
r
r
e
s
our
c
e
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
a
nd
a
id
in
g
de
c
i
s
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng
in
r
e
gi
ons
s
us
c
e
pt
ib
l
e
to
th
is
phe
nom
e
non.
3.2.2. F
lo
od
A
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
a
na
ly
s
is
of
va
r
io
us
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
tu
di
e
s
s
how
s
th
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
of
A
I
-
ba
s
e
d
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
in
f
lo
od
vul
ne
r
a
bi
li
ty
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
.
I
n
th
e
c
ont
e
xt
of
f
lo
od
vul
ne
r
a
bi
li
ty
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
,
m
a
c
hi
n
e
le
a
r
ni
ng
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
a
nd
a
r
ti
f
ic
ia
l
ne
ur
a
l
ne
twor
ks
ha
ve
a
vi
ta
l
r
ol
e
in
pr
ovi
di
ng
a
dva
nc
e
d
to
ol
s
f
or
a
n
a
ly
z
in
g
a
nd
pr
e
di
c
ti
ng
pos
s
ib
le
f
lo
od
s
c
e
na
r
io
s
.
T
he
s
e
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
w
e
r
e
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d
by
r
e
m
a
r
ka
bl
e
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
r
a
te
s
of
89%
a
nd
90.8%
[
31]
,
a
nd
th
e
ne
w
ly
s
ynt
he
s
iz
e
d hybr
id
m
a
c
hi
n
e
-
le
a
r
ni
ng mode
l
de
m
on
s
t
r
a
te
d a
n a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
of
90.8%
[
32]
.
T
he
a
bi
li
ty
of
A
I
to
pr
ovi
de
de
ta
il
e
d
a
nd
r
e
li
a
bl
e
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
s
f
or
id
e
nt
if
yi
ng
f
lo
od
-
pr
one
a
r
e
a
s
is
of
pa
r
a
m
ount
im
por
ta
nc
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
,
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
1
-
1
1
6
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
th
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
of
m
ode
ls
ba
s
e
d
on
s
uppor
t
ve
c
to
r
m
a
c
hi
ne
s
(
S
V
M
)
a
nd
r
a
ndom
f
or
e
s
ts
is
hi
ghl
ig
ht
e
d
to
im
pr
ove
th
e
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
of
pr
e
di
c
ti
ng
m
ont
hl
y
f
lo
od
f
lo
w
s
.
T
hi
s
m
e
th
odol
ogy
ha
s
pr
ove
n
to
be
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
to
f
a
c
e
th
e
te
m
por
a
l
va
r
ia
bi
li
ty
of
e
xt
r
e
m
e
c
li
m
a
te
e
ve
nt
s
,
th
us
c
ont
r
ib
ut
in
g
to
th
e
m
or
e
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
of
w
a
t
e
r
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
[
33]
.
O
n
th
e
ot
he
r
ha
nd,
m
ode
ls
s
u
c
h
a
s
S
V
M
a
nd
b
a
c
k
-
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
ne
ur
a
l
ne
twor
ks
(
B
P
N
N
)
a
nd
th
e
in
te
gr
a
ti
on
of
s
uppor
t
ve
c
to
r
m
a
c
hi
ne
s
w
it
h
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
w
a
r
m
opt
im
iz
a
ti
on
m
ode
l
s
(
P
S
O
-
S
V
M
)
ha
ve
im
pr
ove
d
f
lo
od
pr
e
di
c
ti
on
[
34
]
.
T
he
P
S
O
-
S
V
M
hybr
id
m
ode
l
de
m
ons
tr
a
te
d
s
upe
r
io
r
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
c
om
pa
r
e
d
to
B
P
N
N
a
nd
S
V
M
,
us
in
g
f
iv
e
m
e
te
o
r
ol
ogi
c
a
l
pa
r
a
m
e
te
r
s
to
a
c
hi
e
ve
hi
ghe
r
f
lo
od
pr
e
di
c
ti
on
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y.
T
hi
s
a
ppr
oa
c
h
pr
ovi
de
s
a
n
im
pr
ove
d
a
n
d
r
e
li
a
bl
e
a
lt
e
r
na
ti
ve
f
o
r
f
o
r
e
c
a
s
ti
ng
e
xt
r
e
m
e
w
e
a
th
e
r
e
ve
nt
s
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
th
e
in
tr
oduc
ti
on
of
A
I
-
ba
s
e
d
r
iv
e
r
m
oni
to
r
in
g
s
ys
te
m
s
[
35]
ha
s
de
m
ons
tr
a
te
d s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
s
in
th
e
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
of
f
lo
od
pr
e
di
c
ti
ons
.
T
he
in
te
gr
a
ti
on
of
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
c
li
m
a
te
a
nd
r
iv
e
r
da
ta
ha
s
pr
ovi
de
d
a
m
or
e
hol
is
ti
c
a
nd
dyn
a
m
ic
unde
r
s
t
a
ndi
ng
of
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
c
ondi
ti
ons
,
th
e
r
e
by
im
pr
ovi
ng
th
e
a
bi
li
ty
to
a
nt
ic
ip
a
te
a
nd
m
a
na
ge
e
xt
r
e
m
e
w
e
a
th
e
r
e
ve
nt
s
.
S
im
il
a
r
ly
,
in
th
e
c
ont
e
xt
of
ur
ba
n
f
lo
od
f
or
e
c
a
s
ti
ng
[
36]
,
th
e
s
pa
ti
ot
e
m
por
a
l
g
r
a
ph
c
onvolut
io
n
ne
twor
k
m
ode
l
ha
s
de
m
ons
tr
a
te
d
th
e
a
bi
li
ty
of
A
I
to
in
te
gr
a
te
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
da
ta
s
our
c
e
s
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
phy
s
ic
a
ll
y
b
a
s
e
d
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
a
nd
hum
a
n
-
c
ol
le
c
te
d
d
a
ta
.
T
hi
s
m
ul
ti
di
m
e
ns
io
n
a
l
a
ppr
oa
c
h
ha
s
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
im
pr
ove
d
th
e
r
e
a
l
-
time
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
of
ur
ba
n
f
lo
od
pr
e
di
c
ti
ons
,
hi
ghl
ig
ht
in
g
th
e
ve
r
s
a
ti
li
ty
a
nd e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
of
A
I
i
n nowc
a
s
ti
ng s
it
ua
ti
ons
.
3.2.3. Gl
ac
ie
r
m
e
lt
in
g
I
n t
he
c
ont
e
xt
of
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
a
nd gla
c
ia
l
m
e
lt
in
g, pr
og
r
e
s
s
i
n m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng a
nd de
e
p l
e
a
r
ni
ng
m
ode
ls
,
a
s
e
vi
de
nc
e
d
by
th
e
s
tu
di
e
s
r
e
vi
e
w
e
d,
a
ll
ow
f
or
m
or
e
a
c
c
ur
a
te
m
ode
li
ng
of
gl
a
c
ie
r
e
vol
ut
io
n
in
th
e
f
a
c
e
of
ke
y
c
li
m
a
te
va
r
ia
bl
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
a
ir
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
.
I
n
th
is
s
e
ns
e
,
th
e
a
na
ly
s
is
of
th
e
m
a
s
s
iv
e
lo
s
s
e
s
of
gl
a
c
ie
r
s
a
nd
pol
a
r
c
a
p
s
w
or
ld
w
id
e
f
oc
u
s
e
s
s
pe
c
if
ic
a
ll
y
on
th
e
pr
oj
e
c
ti
ons
of
th
e
e
vol
ut
io
n
of
gl
a
c
ie
r
s
in
th
e
F
r
e
nc
h
A
lp
s
[
37]
.
A
ppl
yi
ng de
e
p l
e
a
r
ni
ng, t
he
y
e
s
ti
m
a
te
d
t
ha
t
to
w
a
r
ds
t
he
e
nd of
t
he
21
st
c
e
nt
ur
y, a
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
i
n t
he
vol
um
e
of
gl
a
c
ie
r
s
is
e
xpe
c
te
d,
pr
oj
e
c
ti
ng
a
lo
s
s
be
twe
e
n
75%
a
nd
88%
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
th
e
e
xc
e
s
s
iv
e
s
e
ns
it
iv
it
y
of
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
in
de
x
m
ode
ls
is
hi
ghl
ig
ht
e
d,
e
m
pha
s
iz
in
g
th
e
im
por
ta
nc
e
of
m
or
e
a
dva
nc
e
d
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
.
S
im
il
a
r
ly
,
th
e
s
tu
dy
of
th
e
im
pa
c
t
on
A
nde
a
n
gl
a
c
ie
r
s
[
38]
,
w
hi
c
h
u
s
e
s
r
e
m
ot
e
s
e
n
s
in
g
d
a
ta
a
nd
a
n
in
nova
ti
ve
s
pe
c
tr
a
l
in
de
x
to
m
a
p
th
e
pr
e
c
a
r
io
us
s
ta
te
of
th
e
gl
a
c
ie
r
s
,
de
m
ons
tr
a
te
s
th
e
di
r
e
c
t
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
of
a
ir
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
on
th
e
r
e
tr
e
a
t
of
t
he
s
e
gl
a
c
ie
r
s
. F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
K
a
twyk
e
t
al
.
[
39]
pr
ovi
d
e
s
a
not
he
r
pe
r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
by i
nt
r
oduc
in
g a
ne
ur
a
l
ne
twor
k e
m
ul
a
to
r
t
o a
ppr
oxi
m
a
te
t
he
ic
e
s
he
e
t
m
ode
l
in
te
r
c
om
pa
r
is
on pr
oj
e
c
t
(
I
S
M
I
P
6
)
m
ode
ls
a
nd s
tu
dy t
he
e
vol
ut
io
n of
t
he
A
nt
a
r
c
ti
c
i
c
e
s
he
e
t.
I
t
hi
ghl
ig
ht
s
t
he
i
m
por
ta
nc
e
of
AI
in
a
c
c
ur
a
te
ly
a
nd e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
ly
f
or
e
c
a
s
ti
ng
th
e
f
a
c
to
r
s
in
f
lu
e
nc
in
g
s
e
a
le
ve
l
f
lu
c
tu
a
ti
ons
.
S
im
il
a
r
ly
,
th
e
a
c
c
ur
a
te
m
a
ppi
ng
of
gl
a
c
ie
r
s
in
P
e
r
u
[
40]
,
us
in
g
m
a
c
hi
ne
le
a
r
ni
ng
m
ode
ls
a
nd
a
ppl
yi
ng
s
pa
ti
a
l
c
r
os
s
-
va
li
da
ti
on
to
im
pr
ove
m
a
ppi
ng
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
,
pr
ovi
de
s
c
r
it
ic
a
l
da
ta
f
or
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h r
e
la
te
d t
o gl
a
c
ie
r
m
a
ppi
ng a
nd f
or
f
ut
ur
e
t
a
r
ge
te
d i
ni
ti
a
ti
ve
s
. i
n m
oni
to
r
in
g gl
a
c
ie
r
m
e
lt
.
S
im
il
a
r
ly
,
a
c
onc
r
e
te
e
xa
m
pl
e
is
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d
in
th
e
s
tu
dy
[
41]
,
w
hi
c
h
us
e
s
opt
i
c
a
l
im
a
gi
ng
to
ge
th
e
r
w
it
h
m
a
c
hi
ne
le
a
r
ni
ng
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
to
m
a
p
a
nd
s
tu
dy
th
e
di
s
tr
ib
ut
io
n
a
nd
c
ha
nge
s
of
gl
a
c
ie
r
s
in
th
e
T
ia
ns
ha
n
M
ount
a
in
s
.
T
hi
s
a
ppr
oa
c
h
r
e
ve
a
ls
a
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
a
c
c
e
le
r
a
ti
on
of
gl
a
c
ie
r
r
e
tr
e
a
t
a
nd
hi
ghl
ig
ht
s
th
e
di
r
e
c
t
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
of
s
um
m
e
r
t
e
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
s
on t
he
s
e
c
ha
ng
e
s
. F
in
a
ll
y, t
he
us
e
of
a
de
e
p l
e
a
r
ni
ng c
la
s
s
if
ie
r
t
o a
c
c
ur
a
te
ly
de
li
ne
a
te
gl
a
c
ie
r
bounda
r
ie
s
in
th
e
H
im
a
la
ya
s
[
42]
hi
ghl
ig
ht
s
th
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
of
de
e
p
le
a
r
ni
ng
in
pr
oduc
in
g
a
c
c
ur
a
te
c
la
s
s
if
ie
d
m
a
ps
,
im
pr
ovi
ng
th
e
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
of
c
r
yos
phe
r
e
m
oni
to
r
in
g.
T
he
s
e
de
m
ons
tr
a
te
th
e
c
r
it
ic
a
l
r
ol
e
of
AI
in
pr
ovi
di
ng a
dva
nc
e
d a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
t
o und
e
r
s
ta
ndi
ng a
nd ma
na
gi
ng gla
c
ie
r
c
ha
nge
gl
oba
ll
y.
I
n
s
um
m
a
r
y
,
us
in
g
A
I
to
pr
e
di
c
t
e
xt
r
e
m
e
w
e
a
th
e
r
e
ve
nt
s
is
c
r
uc
ia
l
f
or
e
f
f
e
c
ti
v
e
r
is
k
pl
a
nni
ng
a
nd
m
it
ig
a
ti
o
n.
T
hi
s
c
a
pa
bi
li
ty
a
ll
o
w
s
c
o
m
m
uni
ti
e
s
t
o
a
n
ti
c
ip
a
te
a
nd
pr
e
pa
r
e
f
or
dr
ough
ts
,
f
lo
o
ds
,
a
nd t
ha
w
s
c
a
us
e
d
by
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
,
th
e
r
e
by
m
in
im
iz
in
g
th
e
e
c
on
om
i
c
a
n
d
s
oc
ia
l
im
p
a
c
t
s
of
th
e
s
e
e
ve
nt
s
.
I
t
a
ls
o
f
a
c
il
it
a
t
e
s
a
da
pt
a
ti
on t
o c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
n
ge
a
n
d r
a
pi
d r
e
s
p
ons
e
t
o e
m
e
r
ge
nc
i
e
s
,
t
he
r
e
by pr
om
ot
in
g t
he
s
a
f
e
t
y a
nd r
e
s
il
i
e
nc
e
of
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
d
popul
a
ti
on
s
.
D
r
ou
ght
,
be
i
ng
a
m
on
g
t
he
m
o
s
t
n
ot
a
bl
e
na
tu
r
a
l
o
c
c
ur
r
e
nc
e
s
,
im
p
a
c
t
s
di
v
e
r
s
e
f
a
c
e
t
s
of
hum
a
n
e
xi
s
te
nc
e
a
n
d
th
e
s
ur
r
oundi
ng
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
[
4
3]
,
[
44]
.
S
im
il
a
r
ly
,
i
n
c
ol
d
a
nd
s
no
w
y
a
r
e
a
s
,
r
e
s
e
r
voi
r
s
s
to
r
e
s
n
ow
m
e
l
t
to
f
ul
f
i
ll
w
a
te
r
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
f
r
om
s
pr
in
g
th
r
ou
gh
s
u
m
m
e
r
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
th
e
on
s
e
t
of
s
now
m
e
lt
,
c
oupl
e
d
w
it
h
a
s
u
dde
n
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
a
c
c
om
p
a
ni
e
d
by
i
nt
e
n
s
e
pr
e
c
i
pi
ta
ti
on
c
oul
d
tr
ig
ge
r
la
r
ge
-
s
c
a
l
e
f
l
ood
in
g
[
45]
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
A
I
m
u
s
t
b
e
us
e
d
to
pr
e
di
c
t
th
e
o
c
c
ur
r
e
nc
e
of
di
s
a
s
te
r
s
i
n
a
dv
a
nc
e
,
a
ll
ow
in
g
th
e
ti
m
e
l
y
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on
of
m
it
ig
a
ti
on m
e
a
s
ur
e
s
t
h
a
t
h
e
lp
m
i
ni
m
iz
e
t
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
i
n t
e
r
m
s
o
f
huma
n
a
nd
m
a
t
e
r
ia
l
l
os
s
e
s
[
46]
.
3.
3
.
R
Q
3:
Wh
at
AI
t
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
h
ave
e
xi
s
t
in
g r
e
s
e
ar
c
h
p
r
op
os
e
d
t
o m
it
ig
at
e
c
li
m
at
e
c
h
an
ge
?
T
a
bl
e
2
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
a
li
s
t
of
A
I
te
c
hni
que
s
f
r
om
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
f
ie
ld
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
m
a
c
hi
ne
le
a
r
ni
ng
a
nd
de
e
p
le
a
r
ni
ng,
th
a
t
ha
ve
be
e
n
pr
opos
e
d
a
nd
us
e
d
in
p
r
e
vi
ous
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h.
T
he
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
te
c
hni
que
s
e
va
lu
a
te
d
in
te
r
m
s
of
th
e
ir
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
a
r
e
in
c
lu
de
d,
hi
ghl
ig
ht
in
g
th
e
on
e
w
it
h
th
e
hi
ghe
s
t
s
c
or
e
.
A
s
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n,
th
e
s
e
te
c
hni
qu
e
s
in
c
lu
de
c
onvolut
io
na
l
ne
ur
a
l
ne
twor
ks
(
C
N
N
)
,
lo
gi
s
ti
c
r
e
gr
e
s
s
io
n
(
L
R
)
,
S
V
M
,
a
nd
hybr
id
m
a
c
hi
ne
le
a
r
ni
ng
(
H
M
L
)
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
. T
he
s
e
t
e
c
hni
que
s
ha
v
e
be
e
n
a
ppl
ie
d t
o pr
e
di
c
t
gr
e
e
nhous
e
ga
s
e
m
is
s
io
ns
a
nd e
x
a
m
in
e
t
he
c
or
r
e
la
ti
ons
a
m
ong
th
e
m
,
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
,
f
lo
odi
ng,
a
nd
ot
he
r
r
e
le
va
nt
f
a
c
to
r
s
.
T
he
f
unda
m
e
nt
a
l
pur
pos
e
of
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
T
he
c
r
uc
ia
l
r
ol
e
of
a
r
ti
fi
c
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
i
n addr
e
s
s
in
g c
li
m
at
e
c
hange
…
(
L
abe
r
ia
no A
ndr
ade
-
A
r
e
na
s
)
7
th
e
s
e
te
c
hni
que
s
is
to
de
ve
lo
p
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
to
m
it
i
ga
te
c
li
m
a
te
e
m
e
r
ge
nc
ie
s
,
th
us
pr
ovi
di
ng
a
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
a
ppr
oa
c
h t
o a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g t
hi
s
gl
oba
l
c
ha
ll
e
nge
.
T
a
bl
e
2
. A
I
t
e
c
hni
que
s
t
ha
t
e
xi
s
ti
ng r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h ha
s
pr
opo
s
e
d
R
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
P
r
opos
e
T
e
c
hni
que
s
T
e
c
hni
que
w
i
t
h be
s
t
r
e
s
ul
t
s
[
13]
A
na
l
yz
e
t
he
r
e
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
be
t
w
e
e
n
gr
e
e
nhous
e
ga
s
e
m
i
s
s
i
on
s
a
nd
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
c
ha
nge
i
n
A
f
r
i
c
a
a
nd
de
ve
l
op
a
m
ode
l
t
o
pr
e
di
c
t
s
hor
t
-
a
nd l
ong
-
t
e
r
m
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
va
r
i
a
bl
e
s
.
‒
L
ong s
hor
t
-
t
e
r
m
m
e
m
or
y
‒
A
ut
oe
nc
ode
r
s
‒
C
N
N
T
he
C
N
N
m
ode
l
obt
a
i
ne
d
be
t
t
e
r
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
a
c
c
or
di
ng
t
o
t
he
m
e
t
r
i
c
s
:
m
e
a
n
s
qua
r
e
e
r
r
or
,
m
e
a
n
a
bs
ol
ut
e
e
r
r
or
,
P
e
a
r
s
on
a
nd
2
c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
.
[
32]
D
e
t
e
c
t
f
l
a
s
h
f
l
ood
-
pr
one
a
r
e
a
s
us
i
ng
m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
a
l
gor
i
t
hm
s
a
nd
hydr
ol
ogi
c
a
l
i
ndi
c
e
s
i
n
t
he
c
ont
e
xt
of
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
c
ha
nge
.
‒
H
M
L
‒
N
a
ï
ve
B
a
ye
s
(
N
ï
B
)
T
he
H
M
L
de
m
ons
t
r
a
t
e
d
s
upe
r
i
or
pr
e
di
c
t
i
on
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
w
i
t
h
a
n
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y of
90.8%
.
[
47]
P
r
e
di
c
t
m
e
t
ha
ne
ga
s
e
m
i
s
s
i
ons
us
i
ng
m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
t
e
c
hni
que
s
.
‒
LR
‒
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
ne
ur
a
l
ne
t
w
or
ks
(
A
N
N
)
‒
S
uppor
t
ve
c
t
or
r
e
gr
e
s
s
i
on
(
S
V
R
)
T
he
L
R
m
ode
l
ha
s
gr
e
a
t
e
r
pr
e
di
c
t
i
on
s
uc
c
e
s
s
w
i
t
h
2
of
94.9%
.
[
34]
U
s
a
bi
l
i
t
y
e
va
l
ua
t
i
on
of
A
I
m
ode
l
s
f
or
f
l
ood
f
or
e
c
a
s
t
i
ng
i
n
t
he
c
ont
e
xt
of
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
c
ha
nge
s
.
‒
S
V
M
‒
B
P
N
N
‒
I
nt
e
gr
a
t
i
on of
P
S
O
-
S
V
M
.
M
ode
l
s
T
he
P
S
O
-
S
V
M
hybr
i
d
m
ode
l
ha
s
s
upe
r
i
or
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
w
i
t
h
r
oot
m
e
a
n
s
qua
r
e
e
r
r
or
(
R
M
S
E
-
0.04962
)
a
nd
N
a
s
h s
ut
c
l
i
f
f
e
c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
(
N
S
E
-
0.99334
)
c
om
pa
r
e
d t
o ot
he
r
m
ode
l
s
.
[
48]
P
r
e
di
c
t
gr
e
e
nhous
e
ga
s
e
m
i
s
s
i
ons
ge
ne
r
a
t
e
d
by
r
oa
d
t
r
a
ns
por
t
o
f
pa
s
s
e
ng
e
r
s
a
nd goods
i
n
C
a
na
da
.
‒
M
ul
t
i
pl
e
l
i
ne
a
r
r
e
gr
e
s
s
i
on
‒
M
ul
t
i
nom
i
a
l
l
ogi
s
t
i
c
r
e
gr
e
s
s
i
on
‒
D
e
c
i
s
i
on t
r
e
e
‒
N
e
ur
a
l
ne
t
w
or
k (
N
N
)
‒
M
ul
t
i
l
a
ye
r
pe
r
c
e
pt
r
on
(
M
L
P
)
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
T
he
ne
ur
a
l
ne
t
w
or
k
w
i
t
h
a
n
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
m
ul
t
i
l
a
ye
r
pe
r
c
e
pt
r
on
m
ode
l
e
xhi
bi
t
e
d
s
upe
r
i
or
pr
e
di
c
t
i
ve
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
c
om
pa
r
e
d
t
o
ot
he
r
m
ode
l
s
.
[
49]
P
r
e
di
c
t
dr
ought
c
ondi
t
i
ons
i
n
t
he
W
a
di
M
i
na
ba
s
i
n i
n A
l
ge
r
i
a
.
‒
E
L
M
‒
W
a
ve
l
e
t
-
ba
s
e
d E
L
M
(
W
-
E
L
M
)
B
e
t
t
e
r
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
w
i
t
h
W
-
E
L
M
:
a
ve
r
a
ge
c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
of
de
t
e
r
m
i
na
t
i
on=0.74,
m
e
a
n
s
qua
r
e
e
r
r
or
=0.36,
a
nd
m
e
a
n
a
b
s
ol
ut
e
e
r
r
or
=0.43.
[
18]
E
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
gr
e
e
nhous
e
ga
s
e
m
i
s
s
i
ons
i
n
S
a
udi
A
r
a
bi
a
us
i
ng
A
I
ba
s
e
d m
ode
l
s
.
‒
B
a
gge
d
de
c
i
s
i
on t
r
e
e
‒
B
oos
t
e
d
de
c
i
s
i
on t
r
e
e
‒
G
r
a
di
e
nt
boos
t
e
d de
c
i
s
i
on t
r
e
e
B
e
t
t
e
r
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
w
i
t
h
B
a
gge
d
de
c
i
s
i
on
t
r
e
e
:
hi
ghe
r
2
i
n
t
e
s
t
(
0.90)
,
l
ow
e
r
m
e
a
n
s
qua
r
e
e
r
r
or
(
0.84
G
t
C
O
2e
)
,
a
nd
m
e
a
n
a
b
s
ol
ut
e
pe
r
c
e
nt
a
ge
e
r
r
or
(
0.29 G
t
C
O
2e
)
.
[
50]
P
r
e
di
c
t
s
ol
a
r
e
ne
r
gy
pr
oduc
t
i
on
i
n
M
or
oc
c
o
us
i
ng
da
i
l
y
da
t
a
f
r
om
a
s
ol
a
r
pow
e
r
pl
a
nt
t
ha
t
he
l
ps
m
i
t
i
ga
t
e
t
he
i
m
pa
c
t
s
of
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
c
ha
nge
t
hr
ough
t
he
r
e
duc
t
i
on
of
c
a
r
bon e
m
i
s
s
i
ons
.
‒
S
V
R
‒
ANN
‒
D
e
c
i
s
i
on
t
r
e
e
(
D
T
)
‒
R
a
ndom
f
or
e
s
t
(
R
F
)
‒
G
e
ne
r
a
l
i
z
e
d
a
ddi
t
i
ve
m
ode
l
(
G
A
M
)
‒
E
xt
r
e
m
e
gr
a
di
e
nt
boos
t
i
ng
(
X
G
B
oos
t
)
T
he
A
N
N
m
ode
l
ha
s
t
he
be
s
t
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
w
i
t
h
a
hi
ghe
r
2
,
i
ndi
c
a
t
i
ng
hi
ghe
r
pr
e
di
c
t
i
on
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y.
T
he
va
r
ie
ty
of
A
I
te
c
hni
que
s
be
in
g
us
e
d
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
c
li
m
a
te
e
m
e
r
ge
nc
ie
s
r
e
f
le
c
ts
th
e
di
ve
r
s
it
y
of
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
w
e
f
a
c
e
in
th
e
f
ie
ld
.
F
r
om
pr
e
di
c
ti
ng
gr
e
e
nhous
e
ga
s
e
m
is
s
io
ns
to
a
na
ly
z
in
g
c
om
pl
e
x
in
te
r
a
c
ti
ons
be
twe
e
n
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
c
li
m
a
te
v
a
r
ia
bl
e
s
,
th
e
s
e
to
ol
s
of
f
e
r
a
pr
om
is
in
g
a
ppr
oa
c
h
to
und
e
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
a
nd
m
it
ig
a
ti
ng
th
e
im
pa
c
ts
of
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
n
g
e
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
it
is
im
por
ta
nt
to
e
m
pha
s
iz
e
th
a
t
th
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
n
e
s
s
of
th
e
s
e
te
c
hni
que
s
de
pe
nds
l
a
r
ge
ly
on
t
he
qua
li
ty
of
t
he
da
ta
u
s
e
d a
nd
t
he
a
bi
li
ty
t
o
t
r
a
ns
la
te
t
he
r
e
s
ul
ts
i
nt
o
c
onc
r
e
te
pol
ic
ie
s
a
nd
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
. F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
, t
he
r
e
i
s
a
ne
e
d f
or
c
ont
in
ue
d r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h a
nd r
e
f
in
e
m
e
nt
of
t
he
s
e
t
e
c
hni
que
s
t
o a
da
pt
t
o a
c
ons
ta
nt
ly
e
vol
vi
ng c
li
m
a
te
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
.
3.
4
.
R
Q
4:
W
h
at
ar
e
t
h
e
e
t
h
ic
al
c
h
al
le
n
ge
s
an
d
b
ia
s
e
s
as
s
oc
ia
t
e
d
w
it
h
u
s
in
g
AI
t
o
m
it
ig
at
e
c
li
m
at
e
c
h
an
ge
?
C
ur
r
e
nt
ly
de
pl
oye
d
A
I
s
ys
te
m
s
a
r
e
tr
a
in
e
d
on
da
ta
s
e
ts
th
a
t
a
r
e
s
us
c
e
pt
ib
le
to
bi
a
s
,
th
e
e
f
f
e
c
ts
of
w
hi
c
h
c
a
n
ha
ve
a
ne
ga
ti
ve
im
pa
c
t
in
s
e
ve
r
a
l
a
r
e
a
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
in
f
lu
e
nc
in
g
gove
r
nm
e
nt
pol
ic
ie
s
,
m
a
ki
ng
de
c
is
io
ns
c
onc
e
r
ni
ng
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
m
it
ig
a
ti
on
a
nd
a
d
a
pt
a
ti
on.
T
hi
s
s
c
e
n
a
r
io
c
oul
d
pot
e
nt
ia
ll
y
tr
ig
ge
r
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
e
ve
nt
s
th
a
t
a
lt
e
r
t
he
c
our
s
e
of
s
oc
ie
ty
[
51]
.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
, a
s
not
e
d i
n
[
5
2]
,
bi
a
s
e
s
c
a
n be
c
la
s
s
if
ie
d i
nt
o da
ta
bi
a
s
, l
a
c
k
of
t
r
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y, i
na
de
qu
a
te
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
ti
on, pote
nt
ia
l
uni
nt
e
nde
d
c
ons
e
qu
e
nc
e
s
,
a
nd
l
a
c
k of
e
th
ic
a
l
u
s
e
of
da
t
a
.
I
t
is
a
ls
o e
m
pha
s
i
z
e
d t
ha
t
r
e
s
ol
vi
ng t
he
s
e
e
th
ic
a
l
qua
nda
r
ie
s
a
nd
pos
s
ib
le
bi
a
s
e
s
e
nt
a
il
s
e
n
s
ur
in
g t
r
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y,
a
c
c
ount
a
bi
li
ty
,
a
nd
in
c
lu
s
iv
it
y
in
th
e
de
s
ig
n
a
nd
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on
of
AI
s
ys
te
m
s
.
T
hi
s
in
c
lu
de
s
e
ns
ur
in
g
di
ve
r
s
it
y,
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
ti
ve
ne
s
s
,
a
nd
th
e
e
li
m
in
a
ti
on
of
bi
a
s
in
th
e
da
ta
s
e
ts
us
e
d
to
tr
a
in
A
I
m
od
e
ls
,
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
c
onduc
ti
ng
pe
r
io
di
c
e
th
ic
a
l
r
e
vi
e
w
s
to
id
e
nt
if
y
pot
e
nt
ia
l
bi
a
s
e
s
or
uni
nt
e
nde
d
out
c
om
e
s
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
e
th
ic
a
l
a
nd l
e
ga
l
c
om
pl
ia
nc
e
m
us
t
b
e
e
ns
ur
e
d i
n t
he
u
s
e
of
s
e
n
s
it
iv
e
da
ta
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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:
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I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
,
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
1
-
1
1
8
I
n
th
is
c
ont
e
xt
,
e
s
pe
c
ia
ll
y
in
s
it
ua
ti
ons
of
e
th
ic
a
l
r
e
le
va
nc
e
,
it
i
s
c
r
uc
ia
l
th
a
t
e
th
ic
a
l
pr
in
c
ip
le
s
gui
de
AI
-
dr
iv
e
n
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
nd
de
v
e
lo
pm
e
nt
to
pr
om
ot
e
s
oc
i
a
l
a
nd
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
be
ne
f
it
s
a
nd
s
us
ta
in
a
bi
li
ty
.
T
hi
s
in
c
lu
de
s
pr
om
ot
in
g
w
e
ll
-
be
in
g
a
nd
a
voi
di
ng
a
ny
f
or
m
of
ha
r
m
f
or
a
ll
s
ta
ke
hol
de
r
s
[
5]
.
I
t
is
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
th
a
t
a
dva
nc
e
s
in
A
I
a
r
e
gove
r
ne
d
by
a
s
ound
e
th
ic
a
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
ove
r
s
ig
ht
a
nd
a
c
c
ount
a
bi
li
ty
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
s
m
us
t
be
e
s
ta
bl
is
he
d
to
e
ns
ur
e
th
a
t
th
e
s
e
e
th
ic
a
l
pr
in
c
ip
le
s
a
r
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
e
d
a
t
a
ll
s
ta
ge
s
of
A
I
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
a
nd
ut
il
iz
a
ti
on f
or
a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
ng
e
m
it
ig
a
ti
on. I
n t
hi
s
w
a
y, t
he
pos
it
iv
e
pot
e
nt
ia
l
of
AI
to
s
ol
ve
c
om
pl
e
x pr
obl
e
m
s
a
nd c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
t
o t
he
w
e
ll
-
be
in
g of
s
oc
ie
ty
a
s
a
w
hol
e
c
a
n be
m
a
xi
m
iz
e
d.
4.
D
I
S
C
U
S
S
I
O
N
T
hi
s
S
R
L
s
tu
dy
a
na
ly
z
e
d
th
e
r
ol
e
o
f
A
I
in
c
om
ba
ti
ng
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
,
f
oc
us
in
g
on
id
e
nt
if
yi
ng
A
I
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
to
m
it
ig
a
te
c
li
m
a
te
c
h
a
nge
,
im
pr
ove
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y,
a
nd
p
r
e
di
c
t
e
xt
r
e
m
e
w
e
a
th
e
r
e
ve
nt
s
.
I
t
a
ls
o
e
xpl
or
e
d
th
e
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
of
A
I
te
c
hni
que
s
to
m
it
ig
a
te
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
a
n
d
de
lv
e
d
in
to
th
e
e
th
ic
a
l
c
ha
ll
e
ng
e
s
a
nd
bi
a
s
e
s
th
a
t
a
r
is
e
w
he
n
us
in
g
A
I
in
th
is
c
ont
e
xt
.
W
hi
le
pr
e
vi
ous
S
R
L
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
ha
s
e
xpl
or
e
d
th
e
u
s
e
of
A
I
in
th
e
c
ont
e
xt
of
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
,
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
in
ur
ba
n
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
a
da
pt
a
ti
on
a
nd
pr
om
ot
in
g
e
n
vi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
s
us
ta
in
a
bi
li
ty
,
th
is
s
tu
dy
pr
ovi
de
s
a
br
oa
de
r
a
nd
m
or
e
de
ta
il
e
d
p
e
r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
o
n
it
s
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
in
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
m
it
ig
a
ti
on.
T
he
s
tu
dy'
s
f
in
di
ngs
s
how
th
a
t
A
I
is
be
in
g
us
e
d
in
va
r
io
us
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
,
f
r
om
c
li
m
a
te
f
or
e
c
a
s
ti
ng
a
nd
e
s
ti
m
a
ti
ng
gr
e
e
nhous
e
g
a
s
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
to
pr
e
di
c
ti
ng
e
xt
r
e
m
e
e
v
e
nt
s
s
uc
h
a
s
dr
oughts
a
nd
a
n
a
ly
z
in
g
r
a
in
f
a
ll
va
r
ia
bi
li
ty
.
A
I
a
ls
o
pl
a
ys
a
c
r
it
ic
a
l
r
ol
e
in
m
it
ig
a
ti
ng
e
xt
r
e
m
e
w
e
a
th
e
r
e
ve
nt
s
s
uc
h
a
s
dr
oughts
,
f
lo
ods
,
a
nd
s
now
m
e
lt
.
T
he
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on
of
th
e
s
e
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
is
ba
s
e
d
on
th
e
us
e
of
m
a
c
hi
ne
le
a
r
ni
ng
a
nd
de
e
p
le
a
r
ni
ng
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
,
in
c
lu
di
ng C
N
N
, L
R
, S
V
M
,
H
M
L
, a
nd othe
r
nov
e
l
te
c
hni
que
s
.
T
he
s
e
m
e
th
ods
h
a
ve
de
m
on
s
tr
a
te
d a
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
in
th
e
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
of
pr
e
di
c
ti
ng
m
e
te
or
ol
ogi
c
a
l
e
v
e
nt
s
,
a
ll
ow
in
g
f
or
m
or
e
a
c
c
ur
a
t
e
a
nt
ic
ip
a
ti
on
of
na
tu
r
a
l
di
s
a
s
te
r
s
a
nd
th
e
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
of
m
or
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
to
de
a
l
w
it
h
th
e
m
.
I
n
th
is
s
e
ns
e
,
A
I
im
pr
ove
s
th
e
r
e
s
pons
e
c
a
pa
c
it
y t
o
e
xt
r
e
m
e
w
e
a
th
e
r
e
ve
nt
s
;
i
t
a
ls
o
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
s
t
o
a
be
tt
e
r
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
a
nd ma
n
a
ge
m
e
nt
of
t
he
e
f
f
e
c
ts
of
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
, hi
ghl
ig
ht
in
g i
ts
i
m
por
ta
nc
e
i
n t
he
gl
oba
l
f
ig
ht
a
ga
in
s
t
th
is
pr
obl
e
m
.
W
he
n
c
om
pa
r
in
g
th
e
f
in
di
ngs
w
it
h
pr
e
vi
ou
s
S
R
L
s
tu
di
e
s
,
s
im
il
a
r
r
e
s
ul
ts
a
r
e
obs
e
r
ve
d,
hi
ghl
ig
ht
in
g,
a
s
in
th
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
tu
dy,
th
e
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
of
a
va
r
ie
ty
of
a
lg
or
it
h
m
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
de
c
is
io
n
tr
e
e
s
,
r
a
ndom
f
or
e
s
ts
,
a
nd
a
r
ti
f
ic
ia
l
ne
ur
a
l
ne
twor
ks
,
in
th
e
a
na
ly
s
is
of
c
li
m
a
te
e
ve
nt
s
s
uc
h
a
s
f
lo
ods
a
nd
la
nds
li
de
s
[
53]
.
T
he
s
e
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
a
r
e
of
te
n
us
e
d
in
a
jo
in
t
or
hybr
id
m
a
nne
r
to
im
p
r
ove
th
e
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
of
th
e
m
ode
ls
.
T
he
y
a
r
e
a
ls
o
us
e
d
in
c
li
m
a
te
s
im
ul
a
ti
on,
w
e
a
th
e
r
f
or
e
c
a
s
ti
ng,
a
nd
e
c
ol
ogi
c
a
l
m
oni
to
r
in
g
[
5
4]
.
A
s
w
e
ll
a
s
in
gr
e
e
nhous
e
ga
s
e
s
ti
m
a
ti
on,
pr
e
di
c
ti
on
of
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
c
ha
nge
s
,
dr
ought
pr
e
di
c
ti
on,
a
nd
s
no
w
m
e
lt
pr
e
di
c
ti
on.
id
e
nt
if
ie
d
in
th
is
s
tu
dy.
I
n
th
is
s
e
ns
e
,
th
e
a
dva
nt
a
g
e
s
a
nd
nove
lt
y
of
us
in
g
A
I
in
th
e
f
ig
ht
a
g
a
in
s
t
c
li
m
a
te
c
h
a
nge
r
e
ve
a
l
s
e
ve
r
a
l
pr
om
is
in
g
a
s
pe
c
ts
.
F
ir
s
t,
A
I
pr
ovi
de
s
a
dva
nc
e
d
to
ol
s
th
a
t
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
i
m
pr
ove
th
e
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
a
nd
pr
e
di
c
t
iv
e
pow
e
r
of
c
li
m
a
te
m
ode
ls
.
T
hi
s
a
ll
ow
s
s
c
i
e
nt
is
ts
a
nd
pol
ic
ym
a
ke
r
s
to
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
a
nt
ic
ip
a
te
a
nd
pl
a
n
r
e
s
pons
e
s
to
gr
e
e
nhous
e
ga
s
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
a
nd e
xt
r
e
m
e
e
ve
nt
s
s
uc
h a
s
f
lo
ods
a
n
d dr
oughts
, t
he
r
e
by r
e
duc
in
g ne
ga
ti
ve
i
m
pa
c
ts
on
c
om
m
uni
ti
e
s
a
nd
e
c
os
ys
te
m
s
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
th
e
us
e
of
m
a
c
hi
ne
le
a
r
ni
ng
a
nd
de
e
p
le
a
r
ni
ng
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
not
onl
y
opt
im
iz
e
s
th
e
a
na
ly
s
i
s
of
la
r
ge
vol
um
e
s
of
c
li
m
a
te
d
a
ta
but
a
ls
o
e
na
bl
e
s
th
e
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
in
te
gr
a
ti
on
of
m
ul
ti
pl
e
da
ta
s
our
c
e
s
.
T
hi
s
is
c
r
it
ic
a
l
f
or
e
c
ol
ogi
c
a
l
m
oni
to
r
in
g
a
nd
w
e
a
th
e
r
f
or
e
c
a
s
ti
ng,
a
r
e
a
s
w
he
r
e
th
e
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
a
nd
pr
oc
e
s
s
in
g powe
r
of
A
I
c
a
n m
a
ke
a
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
.
A
lt
hough
te
c
hnol
ogi
c
a
l
a
dva
nc
e
s
ha
ve
e
na
bl
e
d
m
or
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
in
te
gr
a
ti
on
of
A
I
in
to
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
nd
m
it
ig
a
ti
on,
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
c
ha
ll
e
ng
e
s
r
e
m
a
in
.
T
he
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
tu
dy
id
e
nt
if
ie
d
e
th
ic
a
l
a
nd
bi
a
s
i
s
s
ue
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
d
a
ta
bi
a
s
,
la
c
k
of
tr
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y,
a
nd
in
a
d
e
qua
te
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
nt
a
ti
on,
th
a
t
r
e
qui
r
e
c
ont
in
ue
d
a
tt
e
nt
io
n.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
s
tu
di
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
[
55]
unde
r
s
c
or
e
s
f
ur
th
e
r
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
a
n
e
xc
e
s
s
iv
e
d
e
pe
nde
nc
e
on
hi
s
to
r
ic
a
l
da
ta
,
unpr
e
di
c
t
a
bl
e
hum
a
n
r
e
a
c
ti
ons
to
A
I
-
dr
iv
e
n
in
te
r
ve
nt
io
ns
,
he
ig
ht
e
ne
d
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
it
y
th
r
e
a
ts
,
ne
ga
ti
ve
c
ons
e
que
nc
e
s
of
A
I
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
ons
,
a
nd
c
ha
ll
e
ng
e
s
in
a
s
s
e
s
s
in
g
th
e
o
ut
c
om
e
s
of
in
te
r
ve
nt
io
n
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
.
T
o
a
ddr
e
s
s
th
e
s
e
c
ha
ll
e
ng
e
s
,
f
os
te
r
in
g
in
te
r
na
ti
ona
l
c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
on
a
nd
knowle
dge
s
ha
r
in
g,
a
s
s
ugge
s
te
d
in
[
56]
is
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
to
f
ul
ly
e
xpl
oi
t
A
I
c
a
pa
bi
li
ti
e
s
i
n
c
li
m
a
te
a
da
pt
a
ti
on.
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
a
nd
gl
oba
l
c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
on c
a
n a
c
c
e
le
r
a
te
t
he
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on of
A
I
-
ba
s
e
d s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
, e
n
s
ur
in
g t
ha
t
be
s
t
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
a
nd
th
e
l
a
te
s
t
in
nova
ti
ons
a
r
e
a
v
a
il
a
bl
e
gl
oba
ll
y.
O
n
th
e
ot
he
r
ha
nd,
i
t
i
s
im
por
ta
nt
to
c
ons
id
e
r
th
e
c
ons
tr
a
in
ts
of
th
is
s
tu
dy
w
he
n
in
te
r
pr
e
ti
ng
th
e
f
in
di
ngs
.
T
he
in
c
lu
s
io
n
of
s
our
c
e
s
publ
i
s
he
d
e
x
c
lu
s
iv
e
ly
b
e
twe
e
n
2018
a
nd
2023
m
a
y
ha
ve
m
is
s
e
d
m
or
e
r
e
c
e
nt
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
s
th
a
t
c
oul
d
a
f
f
e
c
t
th
e
r
ol
e
of
A
I
in
a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
th
e
li
m
it
a
ti
on
on
jo
ur
na
l
a
r
ti
c
le
s
a
nd
ope
n
-
a
c
c
e
s
s
s
our
c
e
s
m
a
y
ha
ve
e
x
c
lu
de
d
r
e
le
va
nt
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
c
ont
a
in
e
d
in
ot
he
r
ty
pe
s
of
doc
um
e
nt
s
a
nd
pa
id
-
f
or
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
.
A
lt
hough
va
r
io
us
da
ta
b
a
s
e
s
w
e
r
e
us
e
d,
it
is
im
por
ta
nt
to
r
e
c
ogni
z
e
th
a
t
ot
he
r
s
our
c
e
s
m
a
y
not
h
a
ve
be
e
n
c
on
s
id
e
r
e
d,
w
hi
c
h
c
oul
d
a
f
f
e
c
t
th
e
c
o
m
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
ne
s
s
of
th
e
r
e
vi
e
w
.
I
n
f
or
th
c
om
in
g
in
ve
s
ti
ga
ti
ons
,
it
is
s
ugge
s
te
d
to
e
xpa
nd
th
e
e
xpl
or
a
ti
on
of
th
e
im
pa
c
t
of
AI
on
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
m
it
ig
a
ti
on
by
in
c
or
por
a
ti
ng mor
e
r
e
c
e
nt
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
a
nd a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g t
he
a
s
s
oc
i
a
te
d e
th
ic
a
l
a
nd bia
s
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
.
F
in
a
ll
y,
th
e
obs
e
r
va
ti
ons
s
ugge
s
t
th
a
t
A
I
pl
a
ys
a
c
r
uc
ia
l
r
ol
e
in
c
om
ba
ti
ng
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
th
r
ough
th
e
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
of
va
r
io
us
to
ol
s
a
nd
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
.
T
he
s
e
to
ol
s
a
ll
ow
f
or
im
pr
ove
d
a
na
ly
s
is
of
va
r
io
us
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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T
he
c
r
uc
ia
l
r
ol
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of
a
r
ti
fi
c
ia
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in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
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i
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s
s
in
g c
li
m
at
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c
hange
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(
L
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r
ia
no A
ndr
ade
-
A
r
e
na
s
)
9
e
ve
nt
s
,
c
ont
r
ib
ut
in
g
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
to
th
e
pr
e
di
c
ti
on
a
nd
m
it
ig
a
ti
on
of
e
ve
nt
s
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
im
por
ta
nt
e
th
ic
a
l
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
a
r
e
a
l
s
o
id
e
nt
if
ie
d
th
a
t
r
e
qui
r
e
c
ont
in
ue
d
a
nd
c
a
r
e
f
ul
a
tt
e
nt
io
n.
I
nt
e
r
na
ti
ona
l
c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
on
a
nd
knowle
dge
s
ha
r
in
g
a
r
e
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
to
ove
r
c
o
m
e
th
e
s
e
obs
ta
c
l
e
s
a
nd
m
a
xi
m
iz
e
th
e
be
ne
f
it
s
of
A
I
in
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
a
da
pt
a
ti
on a
nd mi
ti
ga
ti
on on a
gl
oba
l
s
c
a
l
e
.
5.
C
O
N
C
L
U
S
I
O
N
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy'
s
obs
e
r
va
ti
ons
on
th
e
r
ol
e
of
A
I
in
c
li
m
a
t
e
c
ha
ng
e
m
it
ig
a
ti
on
hi
ghl
ig
ht
it
s
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
us
e
in
s
e
ve
r
a
l
ke
y
a
r
e
a
s
.
F
r
om
a
c
c
ur
a
te
ly
pr
e
di
c
ti
ng
e
xt
r
e
m
e
w
e
a
th
e
r
e
ve
nt
s
to
opt
im
iz
in
g
gr
e
e
nhous
e
ga
s
m
it
ig
a
ti
on
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
,
A
I
ha
s
pr
ove
n
to
be
a
c
r
it
ic
a
l
to
ol
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on
to
im
pr
ovi
ng
th
e
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
of
c
li
m
a
te
pr
e
di
c
ti
ons
,
A
I
in
tr
oduc
e
s
in
nova
ti
ve
te
c
hni
que
s
s
uc
h
a
s
H
M
L
m
ode
ls
a
nd
di
ve
r
s
e
m
e
th
odol
ogi
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
r
a
ndom
f
or
e
s
ts
,
a
nd
a
r
ti
f
ic
ia
l
ne
ur
a
l
ne
twor
ks
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
th
e
s
tu
dy
a
ls
o
id
e
nt
if
ie
s
e
th
ic
a
l
a
nd
te
c
hni
c
a
l
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
da
ta
bi
a
s
a
nd
a
la
c
k
of
tr
a
ns
p
a
r
e
nc
y,
th
a
t
r
e
qui
r
e
c
ont
in
ue
d
a
tt
e
nt
io
n.
T
he
f
unda
m
e
nt
a
l
im
por
ta
nc
e
of
th
e
s
e
f
in
di
ngs
li
e
s
in
th
e
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
a
ti
ve
pot
e
nt
i
a
l
th
a
t
A
I
c
a
n
ha
ve
in
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
a
nd
a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g
c
li
m
a
t
e
c
ha
ng
e
.
U
s
in
g
A
I
in
a
n
e
th
ic
a
l
a
nd
th
oughtf
ul
w
a
y
c
a
n
s
tr
e
ngt
he
n
m
it
ig
a
ti
on
a
nd
a
da
pt
a
ti
on
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
a
nd
im
pr
ove
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
of
c
om
pl
e
x
c
li
m
a
te
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
F
ut
ur
e
w
or
k
is
s
ugge
s
te
d
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
a
nd
m
it
ig
a
te
th
e
e
th
ic
a
l
a
nd
te
c
hni
c
a
l
bi
a
s
e
s
a
s
s
oc
ia
t
e
d
w
it
h
th
e
us
e
of
A
I
in
th
e
c
ont
e
xt
of
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
,
w
it
h
th
e
goa
l
of
e
s
ta
bl
is
hi
ng mor
e
t
r
a
ns
pa
r
e
nt
, e
qui
ta
bl
e
, a
nd r
e
s
pons
ib
le
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
i
n
it
s
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on. I
n a
ddi
ti
on, i
t
s
houl
d
be
e
xpl
or
e
d
how
A
I
c
a
n
f
a
c
il
it
a
te
in
te
r
na
ti
ona
l
c
oop
e
r
a
ti
on
a
nd
c
oor
di
na
ti
on
of
e
f
f
or
ts
to
im
pr
ove
th
e
s
ha
r
in
g
of
da
ta
a
nd
knowle
dge
be
twe
e
n
c
ount
r
ie
s
a
nd
r
e
gi
o
ns
,
th
e
r
e
by
pr
om
ot
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
a
nd
c
oor
di
na
te
d r
e
s
pons
e
t
o gl
oba
l
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
.
R
E
F
E
R
E
N
C
E
S
[
1]
V.
-
P
.
H
oa
ng,
M
.
-
H
.
N
guye
n,
T
.
Q
.
D
o,
D
.
-
N
.
L
e
,
a
nd
D
.
D
.
B
ui
,
“
A
l
ong
r
a
ng
e
,
e
ne
r
gy
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
i
nt
e
r
ne
t
of
t
hi
ngs
ba
s
e
d
dr
ought
m
oni
t
or
i
ng
s
ys
t
e
m
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
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J
our
nal
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E
l
e
c
t
r
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c
al
and
C
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r
E
ngi
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a
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na
l
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s
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r
e
l
a
t
i
on
be
t
w
e
e
n
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
c
ha
nge
a
nd
hum
a
n
he
a
l
t
h
ba
s
e
d
on
a
m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng a
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oa
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h,”
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e
al
t
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K
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Y
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M
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c
o
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ys
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e
m
h
e
a
l
t
h
t
hr
ough
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
:
a
s
us
t
a
i
na
bl
e
a
ppr
oa
c
h,”
N
at
ur
al
R
e
s
ou
r
c
e
s
and Sus
t
ai
nabl
e
D
e
v
e
l
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nt
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S
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a
r
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a
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V
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K
ha
nde
ka
r
,
“
H
ow
t
o t
a
c
kl
e
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
c
ha
nge
us
i
ng
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
,”
i
n
2021
12t
h
I
n
t
e
r
nat
i
onal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on
C
om
put
i
ng
C
om
m
uni
c
at
i
on
and
N
e
t
w
or
k
i
ng
T
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
(
I
C
C
C
N
T
)
,
K
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a
gpur
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I
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E
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H
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nn,
G
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H
e
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m
a
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J
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C
.
T
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m
bl
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y,
“
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t
hi
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a
l
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
ge
n
c
e
i
n
c
he
m
i
c
a
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
nd
de
ve
l
opm
e
nt
:
a
dua
l
a
dva
nt
a
ge
f
or
s
us
t
a
i
na
bi
l
i
t
y,”
Sc
i
e
nc
e
and E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng E
t
hi
c
s
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T
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D
ha
r
,
B
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S
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R
a
w
a
t
,
S
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P
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nde
v,
V
.
P
a
c
hour
i
,
a
nd
A
.
K
a
t
hur
i
a
,
“
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
i
n
c
ont
e
ndi
ng
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
c
ha
nge
t
o
a
c
hi
e
v
e
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
j
us
t
i
c
e
,”
i
n
2023
3r
d
I
n
t
e
r
nat
i
onal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on
P
e
r
v
as
i
v
e
C
om
put
i
ng
and
Soc
i
al
N
e
t
w
or
k
i
ng
(
I
C
P
C
SN
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J
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A
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K
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r
i
ya
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B
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D
e
va
r
a
j
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n,
A
.
A
l
a
gum
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l
a
i
,
a
nd
H
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S
ong,
“
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
e
na
bl
e
d
c
a
r
bon
c
a
pt
ur
e
:
a
r
e
vi
e
w
,”
Sc
i
e
nc
e
of
T
he
T
ot
al
E
nv
i
r
onm
e
nt
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H
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L
v,
B
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S
hi
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N
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L
i
,
a
nd
R
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K
a
ng,
“
I
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nt
m
a
nuf
a
c
t
ur
i
ng
a
nd
c
a
r
bon
e
m
i
s
s
i
ons
r
e
duc
t
i
on:
e
vi
de
nc
e
f
r
om
t
he
us
e
of
i
ndus
t
r
i
a
l
r
obot
s
i
n
C
hi
na
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
E
nv
i
r
onm
e
nt
al
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
and
P
ubl
i
c
H
e
al
t
h
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Z
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Z
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Z
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ki
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a
s
ka
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H
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I
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T
e
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“
A
s
ys
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
r
e
vi
e
w
of
a
ut
om
a
t
i
c
ont
ol
ogy
c
ons
t
r
uc
t
i
on,”
I
ndone
s
i
an
J
our
nal
of
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
al
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng and C
om
put
e
r
Sc
i
e
nc
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E
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M
oha
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d
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I
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R
a
dw
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n,
“
T
r
a
f
f
i
c
l
i
ght
c
ont
r
ol
de
s
i
gn
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
:
a
s
ys
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
r
e
vi
e
w
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
ou
r
nal
of
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
al
and
C
om
put
e
r
E
ngi
ne
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r
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J
E
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A
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S
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A
hm
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d,
a
nd
W
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A
.
W
.
A
dna
n,
“
I
ns
i
ght
on
f
a
c
e
l
i
ve
ne
s
s
de
t
e
c
t
i
on:
a
s
ys
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
r
e
vi
e
w
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
al
and
C
om
put
e
r
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng
(
I
J
E
C
E
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R
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V
e
l
a
r
de
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C
e
l
i
s
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.
A
r
i
a
s
, a
nd L
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.
-
A
r
e
na
s
, “
A
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
r
e
vi
e
w
of
t
he
s
t
a
t
e
of
c
om
put
e
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
i
n t
he
he
a
l
t
h
s
e
c
t
or
,”
B
ul
l
e
t
i
n of
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
al
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng and I
nf
or
m
at
i
c
s
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–
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c
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S
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I
br
a
hi
m
,
I
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i
e
da
n,
a
nd
A
.
A
hm
e
d,
“
S
t
udy
of
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
c
ha
nge
de
t
e
c
t
i
on
i
n
nor
t
h
-
e
a
s
t
a
f
r
i
c
a
us
i
ng
m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
a
nd
s
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
e
da
t
a
,”
I
E
E
E
J
our
nal
of
Se
l
e
c
t
e
d
T
opi
c
s
i
n
A
ppl
i
e
d
E
ar
t
h
O
bs
e
r
v
at
i
ons
and
R
e
m
ot
e
Se
ns
i
ng
,
vol
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T
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pont
oni
e
t
al
.
, “
E
va
l
ua
t
i
on a
nd m
ode
l
l
i
ng of
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
e
va
pot
r
a
ns
pi
r
a
t
i
on us
i
ng di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng t
e
c
hni
que
s
f
or
a
br
a
z
i
l
i
a
n t
r
opi
c
a
l
s
a
va
nna
,”
A
gr
onom
y
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I
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A
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hr
a
f
,
F
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R
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M
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C
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P
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A
.
B
our
que
,
a
nd
D
.
A
.
M
a
c
L
e
a
n,
“
A
nove
l
m
ode
l
l
i
ng
a
ppr
oa
c
h
f
or
pr
e
di
c
t
i
ng
f
or
e
s
t
gr
ow
t
h
a
nd
yi
e
l
d unde
r
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
c
ha
nge
,”
P
L
O
S O
N
E
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ul
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A
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a
m
a
l
i
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a
hdi
a
npa
r
i
, F
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oha
m
m
a
di
m
a
ne
s
h, B
. B
r
i
s
c
o, a
nd B
. S
a
l
e
hi
, “
A
s
yne
r
gi
c
us
e
of
s
e
nt
i
ne
l
-
1 a
nd
s
e
nt
i
ne
l
-
2 i
m
a
ge
r
y
f
or
c
om
pl
e
x
w
e
t
l
a
nd
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
us
i
ng
ge
ne
r
a
t
i
ve
a
dve
r
s
a
r
i
a
l
ne
t
w
or
k
(
G
A
N
)
s
c
he
m
e
,”
W
at
e
r
,
vol
.
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no.
24,
D
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c
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2021,
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H.
-
T
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ha
m
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.
-
Q
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guye
n, K
.
-
P
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e
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.
-
P
.
T
r
a
n, a
nd N
.
-
T
. H
a
, “
A
ut
om
a
t
e
d m
a
ppi
ng of
w
e
t
l
a
nd e
c
os
ys
t
e
m
s
:
a
s
t
udy us
i
ng googl
e
e
a
r
t
h
e
ngi
ne
a
nd
m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
f
or
l
ot
us
m
a
ppi
ng
i
n
C
e
nt
r
a
l
V
i
e
t
na
m
,”
W
at
e
r
,
vol
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no.
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M
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M
.
R
a
hm
a
n
e
t
al
.
,
“
D
e
c
i
s
i
on
t
r
e
e
-
ba
s
e
d
e
ns
e
m
bl
e
m
ode
l
f
or
pr
e
di
c
t
i
ng
na
t
i
ona
l
gr
e
e
nhous
e
g
a
s
e
m
i
s
s
i
on
s
i
n
S
a
udi
A
r
a
bi
a
,
”
A
ppl
i
e
d Sc
i
e
nc
e
s
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Y
. C
he
n a
nd S
. J
i
n, “
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
a
nd c
a
r
bon
e
m
i
s
s
i
ons
i
n m
a
nuf
a
c
t
ur
i
ng f
i
r
m
s
:
t
he
m
ode
r
a
t
i
ng
r
ol
e
of
gr
e
e
n i
nnova
t
i
on,”
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
,
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
1
-
1
1
10
P
r
oc
e
s
s
e
s
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R
.
Z
hu,
L
.
Y
a
ng,
T
.
L
i
u,
X
.
W
e
n,
L
.
Z
ha
ng,
a
nd
Y
.
C
ha
ng,
“
H
ydr
ol
ogi
c
a
l
r
e
s
p
ons
e
s
t
o
t
he
f
ut
ur
e
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
c
ha
ng
e
i
n
a
da
t
a
s
c
a
r
c
e
r
e
gi
on, N
or
t
hw
e
s
t
C
hi
na
:
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on of
m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
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hm
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uni
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s
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D
e
e
p l
e
a
r
ni
ng
-
ba
s
e
d e
s
t
i
m
a
t
i
on of
P
V
pow
e
r
pl
a
nt
pot
e
nt
i
a
l
unde
r
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
c
ha
nge
:
a
c
a
s
e
s
t
udy of
E
l
A
ka
r
i
t
, T
uni
s
i
a
,”
E
ne
r
gy
, Sus
t
ai
nabi
l
i
t
y
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t
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.
T
.
A
be
be
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nd
D
.
E
nda
l
i
e
,
“
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
m
ode
l
s
f
o
r
pr
e
di
c
t
i
o
n
of
m
ont
hl
y
r
a
i
nf
a
l
l
w
i
t
hout
c
l
i
m
a
t
i
c
da
t
a
f
or
m
e
t
e
or
ol
ogi
c
a
l
s
t
a
t
i
ons
i
n E
t
hi
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,”
J
our
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i
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at
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T
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I
s
e
a
nd
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O
ba
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“
F
or
e
c
a
s
t
i
ng
c
l
i
m
a
t
i
c
t
r
e
nds
us
i
ng
ne
ur
a
l
ne
t
w
or
ks
:
a
n
e
xpe
r
i
m
e
nt
a
l
s
t
udy
us
i
ng
gl
oba
l
hi
s
t
or
i
c
a
l
da
t
a
,”
F
r
ont
i
e
r
s
i
n R
obot
i
c
s
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A
.
A
l
s
um
a
yt
,
N
.
E
l
-
H
a
gga
r
,
L
.
A
m
our
i
,
Z
.
M
.
A
l
f
a
w
a
e
r
,
a
nd
S
.
S
.
A
l
j
a
m
e
e
l
,
“
S
m
a
r
t
f
l
ood
de
t
e
c
t
i
on
w
i
t
h
A
I
a
nd
bl
oc
kc
ha
i
n
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
i
on i
n S
a
udi
A
r
a
bi
a
us
i
ng dr
one
s
,”
Se
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s
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,
M
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okonuz
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a
m
a
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S
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C
.
S
a
r
ke
r
,
E
.
A
l
a
m
,
M
.
K
.
I
s
l
a
m
,
a
nd
A
.
R
.
M
.
T
.
I
s
l
a
m
,
“
S
pa
t
i
ot
e
m
por
a
l
a
na
l
ys
i
s
a
n
d
pr
e
di
c
t
i
ng
r
a
i
nf
a
l
l
t
r
e
nds
i
n
a
t
r
opi
c
a
l
m
ons
oon
-
dom
i
na
t
e
d
c
ount
r
y
us
i
ng
M
A
K
E
S
E
N
S
a
nd
m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
t
e
c
hni
que
s
,”
Sc
i
e
nt
i
f
i
c
R
e
por
t
s
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Y
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L
i
u,
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H
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W
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ng,
L
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B
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Y
a
ng,
a
nd
X
.
M
.
L
i
u,
“
D
r
ought
pr
e
di
c
t
i
on
ba
s
e
d
o
n
a
n
i
m
pr
ove
d
V
M
D
-
OS
-
QR
-
E
L
M
m
ode
l
,”
P
L
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S
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N
E
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Z
ha
ng
e
t
al
.
,
“
D
r
ought
s
a
c
r
os
s
C
hi
na
:
dr
ought
f
a
c
t
or
s
,
pr
e
di
c
t
i
on
a
nd
i
m
pa
c
t
s
,”
Sc
i
e
nc
e
of
T
he
T
ot
al
E
nv
i
r
onm
e
nt
,
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i
e
,
X
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Y
a
n
g,
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X
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J
i
n
g,
“
C
om
pa
r
i
s
o
n
o
f
h
yb
r
i
d
m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
m
o
de
l
s
t
o
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
s
ho
r
t
-
t
e
r
m
m
e
t
e
o
r
o
l
og
i
c
a
l
d
r
o
ugh
t
i
n
G
ua
nz
ho
ng
r
e
gi
on
, C
h
i
n
a
,”
W
at
e
r
Sc
i
e
n
c
e
&
T
e
c
hno
l
o
gy
,
vo
l
.
8
7,
no
. 1
1,
pp
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6
–
2
775
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M
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.
H
a
m
e
e
d, S
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F
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R
a
z
a
l
i
,
W
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.
M
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.
M
oht
a
r
, N
.
A
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a
hm
a
n, a
nd
Z
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. Y
a
s
e
e
n, “
M
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng m
ode
l
s
de
ve
l
opm
e
n
t
f
or
a
c
c
ur
a
t
e
m
ul
t
i
-
m
ont
hs
a
he
a
d
dr
ought
f
or
e
c
a
s
t
i
ng:
c
a
s
e
s
t
udy
of
t
he
G
r
e
a
t
L
a
ke
s
, N
or
t
h
A
m
e
r
i
c
a
,”
P
L
O
S O
N
E
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M
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M
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H
a
m
e
e
d,
S
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F
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M
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R
a
z
a
l
i
,
W
.
H
.
M
.
W
.
M
oht
a
r
,
M
.
O
.
A
.
A
l
s
a
yd
a
l
a
ni
,
a
nd
Z
.
M
.
Y
a
s
e
e
n,
“
D
e
e
p
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
ve
r
s
u
s
hybr
i
d
r
e
gul
a
r
i
z
e
d
e
xt
r
e
m
e
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
m
a
c
hi
ne
f
o
r
m
ul
t
i
-
m
ont
h
dr
ough
t
f
or
e
c
a
s
t
i
ng:
A
c
om
pa
r
a
t
i
ve
s
t
udy
a
nd
t
r
e
nd
a
na
l
ys
i
s
i
n
t
r
opi
c
a
l
r
e
gi
on,”
H
e
l
i
y
on
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a
n. 2024, doi
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R
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R
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udr
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a
nd
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K
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r
ka
r
,
“
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
ne
ur
a
l
ne
t
w
or
k
f
o
r
f
l
ood
s
us
c
e
pt
i
bi
l
i
t
y
m
a
ppi
ng
i
n
B
a
ngl
a
de
s
h,”
H
e
l
i
y
on
,
vol
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El
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M
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gd,
A
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a
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H
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I
.
F
a
r
ha
t
,
“
H
ybr
i
d
-
ba
s
e
d
B
a
ye
s
i
a
n
a
l
gor
i
t
hm
a
nd
hydr
ol
ogi
c
i
ndi
c
e
s
f
or
f
l
a
s
h
f
l
ood
vul
ne
r
a
bi
l
i
t
y
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
i
n
c
oa
s
t
a
l
r
e
gi
ons
:
m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng,
r
i
s
k
pr
e
di
c
t
i
on,
a
nd
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
i
m
pa
c
t
,”
E
nv
i
r
onm
e
nt
al
Sc
i
e
nc
e
and P
ol
l
ut
i
on R
e
s
e
ar
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h
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N
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M
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G
ha
r
a
kh
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nl
ou
a
nd
L
.
P
e
r
e
z
,
“
S
pa
t
i
a
l
pr
e
di
c
t
i
on
of
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
nd
f
ut
ur
e
f
l
ood
s
us
c
e
pt
i
bi
l
i
t
y:
e
xa
m
i
ni
ng
t
he
i
m
pl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
o
f
c
ha
ngi
ng
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
s
on
f
l
ood
s
us
c
e
pt
i
bi
l
i
t
y
us
i
ng
m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
m
ode
l
s
,”
E
nt
r
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S
a
m
a
nt
a
r
a
y,
A
.
S
a
hoo,
a
nd
A
.
A
gni
hot
r
i
,
“
P
r
e
di
c
t
i
on
of
f
l
ood
di
s
c
ha
r
ge
u
s
i
ng
hybr
i
d
P
S
O
-
S
V
M
a
l
gor
i
t
hm
i
n
B
a
r
a
k
R
i
ve
r
B
a
s
i
n,”
M
e
t
hods
X
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d
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ge
l
a
,
Y
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B
oc
k,
E
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M
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c
i
o,
E
.
L
uha
ng
a
,
J
.
L
e
o,
a
nd
E
.
M
a
nne
ns
,
“
A
m
ul
t
i
-
m
oda
l
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
s
e
ns
or
s
ys
t
e
m
f
or
r
i
ve
r
m
oni
t
or
i
ng:
a
c
a
s
e
f
or
ki
kul
e
t
w
a
r
i
ve
r
f
l
oods
i
n T
a
nz
a
ni
a
,”
Se
ns
or
s
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F
a
r
a
hm
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nd,
Y
.
X
u,
a
nd
A
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M
os
t
a
f
a
vi
,
“
A
s
pa
t
i
a
l
–
t
e
m
por
a
l
gr
a
ph
de
e
p
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
m
ode
l
f
or
ur
ba
n
f
l
ood
now
c
a
s
t
i
ng
l
e
ve
r
a
gi
ng
he
t
e
r
oge
ne
ous
c
om
m
uni
t
y f
e
a
t
ur
e
s
,”
Sc
i
e
nt
i
f
i
c
R
e
por
t
s
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B
ol
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ba
r
,
A
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a
ba
t
e
l
,
I
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G
out
t
e
vi
n,
H
.
Z
e
kol
l
a
r
i
,
a
nd
C
.
G
a
l
i
e
z
,
“
N
onl
i
ne
a
r
s
e
ns
i
t
i
vi
t
y
of
gl
a
c
i
e
r
m
a
s
s
ba
l
a
nc
e
t
o
f
ut
ur
e
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
c
ha
nge
unve
i
l
e
d by de
e
p l
e
a
r
ni
ng,”
N
at
ur
e
C
o
m
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
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ki
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M
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P
ę
t
l
i
c
ki
,
A
.
F
e
r
ná
nde
z
,
R
.
U
r
r
ut
i
a
,
a
nd
C
.
K
i
nna
r
d,
“
E
va
l
ua
t
i
ng
t
he
i
m
pa
c
t
of
t
he
c
e
nt
r
a
l
c
hi
l
e
m
e
ga
dr
ought
on
de
br
i
s
c
ove
r
,
br
oa
dba
nd
a
l
be
do,
a
nd
s
ur
f
a
c
e
dr
a
i
na
ge
s
ys
t
e
m
of
a
dr
y
a
nde
s
gl
a
c
i
e
r
,”
Sc
i
e
nc
e
of
T
he
T
ot
al
E
nv
i
r
onm
e
nt
,
vol
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e
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c
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P
. V
.
K
a
t
w
yk, B
. F
ox‐
K
e
m
pe
r
, H
. S
e
r
ous
s
i
, S
. N
ow
i
c
ki
, a
nd K
.
J
. B
e
r
ge
n, “
A
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
ona
l
L
S
T
M
e
m
ul
a
t
or
of
s
e
a
l
e
ve
l
c
ont
r
i
but
i
on
f
r
om
t
he
a
nt
a
r
c
t
i
c
i
c
e
s
he
e
t
,”
J
our
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A
dv
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M
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E
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Sy
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A
c
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p
a
r
a
t
i
ve
a
na
l
ys
i
s
of
m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
t
e
c
hni
que
s
f
or
na
t
i
ona
l
gl
a
c
i
e
r
m
a
ppi
ng:
e
va
l
ua
t
i
ng pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
t
hr
ough s
pa
t
i
a
l
c
r
os
s
-
va
l
i
da
t
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on i
n P
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“
M
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s
ur
i
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gl
a
c
i
e
r
c
ha
nge
s
i
n
t
he
T
i
a
ns
ha
n
M
ount
a
i
n
s
ove
r
t
he
p
a
s
t
20
y
e
a
r
s
u
s
i
ng
googl
e
e
a
r
t
h
e
ngi
ne
a
nd
m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
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ng,”
J
our
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e
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Sc
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V
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S
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T
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w
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S
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S
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R
.
K
a
ur
,
a
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R
.
P
a
r
i
da
,
“
G
l
a
c
i
e
r
bounda
r
y m
a
ppi
ng
us
i
ng
de
e
p
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
ove
r
ba
r
a
s
hi
gr
i
gl
a
c
i
e
r
i
n W
e
s
t
e
r
n H
i
m
a
l
a
ya
s
,”
Su
s
t
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nabi
l
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M
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A
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H
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M
onf
a
r
e
d,
“
L
a
r
ge
-
s
c
a
l
e
a
s
s
oc
i
a
t
i
on
a
na
l
ys
i
s
of
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
dr
ought
a
nd
d
e
c
l
i
ne
i
n
gr
oundw
a
t
e
r
qua
nt
i
t
y us
i
ng G
a
us
s
i
a
n pr
oc
e
s
s
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on (
c
a
s
e
s
t
udy:
609 s
t
u
dy a
r
e
a
of
I
r
a
n)
,”
J
our
nal
of
E
nv
i
r
onm
e
nt
al
H
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al
t
h
Sc
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nc
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s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
a
nd
pr
e
di
c
t
i
on f
or
gi
dr
a
r
i
ve
r
, S
l
ova
ki
a
,”
I
O
P
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
Se
r
i
e
s
:
M
at
e
r
i
al
s
Sc
i
e
nc
e
and E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
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be
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guc
hi
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da
,
“
D
e
ve
l
opm
e
nt
of
t
he
s
now
m
e
l
t
pr
e
di
c
t
i
on
m
ode
l
us
i
ng
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
(
A
I
)
,”
E
3S W
e
b
of
C
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e
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e
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a
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ya
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S
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und
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r
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E
va
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i
on
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r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
m
ode
l
s
f
or
f
l
ood a
nd dr
ough
t
f
o
r
e
c
a
s
t
i
ng i
n a
r
i
d a
nd
t
r
opi
c
a
l
r
e
gi
on
s
,”
E
nv
i
r
onm
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nt
al
M
ode
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l
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Sof
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e
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ne
ga
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pr
oduc
t
i
on i
n t
ur
ke
y us
i
ng m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng m
e
t
hods
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M
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
m
ode
l
d
e
ve
l
opm
e
nt
f
or
pr
e
di
c
t
i
ng
r
oa
d
t
r
a
ns
por
t
G
H
G
e
m
i
s
s
i
ons
i
n
C
a
na
d
a
,”
W
SB
J
our
nal
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e
,
O
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a
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i
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l
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M
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J
e
ha
n
z
a
i
b,
N
.
E
l
s
ha
bou
r
y
,
V
.
K
a
r
t
a
l
,
a
nd
S
.
A
l
i
,
“
H
y
d
r
o
l
og
i
c
a
l
d
r
o
ug
ht
pr
e
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
ba
s
e
d
on
hyb
r
i
d
e
xt
r
e
m
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g m
a
c
h
i
ne
:
w
a
d
i
m
i
n
a
b
a
s
i
n c
a
s
e
s
t
ud
y,
A
l
ge
r
i
a
,”
A
t
m
os
phe
r
e
,
vol
. 1
4,
no
. 9
,
S
e
p
.
202
3,
do
i
:
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0.3
39
0/
a
t
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os
1
409
14
47.
[
5
0]
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e
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.
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he
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.
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,
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F
or
e
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a
s
t
i
n
g
s
ol
a
r
e
ne
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gy
p
r
o
duc
t
i
on:
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c
om
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r
a
t
i
ve
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t
u
dy
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h
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ne
l
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l
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i
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,
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ne
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gy
R
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or
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,
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l
.
10,
pp
.
1
00
4
–
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2,
N
ov
.
2
023
,
d
oi
:
10.
101
6/
j
.e
gy
r
.
20
23.
07
.04
2.
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