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p
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wit
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sta
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of
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s)
.
K
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w
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s
:
E
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co
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s
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p
tio
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E
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h
ar
v
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g
Netwo
r
k
life
tim
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R
elay
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o
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p
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d
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CC B
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li
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se
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C
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A
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.
Nir
m
ala
Dev
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Dep
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tm
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m
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E
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Un
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C
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Osma
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Un
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s
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d
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m
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ag
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p
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co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
we
h
av
e
f
r
o
m
p
ast
f
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ea
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s
,
wir
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s
s
en
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r
k
s
(
W
SNs
)
ha
ve
g
ain
ed
a
h
u
g
e
in
ter
est in
v
ar
io
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s
f
ield
s
lik
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I
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d
u
s
tr
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m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
h
o
m
e
a
u
to
m
atio
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,
f
o
r
est an
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f
ir
e
d
etec
tio
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,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
tr
o
l,
i
n
ten
s
iv
e
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e,
an
d
am
o
n
g
o
th
er
s
[
1
]
.
Gen
er
al
ly
,
th
e
W
SNs
ar
e
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
(
SNs
)
an
d
a
s
i
n
k
n
o
d
e
(
also
ca
n
b
e
ca
lled
as
b
ase
s
tatio
n
)
.
I
n
W
SNs
,
th
e
m
ain
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
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o
f
SNs
is
to
ca
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r
e
th
e
i
n
f
o
r
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atio
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a
b
o
u
t
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
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d
th
e
r
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o
n
s
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ilit
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o
f
s
in
k
is
to
ac
cu
m
u
late
th
e
en
tire
d
ata
f
r
o
m
SNs
.
T
h
e
SNs
h
a
v
e
s
o
m
e
p
r
o
m
i
n
en
t
f
ea
tu
r
es
b
y
wh
ic
h
th
e
W
SN
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
g
ain
ed
a
h
u
g
e
d
em
an
d
.
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r
ex
am
p
le,
th
e
SNs
ar
e
ch
ea
p
,
s
m
all,
au
to
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o
m
o
u
s
p
o
wer
en
ab
led
an
d
ca
n
ca
p
t
u
r
e
s
ev
er
al
k
in
d
s
o
f
d
atae
v
en
with
s
am
e
n
o
d
e.
Ma
in
ly
,
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
wir
eless
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
f
ac
ilit
ated
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
with
v
er
y
m
u
ch
less
co
s
t.
T
h
ese
f
ea
tu
r
es
h
av
e
allo
wed
t
h
e
W
SNs
to
d
e
p
l
o
y
in
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
wh
er
e
th
e
wir
ed
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
is
h
ig
h
ly
e
x
p
en
s
iv
e
o
r
alm
o
s
t i
m
p
o
s
s
ib
le
[
2
]
.
Gen
er
ally
,
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
ar
e
b
atter
y
o
p
er
ated
d
e
v
ices
wh
ich
h
as
lim
ited
life
s
p
an
d
u
e
to
th
e
lim
ited
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
.
T
h
e
e
n
tire
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
co
llected
b
y
SNs
is
f
o
r
war
d
ed
to
t
h
e
s
in
k
n
o
d
e,
c
o
n
s
u
m
es
th
e
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
o
f
SNs
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
is
s
en
s
itiv
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
will
af
f
ec
t
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
if
th
e
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
a
n
etwo
r
k
is
ass
u
m
ed
as
s
tar
t
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
an
d
th
en
all
th
e
s
en
o
r
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I
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n
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eq
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d
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r
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[
4
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I
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tead
o
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p
r
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id
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th
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r
eq
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p
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atter
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if
th
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s
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o
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o
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it
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it
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at
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s
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is
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r
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e
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ar
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h
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o
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SN
is
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
with
o
th
er
n
o
d
es,
wh
ich
m
ak
e
s
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
t
o
g
et
d
em
is
e.
Hen
ce
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
to
k
ee
p
alter
n
ativ
e
n
o
d
es
o
r
b
ac
k
u
p
n
o
d
es wh
ich
tak
es th
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
d
o
ze
o
f
f
n
o
d
es wh
ich
p
r
ev
en
ts
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
f
r
o
m
d
em
is
in
g
.
I
n
W
SNs
,
th
e
SNs
n
o
t
o
n
ly
m
o
n
ito
r
an
d
ca
p
t
u
r
e
th
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t,
b
u
t
a
ls
o
h
elp
to
o
th
er
s
en
o
r
n
o
d
es
to
f
o
r
wa
r
d
t
h
e
s
en
s
ed
d
ata
to
s
in
k
n
o
d
e,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
ter
m
e
d
as
r
ela
y
i
n
g
[
5
]
.
T
h
is
t
y
p
e
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies
(
s
en
s
in
g
an
d
r
elay
in
g
)
m
ak
es
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
to
d
ep
lete
m
o
r
e
q
u
ick
ly
.
Ge
n
er
ally
,
af
ter
s
en
s
in
g
t
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
g
o
es
in
to
s
leep
m
o
d
e
to
m
in
im
ize
th
e
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
b
u
t
d
u
e
to
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
task
o
f
r
ely
i
n
g
,
th
ey
n
ee
d
to
b
e
awa
k
en
e
d
f
o
r
all
tim
e.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
s
en
o
r
n
o
d
es
f
ac
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
task
s
wh
ich
r
esu
lts
in
f
aster
en
e
r
g
y
d
ep
letio
n
.
On
ce
th
e
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
(
R
E
)
lef
t
at
a
SN i
s
le
s
s
th
an
th
e
en
er
g
y
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
th
en
it will
s
to
p
all
ta
s
k
s
an
d
m
o
v
es in
to
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
m
o
d
e.
Hen
ce
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
d
is
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
in
wh
ich
th
e
en
tire
n
o
d
es
ar
e
g
r
o
u
p
ed
in
to
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
s
u
ch
as
s
o
u
r
ce
s
en
o
r
n
o
d
es
(
SS
Ns)
an
d
r
elay
n
o
d
es
(
R
Ns).
T
h
e
m
ain
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
SS
Ns
is
to
s
en
s
e
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
R
N
is
to
f
o
r
war
d
t
h
e
s
en
s
ed
d
at
a
to
s
in
k
n
o
d
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
is
to
d
eter
m
in
ea
p
r
o
p
er
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
R
Ns
th
r
o
u
g
h
wh
ich
b
o
t
h
n
et
wo
r
k
c
o
v
er
a
g
e
a
n
d
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
e
d
alo
n
g
with
less
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Fro
m
p
ast
f
ew
y
ea
r
s
,
r
elay
n
o
d
e
p
lace
m
e
n
t
(
R
NP)
h
as
g
ain
ed
a
n
o
tewo
r
th
y
r
esear
ch
in
te
r
est
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
W
SNs
d
u
e
to
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
an
im
p
r
o
v
ed
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e.
I
n
[
6
]
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
two
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
d
ep
l
o
y
m
e
n
ts
s
u
ch
as
g
r
id
-
b
ased
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
an
d
r
an
d
o
m
d
e
p
lo
y
m
en
t.
I
n
r
an
d
o
m
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t,
th
e
n
o
d
es
ar
e
p
la
ce
d
in
a
r
an
d
o
m
m
an
n
er
an
d
a
r
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
an
Ad
H
o
c
m
a
n
n
er
wh
er
ea
s
in
th
e
g
r
id
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t,
th
e
n
o
d
es
ar
e
p
lace
d
at
th
e
a
p
ex
es
o
f
g
r
id
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t,
th
e
g
r
id
-
b
ased
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t h
as a
ch
ie
v
e
d
m
o
r
e
ac
c
u
r
ate
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
.
L
ik
ewise,
in
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
,
a
g
r
id
b
ased
R
NP is m
o
d
eled
to
co
n
n
ec
t
th
e
d
is
jo
in
ted
W
SN
s
eg
m
en
ts
b
y
d
iv
id
in
g
th
e
t
o
tal
ar
ea
in
to
eq
u
al
-
s
ized
ce
lls
.
T
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
ize
is
o
p
tim
ized
b
y
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
an
o
p
tim
al
ce
ll
c
o
u
n
t
to
b
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
b
y
R
Ns
s
u
ch
th
at
all
th
e
s
eg
m
en
ts
ar
e
lin
k
ed
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
is
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
a
“
n
o
n
-
d
ete
r
m
in
is
tic
p
o
ly
n
o
m
ial
tr
ee
h
a
r
d
(
NP
-
h
ar
d
)
”
p
r
o
b
lem
.
Gen
er
ally
,
to
m
ak
e
th
e
NP
-
H
ar
d
p
r
o
b
lem
as
a
m
o
r
e
r
ea
lis
tic
o
n
e,
a
two
-
lay
er
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t la
y
er
is
o
cc
u
p
ied
b
y
s
en
s
o
r
s
in
wh
ich
th
ey
h
a
v
e
to
co
llect
t
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
tr
an
s
m
it
to
th
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
(
C
H)
o
r
R
N.
I
n
th
is
m
an
n
er
,
th
e
SNs
will
g
ain
a
les
s
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
r
ate
as
th
ey
will m
o
v
e
in
t
o
s
leep
m
o
d
e
im
m
ed
iately
af
ter
th
e
co
m
p
l
etio
n
o
f
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
to
C
H.
R
ec
en
tly
,
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
h
as
also
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
lace
m
en
t
o
f
o
p
tim
al
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
r
elay
n
o
d
es
at
o
p
tim
al
lo
ca
tio
n
s
.
“
g
en
eti
c
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
GA)
”,
“
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
PS
O)
”,
“
ar
tific
ial
b
ee
co
lo
n
y
(
AB
C
)
”,
Fire
f
ly
,
“
an
t
co
lo
n
y
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
AC
O)
”
etc.
,
ar
e
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
m
ea
h
eu
r
is
tic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
.
Kh
o
s
r
o
wsh
ah
i
an
d
Sh
ak
er
i
[
1
1
]
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
R
NP
in
a
m
u
ltip
le
d
is
jo
in
t
n
etwo
r
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
GA.
I
n
th
is
m
eth
o
d
,
in
itially
an
u
p
p
e
r
b
o
u
n
d
o
f
r
ela
y
n
o
d
es
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
to
s
et
u
p
th
e
i
n
itial
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
len
g
th
.
Nex
t,
th
e
GA
iter
ativ
ely
r
ed
u
ce
d
th
e
R
Ns
co
u
n
t
an
d
d
is
co
v
er
s
t
h
e
o
p
tim
al
lo
ca
tio
n
s
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e.
Nex
t,
an
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
GA,
ca
lled
as
“
g
en
etic
s
im
u
lated
an
n
e
alin
g
h
y
b
r
id
alg
o
r
it
h
m
(
GA
-
H
-
SA)
”
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
b
y
Yan
g
et
a
l
.
[
1
2
]
to
s
o
lv
e
t
h
e
r
elay
n
o
d
e
co
v
er
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
m
ai
n
ly
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
v
er
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
th
r
ee
asp
ec
t
s
u
c
h
as
e
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
ela
y
n
o
d
es
an
d
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
.
Nex
t,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
v
er
t
h
e
k
-
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
o
f
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es,
Gu
p
ta
et
a
l
.
[
1
3
]
d
ev
elo
p
ed
two
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t a
lg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
R
NP in
wh
ich
ev
er
y
SN
will
m
ain
tain
at
least
k
R
Ns.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
b
ased
o
n
GA
a
n
d
a
n
o
th
e
r
o
n
e
is
b
ased
o
n
Gr
ee
d
y
m
ec
h
an
is
m
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
v
er
o
n
ly
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
b
u
t
n
o
t
f
o
c
u
s
ed
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
wh
en
th
e
en
er
g
y
o
f
a
R
N
is
d
ep
leted
.
Geo
r
g
e
an
d
Sh
ar
m
a
[
1
4
]
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
m
o
d
if
ied
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
GA
f
o
r
R
NP
in
W
SNs
b
y
f
o
llo
win
g
a
“
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ed
R
NP
p
r
o
b
lem
(
C
R
NPP)”
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
R
Ns
co
u
n
t
wh
ile
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
m
ax
im
u
m
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
.
Dan
d
ek
ar
a
n
d
Desh
m
u
k
[
1
5
]
also
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
th
e
k
-
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
o
f
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
an
d
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
PS
Oth
at
p
lace
s
o
p
tim
alR
Ns
to
ac
h
iev
e
a
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
SNs
o
f
a
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
W
SN.
I
n
th
is
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
is
ad
o
p
ted
b
y
ass
u
m
in
g
th
at
all
th
e
SNs
h
av
e
s
am
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
Xu
et
a
l
.
[
1
6
]
,
t
h
e
R
NP
p
r
o
b
lem
is
ar
ticu
lated
as
“
s
tein
er
t
r
ee
p
r
o
b
lem
with
m
in
im
u
m
s
tein
er
p
o
in
ts
a
n
d
b
o
u
n
d
e
d
ed
g
e
len
g
t
h
(
STP
-
MSPB
E
L
)
”
wh
ich
is
N
P
-
h
ar
d
.
Her
e,
a
v
ar
iab
le
m
eta
-
h
eu
r
is
tic
b
ased
PS
O
ca
lled
as “
m
u
lti
-
s
p
ac
e
(
MSPSO)”
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
attain
an
o
p
tim
al
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
R
Ns.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
A
n
efficen
t c
o
ve
r
a
g
e
a
n
d
m
a
ximiza
tio
n
o
f n
etw
o
r
k
lifetime
in
WS
N
th
r
o
u
g
h
… (
A
.
N
a
g
esw
a
r
R
a
o
)
161
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
o
m
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
AB
C
alg
o
r
ith
m
also
to
s
o
lv
e
th
e
R
NP
p
r
o
b
le
m
.
T
h
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
v
er
t
h
e
Q
-
c
o
v
er
a
g
e
a
n
d
K
-
co
v
e
r
ag
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
b
y
wh
i
ch
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
life
an
d
co
v
e
r
ag
e
ar
e
en
h
an
ce
d
s
i
m
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
[
1
7
]
-
[
1
8
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
in
[
1
9
]
,
L
iu
an
d
He
aim
ed
at
th
e
m
ax
im
izatio
n
o
f
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
an
d
m
i
n
im
izatio
n
o
f
co
s
t
in
cu
r
r
ed
,
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
h
y
b
r
i
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
ca
lled
,
AC
O
-
Gr
ee
d
y
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
esp
ec
ially
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
Gr
i
d
b
ased
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
AC
O
-
Gr
ee
d
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
wh
ic
h
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
r
s
en
s
in
g
r
ad
iu
s
is
d
y
n
am
ically
a
d
ju
s
ted
to
allev
iate
th
e
en
er
g
y
h
o
le
is
s
u
e
an
d
also
p
r
o
lo
n
g
th
e
Netwo
r
k
L
if
etim
e.
Nex
t,
to
less
en
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
co
s
t
an
d
also
to
r
ec
o
v
er
th
e
p
a
r
titi
o
n
ed
W
SN,
Sen
tu
k
ar
a
et
a
l
.
[
2
0
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
two
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
R
NP
m
eth
o
d
s
b
ased
o
n
Gam
e
th
eo
r
y
a
n
d
Vir
tu
al
Fo
r
ce
b
ase
d
r
ela
y
m
o
v
em
en
ts
.
Nex
t,
b
y
co
m
b
i
n
in
g
t
h
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
b
o
th
AB
C
an
d
PS
O,
an
o
p
tim
al
R
NP
m
eth
o
d
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
Min
i
et
a
l
.
[
2
1
]
wh
ich
ac
h
ie
v
e
an
e
n
h
an
ce
d
n
etwo
r
k
life
t
im
e
with
a
p
r
e
-
s
p
ec
if
ied
s
en
s
in
g
r
an
g
e.
Fu
r
th
er
,
L
an
za
an
d
Pu
lid
o
[
2
2
]
c
o
m
b
in
ed
th
e
AB
C
with
F
ir
ef
ly
alg
o
r
ith
m
to
s
o
lv
e
th
e
R
NP
p
r
o
b
le
m
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
u
ltip
le
o
b
jectiv
es.
I
n
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
t
o
tally
th
r
ee
o
b
jectiv
es su
ch
as
n
etwo
r
k
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
NR
)
,
av
er
ag
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
Ar
ea
(
ASA)
an
d
av
er
ag
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
(
AE
C
)
ar
e
co
n
s
id
e
r
ed
an
d
an
o
p
tim
ized
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
d
er
iv
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
u
lti
-
o
b
jectiv
e
AB
C
an
d
m
u
lti
-
o
b
jectiv
e
f
ir
ef
l
y
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
Un
lik
e
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
wh
ic
h
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
t
h
eRNs
p
lace
m
en
t,
an
en
h
an
ce
d
R
Ns
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
m
et
h
o
d
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
b
y
Ham
im
et
a
l
.
[
2
3
]
b
ased
o
n
AB
C
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
m
ai
n
ly
f
o
cu
s
e
d
o
n
th
e
e
x
ten
s
io
n
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
with
th
e
d
ep
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
o
p
tim
al
c
o
u
n
t
R
Ns.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
h
as
m
ain
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
ex
te
n
s
io
n
o
f
n
etw
o
r
k
life
tim
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
r
elate
d
p
ar
am
eter
s
th
o
s
e
ar
e
r
e
lated
to
th
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
e
d
R
NP p
r
o
b
lem
.
Dep
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
SNs
with
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
i
es
is
a
n
ew
r
esear
c
h
d
i
r
ec
tio
n
in
W
S
N
wh
ich
h
as
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
i
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
u
r
v
iv
ab
ilit
y
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
,
Misra
et
a
l
.
[
2
4
]
f
o
c
u
s
ed
to
d
ep
lo
y
m
in
im
u
m
R
Ns
at
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
b
y
g
u
ar
a
n
teein
g
th
at
th
e
R
Ns
ca
n
h
ar
v
est
a
h
u
g
e
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
.
Fo
r
b
o
th
is
s
u
es,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
a
d
p
r
o
v
en
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
is
NP
-
h
ar
d
an
d
s
o
lv
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
alg
o
r
ith
m
b
ased
o
n
p
o
l
y
n
o
m
ial
tim
e
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
atio
n
.
Nex
t,
as
an
ex
te
n
s
io
n
,
a
“
u
n
if
ie
d
m
ix
ed
in
teg
er
lin
ea
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
(
MI
L
P
)
”
b
ased
R
NP
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
Misra
et
a
l
.
[
2
5
]
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
lo
wer
r
an
g
e
f
o
r
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
m
i
n
im
u
m
R
NP.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
e
r
,
we
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
ew
r
elay
n
o
d
e
p
lace
m
e
n
t
s
tr
ateg
y
b
ased
o
n
m
u
ltip
le
o
b
jectiv
es,
ca
lled
as
m
u
lti
-
o
b
jectiv
e
-
o
r
i
en
ted
r
elay
n
o
d
e
p
lace
m
en
t
(
MO
R
NP)
.
MO
R
NP
to
tall
y
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
r
ee
o
b
jectiv
es su
ch
as e
n
er
g
y
,
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
an
d
co
v
er
a
g
e
an
d
th
e
n
o
d
es wh
ich
s
atis
f
y
all
th
ese
o
b
jectiv
es a
r
e
o
n
ly
ch
o
s
en
as
r
elay
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
is
d
er
i
v
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
n
o
v
el
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
en
e
r
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
r
ate
a
n
d
d
e
p
letio
n
r
ates o
f
r
elay
n
o
d
es.
Nex
t,
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
is
en
s
u
r
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
p
ath
s
to
th
e
s
in
k
n
o
d
e
.
T
h
e
c
o
v
er
ag
e
is
en
s
u
r
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
E
u
clid
ea
n
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
SS
Ns
an
d
R
Ns.
Fin
ally
,
th
is
wo
r
k
also
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
m
u
lti
-
o
b
jectiv
e
f
ir
ef
l
y
(
MO
FF
)
Alg
o
r
ith
m
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
o
p
tim
al
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
R
N.
Simu
latio
n
s
ar
e
co
n
d
u
cted
o
v
er
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
MO
R
NP
an
d
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
ev
er
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ics.
R
em
ain
in
g
p
ap
er
is
o
r
d
er
e
d
as;
th
e
d
etails
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
MO
R
NP
ar
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
Sectio
n
3
ex
p
l
o
r
es
th
e
d
etails
o
f
s
im
u
latio
n
ex
p
e
r
im
en
ts
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
alu
a
ti
o
n
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
co
n
clu
d
in
g
r
em
ar
k
s
ar
e
g
iv
en
in
s
ec
tio
n
4
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
O
v
er
v
iew
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
we
h
av
e
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
a
n
o
v
el
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
w
h
ich
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
elay
n
o
d
es
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
to
m
ain
tain
a
n
ef
f
icien
t
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
a
n
d
c
o
v
er
ag
e
in
th
e
W
SN.
T
h
is
te
ch
n
iq
u
e
is
a
m
u
lti
-
o
b
jectiv
e
-
o
r
ie
n
ted
r
elay
n
o
d
e
p
lace
m
en
t
(
MO
R
NP)
s
tr
ateg
y
b
ased
o
n
f
ir
ef
ly
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
Un
d
er
t
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e,
we
h
av
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
r
ee
o
b
jectiv
es
s
u
ch
as
en
er
g
y
,
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
an
d
co
v
e
r
ag
e
an
d
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
m
u
lti
-
o
b
jectiv
e
f
i
r
ef
ly
alg
o
r
ith
m
to
attain
an
o
p
tim
al
co
u
n
t
o
f
R
Ns.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
also
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
en
er
g
y
h
a
r
v
esti
n
g
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
R
NP.
Un
d
er
th
e
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
p
r
o
b
lem
,
th
e
R
Ns
ar
e
as
s
u
m
ed
to
h
av
e
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies
an
d
f
o
r
an
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
d
er
iv
es
at
least
o
n
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
r
elay
to
th
e
s
in
k
n
o
d
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
o
ze
o
f
f
p
er
i
o
d
o
f
r
e
m
ain
in
g
r
elay
n
o
d
es.
Her
e,
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
tr
ain
t,
we
h
av
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
r
elatio
n
b
ased
o
n
th
e
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
r
ate
an
d
d
e
p
letio
n
r
ate
o
f
a
r
elay
n
o
d
e.
Nex
t,
t
h
e
co
v
er
ag
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
is
en
s
u
r
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
E
u
clid
ea
n
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
SS
Ns
an
d
R
Ns.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
is
en
s
u
r
ed
b
y
m
ain
tain
in
g
at
least
o
n
e
p
ath
b
etwe
en
an
y
R
N
an
d
s
in
k
n
o
d
e.
Fu
r
th
e
r
th
e
co
m
p
lete
d
etails
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
m
o
d
el,
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
tr
ain
t,
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
t,
co
v
er
a
g
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
t,
f
ir
ef
ly
alg
o
r
ith
m
ar
e
d
elib
er
ated
in
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t su
b
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
2
.
2
.
Net
wo
rk
m
o
del
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
we
h
av
e
ass
u
m
ed
a
r
an
d
o
m
ly
d
e
p
lo
y
e
d
n
etwo
r
k
with
N
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
SNs
an
d
o
n
ly
o
n
e
s
in
k
B
.
Nex
t,
th
e
SNs
an
d
R
Ns
r
an
g
e
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
ass
u
m
ed
as
r
wh
er
ea
s
f
o
r
s
in
k
n
o
d
e
,
it
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
R
,
wh
er
e
R
>>
r
.
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
el,
th
e
R
Ns
ar
e
ass
u
m
ed
to
h
av
e
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
2
1
:
1
5
9
–
1
7
0
162
Du
r
in
g
t
h
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
af
ter
p
ar
ticu
la
r
s
p
an
o
f
tim
e,
if
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
lev
el
o
f
an
y
R
N
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
elo
w
th
e
en
er
g
y
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
th
e
n
th
at
R
N
d
o
ze
o
f
f
(
t
u
r
n
s
o
f
f
all
task
s
s
u
ch
as
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
an
d
r
ec
eiv
in
g
)
an
d
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
s
tar
ts
.
T
h
e
R
N
will
b
ec
o
m
e
ac
tiv
e
o
n
ly
af
ter
g
ain
in
g
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
,
c
alled
as
Activ
atio
n
en
er
g
y
.
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
el,
we
h
av
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
ed
th
at
th
e
SS
Ns
an
d
s
in
k
n
o
d
e
p
lace
m
en
tis
k
n
o
wn
to
a
p
r
io
r
.
Fu
r
th
er
ass
u
m
ed
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
e
s
tin
g
is
a
s
to
ch
asti
c
o
n
e
i
n
wh
ich
th
e
r
ate
o
f
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
is
v
ar
ie
d
with
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
ta
l
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
h
en
ce
it
ca
n
also
m
o
d
el
as
Sp
atio
-
T
em
p
o
r
al
Pro
ce
s
s
.
I
n
th
e
tem
p
o
r
al
m
o
d
el,
th
e
g
ai
n
v
ar
ies
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
tim
e
in
s
tan
ce
s
wh
er
e
as
in
th
e
s
p
atial
m
o
d
el,
th
e
g
ain
is
v
ar
ied
with
d
if
f
er
en
t lo
ca
tio
n
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
r
ate
is
le
s
s
th
an
th
e
en
er
g
y
d
ep
letio
n
r
ate.
W
e
h
av
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
o
n
ly
o
n
e
s
in
g
le
s
in
k
n
o
d
e
an
d
its
lo
ca
tio
n
is
p
u
r
ely
r
an
d
o
m
ized
.
Fu
r
th
er
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
s
o
f
SNs
ar
e
also
r
an
d
o
m
ized
o
v
e
r
a
s
p
atial
lo
ca
tio
n
an
d
let’
s
let
it
b
e
S.
Fo
r
an
y
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e,
if
th
e
s
in
k
n
o
d
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
lo
ca
ted
with
in
its
r
an
g
e
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
,
th
en
it
f
o
r
war
d
s
th
e
s
en
s
ed
d
ata
d
ir
ec
tly
.
Oth
er
wis
e,
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
s
ee
k
s
th
e
h
elp
o
f
an
y
R
N
an
d
f
o
r
war
d
s
th
e
s
en
s
ed
d
ata
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
at
R
N.
T
w
o
n
o
d
es
A
an
d
B
lo
ca
ted
at
lo
c
atio
n
s
i
an
d
j
ca
n
c
o
m
m
u
n
icate
o
n
ly
if
t
h
e
E
u
clid
ea
n
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
em
is
less
th
an
o
r
eq
u
al
to
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
r
an
g
e
r
as (
1
)
.
(
,
)
≤
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
E
D
is
th
e
E
u
clid
ea
n
d
i
s
tan
ce
an
d
r
is
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
Simp
ly
th
e
(
1
)
s
tates
th
at
th
e
R
Nlo
ca
ted
at
p
o
s
itio
n
j
ca
n
h
elp
to
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
l
o
c
ated
at
p
o
s
itio
n
i
,
t
o
f
o
r
war
d
th
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
o
n
s
atis
f
y
in
g
th
at
th
ey
h
av
e
lo
ca
ted
at
a
d
is
tan
ce
wh
ich
is
le
s
s
o
r
eq
u
al
to
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
an
g
e
r
o
f
n
o
d
e
A.
Nex
t,
th
e
s
in
k
n
o
d
e
is
s
u
p
p
o
s
ed
to
h
a
v
e
an
in
f
in
ity
p
o
wer
an
d
it i
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
m
ain
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
.
2
.
3
.
E
nerg
y
co
ns
t
ra
int
Fo
r
a
W
SN
with
lar
g
e
r
n
etwo
r
k
ar
ea
,
u
s
u
ally
th
e
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
SNs
ca
n
’
t
lie
i
n
s
id
e
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
in
k
n
o
d
e.
Hen
ce
t
h
e
SNs
n
o
t
o
n
ly
p
er
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
s
en
s
in
g
task
an
d
also
ex
ec
u
tes
r
elay
in
g
task
[
5
]
.
Un
d
er
th
is
,
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
wo
r
k
as
r
elay
s
an
d
h
elp
s
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
to
f
o
r
w
ar
d
th
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
to
th
e
s
in
k
n
o
d
e.
Du
e
t
o
th
ese
m
u
ltip
le
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies,
all
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
n
ee
d
t
o
b
e
awa
k
e
n
in
g
f
o
r
alm
o
s
t
all
th
e
tim
e
wh
ic
h
r
esu
lts
in
f
aster
en
er
g
y
d
ep
letio
n
[
2
9
]
.
Hen
ce
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
lev
els
o
f
SNs
a
r
e
d
r
o
p
p
e
d
in
t
o
th
e
lev
el
b
elo
w
th
e
en
er
g
y
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
wh
ich
m
a
k
es
th
e
n
o
d
es
to
d
r
iv
e
in
to
th
e
m
o
d
e
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
h
a
r
v
esti
n
g
to
p
r
o
cu
r
e
s
u
f
f
icien
t
e
n
er
g
y
.
T
h
u
s
,
m
ak
in
g
th
e
SNs
to
h
av
e
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
th
e
life
tim
e
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
.
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
d
ev
elo
p
an
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
ass
is
ted
R
NP.
He
r
e
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
is
d
ef
in
ed
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
two
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
c
h
as
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
r
ate
an
d
d
ep
let
io
n
r
ate.
As
alr
ea
d
y
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
,
th
at
th
e
h
a
r
v
esti
n
g
r
ate
is
alwa
y
s
less
th
an
th
e
d
ep
letio
n
r
ate,
i.e
.
,
th
e
tim
e
tak
en
f
o
r
p
r
o
cu
r
in
g
th
e
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
en
er
g
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
is
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
an
th
e
tim
e
tak
e
n
f
o
r
d
ep
letin
g
th
e
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
b
o
th
task
s
s
u
ch
as
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
an
d
r
ec
e
i
v
in
g
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ed
to
t
h
e
d
ep
le
tio
n
r
ate
o
f
r
elay
n
o
d
e,
th
e
d
ep
letio
n
r
ate
o
f
a
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
is
less
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
s
in
g
le
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
.
I
n
th
i
s
wo
r
k
,
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
m
o
d
el,
we
h
av
e
f
o
llo
wed
t
h
e
f
ea
t
u
r
es
o
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
s
en
s
o
r
s
[
2
6
]
i
n
wh
ich
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
wil
l
ac
tiv
e
o
n
ly
af
ter
g
ain
in
g
s
u
f
f
icien
t
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
.
Af
ter
g
ai
n
in
g
s
u
ch
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
,
it
ca
n
b
e
ac
tiv
at
io
n
en
er
g
y
,
th
e
r
elay
n
o
d
e
ca
n
s
p
en
d
an
d
h
ar
v
est
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
.
Hen
ce
t
h
er
e
ex
is
ts
a
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
r
ate
an
d
d
ep
l
etio
n
r
ate.
L
et
b
e
th
e
d
ep
letio
n
r
ate
an
d
ℎ
b
e
th
e
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
r
ate,
a
r
elay
n
o
d
e
is
f
o
r
m
u
lated
in
to
th
r
ee
m
o
d
es
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
r
elat
io
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
an
d
ℎ
,
as
(
2
)
;
=
{
=
ℎ
,
(
)
<
ℎ
,
(
)
>
ℎ
,
(
)
(
2)
W
h
er
e
is
th
e
r
elay
m
o
d
e.
L
et
b
e
th
e
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
lef
t
at
a
R
N
af
ter
p
ar
ticu
lar
s
p
an
o
f
tim
e
t
,
if
it
is
less
th
an
th
e
en
er
g
y
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
th
en
it
s
to
p
s
all
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
an
d
s
witch
es
to
th
e
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
m
o
d
e.
Du
r
in
g
th
is
m
o
d
e
th
e
tr
an
s
ce
iv
er
o
f
R
N
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
f
f
.
On
ce
th
e
R
N
h
as
tu
r
n
ed
o
f
f
th
e
tr
an
s
ce
iv
er
,
th
e
SS
N
ca
n
n
o
t
f
o
r
war
d
th
e
d
ata,
by
wh
ich
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
b
ec
o
m
es
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
.
Hen
ce
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
o
f
b
ac
k
u
p
R
Ns
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
R
N.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
is
to
d
is
co
v
er
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
s
at
wh
er
e
th
e
b
ac
k
u
p
R
Nsh
av
e
to
p
lace
.
O
n
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
to
k
ee
p
th
e
b
ac
k
u
p
R
Ns
at
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
n
ea
r
er
to
th
e
d
ep
ar
te
d
R
Ns.
H
o
wev
er
,
it is
n
o
t a
v
iab
lean
s
w
er
b
ec
au
s
e
th
er
e
is
n
o
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t th
e
r
ate
o
f
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
o
f
a
p
a
r
ticu
lar
lo
c
atio
n
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
lo
ca
tin
g
th
e
b
ac
k
u
p
R
N
at
th
e
s
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e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
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p
ar
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u
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io
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lik
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h
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ical
d
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d
am
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n
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Mo
r
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er
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t
h
e
in
ac
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ate
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ab
o
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ailab
ilit
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s
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a
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io
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ef
f
ec
t
o
v
er
th
e
life
tim
e
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
,
d
u
e
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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C
o
m
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SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
A
n
efficen
t c
o
ve
r
a
g
e
a
n
d
m
a
ximiza
tio
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f n
etw
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lifetime
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WS
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th
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A
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r
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)
163
th
e
u
n
p
r
ed
ictab
le
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
r
at
o
f
d
e
p
letin
g
an
d
r
ate
o
f
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
.
As
d
eli
b
er
ated
ab
o
v
e,
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
f
r
o
m
n
atu
r
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
lik
e
win
d
,
s
u
n
,
h
ea
t
an
d
v
ib
r
atio
n
is
to
tally
u
n
co
n
tr
o
llab
le
an
d
u
n
r
eliab
le.
Hen
ce
th
e
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
n
b
e
m
o
d
eled
as
Sp
atio
-
te
m
p
o
r
al
p
r
o
c
ess
[
2
7
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
th
e
en
er
g
y
h
a
r
v
esti
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
ll
o
ws a
p
er
io
d
ic
p
atter
n
[
2
8
]
as th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
en
er
g
y
is
h
ar
v
e
s
ted
in
th
e
d
ay
tim
e
an
d
m
in
im
u
m
e
n
er
g
y
is
h
ar
v
ested
in
th
e
n
ig
h
t
tim
e.
All
t
h
ese
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
m
ak
e
th
e
R
NP
h
ig
h
ly
u
n
s
tab
le.
Hen
ce
th
is
p
ap
er
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
b
ac
k
u
p
R
Ns
wh
ich
ar
e
in
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
an
d
also
to
th
e
en
er
g
y
o
b
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
R
Ns in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
Un
d
er
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
m
o
d
ellin
g
,
we
h
av
e
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
an
ef
f
icien
t
b
ac
k
u
p
R
N
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
m
eth
o
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
wh
ic
h
ev
er
y
SS
N
h
as
an
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
‘
z’
b
ac
k
u
p
r
elay
s
i
n
its
n
eig
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
to
p
ick
u
p
th
e
b
ac
k
u
p
r
elay
n
o
d
e
is
m
o
d
eled
as
(
3
)
an
d
(
4
)
.
ℎ
(
)
≤
1
∑
(
)
(
)
−
ℎ
(
)
∈
(
3
)
a
nd
=
(
(
)
(
)
−
ℎ
(
)
)
,
∀
∈
∈
(
4)
W
h
er
e
ℎ
(
)
is
th
e
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
r
ate
o
f
a
r
ela
y
n
o
d
e
∈
,
(
)
is
th
e
d
ep
let
io
n
r
ate
o
f
a
r
ela
y
n
o
d
e
∈
,
(
)
is
th
e
d
e
p
letio
n
r
ate
o
f
a
b
ac
k
u
p
r
elay
n
o
d
e
∈
,
ℎ
(
)
is
th
e
h
ar
v
es
tin
g
r
ate
o
f
a
b
ac
k
u
p
r
elay
n
o
d
e
∈
an
d
(
)
is
th
e
r
esid
u
al
en
e
r
g
y
o
f
th
e
b
ac
k
u
p
r
elay
n
o
d
e
∈
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
t
is
(
3
)
d
ec
lar
e
s
th
at
th
e
tim
e
co
n
s
u
m
e
d
to
g
ai
n
a
s
u
f
f
icien
t
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
s
u
ch
th
at
t
h
e
R
N
will
g
et
ac
tiv
esh
o
u
ld
b
e
less
th
an
th
e
av
e
r
ag
e
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
tim
e
o
f
s
h
o
r
t
-
liv
ed
R
Ns
f
r
o
m
all
t
h
e
r
em
ain
in
g
s
ets
o
f
R
Ns.
Fu
r
th
er
,
th
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
s
h
o
wn
in
(
4
)
f
in
d
s
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
liv
ed
R
Ns
b
ased
o
n
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
,
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
r
ate
an
d
d
ep
letio
n
r
ate.
T
h
e
s
h
o
r
test
-
liv
ed
RN
∈
m
u
s
t
h
ar
v
est
th
e
en
o
u
g
h
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
to
g
et
ac
tiv
ate
in
th
e
tim
e
th
e
s
h
o
r
test
-
liv
ed
R
Ns
o
f
o
th
er
r
elay
s
ets
∈
g
et
d
ep
leted
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
SS
Ns
wo
u
ld
h
av
e
alwa
y
s
a
R
N
t
o
tr
an
s
f
er
th
e
d
ata
to
s
in
k
n
o
d
e.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
is
co
n
s
tr
ain
t,
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
k
ee
p
co
n
n
e
cted
to
at
least
o
n
e
r
elay
n
o
d
e
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
‘
z
-
1
’
r
elay
n
o
d
es a
r
e
m
o
v
e
d
to
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
m
o
d
e.
2
.
4
.
Co
nn
ec
t
iv
it
y
co
ns
t
ra
int
I
n
th
e
W
SN,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
h
av
e
n
o
d
ir
ec
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
with
s
in
k
.
Hen
ce
,
th
ey
will
d
ep
en
d
o
n
th
e
r
elay
n
o
d
es
to
f
o
r
war
d
th
e
s
en
s
ed
d
ata.
I
n
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
r
elay
n
o
d
e
p
lac
em
en
t,
if
an
y
r
elay
n
o
d
e
is
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
d
u
e
to
r
ea
s
o
n
s
lik
e
lim
ited
en
er
g
y
,
o
u
t
o
f
r
an
g
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
b
u
f
f
er
o
v
er
f
lo
w
etc.
,
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
will
g
et
d
is
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
He
n
ce
th
e
r
elay
n
o
d
e
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
in
s
u
ch
a
m
an
n
er
th
at
all
th
e
SS
Ns
ca
n
f
o
u
n
d
a
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
lin
k
eith
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
n
e
r
elay
o
r
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
et
o
f
r
elay
s
.
R
N
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
p
lace
d
b
ase
d
o
n
th
e
s
ev
er
al
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
an
d
if
n
o
t
th
e
d
e
p
lo
y
in
g
c
o
s
t
an
d
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
o
v
er
h
ea
d
will b
e
to
o
h
ig
h
.
He
n
ce
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
o
f
a
n
o
p
tim
al
R
Ns d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t to
g
u
ar
an
t
ee
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tiv
it
y
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
h
u
r
d
le
in
th
e
d
ep
l
o
y
m
en
t
is
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
R
Ns
to
b
e
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
s
u
ch
th
at
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
m
ax
im
u
m
co
n
n
ec
tiv
it
y
.
I
f
less
r
elay
n
o
d
es
ar
e
p
lac
ed
th
en
th
e
r
e
is
a
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
,
m
ea
n
s
all
s
o
u
r
ce
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
ar
e
n
o
t
co
v
er
ed
.
O
n
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
an
d
,
i
f
a
g
r
ea
ter
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
R
Ns
ar
e
lo
ca
ted
,
th
en
th
e
r
e
will b
e
a
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
h
ig
h
d
ep
l
o
y
m
en
t c
o
s
t a
n
d
also
th
e
h
u
g
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
o
v
er
h
e
ad
.
Hen
ce
,
we
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
an
o
p
tim
al
R
NP
s
tr
ateg
y
wh
ich
en
s
u
r
es
a
m
ax
im
u
m
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
with
o
p
tim
al
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
R
Ns.
Fo
r
a
g
iv
en
s
et
o
f
r
elay
s
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
f
ir
s
t d
is
co
v
er
s
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
l
e
p
ath
s
th
en
th
e
r
elay
n
o
d
e
ch
ec
k
s
wh
eth
er
th
e
s
in
k
is
with
in
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
an
g
e
o
r
n
o
t.
I
f
it
is
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
s
in
k
n
o
d
e
is
with
in
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
a
n
g
e,
th
en
th
e
r
elay
n
o
d
e
c
o
n
n
e
cts
to
th
e
s
in
k
d
ir
ec
tly
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
if
t
h
e
s
in
k
is
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
it
is
n
o
t
in
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
an
g
e
b
u
ti
s
in
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
an
g
e
o
f
n
eig
h
b
o
r
r
ela
y
n
o
d
e,
th
en
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ay
n
o
d
e
estab
lis
h
es
a
lin
k
to
th
e
s
in
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
n
eig
h
b
o
r
r
elay
n
o
d
e.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
if
we
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
p
ath
→
→
,
h
er
e
i
is
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t r
elay
n
o
d
e,
j
is
th
e
n
eig
h
b
o
r
r
ela
y
n
o
d
e
an
d
B
is
s
in
k
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
th
er
e
will
b
e
at
least
o
n
e
r
ela
y
n
o
d
e
wh
ich
h
a
v
e
a
p
ath
to
th
e
s
i
n
k
eith
er
d
ir
ec
tly
o
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
o
r
war
d
in
g
r
elay
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
t is f
o
r
m
u
lated
as
(
5
)
.
ℎ
=
→
→
,
∀
∈
(
5
)
W
h
er
e
is
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
elay
n
o
d
e,
is
th
e
n
eig
h
b
o
r
r
elay
n
o
d
e
an
d
B
is
th
e
s
in
k
.
No
t
e:
to
estab
lis
h
a
co
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
b
etwe
en
an
d
,
th
e
E
u
clid
e
an
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
an
d
m
u
s
t
b
e
les
s
th
an
o
r
e
q
u
al
to
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
r
an
g
e
o
f
ea
c
h
o
th
e
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
2
1
:
1
5
9
–
1
7
0
164
2
.
5
.
Co
v
er
a
g
e
c
o
ns
t
ra
int
T
h
e
co
v
er
a
g
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
SNs
th
o
s
e
wer
e
co
v
er
ed
b
y
o
n
e
R
N.
As
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
SNs
in
cr
ea
s
es
co
v
er
ed
b
y
a
R
N,
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
R
Ns
to
g
et
d
ep
lo
y
will
g
et
m
in
im
ized
.
Her
e
th
e
co
v
er
ag
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
i
s
ev
a
lu
ated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
E
u
cl
id
ea
n
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
SNs
an
d
R
Ns.
Fo
r
a
SS
N,
∈
an
d
R
N,
∈
,
th
e
co
v
er
a
g
e
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
t is d
ef
in
ed
as
(
6
)
;
(
,
)
≤
,
∀
∈
∈
(
6
)
T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
ca
n
s
ee
k
th
e
h
elp
o
f
a
R
N,
wh
en
it
is
with
in
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
r
an
g
e.
T
h
e
co
v
er
a
g
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
s
h
o
wn
in
(
6
)
d
en
o
tes
th
at
ev
er
y
S
N,
∈
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
v
er
e
d
b
y
at
least
o
n
e
R
N
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
o
f
‘
z’
r
elay
s
ets.
T
h
e
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
an
d
co
v
er
a
g
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
t is d
ep
icted
as
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
an
d
co
v
er
ag
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
As ex
p
o
s
ed
in
th
e
F
ig
u
r
e
1
,
th
e
R
N,
1
,
1
co
v
er
s
f
o
u
r
SS
Ns s
u
ch
as
1
,
2
,
3
an
d
4
.
Nex
t th
e
R
N,
2
,
2
co
v
er
s
f
iv
e
SS
Ns
s
u
ch
as
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
an
d
7
.
An
d
,
th
e
R
N,
3
,
3
co
v
er
s
th
r
ee
SS
Ns
s
u
ch
as
5
,
6
an
d
7
.
R
N,
4
,
4
co
v
e
r
s
two
SS
Ns
s
u
ch
as
2
,
an
d
3
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
R
N,
5
,
5
co
v
er
s
t
h
r
ee
SS
Ns
s
u
ch
as
4
,
5
,
an
d
6
.
W
e
n
o
ticed
th
at
th
e
2
h
as
m
ax
im
u
m
co
v
er
ag
e
an
d
if
we
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
1
an
d
2
,
th
en
t
h
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
R
Ns
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
c
o
v
er
th
e
en
tire
s
et
o
f
SS
Nsar
e
2
.
An
d
,
f
o
r
ev
er
y
SS
N
th
er
e
is
an
alter
n
ativ
e
r
elay
n
o
d
e,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
if
SS
N,
3
,
3
is
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
with
1
,
th
en
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
d
ata
f
o
r
wa
r
d
in
g
o
f
1
is
d
o
n
e
with
2
.
Similar
ly
,
if
th
e
5
is
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
with
2
,
th
en
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
2
is
tak
en
b
y
3
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
5
is
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
co
n
n
ec
te
d
with
3
.
Hen
ce
th
e
o
p
tim
al
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
R
N
s
ar
e
3
,
i
.
e.
,
1
,
2
an
d
3
.
2
.
6
.
O
ptim
iza
t
io
n o
f
RNP
by
M
O
F
F
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
R
NP,
we
h
av
e
ad
o
p
ted
MO
FF
.
Sin
ce
th
e
f
ir
ef
ly
(
FF
)
is
s
im
p
le
m
e
tah
eu
r
is
tic
alg
o
r
ith
m
with
less
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
we
h
av
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
it.
W
ith
o
p
tim
al
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
R
Ns,
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
is
ac
h
iev
ed
with
less
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
o
p
tim
iza
tio
n
,
we
will
g
et
a
n
o
p
tim
al
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
R
Ns
th
r
o
u
g
h
wh
ich
we
ca
n
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
ax
im
u
m
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
alo
n
g
with
less
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
FF
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
Yan
g
[
3
0
]
b
ased
o
n
th
e
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
o
f
f
ir
ef
lies
id
ea
lized
b
eh
av
io
r
.
Gen
er
ally
,
th
e
f
ir
ef
lies
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
f
lash
lig
h
t
to
d
r
aw
th
e
atten
tio
n
o
f
b
r
ee
d
in
g
p
ar
tn
e
r
s
an
d
also
f
o
r
im
p
en
d
in
g
p
r
ey
.
T
h
e
f
lash
lig
h
ts
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
f
ir
ef
lies
ar
e
v
is
ib
le
to
o
n
ly
f
o
r
lim
ited
d
is
tan
ce
.
FF
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
b
ased
o
n
th
r
ee
r
u
les
:
(
a
)
E
n
tire
f
ir
ef
lies
ar
e
u
n
is
ex
,
i.e
.
,
th
e
f
ir
ef
lies
d
r
aw
th
e
atte
n
tio
n
o
f
o
th
er
f
i
r
ef
lies
ir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
o
f
s
ex
.
(
b
)
T
h
e
atten
tio
n
o
f
d
r
aw
is
r
elati
v
e
to
th
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
f
lash
lig
h
ts
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
f
ir
e
f
lies
,
i.e
.
,
f
o
r
a
g
iv
en
two
f
ir
ef
lies
,
th
e
f
ir
ef
ly
with
less
b
r
ig
h
tn
ess
is
attr
ac
ted
to
war
d
s
th
e
f
ir
ef
ly
w
h
ich
h
as h
i
g
h
b
r
ig
h
tn
ess
.
(
c
)
T
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
t
h
e
lig
h
t in
te
n
s
ity
ar
e
co
m
p
letely
d
ep
en
d
en
t o
n
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
f
ir
ef
ly
.
Ou
r
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
attai
n
an
o
p
tim
al
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
elay
n
o
d
es
b
ased
o
n
th
r
ee
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
s
u
ch
a
s
en
er
g
y
,
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
a
n
d
co
v
e
r
ag
e.
Gen
e
r
ally
,
in
f
ir
e
f
ly
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
t
h
e
f
ir
e
f
ly
wh
ic
h
h
as
h
ig
h
er
b
r
ig
h
tn
ess
is
ch
o
s
en
as
an
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
Similar
ly
in
o
u
r
wo
r
k
,
th
e
r
el
ay
n
o
d
e
is
s
elec
ted
wh
ich
ca
n
s
atis
f
y
all
th
e
th
r
ee
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
A
n
efficen
t c
o
ve
r
a
g
e
a
n
d
m
a
ximiza
tio
n
o
f n
etw
o
r
k
lifetime
in
WS
N
th
r
o
u
g
h
… (
A
.
N
a
g
esw
a
r
R
a
o
)
165
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
Fo
r
a
g
i
v
en
s
et
o
f
s
o
u
r
ce
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es,
we
h
av
e
to
d
er
iv
e
an
o
p
tim
al
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
R
Ns
wh
ich
h
av
e
m
ax
im
u
m
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
a
n
d
c
o
v
er
ag
e.
Fo
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
)
d
ef
in
ed
as
(
7
)
.
(
)
→
min
∑
|
|
=
1
(
7
)
Su
b
jecte
d
to
E
n
erg
y
co
n
s
tr
a
in
t:
(
3
)
a
n
d
(
4
)
C
o
n
n
ec
tivity
C
o
n
s
tr
a
in
t:
(
5
)
C
o
ve
r
a
g
e
C
o
n
s
tr
a
in
t:
(
6
)
Her
e
‘
z’
d
en
o
tes
th
e
s
et
o
f
m
in
im
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
elay
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
wh
ich
we
ca
n
g
ain
m
ax
im
u
m
co
v
er
ag
e
an
d
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
less
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
R
esem
b
lin
g
with
FF
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
attr
ac
tiv
en
ess
is
r
el
ated
to
E
n
er
g
y
,
C
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
,
an
d
C
o
v
er
ag
e.
L
et
(
,
)
b
e
th
e
E
u
clid
ea
n
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
A
an
d
r
e
lay
n
o
d
e
B
in
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
p
a
ce
,
g
iv
en
b
y
(
8
)
(
,
)
=
√
(
−
)
2
+
(
−
)
2
(
8
)
W
h
er
e
(
,
)
b
e
th
e
co
-
o
r
d
in
ates
o
f
SS
N,
A
an
d
(
,
)
b
e
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
co
o
r
d
in
ates
o
f
a
R
N,
B
.
Gr
o
u
n
d
e
d
o
n
th
is
co
n
s
tr
ain
t,
t
h
e
n
ex
t in
s
tan
ce
is
f
o
r
m
u
lated
as
(
9
)
:
(
,
)
=
(
,
)
+
0
(
,
)
2
(
−
)
+
(
9
)
Her
e
(
,
)
is
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
at
j
th
in
s
tan
t
an
d
(
,
)
d
en
o
tes
t
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
at
i
th
in
s
tan
t,
0
is
an
i
n
itial
d
is
tan
ce
(
attr
ac
tiv
en
ess
)
at
E
D
=
0
,
is
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
v
ar
iatio
n
b
etwe
en
i
an
d
j
th
in
s
tan
ts
an
d
is
a
r
an
d
o
m
izatio
n
p
ar
am
eter
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
s
im
u
latio
n
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
co
n
d
u
cte
d
o
v
er
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
alo
n
g
with
two
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
m
o
d
els.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ar
e
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
an
d
th
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
is
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
in
clu
d
es
s
im
u
latio
n
s
etu
p
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
alu
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
e
v
er
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ics.
3
.
1
.
Sim
ula
t
io
n set
up
I
n
s
im
u
latio
n
s
et
u
p
we
h
av
e
cr
ea
ted
a
r
an
d
o
m
n
etwo
r
k
with
v
ar
y
in
g
n
o
d
e
co
u
n
t
as
N
=
[
2
0
,
3
0
,
4
0
,
5
0
,
an
d
6
0
]
an
d
with
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
n
etwo
r
k
ar
ea
s
,
Ar
ea
=
[
300
×
300
,
500
×
500
,
700
×
700
,
900
×
900
,
1100
×
1100
]
an
d
th
e
s
in
k
is
p
lace
d
at
a
r
an
d
o
m
lo
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
an
g
e
o
f
a
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
o
n
e
f
o
u
r
th
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
ar
e
a,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
if
Ar
ea
is
300
×
300
2
,
th
en
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
a
n
g
e
is
k
ep
t
as
7
5
m
.
T
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
an
g
e
o
f
b
o
th
s
en
o
r
n
o
d
e
a
n
d
r
elay
n
o
d
es
is
ass
u
m
ed
as
s
am
e.
T
o
ad
o
p
t
th
e
en
er
g
y
h
a
r
v
esti
n
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
to
th
e
SNs
,
we
h
av
e
f
o
llo
wed
th
e
en
er
g
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
m
o
d
el
ex
p
lo
r
ed
in
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
d
etails o
f
s
im
u
latio
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1.
T
ab
le
1
.
Simu
latio
n
s
et
u
p
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
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l
u
e
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u
mb
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r
o
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n
o
d
e
s
[
2
0
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3
0
,
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0
,
5
0
,
a
n
d
6
0
]
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
A
r
e
a
[
300
×
300
,
500
×
500
,
700
×
700
,
900
×
900
,
1100
×
1100
]
C
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
r
a
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g
e
1
4
⁄
(
N
e
t
wo
r
k
A
r
e
a
)
S
i
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k
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o
d
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l
o
c
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3
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
2
1
:
1
5
9
–
1
7
0
166
3
.
2
.
P
er
f
o
rma
nce
m
et
rics
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ics
we
h
av
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ar
e
T
o
tal
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
R
Ns,
av
er
ag
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
(
AE
C
)
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
(
NL
)
.
T
h
e
d
ef
in
iti
o
n
s
o
f
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
et
r
ics
ar
e
d
o
n
e
as
:
−
T
o
tal
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
r
elay
n
o
d
es
T
h
is
m
etr
ic
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
R
Nses
s
en
tia
l
to
d
e
p
lo
y
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
u
c
h
th
at
ev
er
y
SN
will
h
av
e
at
least o
n
e
R
N.
L
ess
er
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
R
Ns,
b
etter
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
−
Netwo
r
k
life
tim
e
T
h
is
m
etr
ic
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
tim
e
tak
en
b
y
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tar
tin
g
o
f
a
n
etwo
r
k
to
th
e
tim
e
u
n
til
an
y
SS
N
is
f
ailed
to
s
en
d
t
h
e
d
ata
to
t
h
e
s
in
k
n
o
d
e.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
e
r
,
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
is
ass
u
m
ed
to
b
e
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
wh
en
an
y
o
f
th
e
SN
is
n
o
t
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
ev
en
o
n
e
R
N
th
er
e
b
y
it
ca
n
’
t
s
en
d
th
e
s
en
s
ed
d
ata
to
s
in
k
.
H
ig
h
er
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e,
b
etter
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
−
Av
er
ag
e
en
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
T
h
is
m
etr
ic
is
d
e
f
in
ed
as
th
e
av
er
ag
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
ed
b
y
a
n
o
d
e
(
b
o
th
s
en
s
o
r
an
d
r
elay
)
to
s
en
s
e
an
d
f
o
r
war
d
s
th
e
d
at
a
to
s
in
k
n
o
d
e.
L
ess
er
th
e
Av
er
ag
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
b
etter
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
3
.
3
.
Resul
t
s
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
we
r
ep
r
esen
t
t
h
e
p
ar
tic
u
lar
s
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ics
ev
alu
ated
af
ter
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
o
v
er
v
ar
y
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
Simu
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
,
a
d
etailed
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
MO
FF
-
RN
P
an
d
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
U
n
d
er
th
e
c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
we
h
av
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
th
e
MO
FF
-
R
NP
with
GA
-
R
NP
[
1
3
]
an
d
AB
C
-
R
NP
[
2
3
]
.
Un
d
er
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ca
s
e,
we
h
av
e
v
ar
ied
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
elay
n
o
d
es
an
d
n
e
two
r
k
life
tim
e.
U
n
d
er
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ca
s
e,
we
h
av
e
v
ar
ied
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
ize
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
e
lay
n
o
d
es
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e.
Un
d
er
th
ir
d
ca
s
e,
we
h
av
e
v
ar
ie
d
th
e
r
en
ewa
b
l
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
an
d
f
in
ally
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
with
v
ar
y
i
n
g
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
R
Ns.
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
d
etails
o
f
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
R
Ns
d
ep
l
o
y
ed
f
o
r
v
ar
y
in
g
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
SNs
.
Fro
m
th
is
f
ig
u
r
e,
we
ca
n
o
b
s
er
v
e
t
h
at
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
R
Ns
in
cr
e
ases
g
r
ad
u
ally
with
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
SNs
.
As
th
e
SS
N
co
u
n
t
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
ey
n
ee
d
m
o
r
e
ass
is
tan
ce
(
i.e
.
,
m
o
r
e
u
m
b
er
o
f
R
Ns)
to
f
o
r
war
d
th
e
s
en
s
ed
d
ata
to
th
e
s
in
k
.
Af
ter
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
lev
el,
it
b
ec
o
m
es
co
n
s
tan
t
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
en
tire
n
etwo
r
k
ar
ea
h
as
b
ee
n
co
v
er
ed
b
y
t
h
e
d
e
p
lo
y
ed
R
Ns
an
d
ad
d
in
g
ad
d
itio
n
al
R
Ns
c
o
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
to
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
lex
ity
.
Ne
x
t,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
MO
FF
-
R
NP
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
to
h
av
e
a
s
m
aller
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
R
Ns
co
m
p
a
r
ed
t
o
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es a
t e
v
er
y
c
o
u
n
t
o
f
SNs
.
T
h
e
GA
-
R
NP
an
d
AB
C
-
R
NP
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
o
r
e
r
elay
n
o
d
es.
I
n
GA
-
R
NP,
th
e
R
NP
is
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
to
f
ix
ed
p
o
s
itio
n
s
an
d
t
h
e
p
lace
m
en
t
is
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
Gen
etic
Alg
o
r
ith
m
.
GA
-
R
NP
d
id
n
’
t
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
b
u
t
n
o
t
o
n
th
e
co
v
er
ag
e
an
d
en
er
g
y
d
u
e
to
wh
i
ch
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
o
f
a
g
r
ea
ter
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
R
Ns
to
co
v
er
th
e
e
n
tire
s
et
o
f
SS
Ns
.
Nex
t,
th
e
AB
C
-
R
NP
f
o
llo
wed
AB
C
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
o
p
tim
al
lo
ca
tio
n
s
o
f
R
Ns
b
y
w
h
ich
th
e
NL
is
m
ax
im
ized
wh
ile
th
e
r
estrictio
n
s
o
n
co
s
t
an
d
co
n
n
e
ctiv
ity
ar
e
f
u
lf
illed
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
d
id
n
’
t
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
en
er
g
y
d
e
p
letio
n
r
ate
b
y
wh
ich
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
a
l
R
Ns
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
will
g
et
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
if
all
th
e
r
elay
n
o
d
es
a
r
e
d
ep
leted
.
On
a
n
av
e
r
ag
e
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
lo
ca
te
d
8
r
ela
y
n
o
d
es
wh
ile
th
e
A
B
C
-
R
NP
an
d
GA
-
R
NP
lo
ca
t
ed
1
6
an
d
1
9
r
elay
n
o
d
es
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
ws
th
a
t
th
e
MO
FF
-
R
N
P
r
eq
u
ir
ed
o
n
ly
h
alf
o
f
t
h
e
r
elay
s
o
f
AB
C
-
R
NP
an
d
th
is
g
r
ea
t a
ch
iev
em
en
t is d
u
e
t
o
th
e
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
ca
p
ab
i
liti
es o
f
SNs
.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
th
e
NL
is
d
e
f
in
e
d
b
y
th
e
tim
e
at
wh
ic
h
an
y
o
f
th
e
SS
N
ca
n
’
t
f
o
u
n
d
a
R
N
to
co
n
n
ec
t.
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ate
s
th
e
d
etails
o
f
NL
f
o
r
v
a
r
y
in
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
SNs
.
Fro
m
th
is
f
ig
u
r
e,
we
ca
n
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
at
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
g
r
ad
u
ally
with
a
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
SNs
.
As
th
e
SS
N
co
u
n
t
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
r
esu
lts
in
m
o
r
e
ac
tiv
it
ies
lik
e
p
ac
k
et
r
etr
an
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
s
,
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
s
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
n
o
d
es
b
y
wh
ich
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
o
f
n
o
d
es
will
g
et
d
ep
leted
f
aster
r
ate.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
MO
FF
-
R
NP
s
h
o
ws
a
m
o
r
e
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
I
n
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
th
e
r
ela
y
n
o
d
es
will
n
o
t
h
av
e
en
e
r
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
ca
p
ab
il
ities
an
d
if
th
eir
en
er
g
y
lev
el
is
b
el
o
w
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
will
f
ail.
Fu
r
th
er
,
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
b
ac
k
u
p
o
f
f
r
elay
n
o
d
es
an
d
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es a
r
e
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
co
m
p
letely
.
T
h
e
GA
-
R
NP
alg
o
r
ith
m
willn
o
t
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
e
v
er
y
SN
is
co
v
er
ed
b
y
R
N.
Hen
ce
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
p
o
o
r
.
I
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
th
er
e
ex
is
ts
alwa
y
s
at
least
o
n
e
b
a
ck
u
p
R
N
f
o
r
ev
er
y
SS
N.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
o
u
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
s
u
r
es
a
g
u
ar
an
teed
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
an
d
n
ev
er
m
a
k
es
th
e
SS
Ns
to
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
th
e
R
Ns
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
.
Hen
ce
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
is
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
On
an
a
v
er
ag
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
a
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
o
f
1
0
,
6
0
0
m
in
u
tes
wh
ile
th
e
AB
C
-
R
NP
an
d
GA
-
R
NP
h
as
7
,
5
0
0
m
in
u
tes
a
n
d
6
,
3
0
0
m
in
u
tes r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
A
n
efficen
t c
o
ve
r
a
g
e
a
n
d
m
a
ximiza
tio
n
o
f n
etw
o
r
k
lifetime
in
WS
N
th
r
o
u
g
h
… (
A
.
N
a
g
esw
a
r
R
a
o
)
167
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
r
elay
n
o
d
es v
s
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Netwo
r
k
life
tim
e
v
s
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
Fig
u
r
e
4
d
escr
ib
es
t
h
e
d
etails
o
f
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
R
Nso
b
tain
ed
b
y
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
d
c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
s
ize.
Fro
m
th
is
,
we
ca
n
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
at
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
R
Ns
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
g
r
ad
u
ally
with
a
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
ize.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
in
th
e
ab
o
v
e
f
i
g
u
r
e,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
r
eq
u
ir
es
2
R
Ns
f
o
r
a
n
etwo
r
k
s
ize
o
f
7
0
0
x
7
0
0
wh
e
r
ea
s
i
t
was
in
cr
ea
s
ed
to
8
wh
e
n
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
ize
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
to
1
1
0
0
x
1
1
0
0
.
As
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
ize
in
cr
ea
s
es,
f
o
r
a
f
ix
ed
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
an
g
e
n
o
d
e
,
ad
d
itio
n
al
R
Ns
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
d
e
p
lo
y
f
o
r
co
v
er
in
g
th
e
en
tire
ar
ea
.
Sin
ce
th
e
R
N
ca
n
co
v
er
o
n
l
y
a
f
i
x
ed
c
o
v
er
a
g
e
ar
ea
,
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
ar
ea
is
co
v
er
e
d
b
y
a
d
d
itio
n
al
R
Ns.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
MO
FF
-
R
NP
d
ep
lo
y
ed
a
s
m
aller
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
R
Ns
an
d
th
e
in
cr
em
en
t
is
al
s
o
g
r
ad
u
al.
T
h
is
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
h
ig
h
co
v
er
ag
e
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
th
an
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
B
ec
au
s
eit
is
s
im
p
le;
MO
FF
-
R
N
P
s
ea
r
ch
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
in
k
an
d
d
e
p
lo
y
s
R
Ns
s
u
ch
th
at
ev
er
y
s
o
u
r
ce
node
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
s
in
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
eit
h
er
o
n
e
o
r
m
u
ltip
le
R
Ns.
T
h
is
f
ac
t
b
en
ef
its
to
th
e
pr
o
p
o
s
ed
an
d
h
e
n
ce
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
f
o
r
R
Ns
is
le
s
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
On
an
av
er
ag
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
lo
ca
te
d
4
R
Ns
wh
ile
th
e
AB
C
-
R
N
P
an
d
GA
-
R
NP
lo
ca
ted
7
a
n
d
1
0
r
ela
y
n
o
d
es r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
d
escr
ib
es
t
h
e
d
etail
s
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
f
o
r
v
a
r
y
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
s
ize.
Fro
m
th
i
s
,
we
ca
n
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
at
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
g
r
ad
u
ally
with
a
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
ize.
I
n
a
n
etwo
r
k
with
s
m
aller
s
ize,
th
e
r
elay
n
o
d
es
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
s
in
k
h
av
e
less
b
u
r
d
e
n
b
u
t
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
w
ith
lar
g
er
s
ize,
th
e
r
elay
n
o
d
es
ar
o
u
n
d
s
in
k
will
s
u
f
f
er
with
g
r
ea
t
b
u
r
d
en
.
I
n
a
n
elab
o
r
ated
wa
y
,
th
e
r
elay
n
o
d
e
s
n
ea
r
er
t
o
th
e
s
in
k
will
ca
r
r
y
th
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
o
f
all
n
o
d
es
in
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
t
h
e
r
eb
y
t
h
e
en
e
r
g
y
will
g
et
d
ep
l
et
ed
m
o
r
e
q
u
ick
ly
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
an
ea
r
l
y
f
ailu
r
e
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
W
ith
s
m
all
n
etw
o
r
k
s
(
i.e
.
,
3
0
0
x
3
0
0
)
th
e
GA
-
R
NP
h
as
life
tim
e
o
f
1
2
5
0
0
m
in
u
tes
wh
ile
f
o
r
th
e
l
ar
g
er
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
1
1
0
0
x
1
1
0
0
)
t
h
e
life
tim
e
is
6
5
0
0
an
d
it
is
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
twice.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
f
o
r
s
m
all
s
ca
le
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
g
ain
ed
a
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
o
f
1
5
,
0
0
0
m
in
u
tes wh
ile
it is
o
f
1
1
,
5
0
0
f
o
r
lar
g
e
s
ca
le
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws a
g
r
ea
ter
s
ca
lab
il
ity
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
MO
FF
-
R
NP.
Fig
u
r
e
4
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
R
Ns v
s
.
n
etwo
r
k
s
ize
Fig
u
r
e
5
Netwo
r
k
life
tim
e
v
s
.
n
etwo
r
k
s
ize
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
S
e
n
s
o
r
N
o
d
e
s
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
R
e
a
l
y
n
o
d
e
s
M
O
FF
-
R
N
P
A
B
C
-
R
N
P
[
2
3
]
G
A
-
R
N
P
[
1
3
]
20
30
40
50
60
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
S
e
n
s
o
r
N
o
d
e
s
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
L
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
(
m
i
n
u
t
e
s
)
M
O
FF
-
R
N
P
A
B
C
-
R
N
P
[
2
3
]
G
A
-
R
N
P
[
1
3
]
3
0
0
x
3
0
0
5
0
0
x
5
0
0
7
0
0
x
7
0
0
9
0
0
x
9
0
0
1
1
0
0
x
1
1
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
S
i
z
e
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
R
e
a
l
y
n
o
d
e
s
M
O
FF
-
R
N
P
A
B
C
-
R
N
P
[
2
3
]
G
A
-
R
N
P
[
1
3
]
3
0
0
x
3
0
0
5
0
0
x
5
0
0
7
0
0
x
7
0
0
9
0
0
x
9
0
0
1
1
0
0
x
1
1
0
0
0
5000
10000
15000
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
S
i
z
e
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
L
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
(
m
i
n
u
t
e
s
)
M
O
FF
-
R
N
P
A
B
C
-
R
N
P
[
2
3
]
G
A
-
R
N
P
[
1
3
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
2
1
:
1
5
9
–
1
7
0
168
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el,
t
h
e
r
el
ay
n
o
d
es
ar
e
ass
u
m
ed
t
o
h
av
e
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies
an
d
o
n
ce
th
eir
en
er
g
y
is
b
elo
w
en
er
g
y
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
,
th
e
y
will tu
r
n
o
f
f
all
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
m
o
v
es in
to
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
m
o
d
e.
I
n
th
e
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
m
o
d
e,
t
h
e
r
elay
n
o
d
es
will
h
ar
v
est
s
u
f
f
icien
t
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
an
d
wil
l
g
et
ac
tiv
ate.
I
n
th
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el,
th
e
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
en
er
g
y
is
m
o
d
eled
with
r
es
p
ec
t to
tim
e.
Fig
u
r
e
6
r
ev
e
als
th
e
o
b
tain
ed
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
v
alu
es
af
ter
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
co
n
s
tan
t
s
u
p
p
ly
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
in
cr
em
en
tal
en
er
g
y
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
we
allo
ca
te
s
u
p
p
ly
a
co
n
s
tan
t
an
d
in
cr
em
en
ta
l
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
a
n
d
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
.
Fro
m
th
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
esu
lts
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
,
we
ca
n
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
a
s
g
ain
ed
a
lin
ea
r
in
c
r
em
en
t
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e.
T
h
e
lin
ea
r
ity
is
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
co
n
s
tan
t
an
d
s
am
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
in
an
i
n
cr
em
en
tal
f
ash
io
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
we
ca
n
n
o
tice
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
h
ig
h
er
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
th
an
t
h
e
co
n
v
en
ti
o
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
On
an
a
v
e
r
ag
e
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
a
n
etwo
r
k
life
ti
m
e
o
f
1
4
0
0
0
m
in
u
tes
wh
ile
th
e
AB
C
-
R
NP
an
d
GA
-
R
N
P
h
as
1
1
0
0
0
m
i
n
u
tes
an
d
9
0
0
0
m
in
u
tes r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Netwo
r
k
L
if
etim
e
v
s
.
C
o
n
s
tan
t Ren
ewa
b
le
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
l
y
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Netwo
r
k
L
if
etim
e
v
s
.
R
an
d
o
m
R
en
ewa
b
le
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
l
y
Un
lik
e
th
e
ab
o
v
e
s
im
u
latio
n
,
h
er
e
we
h
av
e
s
im
u
lated
wit
h
r
an
d
o
m
r
en
ewa
b
le
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
,
t
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
is
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
7
.
I
n
th
is
s
im
u
latio
n
,
in
itially
th
e
s
en
o
r
n
o
d
es
ar
e
s
ated
with
r
an
d
o
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
en
e
r
g
ies
an
d
also
h
ar
v
ested
r
an
d
o
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
en
er
g
ies.
Fro
m
th
is
f
ig
u
r
e,
we
ca
n
n
o
tice
th
at
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
a
n
d
o
m
r
e
n
e
wab
le
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
is
less
er
th
an
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
o
b
tain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
s
tan
t
r
en
ewa
b
le
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
(
as
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
6
)
.
Fo
r
a
d
etailed
a
n
aly
s
is
,
we
h
av
e
i
n
cr
em
en
te
d
th
e
r
en
e
wab
le
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
in
r
an
d
o
m
in
ter
v
als.
I
n
itially
it
was
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
0
.
2
m
W
an
d
f
u
r
th
er
it
was
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
0
.
3
m
W
an
d
0
.
4
m
W
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
ed
a
m
ax
im
u
m
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
o
f
1
6
5
0
0
m
in
u
tes
(
1
.
3
m
W
)
wh
er
ea
s
in
th
e
co
n
s
tan
t
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
it
is
o
f
2
0
,
0
0
0
m
in
u
tes
(
at
1
.
5
m
W
)
.
T
h
is
i
s
a
m
o
r
e
r
ea
lis
tic
o
n
e
b
ec
au
s
e
in
r
ea
l
t
im
e
th
er
e
is
n
o
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
co
n
s
tan
t
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
d
u
e
to
u
n
p
r
ed
ictab
le
a
n
d
u
n
r
eliab
le
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
On
an
av
er
ag
e
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
a
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
o
f
1
1
0
0
0
m
in
u
tes
wh
ile
th
e
AB
C
-
R
NP a
n
d
GA
-
R
NP h
as 9
2
0
0
m
in
u
tes an
d
8
3
0
0
m
in
u
tes r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
d
ea
ls
with
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
t
r
ad
itio
n
al
W
SNs
b
y
in
teg
r
ati
n
g
th
e
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
R
elay
No
d
es.
T
h
e
ce
n
tr
al
i
d
ea
o
f
th
is
p
a
p
er
is
to
o
p
t
im
ize
th
r
ee
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
Av
er
ag
e
E
n
er
g
y
C
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
C
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
a
n
d
C
o
v
er
ag
e
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
b
lem
is
n
o
ticed
as
NP
-
h
ar
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
ea
r
lier
s
tu
d
ies.
Ho
wev
er
m
eta
-
h
eu
r
is
tics
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
f
air
ly
b
etter
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
to
war
d
s
s
u
ch
p
r
o
b
l
em
s
.
B
ased
o
n
th
i
s
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
,
we
h
av
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
a
Mu
lti
-
Ob
jectiv
e
Fire
f
ly
Alg
o
r
ith
m
b
ased
R
elay
No
d
e
Placem
en
t.
I
n
th
is
alg
o
r
i
th
m
,
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
ar
e
ass
u
m
ed
to
h
av
e
a
n
e
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
an
d
also
f
o
cu
s
ed
to
m
ain
tain
a
s
et
o
f
b
ac
k
u
p
r
elay
s
alwa
y
s
f
o
r
e
v
er
y
s
en
o
r
n
o
d
e.
Fu
r
th
e
r
,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
also
co
n
s
id
er
ed
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
an
d
co
v
er
ag
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
to
attain
an
o
p
tim
al
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
ela
y
n
o
d
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
wh
ic
h
ev
e
r
y
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
will
h
a
v
e
a
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
at
an
y
tim
e.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
o
p
tim
al
r
elay
n
o
d
e
p
lac
em
en
t
is
f
o
r
m
u
lated
as
a
n
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
an
d
s
o
lv
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
i
r
ef
ly
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
p
u
ter
s
im
u
latio
n
s
we
h
av
e
p
r
o
v
ed
th
at
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
ed
th
e
s
tate
-
of
-
a
r
t
m
eth
o
d
s
.
0
.
3
0
.
6
0
.
9
1
.
2
1
.
5
0
0
.
2
0
.
4
0
.
6
0
.
8
1
1
.
2
1
.
4
1
.
6
1
.
8
2
x
1
0
4
R
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
r
g
y
S
u
p
p
l
y
(
m
W
)
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
L
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
(
m
i
n
u
t
e
s
)
M
O
FF
-
R
N
P
A
B
C
-
R
N
P
[
2
3
]
G
A
-
R
N
P
[
1
3
]
0
.
2
0
.
4
0
.
6
0
.
9
1
.
3
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
R
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
r
g
y
S
u
p
p
l
y
(
m
W
)
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
L
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
(
m
i
n
u
t
e
s
)
M
O
FF
-
R
N
P
A
B
C
-
R
N
P
[
2
3
]
G
A
-
R
N
P
[
1
3
]
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