I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
I
nfo
rm
a
t
ics a
nd
Co
m
m
un
ica
t
io
n T
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
(
I
J
-
I
CT
)
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ap
r
il
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
4
0
~
4
5
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/iji
ct.
v
9
i
1
.
p
p
4
0
-
4
5
40
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ict.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Sess
io
n bas
ed coo
pera
tion in
co
g
nit
iv
e radio
net
wo
rk
s: net
wo
rk
lev
el appro
a
ch
Su
nil
G
h
ild
iy
a
l
1
,
H
im
a
ns
hu
G
o
el
2
,
Anup
a
m
Sem
wa
l
3
1,
2
Uttara
n
c
h
a
l
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
In
d
ia
3
S
a
in
a
th
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
,
I
n
d
ia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Mar
06
,
2
0
19
R
ev
is
ed
Sep
1
2
,
2
0
19
Acc
ep
ted
Oct
2
0
,
2
0
19
Th
e
c
o
g
n
it
i
v
e
ra
d
i
o
p
ro
to
t
y
p
e
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
is
to
a
ll
e
v
iate
th
e
sc
a
rc
it
y
o
f
sp
e
c
tral
re
so
u
rc
e
s
fo
r
wire
les
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
t
h
ro
u
g
h
in
telli
g
e
n
t
se
n
sin
g
a
n
d
q
u
ic
k
re
so
u
rc
e
a
ll
o
c
a
ti
o
n
te
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s.
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
u
se
rs
(S
U’
s)
a
c
ti
v
e
ly
o
b
tai
n
th
e
sp
e
c
tru
m
a
c
c
e
ss
o
p
p
o
rt
u
n
it
y
b
y
su
p
p
o
rti
n
g
p
rima
ry
u
se
rs (P
U’s
)
in
c
o
g
n
i
ti
v
e
ra
d
io
n
e
two
r
k
s
(CRNs
).
In
p
re
se
n
t
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
sp
e
c
tru
m
a
c
c
e
ss
is
e
n
d
o
we
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
-
b
a
se
d
li
n
k
-
le
v
e
l
fr
a
me
-
b
a
se
d
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
(
LL
C)
p
r
in
c
ip
le.
In
t
h
is
S
Us
in
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
tl
y
a
c
t
a
s
c
o
n
v
e
y
o
rs
f
o
r
P
Us
to
a
c
h
ie
v
e
sp
e
c
tru
m
a
c
c
e
ss
o
p
p
o
rt
u
n
i
ti
e
s.
Un
f
o
rtu
n
a
tely
,
th
is
LL
C
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
c
a
n
n
o
t
fu
ll
y
e
x
p
l
o
it
sp
e
c
tru
m
a
c
c
e
ss
o
p
p
o
rt
u
n
it
ies
to
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
t
h
e
th
ro
u
g
h
p
u
t
o
f
CRNs
a
n
d
fa
i
ls
t
o
m
o
ti
v
a
te
P
Us
to
jo
i
n
th
e
s
p
e
c
tru
m
sh
a
rin
g
p
ro
c
e
ss
e
s.
Th
e
re
fo
re
,
to
o
v
e
rc
o
m
e
th
is
c
o
n
,
n
e
two
rk
le
v
e
l
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
(NLC)
p
rin
c
i
p
le
wa
s
u
se
d
,
wh
e
re
S
Us
a
re
in
teg
ra
ted
m
u
tu
a
ll
y
to
c
o
l
lab
o
ra
te
with
P
Us
se
ss
io
n
b
y
se
ss
io
n
,
in
ste
a
d
o
f
fra
m
e
b
a
se
d
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
fo
r
sp
e
c
tru
m
a
c
c
e
s
s
o
p
p
o
rt
u
n
it
ies
.
NLC
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
h
a
s
ju
stifi
e
d
t
h
e
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
fa
c
in
g
in
LL
C
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
.
In
th
is
p
a
p
e
r
we
m
a
k
e
a
su
rv
e
y
o
f
so
m
e
m
o
d
e
ls
th
a
t
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
p
ro
p
o
se
d
t
o
tac
k
le
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
LL
C.
We
sh
o
w
th
e
re
lev
a
n
t
a
sp
e
c
ts
o
f
e
a
c
h
m
o
d
e
l,
i
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
e
th
e
p
a
ra
m
e
ters
th
a
t
we
sh
o
u
ld
ta
k
e
in
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
t
o
a
c
h
iev
e
a
sp
e
c
tr
u
m
a
c
c
e
ss
o
p
p
o
rtu
n
it
y
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
o
g
n
itiv
e
r
ad
io
C
o
o
p
er
ativ
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
I
n
teg
r
ated
Sp
ec
tr
u
m
ac
ce
s
s
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Su
n
il Gh
ild
iy
al
,
Uttar
an
ch
al
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
Ar
ca
d
ia
Gr
an
t,
C
h
an
d
a
n
war
i,
Pre
m
n
ag
ar
,
Deh
r
ad
u
n
,
Uttar
ak
h
an
d
2
4
8
0
0
7
,
I
n
d
ia
.
E
m
ail:
Sg
1
2
4
d
d
n
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
r
ec
en
t
tim
es
C
o
o
p
er
ativ
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
h
a
v
e
ac
h
ie
v
ed
co
n
s
id
er
a
b
le
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
.
W
ith
th
e
m
ajo
r
f
o
cu
s
o
n
p
h
y
s
ical
lay
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
C
o
o
p
er
atio
n
ca
n
h
ap
p
en
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
lay
er
s
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
I
n
th
at
p
o
in
t,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
ad
v
an
tag
es
ar
e
u
n
d
en
iab
le,
s
in
ce
th
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
r
eg
u
lar
ly
h
av
e
a
p
lace
with
a
s
o
litar
y
en
ter
tain
er
with
en
th
u
s
iasm
to
b
o
o
s
t
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
u
tili
ty
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
m
ak
in
g
u
s
e
o
f
co
o
p
e
r
ativ
e
tech
n
iq
u
es
in
im
p
r
o
v
is
in
g
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
m
u
lt
if
o
ld
in
th
e
r
ec
en
t
tim
es,
p
r
im
ar
ily
b
y
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
n
etwo
r
k
lay
er
.
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
u
ld
b
e
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
d
ata
[
4
]
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
[
5
]
an
d
ti
m
e
lag
g
in
g
[
6
]
.
C
o
g
n
itiv
e
r
a
d
io
allo
ws
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
u
s
er
s
to
ac
tiv
ely
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
wit
h
p
r
im
ar
y
u
s
er
s
’
r
elay
s
t
o
ac
h
ie
v
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
ac
ce
s
s
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
it
ies
as
an
in
ce
n
tiv
e
[
7
]
.
Po
s
itiv
ely
th
er
e
e
x
is
t
two
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
o
n
co
g
n
itiv
e
r
ad
i
o
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
th
er
e
a
r
e:
a)
C
o
m
m
o
n
m
o
d
el:
I
n
th
is
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
u
s
er
’
s
ac
tiv
ity
is
n
u
llified
b
y
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
u
s
er
s
.
I
n
tu
r
n
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
u
s
er
s
d
etec
t
th
e
r
ad
i
o
s
ig
n
ali
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
i
n
s
ea
r
ch
o
f
b
an
d
wid
t
h
wh
ile
p
r
im
ar
y
u
s
er
s
ar
e
n
o
t
ac
tiv
e
f
o
r
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
ch
a
n
n
el
a
n
d
th
en
m
ak
e
u
s
e
o
f
id
en
tifie
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ity
.
b
)
Sp
ec
tr
u
m
lease/co
o
p
er
atio
n
-
b
ased
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
:
h
er
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
u
s
er
s
ar
e
ac
tiv
ely
in
v
o
lv
e
d
b
y
ass
is
tin
g
p
r
im
ar
y
u
s
er
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
s
p
ec
t
r
u
m
ac
ce
s
s
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
as a
r
ewa
r
d
[
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
S
ess
io
n
b
a
s
ed
co
o
p
era
tio
n
in
co
g
n
itive
r
a
d
io
n
etw
o
r
ks:
n
etw
o
r
k
leve
l a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
(
S
u
n
il G
h
ild
iya
l
)
41
W
ith
th
e
h
elp
o
f
r
elay
ch
an
n
el,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
eo
r
y
h
as
led
th
e
way
to
p
lan
f
o
r
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
r
elay
ch
an
n
el
s
tan
d
s
as
t
h
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
p
e
d
estal
f
o
r
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
h
is
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
ac
ce
p
ted
to
af
f
o
r
d
ad
v
an
ce
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
lev
e
ls
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
wir
eless
n
etwo
r
k
s
with
tim
e
ch
an
g
e
ch
an
n
el
[
2
]
.
T
h
is
was
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
t
h
e
ea
r
ly
tim
es
b
y
Van
d
er
Me
u
le
n
[
9
]
,
a
n
d
it
was
d
escr
ib
ed
an
d
ch
ar
ac
te
r
ized
in
d
etail
in
[
1
0
]
.
In
r
ec
e
n
t
tim
es,
r
elay
c
h
an
n
el
h
as
b
ee
n
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
wid
el
y
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
wir
eless
n
etw
o
r
k
s
.
I
n
[
1
1
]
o
n
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
a
ty
p
ical
r
ela
y
ch
an
n
el
a
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
was
illu
s
tr
ated
f
o
r
c
h
o
ice
o
f
ch
o
o
s
in
g
r
ec
ip
i
en
t
an
d
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
tim
e
s
lo
ts
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
s
u
itab
le
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
b
ased
o
n
th
e
w
o
r
th
o
f
th
e
lin
k
s
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
I
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
[
1
2
]
,
r
elate
d
to
f
u
ll
an
d
h
alf
d
u
p
lex
r
elay
i
n
g
,
it
s
ay
s
if
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
an
ten
n
as
ar
e
eq
u
a
l
at
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
r
elay
in
g
p
o
i
n
t,
o
r
if
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
an
ten
n
as
ar
e
h
ig
h
er
at
d
esti
n
atio
n
p
o
in
t
t
h
an
s
o
u
r
c
e,
th
en
h
alf
d
u
p
le
x
ac
h
iev
es
h
ig
h
er
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
r
a
tes
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
e
d
with
f
u
ll
d
u
p
lex
r
elay
in
g
,
an
d
th
is
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
o
n
ly
in
f
ew
ca
s
es b
u
t n
o
t a
ll.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
[
1
3
]
p
u
t
f
o
r
war
d
t
wo
b
u
f
f
er
m
ed
iated
r
elay
s
elec
tio
n
p
lan
s
u
s
in
g
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
a
n
d
i
n
ter
r
el
ay
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
.
I
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
[
1
4
]
w
h
er
e
I
n
ter
f
e
r
en
ce
lim
itatio
n
was
d
e
p
lo
y
e
d
to
allo
w
s
elec
ted
s
et
o
f
r
elay
s
ac
tiv
ated
to
g
et
th
e
m
o
s
t
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
Fo
r
m
u
ltip
le
r
elay
s
tatio
n
s
(
R
S)
with
ad
ap
tiv
e
r
elay
s
tatio
n
(
R
S)
a
ctiv
atio
n
,
a
r
atio
n
alize
d
s
ch
e
m
e
o
f
DM
A
b
ased
ce
llu
lar
r
eso
u
r
ce
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
s
ch
em
es
wer
e
esti
m
ated
[
1
5
]
.
As
m
en
tio
n
ed
,
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
wo
r
k
s
in
th
is
ar
ea
aim
o
n
p
o
ten
tial
g
ain
s
b
y
co
o
p
er
atio
n
at
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
lay
er
.
R
ec
en
t
wo
r
k
s
[
4
]
an
d
[
1
5
]
in
d
icate
s
th
at
s
am
e
g
a
in
s
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
e
d
b
y
n
etwo
r
k
-
lay
e
r
c
o
o
p
er
atio
n
.
B
y
n
etwo
r
k
-
lay
e
r
c
o
o
p
er
atio
n
th
ey
co
n
s
id
er
r
elay
in
g
to
b
e
tak
in
g
p
lace
at
a
p
r
o
to
co
l
lev
el
a
v
o
id
in
g
p
h
y
s
i
ca
l
lay
er
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
.
R
an
d
o
m
m
u
ltip
le
ac
ce
s
s
s
ch
em
es
in
th
ese
wo
r
k
s
u
s
e
th
e
co
llis
io
n
ch
an
n
el
m
o
d
el
with
er
asu
r
es,
wh
er
e
th
er
e
ar
e
m
o
r
e
ch
an
ce
s
o
f
f
ail
u
r
e
o
f
co
n
cu
r
r
e
n
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
[
1
5
-
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
c
o
llis
io
n
ch
an
n
el
h
o
wev
er
is
n
o
t
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
wir
eless
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
A
s
u
r
v
ey
h
as
b
ee
n
u
n
d
er
tak
e
n
o
n
n
etwo
r
k
-
lev
el
s
ess
io
n
-
b
as
ed
co
o
p
e
r
ativ
e
(
NL
C
)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
C
R
Ns
s
o
th
at
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
ac
ce
s
s
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
m
o
r
e
ef
f
i
cien
tly
.
Un
lik
e
th
e
L
L
C
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
wh
er
e
SUs
co
o
p
er
ates
with
PUs
f
o
r
th
eir
o
wn
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
ac
ce
s
s
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
in
NL
C
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
SUs
is
g
r
o
u
p
ed
to
g
et
h
er
an
d
co
o
p
er
ate
with
PUs
f
o
r
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
ac
ce
s
s
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
iti
es o
f
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
g
r
o
u
p
.
2.
P
RIM
A
RY
(
P
U)
AND
SE
C
O
NDAR
Y
US
E
RS (
SU)
N
E
T
WO
RK
I
NG
:
P
US A
N
D
SU
S RO
L
E
I
n
co
g
n
itiv
e
r
ad
i
o
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
th
er
e
ex
is
t th
r
ee
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
h
ar
i
n
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
a.
Un
d
er
lay
: I
n
u
n
d
e
r
lay
,
SUs
ca
n
co
n
v
e
y
in
p
ar
allel
with
th
e
P
U
o
n
ly
if
th
e
h
in
d
r
an
ce
le
v
el
f
r
o
m
SU to
PU
is
les
s
th
an
s
o
m
e
lim
it.
T
h
r
esh
o
ld
is
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
lev
el
o
f
in
tr
u
s
io
n
th
at
PU
ca
n
with
s
tan
d
with
o
u
t
ca
u
s
in
g
an
y
h
in
d
r
an
ce
th
e
in
t
en
d
ed
d
ata
r
ate
o
r
in
te
n
d
ed
S
NR
/SNI
R
.
T
h
e
PU
d
o
es
n
o
t
ca
r
e
ab
o
u
t
th
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
SU.
I
t o
n
ly
ca
r
es
ab
o
u
t th
e
i
n
ter
f
er
en
c
e
lev
el.
b.
Ov
er
lay
:
I
n
o
v
er
lay
,
th
er
e
is
a
m
u
tu
al
c
o
o
p
er
atio
n
b
etwe
en
PU
an
d
SU.
So
,
PU
k
n
o
ws
th
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
SU.
SU
m
ay
ac
t
as
a
c
o
o
p
e
r
a
tiv
e
r
elay
f
o
r
t
h
e
PU.
I
n
r
etu
r
n
o
f
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
,
SU
g
et
t
h
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
t
o
g
et
to
th
e
ch
a
n
n
el
with
PU in
v
iew
o
f
s
u
p
er
p
o
s
itio
n
co
d
in
g
o
r
n
o
n
-
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
a
cc
ess
es.
c.
Op
p
o
r
tu
n
is
tic:
I
n
th
is
m
eth
o
d
,
SU
ca
n
ac
ce
s
s
th
e
ch
a
n
n
el
o
n
ly
if
th
e
r
e
is
n
o
p
r
im
a
r
y
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
T
h
at
m
ea
n
s
,
SU h
as to
m
o
n
ito
r
th
e
ch
an
n
el
to
k
n
o
w
th
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
PU.
Her
e,
th
e
d
u
t
y
g
o
es to
th
e
SU to
tally
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
eth
o
d
s
s
u
ch
as
en
er
g
y
d
etec
tio
n
,
cy
clo
s
tatio
n
ar
y
d
etec
tio
n
,
m
atc
h
ed
f
ilter
an
d
wav
ef
o
r
m
b
ases
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
d
e
tectio
n
etc.
to
d
etec
t
th
e
ex
i
s
ten
ce
o
f
PU.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
h
y
b
r
id
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
h
ar
in
g
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
ab
o
v
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
t
o
th
e
ab
o
v
e
m
eth
o
d
s
:
I
n
Sp
ec
tr
u
m
lea
s
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
l,
PU
leases
o
r
o
f
f
er
s
a
s
eg
m
en
t
o
f
its
tim
e
s
lo
ts
o
r
r
an
g
e
to
th
e
SU.
It
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
m
u
tu
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
.
2
.
1
.
Ro
le
o
f
ener
g
y
co
ns
um
ptio
n in desig
ni
ng
t
he
co
mm
un
ica
t
io
n str
a
t
eg
ies
E
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
er
v
atio
n
is
also
o
n
e
m
ajo
r
f
a
cto
r
in
a
r
ticu
latin
g
th
e
d
esig
n
in
g
c
o
o
p
e
r
ativ
e
s
ch
em
es
s
in
ce
it
h
as
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
u
s
er
s
’
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies.
I
n
th
is
v
iew,
m
an
y
s
tr
atag
ies,
b
ased
u
p
o
n
en
er
g
y
-
awa
r
e
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
s
ch
em
es
a
r
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
b
ased
o
n
a
s
u
m
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
p
o
wer
allo
ca
tio
n
g
am
e
an
d
a
p
o
wer
co
n
tr
o
l
g
am
e
b
y
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
i
n
ter
m
ed
iate
u
s
er
s
(
I
U’
s
)
.
T
h
e
s
e
in
ter
m
ed
iate
u
s
er
s
as
s
is
t
wi
th
Prim
ar
y
User
s
in
r
u
s
h
m
o
v
em
en
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
s
p
e
ctr
u
m
ac
ce
s
s
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
with
th
e
e
n
d
u
r
in
g
Seco
n
d
ar
y
u
s
er
s
.
Sin
ce
SUs
o
f
lim
ited
p
o
wer
;
PUs
m
ay
n
ee
d
to
r
ec
r
u
it
m
u
ltip
le
SUs
to
r
elay
th
eir
d
ata
in
a
m
u
ltih
o
p
f
ash
io
n
o
v
er
th
e
d
esire
d
lo
n
g
d
is
tan
ce
s
.
I
n
,
th
is
m
u
ltih
o
p
r
elay
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
b
le
m
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
an
d
s
tu
d
ied
b
ased
o
n
a
n
etwo
r
k
f
o
r
m
atio
n
g
am
e.
As
m
o
tiv
ated
b
y
s
er
io
u
s
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
o
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
two
ty
p
es o
f
co
o
p
er
a
tiv
e
s
ch
e
m
es a
r
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
PUs
’
s
ec
r
ec
y
an
d
d
ata
r
ate
[
1
4
]
.
I
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
ch
o
o
s
in
g
I
n
ter
m
e
d
iate
User
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
h
ig
h
est
b
iased
b
i
p
ar
tite
id
en
tical
alg
o
r
ith
m
an
d
,
c
o
o
p
er
atin
g
p
air
s
u
s
e
i
s
im
p
r
o
v
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
elatio
n
o
f
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
p
a
ir
u
s
e
to
th
e
wh
o
l
e
en
er
g
y
ex
p
e
n
d
itu
r
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
I
n
ter
m
ed
iate
User
s
(
I
U)
ef
f
icien
cy
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
with
th
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
in
ter
m
ed
iate
u
s
er
s
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
u
s
er
s
,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
u
s
er
s
g
et
an
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ity
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ap
r
il
20
20
:
4
0
–
4
5
42
p
r
im
ar
y
u
s
er
s
with
less
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
A
t
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
in
ter
m
ed
iate
u
s
er
s
h
av
e
f
u
ll
r
o
le
to
p
lay
an
d
th
eir
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
ca
n
also
b
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
.
[
1
8
]
.
2
.
2
.
Ses
s
io
n
ba
s
ed
co
o
pera
t
io
n f
ra
m
ewo
r
k
in co
g
nitiv
e
r
a
dio
net
wo
rk
s
A
wir
eless
s
y
s
tem
is
o
f
lim
ited
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
;
t
h
e
ev
e
r
-
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ch
an
n
el
o
r
b
a
n
d
wid
t
h
ca
p
ac
ity
d
em
an
d
s
r
esu
lt
in
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
cr
u
n
c
h
.
A
s
u
p
p
lem
en
tar
y
n
etwo
r
k
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
was
also
en
g
ag
e
d
to
b
eh
av
e
as
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
(
B
Ss
)
,
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
o
v
e
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
s
ca
r
city
o
f
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
[
1
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
s
m
all
ce
ll
B
S
s
(
SC
B
Ss
)
will
h
av
e
to
b
e
wid
e
ly
d
ep
lo
y
ed
.
SC
B
S
s
h
av
e
a
c
ap
ab
ilit
y
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
h
ig
h
n
e
two
r
k
f
o
r
wir
eless
u
s
er
s
b
y
h
av
in
g
clo
s
e
p
r
o
x
im
ity
to
th
e
u
s
er
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
SC
B
S
al
s
o
h
as
a
lim
ited
ar
ea
o
f
co
v
er
a
g
e.
As
an
ef
f
ec
t,
th
e
o
v
er
all
en
e
r
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
ce
ll
u
lar
n
etwo
r
k
s
will
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
n
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
b
asis
[
2
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
ex
is
tin
g
wir
eless
ac
ce
s
s
n
etwo
r
k
s
ar
e
in
d
u
e
c
o
u
r
s
e
s
tr
ess
ed
b
y
t
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
lack
an
d
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
I
t
is
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
u
s
to
m
er
g
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
to
f
r
ee
th
e
wir
eless
n
etwo
r
k
s
f
r
o
m
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
.
E
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
tech
n
i
q
u
es
lik
e
B
Ss
allo
w
n
etwo
r
k
d
e
v
ic
es
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
elec
tr
icity
f
r
o
m
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
b
io
f
u
els.
T
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
e
r
v
ices
to
SUs
,
th
e
SS
P
d
ep
l
o
y
s
o
r
leases
s
o
m
e
B
Ss
f
o
r
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
s
er
v
ice
co
v
er
ag
e
as
d
o
n
e
in
c
ellu
lar
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
C
R
r
o
u
ter
s
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
r
eso
u
r
ce
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
B
ase
s
tatio
n
s
ar
e
in
ter
r
elate
d
with
wir
ed
l
in
k
s
v
ia
I
n
te
r
n
et
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
an
d
wo
r
k
as
g
atew
ay
s
f
o
r
C
R
r
o
u
ter
s
,
s
o
th
at
th
e
C
C
HN
ca
n
g
ain
b
ac
k
b
o
n
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
er
v
ices.
B
ase
s
tatio
n
s
an
d
C
R
r
o
u
ter
s
b
o
t
h
ar
e
well
f
u
r
n
is
h
e
d
with
m
an
y
r
ad
io
i
n
ter
f
ac
es.
T
h
ey
ar
e
e
q
u
ip
p
ed
with
in
te
r
f
ac
es
lik
e
ce
llu
lar
in
ter
f
ac
e,
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
r
ad
i
o
in
t
er
f
ac
e,
a
n
d
W
i
Fi
in
ter
f
ac
e,
an
d
ca
n
o
p
er
ate
o
v
er
th
e
SS
P’s
b
asic
b
an
d
s
,
u
n
licen
s
ed
b
a
n
d
s
(
e.
g
.
,
I
SM
b
an
d
s
)
,
an
d
u
n
o
cc
u
p
ied
licen
s
e
d
b
an
d
s
.
PUs
a
n
d
SUs
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
cir
cu
lated
in
a
C
C
R
N.
T
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
v
e
y
ed
to
th
e
B
S
u
n
d
er
its
o
wn
au
th
o
r
ized
ch
a
n
n
el
b
y
a
b
ase
s
tatio
n
(
B
S).
B
S
s
er
v
e
PU,
g
iv
en
th
at
th
e
r
an
g
es
o
f
PUs
ar
e
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
in
r
ate
o
f
r
ec
u
r
r
en
ce
as
well
as
s
p
ac
e.
Acc
e
s
s
p
o
in
t
s
(
APs
)
co
in
cid
e
in
a
s
im
ilar
r
an
g
e
s
er
v
in
g
SUs
an
d
ea
c
h
SU sp
ea
k
s
with
it
s
r
elatin
g
AP.
T
h
e
m
ain
s
tag
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
is
b
etwe
en
th
e
PU
an
d
th
e
c
h
o
s
en
g
r
o
u
p
h
ea
d
I
U,
wh
ile
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
is
b
etwe
en
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
h
ea
d
a
n
d
d
if
f
er
en
t SUs in
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
am
o
n
g
s
t
SUs
an
d
PUs
h
ap
p
en
s
in
a
two
-
s
tag
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
p
lo
t
in
ea
ch
s
ch
ed
u
led
s
lo
t.
T
h
e
ac
co
m
p
lice
I
U
ch
o
i
ce
p
lan
is
f
ir
s
t
ex
ec
u
ted
,
an
d
af
ter
th
at
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
h
ea
d
I
U
p
ar
ticip
ates
with
th
e
PU
in
a
T
DM
A
way
th
at
th
e
PU
co
n
v
ey
s
its
b
u
n
d
le
to
I
U
an
d
af
ter
war
d
I
U
im
p
ar
t
PU'
s
last
s
lo
t
to
th
e
B
S
p
ar
allel.
Su
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t
to
PU
an
d
I
U
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
SUs
ad
d
it
io
n
ally
jo
in
s
I
U
wh
o
f
o
r
m
a
g
ath
er
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
an
ticip
atin
g
S
Us.
At
th
at
p
o
in
t,
th
e
I
U
an
d
th
e
SUs
in
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
co
o
r
d
i
n
ate
b
y
co
o
p
e
r
ativ
e
s
y
s
tem
co
d
in
g
.
T
h
e
SUs
,
wh
o
tak
e
a
n
in
ter
est
in
th
e
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
with
th
e
PUs
,
s
en
d
in
p
u
ts
with
th
em
tr
an
s
m
it
co
n
tr
o
l
v
alu
e
b
y
co
n
v
ey
in
g
PUs
ac
tiv
ity
to
th
e
B
S.
Kee
p
in
g
in
m
in
d
t
h
e
en
d
g
o
al
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
ex
ec
u
tio
n
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
n
etwo
r
k
,
th
e
B
S c
o
m
m
u
n
icate
s
th
e
p
ar
t
icip
atio
n
ch
o
ice
p
r
er
e
q
u
is
ite
to
its
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
SUs
.
On
th
e
o
f
f
ch
an
ce
if
o
n
e
SU
ca
n
f
ill
i
n
as
th
e
tr
a
n
s
f
er
f
o
r
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
PUs
,
it
s
en
d
s
d
iv
er
s
e
tr
an
s
m
it
p
o
wer
v
alu
e
to
ev
e
r
y
PU
to
th
e
B
S.
I
n
an
y
ca
s
e,
in
g
en
u
i
n
e
s
y
s
tem
s
,
s
o
m
e
SUs
wo
u
ld
n
o
t
willin
g
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
with
th
e
PU,
b
ec
au
s
e
SUs
n
ee
d
m
o
r
e
en
e
r
g
y
to
c
o
n
v
e
y
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
to
PUs
an
d
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
th
ey
g
ain
is
v
er
y
less
.
T
h
at
is
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
u
tili
ty
is
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
s
u
p
p
ly
.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
o
m
etim
es
th
e
SUs
s
till
wan
ts
to
p
ick
u
p
th
e
au
x
iliar
y
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
m
o
d
es
in
o
r
d
er
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
eir
u
tili
ty
.
Kee
p
in
g
in
m
in
d
th
e
en
d
g
o
al
to
tack
le
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
m
en
tio
n
e
d
is
s
u
e,
t
h
e
ch
o
s
en
I
U
c
o
o
r
d
in
ates
with
th
e
r
est
o
f
t
h
e
SUs
to
p
r
o
f
it
th
em
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
b
etwe
en
g
r
o
u
p
h
ea
d
I
U
an
d
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
SUs
in
th
e
b
u
n
ch
,
th
e
I
U
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
its
o
wn
p
ar
ticu
lar
ex
ec
u
tio
n
also
.
T
h
e
tim
e
s
p
an
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
two
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
:
th
e
p
r
in
cip
al
s
tag
e
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
an
d
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
I
n
th
e
I
U
ch
o
ice
tim
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
tag
e
co
llab
o
r
a
tio
n
,
af
ter
B
S
g
ets
th
e
af
f
ir
m
atio
n
an
d
th
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
p
o
ten
tial
I
Us,
th
e
B
S
ex
p
l
o
its
th
e
g
r
ea
test
weig
h
ted
b
i
p
ar
tite
co
o
r
d
in
atin
g
ca
lcu
latio
n
to
lo
ca
te
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
h
elp
f
u
l
SUs
,
i.e
.
,
th
e
I
Us.
Af
ter
ac
co
m
p
lice
I
U
ch
o
ice,
th
e
PU
co
llab
o
r
ates
with
th
e
I
U
in
a
T
DM
A
way
.
At
th
at
p
o
in
t,
th
e
I
U
co
m
m
u
n
icate
s
its
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
p
r
e
r
eq
u
is
ite
to
s
tar
t
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e
co
lla
b
o
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
SUs
s
en
d
s
th
e
af
f
ir
m
atio
n
th
at
th
ey
n
ee
d
to
jo
in
in
to
th
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
with
th
e
I
U.
Fr
o
m
th
at
p
o
in
t
o
n
war
d
,
t
h
e
I
U
tr
an
s
m
its
its
b
u
n
d
le
to
war
d
s
th
e
r
elate
d
AP.
Am
id
th
is
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
th
e
ch
an
n
el
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
th
o
u
g
h
t
to
b
e
s
tead
y
am
id
a
f
ix
s
ch
ed
u
le
s
lo
t,
h
o
wev
er
f
lu
ctu
ate
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
ly
s
tar
tin
g
with
o
n
e
s
lo
t
th
en
o
n
to
th
e
n
ex
t.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
h
ar
in
g
s
y
s
tem
wo
r
k
s
in
a
tim
e
s
lo
tted
way
an
d
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
ch
an
n
el
s
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
f
it in
with
a
R
ay
leig
h
f
lat
f
ad
in
g
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
C
SI
is
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le,
wh
ich
is
ass
ess
ed
b
y
ac
c
o
m
p
lis
h
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
m
in
im
u
m
m
ea
n
-
s
q
u
ar
e
-
er
r
o
r
(
MM
SE)
esti
m
atio
n
,
least
s
q
u
ar
es
(
L
S)
esti
m
atio
n
an
d
[
1
9
]
.
Pro
ce
s
s
,
th
e
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
SUs
(
f
r
am
e
a
b
u
n
c
h
)
wh
o
ar
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
co
llab
o
r
ati
o
n
ca
n
ca
tc
h
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
en
,
with
u
s
e
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
c
o
d
in
g
,
th
e
SUs
cr
ea
tes
n
ew
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
s
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
p
ac
k
ets
an
d
tr
an
s
m
it
th
o
s
e
to
war
d
s
th
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
AP
with
i
n
o
r
o
u
t
o
f
c
u
s
ter
as
n
ee
d
ed
.
C
o
o
p
er
atio
n
s
ch
em
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
I
U
a
n
d
SUs
in
th
e
clu
s
ter
is
r
ef
er
r
ed
as
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
n
etwo
r
k
co
d
i
n
g
,
wh
er
e
I
U
is
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
AP
is
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
,
an
d
th
en
SUs
f
o
r
m
s
a
clu
s
ter
to
h
el
p
I
U
r
elay
th
e
d
ata
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
S
ess
io
n
b
a
s
ed
co
o
p
era
tio
n
in
co
g
n
itive
r
a
d
io
n
etw
o
r
ks:
n
etw
o
r
k
leve
l a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
(
S
u
n
il G
h
ild
iya
l
)
43
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
to
th
e
d
esti
n
at
io
n
.
C
ar
e
o
f
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
is
h
ig
h
ly
co
n
s
id
er
ed
wh
ile
d
e
s
ig
n
in
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
r
atio
o
f
u
tili
ty
to
e
n
er
g
y
,
w
h
ich
en
ab
les
a
tr
ad
eo
f
f
b
etwe
en
o
p
tim
ized
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
u
tili
ty
an
d
en
er
g
y
.
I
U
s
ele
ctio
n
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
s
elec
t
th
e
I
Us
wh
o
co
o
p
er
ate
with
th
e
PUs
.
T
h
e
I
Us
ar
e
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
SUs
th
at
h
av
e
b
etter
ch
an
n
el
co
n
d
itio
n
s
th
an
o
th
e
r
SUs
to
r
elay
P
Us’
tr
af
f
ic.
3.
DE
S
I
G
N
O
F
CO
G
NIT
I
VE
CAP
ACI
T
Y
H
ARV
E
S
T
I
NG
NE
T
WO
RK
:
B
UI
L
T
F
E
AT
URES
O
F
CCH
N
T
h
e
C
C
HN
co
m
p
r
is
es
o
f
a
B
Ss
,
SS
P,
C
R
s
w
itch
es
an
d
SUs
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
SS
P
is
a
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
wir
ele
s
s
s
er
v
ice
o
r
g
an
izer
,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le
,
a
ce
llu
lar
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
th
at
will
g
iv
e
b
etter
o
r
n
ew
s
o
r
ts
o
f
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
s
to
ce
llu
lar
clien
ts
,
an
d
h
as
its
o
wn
p
ar
ticu
lar
au
th
o
r
ized
r
an
g
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
allu
d
ed
to
as
th
e
SS
P
'
s
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
SS
P
i
s
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
l
e
f
o
r
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
an
d
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
with
in
its
ar
ea
o
f
co
v
er
ag
e.
T
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
er
v
ices
to
SUs
,
th
e
SS
P
d
ep
l
o
y
s
o
r
leases
s
o
m
e
B
Ss
f
o
r
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
s
er
v
ice
co
v
er
ag
e
as
d
o
n
e
i
n
ce
llu
lar
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
C
R
r
o
u
ter
s
f
o
r
e
f
f
icien
t
r
eso
u
r
ce
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
B
Ss
ar
e
in
ter
r
elate
d
with
wir
ed
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
W
eb
o
r
o
th
er
r
ap
i
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
wo
r
k
as
p
ass
ag
es
f
o
r
C
R
r
o
u
ter
s
,
s
o
t
h
at
th
e
C
C
HN
ca
n
p
ick
u
p
im
p
o
r
tan
t
n
etwo
r
k
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
s
.
B
Ss
also
s
er
v
e
as
an
o
p
er
ato
r
f
o
r
th
e
SS
P
to
tr
ad
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
m
o
tio
n
in
g
with
C
R
r
o
u
ter
s
an
d
SUs
.
C
R
r
o
u
ter
s
ar
e
in
tellig
en
t
wir
eless
r
o
u
ter
s
with
co
g
n
itiv
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
an
d
o
p
er
a
te
u
n
d
er
th
e
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
o
f
th
e
SS
P.
B
o
th
B
Ss
an
d
C
R
s
wit
ch
es
ar
e
f
u
r
n
is
h
ed
with
v
ar
io
u
s
r
a
d
io
in
ter
f
ac
es,
f
o
r
e
x
am
p
le,
ce
ll
in
ter
f
ac
e,
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
r
a
d
io
in
te
r
f
ac
e,
a
n
d
W
iFi
in
ter
f
ac
e,
an
d
ca
n
o
p
er
ate
o
v
er
th
e
SS
P’s
b
asic
b
an
d
s
,
u
n
au
th
o
r
ized
b
an
d
s
(
e.
g
.
,
I
SM
b
a
n
d
s
)
,
an
d
u
n
o
cc
u
p
ied
a
u
th
o
r
ize
d
b
an
d
s
.
T
h
e
C
C
HN
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
r
ad
io
m
esh
n
etwo
r
k
to
h
elp
th
e
SS
P
d
eliv
er
s
er
v
ices
to
SUs
in
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
with
B
S
s
.
SUs
ar
e
wir
ele
s
s
g
ad
g
ets
lik
e
lap
to
p
s
an
d
s
m
ar
t
p
h
o
n
es
o
b
tain
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
s
v
ia
ce
r
tain
ac
ce
s
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
(
e.
g
.
,
GSM/GPR
S,
L
T
E
an
d
W
iFi
)
an
d
m
ay
o
r
m
ay
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
SUs
g
ets
to
th
e
SS
P
'
s
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
s
b
y
ass
o
ciatin
g
with
C
R
r
o
u
ter
s
o
r
B
Ss
,
an
d
C
R
s
witch
es
d
ir
ec
tly
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
to
SUs
ar
e
ca
lled
ed
g
e
C
R
r
o
u
ter
s
.
I
n
th
e
ev
en
t
th
at
SUs
h
ad
co
g
n
itiv
e
ab
ilit
y
,
th
ey
ca
n
s
p
ea
k
with
ed
g
e
C
R
r
o
u
ter
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
o
th
th
eir
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
ac
ce
s
s
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
an
d
co
g
n
itiv
e
r
a
d
io
.
I
f
SUs
’
d
ev
ices
d
o
n
o
t
h
av
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
r
ad
io
i
n
ter
f
ac
es,
ed
g
e
C
R
r
o
u
ter
s
will
tu
n
e
to
t
h
e
in
ter
f
ac
es
wh
ic
h
SUs
n
o
r
m
ally
u
s
e
to
d
eliv
er
s
er
v
ices.
E
ac
h
ed
g
e
C
R
r
o
u
ter
co
n
s
tan
tly
co
llects
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ap
p
ea
l
in
its
s
co
p
e
r
a
n
g
e
a
n
d
p
r
esen
t
th
o
s
e
c
o
llected
d
ata
ap
p
ea
ls
to
SS
P
f
o
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
d
ata
r
eq
u
ests
an
d
av
ailab
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
th
e
SS
P
ca
r
r
ies
o
u
t
n
etwo
r
k
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
a
n
d
th
e
d
e
cisi
o
n
s
will
b
e
d
eliv
er
e
d
to
C
R
r
o
u
t
er
s
v
ia
th
e
SS
P’s
b
asic
b
an
d
s
.
Un
d
er
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
SS
P,
B
S
s
an
d
C
R
s
w
itch
es
ag
g
r
eg
ate
ly
d
ev
el
o
p
w
ay
s
to
co
n
v
ey
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
s
to
SUs
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
u
ltih
o
p
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
[
2
0
]
,
th
e
C
C
HN
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
is
v
er
y
f
lex
ib
le
i
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
v
ar
i
o
u
s
s
ch
m
es
o
f
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
-
s
h
ar
in
g
p
ar
ad
i
g
m
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
-
s
en
s
in
g
b
ased
an
d
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
-
au
ctio
n
-
b
ase
d
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
h
ar
in
g
.
I
n
th
is
p
a
p
er
,
we
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
C
C
HN
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
o
t
h
er
p
ar
ad
ig
m
,
i.e
.
,
co
o
p
er
atio
n
-
b
ased
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
h
ar
in
g
.
4.
B
AS
I
C
NE
T
WO
RK
M
O
DE
L
S W
I
T
H
T
H
E
I
R
E
F
F
E
C
T
I
VE
N
E
S
S CR
I
T
E
RIA
4
.
1
.
Co
o
pera
t
iv
e
c
o
g
nitiv
e
n
et
wo
rk
m
o
del
I
n
th
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
r
a
d
io
s
y
s
tem
,
two
n
etwo
r
k
s
ex
is
t,
p
r
im
ar
y
n
etwo
r
k
a
n
d
am
p
lify
-
an
d
-
f
o
r
war
d
(
AF)
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
s
e
co
n
d
ar
y
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
s
tr
ea
m
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
ess
en
tial
an
d
its
p
ath
is
p
r
im
ar
y
u
s
er
p
ass
es
o
n
to
a
p
r
im
a
r
y
d
esti
n
atio
n
(
PD)
,
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
tr
an
s
m
itter
(
ST)
p
ass
es
o
n
i
ts
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
a
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
d
esti
n
atio
n
(
SD)
at
th
e
co
m
p
ar
a
b
le
tim
e.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
im
p
lem
en
t
th
e
c
o
o
p
e
r
atio
n
,
‘
r
ec
eiv
e
d
i
v
er
s
ity
p
r
o
to
co
l
’
is
ex
h
ib
ited
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
s
,
d
esti
n
ato
r
s
an
d
r
elay
ter
m
in
als
all
co
n
tain
o
n
e
an
ten
n
a
an
d
o
n
e
tr
an
s
m
it.
I
n
ea
r
ly
s
tag
e,
r
elay
an
d
SD
g
ets
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
ST.
At
th
at
p
o
in
t
in
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e,
th
e
S
T
r
em
ain
s
in
er
t,
wh
ile
th
e
r
elay
in
cr
ea
s
es
an
d
tr
an
s
f
er
s
th
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
I
n
C
R
S
wh
er
e
th
er
e
is
n
o
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
en
s
e
ac
tio
n
,
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
y
p
o
w
er
o
f
ST
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
r
estricte
d
to
u
p
h
o
ld
a
p
r
ef
er
r
e
d
Qo
S
o
f
PT.
PT
co
n
v
e
y
th
e
s
ig
n
al
x
p
to
PD
wh
er
e
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
it
en
er
g
y
o
f
PT
is
s
ig
n
if
ie
d
b
y
PP
T
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
at
e
b
y
R
p
.
Similar
ly
,
ST
p
ass
o
n
th
e
s
ig
n
al
x
s
to
S
D
with
tr
an
s
m
it
en
er
g
y
PS
T
.
T
h
e
lo
s
s
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
is
r
estricte
d
b
y
th
r
esh
o
ld
PT
h
r
,
to
ac
c
o
m
p
l
is
h
th
e
co
v
eted
Qo
S
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
[
2
0
]
.
C
o
o
p
er
ativ
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
n
etwo
r
k
m
o
d
el
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ap
r
il
20
20
:
4
0
–
4
5
44
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
o
p
er
ativ
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
n
etwo
r
k
m
o
d
el
4
.
2
.
Co
ns
t
ra
ints wit
h
re
s
pect
t
o
co
mm
un
ica
t
io
n
4
.
2
.
1
.
F
lo
w
ro
ute
a
nd
lin
k
s
chedule c
o
ns
t
ra
int
s
T
o
o
p
tim
ally
u
tili
ze
n
etwo
r
k
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
we
s
h
o
u
ld
m
u
tu
a
lly
co
n
s
id
er
f
lo
w
r
o
u
te
an
d
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
ch
ed
u
le
wh
ich
ar
e
tig
h
tly
co
u
p
led
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
On
th
e
o
n
e
h
an
d
,
th
e
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
at
th
e
d
at
a
lin
k
lay
er
s
h
o
u
ld
o
u
g
h
t
to
h
a
v
e
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
f
lo
w
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
lay
er
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
h
o
w
m
u
ch
f
lo
w
ca
n
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
lay
er
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
th
e
p
lan
n
in
g
at
th
e
d
ata
lin
k
lay
er
.
4
.
2
.
2
.
Li
nk
s
cheduli
ng
co
ns
t
ra
ints
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
we
c
o
n
s
id
er
tim
e
-
b
ased
lin
k
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
w
h
er
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
lin
k
s
ar
e
allo
ca
ted
w
ith
ce
r
tain
p
er
io
d
s
o
f
tim
e
to
b
u
ild
u
p
f
l
o
ws
b
etwe
en
en
d
s
y
s
tem
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
f
lo
w
r
ates
wh
ic
h
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
lay
e
r
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
e
p
en
d
o
n
th
e
d
a
ta
r
ate
o
f
ea
ch
lin
k
as
well
as
th
e
tim
e
s
h
ar
e
allo
ca
ted
to
t
h
ese
lin
k
s
.
T
o
g
iv
e
PUs
with
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
to
co
llab
o
r
ate,
th
e
SS
P
s
h
o
u
ld
en
s
u
r
e
PUs
’
d
ata
is
d
eliv
er
ed
to
t
h
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
ea
r
lier
th
an
wh
at
wo
u
ld
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
c
h
ed
u
led
with
o
u
t th
e
SS
P’s h
e
lp
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
W
ith
th
is
s
tu
d
y
we
ca
n
co
n
cl
u
d
e
s
ay
in
g
t
h
er
e
ar
e
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
b
en
ef
its
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
a
c
o
o
p
er
ativ
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
en
s
in
g
s
y
s
tem
in
s
id
e
a
co
g
n
itiv
e
r
ad
i
o
n
etwo
r
k
,
w
h
ich
ar
e
:
a
)
Sig
n
if
ican
t
r
e
d
u
cti
o
n
in
Hid
d
en
n
o
d
e
p
r
o
b
lem
:
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
ain
is
s
u
es
with
L
L
C
is
th
at
d
e
s
p
ite
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
th
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
r
ad
io
n
etwo
r
k
wo
u
ld
n
o
t
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
a
n
PU
tr
an
s
m
itter
,
i
t
m
ed
iates
with
th
e
r
ec
ip
ien
ts
wh
ich
h
av
e
ca
p
ac
ity
to
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
b
o
th
th
e
PU
an
d
co
g
n
itiv
e
r
ad
io
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
.
B
y
u
tili
z
in
g
a
co
o
p
e
r
ativ
e
d
etec
tin
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
it
is
co
n
ce
iv
ab
le
to
d
im
in
is
h
th
e
li
k
elih
o
o
d
o
f
th
is
f
ea
tu
r
e
b
ec
au
s
e
a
p
r
o
m
in
en
t
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
r
ec
i
p
ien
ts
will
h
av
e
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
to
d
ev
elo
p
an
ex
ac
t
i
m
ag
e
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
in
th
e
ar
ea
.
b
)
A
g
ilit
y
I
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t:
B
y
co
o
p
er
atio
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
en
s
in
g
n
o
d
es
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
d
etec
tin
g
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
ch
a
n
n
e
l
m
o
v
es
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
,
in
tu
r
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
a
g
ilit
y
.
c)
Dec
r
ea
s
e
o
f
f
alse
al
ar
m
s
:
Pre
s
en
ce
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
n
o
d
es e
x
h
i
b
itin
g
th
e
s
p
ec
t
r
u
m
s
en
s
in
g
,
ch
an
n
el
s
ig
n
al
id
en
tific
atio
n
is
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
e
an
d
th
ese
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
f
alse
alar
m
s
.
d
)
Pre
cise
s
ig
n
al
d
etec
tio
n
:
Acc
u
r
ate
s
ig
n
al
id
e
n
tific
atio
n
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
co
m
p
lete
s
y
s
tem
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
with
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
G
.
Kra
m
e
r,
I.
M
a
ric,
R.
D.
Ya
tes
,
“
Co
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,”
Fo
u
n
d
.
T
re
n
d
s
Ne
tw
.
,
v
o
l.
1
,
p
p
.
2
7
1
–
4
2
5
,
2
0
0
6
.
[2
]
J.
Lan
e
m
a
n
,
D.
Tse
,
a
n
d
G
.
W.
Wo
rn
e
ll
,
“
Co
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
d
i
v
e
rsity
i
n
wire
les
s
n
e
two
rk
s:
Eff
icie
n
t
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
a
n
d
o
u
tag
e
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
T
h
e
o
ry
,
v
o
l.
5
0
,
p
p
.
3
0
6
2
-
3
0
8
0
,
2
0
0
4
.
[3
]
T.
Ng
a
n
d
W.
Y
u
,
“
Jo
i
n
t
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
re
lay
stra
teg
ies
a
n
d
re
so
u
rc
e
a
ll
o
c
a
ti
o
n
s
in
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
c
e
ll
u
lar
n
e
two
rk
s,”
IEE
E
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
n
S
e
lec
ted
Are
a
s i
n
Co
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
s
,
v
o
l.
2
5
,
p
p
.
3
2
8
-
3
3
9
,
F
e
b
2
0
0
7
.
[4
]
A.
S
a
d
e
k
,
K.
Li
u
,
a
n
d
A.
Ep
h
re
m
id
e
s,
“
Co
g
n
it
iv
e
m
u
l
ti
p
le
a
c
c
e
ss
v
ia
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
:
P
ro
t
o
c
o
l
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
ly
sis,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
I
n
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
T
h
e
o
ry
,
v
o
l.
5
3
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
3
6
7
7
–
3
6
9
6
,
2
0
0
7
.
[5
]
K.
J.
R.
Li
u
,
A.
K.
S
a
d
e
k
,
W.
S
u
,
a
n
d
A.
Kw
a
sin
sk
i,
"
Co
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
Ne
two
r
k
i
n
g
,”
C
a
mb
rid
g
e
Un
ive
rs
it
y
Pre
ss
,
2
0
0
9
.
[6
]
N.
P
a
p
p
a
s,
M
.
K
o
u
n
to
u
ris,
A.
Ep
h
re
m
id
e
s,
a
n
d
A.
Trag
a
n
it
is,
“
Re
lay
-
a
ss
isted
m
u
lt
ip
le
a
c
c
e
ss
with
f
u
ll
-
d
u
p
lex
m
u
lt
i
-
p
a
c
k
e
t
re
c
e
p
ti
o
n
,
”
I
EE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
W
ire
les
s Co
mm
u
n
i
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
1
4
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
9
9
,
2
0
1
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
S
ess
io
n
b
a
s
ed
co
o
p
era
tio
n
in
co
g
n
itive
r
a
d
io
n
etw
o
r
ks:
n
etw
o
r
k
leve
l a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
(
S
u
n
il G
h
ild
iya
l
)
45
[7
]
S
.
Ha
y
k
in
,
“
Co
g
n
it
i
v
e
ra
d
i
o
:
b
ra
i
n
-
e
m
p
o
we
re
d
wire
les
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s,”
IE
EE
J
.
S
e
l.
Are
a
s
Co
m
mu
n
.
,
v
o
l.
2
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
0
1
-
2
2
0
,
F
e
b
2
0
0
5
.
[8
]
O.
S
ime
o
n
e
,
I
.
S
tan
o
jev
,
S
.
S
a
v
a
z
z
i,
Y.
Ba
r
-
Ne
ss
,
U.
S
p
a
g
n
o
li
n
i
,
a
n
d
R.
P
ick
h
o
lt
z
,
“
S
p
e
c
tru
m
lea
sin
g
t
o
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
n
g
se
c
o
n
d
a
ry
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
two
r
k
s,”
IEE
E
J
.
S
e
l.
Are
a
s Co
mm
u
n
.
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
0
3
–
2
1
3
,
Ja
n
2
0
0
8
.
[9
]
E.
C.
V.
D.
M
e
u
len
,
“
T
h
re
e
-
term
in
a
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
c
h
a
n
n
e
ls,”
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s
in
A
p
p
li
e
d
Pr
o
b
a
b
il
it
y
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
2
0
–
1
5
4
,
1
9
7
1
.
[1
0
]
T.
Co
v
e
r
a
n
d
A.
G
a
m
a
l,
“
Ca
p
a
c
it
y
th
e
o
re
m
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
re
lay
c
h
a
n
n
e
l,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
fo
r
ma
ti
o
n
T
h
e
o
ry
,
v
o
l.
2
5
,
p
p
.
5
7
2
–
5
8
4
,
S
e
p
1
9
7
9
.
[1
1
]
N.
Zl
a
tan
o
v
,
R.
S
c
h
o
b
e
r,
a
n
d
L
.
Lam
p
e
,
“
Bu
ffe
r
-
a
id
e
d
re
lay
i
n
g
in
a
th
re
e
-
node
n
e
two
r
k
,
”
in
IE
EE
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m o
n
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
h
e
o
r
y
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s (I
S
IT
)
,
p
p
.
7
8
1
–
7
8
5
,
Ju
l
2
0
1
2
.
[1
2
]
N.
Zl
a
tan
o
v
a
n
d
R.
S
c
h
o
b
e
r,
“
B
u
ffe
r
-
a
id
e
d
h
a
lf
-
d
u
p
lex
re
lay
in
g
c
a
n
o
u
tp
e
rfo
rm
i
d
e
a
l
fu
l
l
-
d
u
p
le
x
re
lay
in
g
,
”
IEE
E
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
p
p
.
4
7
9
-
4
8
2
,
M
a
r
2
0
1
3
.
[1
3
]
S
.
M
.
Kim
a
n
d
M
.
Be
n
g
tss
o
n
,
“
V
irt
u
a
l
fu
ll
-
d
u
p
le
x
b
u
ffe
r
-
a
id
e
d
re
l
a
y
in
g
–
re
lay
se
lec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
b
e
a
m
fo
rm
in
g
,
”
in
2
4
t
h
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m
o
n
Per
so
n
a
l
I
n
d
o
o
r
a
n
d
M
o
b
il
e
R
a
d
i
o
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
(PI
M
RC),
p
p
.
1
7
4
8
-
1
7
5
2
,
S
e
p
2
0
1
3
.
[1
4
]
N.
No
m
ik
o
s,
T.
C
h
a
ra
lam
b
o
u
s,
I.
Krik
id
is,
D.
S
k
o
u
tas
,
D.
Vo
u
y
io
u
k
a
s,
a
n
d
M
.
Jo
h
a
n
ss
o
n
,
“
Bu
ffe
r
-
a
id
e
d
su
c
c
e
ss
iv
e
o
p
p
o
rt
u
n
isti
c
re
lay
i
n
g
wit
h
in
te
r
-
re
lay
in
terfe
re
n
c
e
c
a
n
c
e
ll
a
ti
o
n
,
”
in
2
4
t
h
IEE
E
I
n
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m
o
n
Per
so
n
a
l
I
n
d
o
o
r
a
n
d
M
o
b
il
e
R
a
d
i
o
Co
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
s (P
IM
RC),
p
p
.
1
3
1
6
–
1
3
2
0
,
S
e
p
2
0
1
3
.
[1
5
]
B.
Ro
n
g
a
n
d
A.
E
p
h
re
m
id
e
s
,
“
Co
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
b
o
v
e
th
e
p
h
y
sic
a
l
lay
e
r:
Th
e
c
a
se
o
f
a
sim
p
le
n
e
two
rk
,
”
in
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m o
n
I
n
fo
r
ma
ti
o
n
T
h
e
o
ry
(IS
I
T
)
,
p
p
.
1
7
8
9
–
1
7
9
3
,
Ju
n
2
0
0
9
.
[1
6
]
N.
P
a
p
p
a
s,
A
.
Trag
a
n
it
is,
a
n
d
A.
Ep
h
re
m
id
e
s,
“
S
ta
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
issu
e
s
o
f
a
re
lay
a
ss
isted
m
u
lt
ip
le
a
c
c
e
ss
sc
h
e
m
e
,
”
in
IEE
E
Gl
o
b
a
l
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(GLOBE
COM
2
0
1
0
),
p
p
.
1
–
5
,
De
c
2
0
1
0
.
[1
7
]
N.
P
a
p
p
a
s,
M
.
Ko
u
n
t
o
u
r
is,
A.
E
p
h
re
m
id
e
s,
a
n
d
A
.
Trag
a
n
it
is,
“
On
th
e
sta
b
il
it
y
re
g
io
n
o
f
a
re
lay
-
a
ss
isted
m
u
lt
ip
le
a
c
c
e
s
s sc
h
e
m
e
,
”
in
IEE
E
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
h
e
o
ry
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
(I
T
W
),
p
p
.
1
–
8
,
S
e
p
2
0
1
3
.
[1
8
]
As
h
ish
k
u
m
a
r
sin
h
a
,
Ra
jee
v
th
a
k
u
r,
“
sp
e
c
tr
u
m
sh
a
rin
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
fo
r
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
c
o
g
n
it
iv
e
ra
d
i
o
n
e
two
rk
s
u
sin
g
b
ip
a
rti
te
g
ra
p
h
”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
mp
u
ter
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
vol
.
1
5
7
,
no
.
9,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
9
]
M
.
Big
u
e
sh
a
n
d
A.
B.
G
e
rsh
m
a
n
,
“
Train
in
g
-
Ba
se
d
M
IM
O
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
Esti
m
a
ti
o
n
:
A
S
t
u
d
y
o
f
Esti
m
a
to
r
Trad
e
o
ffs
a
n
d
Op
ti
m
a
l
Train
i
n
g
S
ig
n
a
ls,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
S
i
g
n
a
l
Pr
o
c
e
ss
in
g
,
v
o
l.
5
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
2
8
-
3
3
9
,
M
a
r
2
0
0
6
.
[2
0
]
T.
Jin
g
,
S
.
Zh
u
,
H.
Li
,
X
.
Xin
g
,
X.
Ch
e
n
g
,
Y.
H
u
o
,
R
.
Bie,
a
n
d
T
.
Zn
a
ti
,
“
Co
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
re
lay
se
lec
t
io
n
in
c
o
g
n
it
iv
e
ra
d
io
n
e
two
rk
s,”
I
EE
E
T
r
a
n
s.
Veh
.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
.,
v
o
l.
6
4
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
8
7
2
–
1
8
8
1
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
5
.
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