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ased
o
n
w
ir
ele
s
s
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
s
,
M
A
NE
T
s
[
1
]
[
2
]
ar
e
m
o
r
e
s
en
s
iti
v
e
to
p
h
y
s
ical
t
h
r
ea
ts
an
d
attac
k
s
o
n
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
i
tted
d
ata.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
tech
n
iq
u
es
u
s
ed
to
d
ea
l
w
it
h
t
h
ese
attac
k
s
ar
e
n
o
lo
n
g
er
ap
p
licab
le
in
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
d
u
e
to
th
eir
r
eso
u
r
ce
li
m
i
tatio
n
s
(
m
e
m
o
r
y
an
d
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
p
o
w
er
)
.
c.
I
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
:
r
ad
io
lin
k
s
ar
e
n
o
t
is
o
lated
a
n
d
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
r
n
ea
r
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
m
a
y
in
ter
f
er
e
.
d.
R
ad
io
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
er
r
o
r
s
:
t
h
ese
er
r
o
r
s
ar
e
f
r
eq
u
en
t
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
d
ata
an
d
to
th
e
li
m
ited
p
h
y
s
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
e.
E
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
:
in
s
o
m
e
s
u
b
s
ets
o
f
M
ANE
T
s
[
1
]
[
2
]
,
lik
e
i
n
th
e
W
ir
eless
Se
n
s
o
r
Net
w
o
r
k
s
(
W
SN)
[
4
]
,
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es
ar
e
p
o
w
er
ed
b
y
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
s
u
c
h
as
b
atter
ie
s
o
r
o
th
er
co
n
s
u
m
ab
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
h
e
n
ce
t
h
e
n
ee
d
to
s
et
o
p
ti
m
iza
tio
n
c
r
iter
ia
f
o
r
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
in
a
n
y
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ad
e
b
y
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8776
IJ
-
I
C
T
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
1
,
A
p
r
il
20
1
7
:
20
–
30
22
2
.
2
.
Appl
ica
t
io
n
o
f
M
ANET
s
I
n
g
en
er
al,
M
A
NE
T
s
[
1
]
[
2
]
a
r
e
u
s
ed
in
ap
p
licatio
n
s
w
h
er
e
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
w
ir
e
d
n
et
w
o
r
k
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
i
s
to
o
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
i
n
g
(
co
s
t
o
r
in
s
tallatio
n
ti
m
e)
.
T
h
ese
ap
p
lic
atio
n
s
co
v
er
a
v
e
r
y
b
r
o
ad
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
,
d
ata
e
x
ch
a
n
g
es,
m
i
litar
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
s
ec
u
r
it
y
o
f
s
er
v
ice
s
,
p
ar
allel
d
atab
ases
,
d
is
tan
ce
lear
n
in
g
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
f
ile
s
y
s
te
m
s
a
n
d
d
is
t
r
ib
u
ted
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
3.
T
H
E
P
RI
NCIPA
L
SUB
S
E
T
S O
F
M
ANET
S
3
.
1
.
Wirele
s
s
Sens
o
r
Net
w
o
rks
(
WSN)
W
ir
eless
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
[
4
]
r
ep
r
esen
t
a
s
u
b
s
et
o
f
MA
N
E
T
s
,
th
ey
o
f
f
er
in
ter
es
tin
g
a
p
p
licatio
n
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
an
d
allo
w
to
co
ll
ec
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
lar
g
e
an
d
in
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
b
y
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
n
o
d
es
o
f
ten
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
d
ep
lo
y
ed
w
i
t
h
a
p
r
im
ar
y
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
t
w
h
ich
is
th
e
en
er
g
y
li
m
ited
to
th
e
p
o
w
er
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
th
at
d
ef
i
n
es
t
h
eir
lif
eti
m
e,
h
e
n
ce
th
e
n
ee
d
o
f
m
i
n
i
m
izi
n
g
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
ed
in
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
s
o
f
ca
p
tu
r
i
n
g
,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
an
d
s
e
n
d
i
n
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
v
ia
r
ad
io
w
a
v
es
to
g
u
ar
an
tee
th
e
s
u
r
v
i
v
al
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
it
s
o
v
er
al
l
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Mo
d
eliza
tio
n
o
f
W
ir
eless
Se
n
s
o
r
Net
w
o
r
k
s
(
W
SN)
A
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
s
is
t
s
ess
e
n
tiall
y
o
f
a
s
et
o
f
d
is
tr
i
b
u
ted
o
r
lo
ca
lized
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
a
w
ir
ele
s
s
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
a
c
en
tr
al
p
o
in
t
ca
lled
a
s
i
n
k
d
e
p
lo
y
ed
w
i
th
a
s
et
o
f
I
T
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
to
a
s
s
u
r
e
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
q
u
er
y
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
a
n
d
d
atam
in
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
s
i
n
k
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tes
w
i
th
th
e
e
n
d
u
s
er
v
ia
I
n
ter
n
et
o
r
s
ate
llit
e
o
r
an
y
t
y
p
e
o
f
w
ir
eles
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
(
s
u
ch
as W
i
-
Fi,
m
e
s
h
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
,
W
iMa
x
,
etc.
)
.
T
h
ese
n
et
wo
r
k
s
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
i
n
s
ev
er
al
ap
p
licatio
n
s
: f
ir
e
d
etec
tio
n
in
f
o
r
ests
,
air
s
p
ac
e
s
u
r
v
ei
l
lan
ce
,
m
ed
ici
n
e,
co
n
n
ec
ted
o
b
j
ec
ts
,
.
.
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
s
in
t
h
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
f
ield
,
th
e
W
SN
ca
n
b
e
p
r
esen
ted
u
n
d
er
t
w
o
m
ain
to
p
o
lo
g
ie
s
:
a.
Flat to
p
o
lo
g
y
:
i
n
t
h
is
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
all
t
h
e
n
o
d
es a
r
e
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
a
n
d
id
e
n
tical
in
ter
m
s
o
f
ca
p
ac
it
y
a
n
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
ex
ce
p
t
th
e
s
in
k
w
h
ic
h
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
o
f
t
h
e
co
llected
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
to
th
e
en
d
u
s
er
.
T
h
is
to
p
o
lo
g
y
allo
w
s
h
i
g
h
f
a
u
l
t to
le
r
an
ce
b
u
t it
s
u
f
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
l
o
w
s
ca
lab
ili
t
y
.
b.
Hier
ar
ch
ical
to
p
o
lo
g
y
:
i
n
th
i
s
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
th
e
n
o
d
es
ar
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
s
ev
er
al
lev
e
ls
o
f
o
r
g
a
n
i
za
tio
n
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
u
s
ed
m
e
th
o
d
s
w
h
ic
h
ai
m
s
to
d
iv
id
e
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
to
clu
s
ter
s
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
a
C
l
u
s
te
r
Hea
d
(
C
H)
an
d
its
clu
s
ter
m
e
m
b
er
s
t
h
at
tr
an
s
f
er
th
eir
co
ll
ec
ted
d
ata
f
o
r
ag
g
r
eg
at
io
n
a
n
d
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
to
t
h
e
b
ase
s
tat
io
n
(
B
T
S).
T
h
is
to
p
o
lo
g
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
t
h
e
s
c
alab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
,
b
u
t
it
ca
u
s
es
C
l
u
s
t
er
Hea
d
s
o
v
er
lo
ad
an
d
an
u
n
b
ala
n
ce
i
n
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
o
n
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
3
.
2
.
Vehicula
r
AD
ho
c
Net
wo
rk
s
(
W
SN)
T
h
ese
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ar
e
a
s
u
b
s
et
o
f
M
A
NE
T
s
[
1
]
[
2
]
in
ten
d
ed
to
en
ab
le
in
ter
-
v
eh
ic
le
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
an
d
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
u
s
i
n
g
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
p
o
w
er
an
d
s
ev
er
al
ch
a
n
n
els
o
f
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
r
ates
w
ith
o
u
t
th
e
n
ee
d
o
f
a
f
i
x
ed
i
n
f
r
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
th
e
n
o
d
es
in
t
h
ese
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ar
e
in
te
lli
g
en
t
v
e
h
ic
les
eq
u
ip
p
ed
w
it
h
ca
lcu
lato
r
s
,
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
ter
f
ac
es
an
d
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
t
h
at
co
llect
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
d
i
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
W
SN
s
[
4
]
b
y
t
h
e
f
ac
t th
a
t th
e
y
d
o
n
’
t s
u
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
an
y
li
m
its
i
n
m
e
m
o
r
y
,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
ca
p
ac
it
ies.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
VA
NE
T
s
[
3
]
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
u
lt
i
-
h
o
p
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
w
h
er
e
th
e
li
n
k
s
b
et
w
ee
n
v
e
h
icle
s
ar
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
an
d
u
n
s
tab
le.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
-
I
C
T
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8776
Mo
b
ile
A
d
h
o
c
N
etw
o
r
ks:
Mo
d
ellin
g
,
A
p
p
lica
tio
n
a
n
d
Da
t
a
R
o
u
tin
g
E
v
a
lu
a
tio
n
(
A
a
d
r
i A
la
a
)
23
VANE
T
ar
e
in
ten
d
ed
to
o
f
f
e
r
s
ev
er
al
s
er
v
ices
:d
y
n
a
m
ic
f
l
o
w
co
n
tr
o
l,
alter
n
ati
v
e
r
o
u
te
g
u
id
a
n
ce
,
ac
ce
s
s
to
th
e
I
n
ter
n
et
a
n
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
er
v
ices b
y
u
s
in
g
t
w
o
t
y
p
es o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
:
a.
Veh
icle
to
Veh
icle
m
o
d
e
(
V2
V)
[
3
]
[
4
]
:
a
v
eh
icle
ca
n
co
m
m
u
n
ica
te
d
ir
ec
tl
y
w
ith
a
n
o
th
er
v
eh
ic
le
i
n
its
r
ad
io
zo
n
e
o
r
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
u
s
i
n
g
r
ela
y
s
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
e
is
ch
ar
ac
t
er
ized
b
y
a
s
m
al
l la
ten
c
y
a
n
d
a
lar
g
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ate.
b.
Veh
icle
to
I
n
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
e
m
o
d
e
(
V2
I
)
[
3
]
[
4
]
:
a
v
eh
icle
ca
n
co
m
m
u
n
icate
w
i
th
R
o
ad
Sid
e
Un
it
s
(
R
SUs
)
d
ep
lo
y
ed
o
n
r
o
u
tes to
allo
w
ac
ce
s
s
to
I
n
ter
n
et
a
n
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ex
c
h
an
g
e
i
n
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
4.
RO
UT
I
N
G
I
N
M
ANET
S
Af
ter
d
escr
ib
in
g
M
A
NE
T
s
[
1
]
[
2
]
,
th
eir
m
ai
n
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
an
d
li
m
i
tatio
n
s
,
w
e
p
r
ese
n
t
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
r
o
u
tin
g
an
d
w
e
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
cit
ed
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
in
th
e
li
ter
atu
r
e
in
o
r
d
er
to
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
th
e
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
an
d
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es u
s
ed
in
t
h
eir
co
n
ce
p
tio
n
.
Data
r
o
u
ti
n
g
is
n
o
t
li
m
ited
to
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
p
ath
s
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
es
an
d
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
n
o
d
es
b
u
t
to
f
i
n
d
in
g
a
n
o
p
ti
m
al
p
ath
a
n
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
g
o
o
d
q
u
alit
y
o
f
s
er
v
i
ce
(
Qo
S).
W
h
en
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
n
o
d
e
is
in
th
e
r
ad
i
o
r
an
g
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e,
n
o
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
w
il
l
b
e
u
s
e
d
,
h
o
w
ev
er
in
m
o
s
t
ap
p
licatio
n
s
all
n
o
d
es i
n
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
u
s
t p
ar
ticip
ate
i
n
p
ac
k
ets r
o
u
ti
n
g
in
a
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Dep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
s
tr
ate
g
ies
an
d
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
u
s
ed
i
n
d
ata
r
o
u
tin
g
,
r
o
u
t
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
ca
n
b
e
class
i
f
ied
in
to
f
o
u
r
m
ain
cla
s
s
es
:
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
lass
if
ica
tio
n
o
f
M
A
NE
T
s
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
tco
ls
4
.
1
.
P
r
o
a
ct
i
v
e
Ro
uting
P
ro
t
o
co
ls
I
n
t
h
is
ca
teg
o
r
y
o
f
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
r
o
u
te
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
(
cr
ea
tio
n
a
n
d
m
a
in
te
n
a
n
ce
)
i
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
p
er
io
d
ically
e
v
en
i
n
th
e
ab
s
e
n
ce
o
f
tr
af
f
ic
in
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
w
o
m
ai
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
:
a.
T
h
e
L
in
k
s
tate
m
et
h
o
d
w
h
er
e
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
k
ee
p
s
a
co
m
p
lete
v
ie
w
o
f
t
h
e
en
t
ir
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
er
io
d
ic
q
u
er
ies ex
a
m
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
ta
te
o
f
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
w
it
h
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
s
.
b.
T
h
e
Dis
tan
ce
v
ec
to
r
m
eth
o
d
w
h
er
e
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
d
if
f
u
s
es
its
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
v
is
io
n
o
f
th
e
d
i
s
ta
n
c
es
th
a
t
s
ep
ar
ate
it
f
r
o
m
all
t
h
e
o
th
er
n
o
d
es
in
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
an
d
w
h
ic
h
w
ill
b
e
u
s
e
f
u
l
i
n
f
i
n
d
in
g
th
e
s
h
o
r
test
p
at
h
to
an
y
d
est
in
at
io
n
.
E
x
a
m
p
le
s
o
f
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
:
O
L
S
R
(
Op
ti
m
ized
L
i
n
k
State
R
o
u
ti
n
g
)
1
1
]
,
DSDV
(
D
esti
n
a
tio
n
-
Seq
u
en
ce
d
Di
s
tan
ce
-
Vec
to
r
)
[
1
1
]
.
4
.
2
.
Rea
c
t
iv
e
Ro
uting
P
r
o
t
o
co
ls
I
n
th
i
s
ca
te
g
o
r
y
,
r
o
ad
co
n
tr
o
l
is
d
o
n
e
o
n
d
e
m
an
d
(
w
h
en
a
s
o
u
r
ce
w
an
ts
to
s
e
n
d
a
p
ac
k
et
to
a
d
esti
n
atio
n
)
.
T
w
o
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t u
s
ed
:
a.
T
h
e
b
ac
k
w
ar
d
lear
n
in
g
:
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
a
f
lo
o
d
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
its
m
ess
a
g
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
e
ac
h
i
n
ter
m
ed
iate
n
o
d
e
(
b
elo
n
g
in
g
to
t
h
e
p
ath
)
i
n
d
icate
s
t
h
e
p
ath
to
th
is
n
o
d
e
b
y
s
a
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
o
u
te
in
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
tab
le,
as
s
o
o
n
as
th
e
p
ac
k
et
is
r
ec
eiv
ed
,
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
n
o
d
e
tr
an
s
m
i
ts
it
s
r
esp
o
n
s
e
as a
r
eq
u
est b
y
cr
ea
ti
n
g
a
f
u
ll d
u
p
lex
p
at
h
.
b.
R
o
u
ti
n
g
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
: th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
s
p
ec
if
ies t
h
e
n
o
d
es th
r
o
u
g
h
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
m
ess
a
g
e
m
u
s
t p
ass
to
ar
r
iv
e
at
its
d
esti
n
atio
n
b
y
in
cl
u
d
in
g
in
t
h
e
h
ea
d
er
a
s
o
u
r
ce
r
o
u
te,
b
ef
o
r
e
r
etr
an
s
m
i
tti
n
g
th
i
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8776
IJ
-
I
C
T
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
1
,
A
p
r
il
20
1
7
:
20
–
30
24
p
ac
k
et
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
w
h
i
ch
th
e
m
es
s
ag
e
tr
a
n
s
i
ts
d
elete
s
th
i
s
h
ea
d
er
u
n
til
t
h
e
p
ac
k
et
a
r
r
iv
es
to
th
e
d
esti
n
a
tio
n
w
h
er
e
it
w
ill
b
e
d
eliv
er
ed
to
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
la
y
er
o
f
th
e
la
s
t h
o
s
t.
E
x
a
m
p
les
o
f
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
:
A
O
DV
(
A
d
h
o
c
O
n
-
d
e
m
an
d
Di
s
tan
ce
Vec
to
r
)
[
6
]
[
1
1
]
,
DSR
(
D
y
n
a
m
ic
So
u
r
ce
R
o
u
t
in
g
)
[
1
3
]
[
1
4
]
.
4
.
3
.
H
ier
a
rc
hica
l
Ro
uting
P
ro
t
o
co
ls
T
o
T
h
ese
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ca
teg
o
r
ies
o
f
M
A
NE
T
s
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
s
o
m
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
h
a
v
e
an
ad
d
itio
n
a
l
f
ea
t
u
r
e,
th
e
y
cr
ea
te
o
r
i
m
p
o
s
e
a
h
ier
ar
ch
y
o
n
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
h
ic
h
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
n
o
v
er
la
y
i
n
g
to
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
to
p
o
lo
g
y
a
lo
g
ical
to
p
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
r
o
u
tin
g
w
h
er
e
n
o
d
es a
r
e
o
r
g
a
n
ized
in
to
g
r
o
u
p
s
ca
lled
clu
s
te
r
s
.
E
x
a
m
p
le
o
f
h
ier
ar
ch
ica
l p
r
o
to
co
ls
: Z
R
P
(
Z
o
n
e
R
o
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
to
co
l)
[
1
3
]
4
.
4
.
G
eo
g
r
a
ph
ic
Ro
uting
P
ro
t
o
co
ls
Geo
g
r
ap
h
ic
r
o
u
tin
g
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
an
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
co
o
r
d
in
ates
(
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
GP
S)
to
f
in
d
a
p
at
h
to
th
e
d
es
tin
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
n
o
d
es
co
o
r
d
in
ates
ar
e
in
cl
u
d
ed
in
th
e
p
ac
k
e
t
to
s
en
d
,
a
n
d
th
e
n
u
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
i
n
ter
m
ed
iate
n
o
d
e
s
alo
n
g
w
it
h
t
h
o
s
e
a
v
ailab
le
i
n
th
eir
r
o
u
ti
n
g
tab
les
to
r
etr
an
s
m
it
t
h
e
p
ac
k
e
t
u
n
ti
l
it
r
ea
ch
es
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
.
Net
w
o
r
k
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
b
ec
o
m
e
s
s
i
m
p
le
w
i
th
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
lo
ca
tio
n
b
ased
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
th
e
d
is
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
is
t
h
at
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e
m
u
s
t k
n
o
w
t
h
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
o
th
er
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
n
o
d
es.
E
x
a
m
p
le
o
f
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
: G
R
P
(
Geo
g
r
ap
h
ic
R
o
u
tin
g
P
r
o
to
co
l)
[
1
6
]
5.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
A
ND
P
E
RF
O
RM
ANCE
M
E
T
RIC
S
5
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h E
nv
iro
n
m
ent
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
ep
r
ese
n
ts
th
e
p
er
f
ec
t
w
a
y
to
e
v
al
u
ate
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
A
d
h
o
c
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
in
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
w
e
u
s
ed
O
P
NE
T
Mo
d
eler
1
4
.
5
(
Op
tim
u
m
P
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
NE
T
w
o
r
k
)
[
9
]
w
h
ich
is
a
v
er
y
p
o
w
er
f
u
l
s
i
m
u
la
to
r
f
o
r
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
e
v
al
u
atio
n
,
it
h
as
a
g
r
ap
h
ical
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
a
r
ich
lib
r
ar
y
in
all
p
r
o
to
co
ls
la
y
er
s
.
I
n
ad
d
i
tio
n
to
t
h
ese
b
en
e
f
its
w
e
h
a
v
e
ch
o
s
e
n
to
u
s
e
th
is
s
i
m
u
la
to
r
to
d
ev
elo
p
o
u
r
n
o
d
e
m
o
d
el,
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
r
ea
s
o
n
s
:
a.
Mo
d
elin
g
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
d
esig
n
p
h
a
s
e
an
d
v
i
s
u
alizi
n
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
th
at
o
cc
u
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ep
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o
d
u
cin
g
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
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k
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
GUI
an
d
th
e
o
b
j
ec
t
-
o
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ien
ted
m
o
d
elin
g
.
c.
Op
n
et
s
i
m
u
lato
r
u
s
es
a
r
ad
io
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
m
o
d
el
th
a
t
is
c
lo
s
e
to
r
ea
lit
y
a
n
d
b
ased
o
n
ca
lc
u
latin
g
th
e
Si
g
n
a
l to
No
is
e
R
atio
(
SN
R
)
.
I
n
o
u
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
o
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el,
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
m
o
v
e
s
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
n
et
w
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k
r
an
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e
s
p
ee
d
r
ate,
an
d
to
e
ac
h
is
ass
i
g
n
ed
a
d
esti
n
atio
n
an
d
a
m
o
b
ilit
y
s
p
ee
d
.
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h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
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ar
e
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ted
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n
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ab
l
e
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ab
le
1
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Sim
u
latio
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eter
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ar
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er
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t
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i
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id
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ed
f
o
r
r
o
u
tin
g
ev
a
lu
at
io
n
in
M
ANE
T
s
[
1
]
[
2
]
,
in
th
is
w
o
r
k
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
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lated
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if
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er
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t p
er
f
o
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m
a
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ce
m
etr
ics t
h
at
ar
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d
escr
ib
ed
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
-
I
C
T
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8776
Mo
b
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A
d
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ks:
Mo
d
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A
p
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v
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A
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)
25
a.
R
o
u
ti
n
g
tr
af
f
ic:
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
ets in
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
b.
Dela
y
:
t
h
e
ti
m
e
b
et
w
ee
n
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
an
d
r
ec
ep
tio
n
o
f
a
p
ac
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et,
its
ca
lc
u
lated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
f
o
r
m
u
la:
(
E
q
4
)
W
ith
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
:
: T
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
ti
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
ac
k
et
i
: Rece
p
tio
n
ti
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
ac
k
et
i
: T
o
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
ets r
ec
eiv
ed
.
c.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t:
t
h
e
r
atio
o
f
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
s
e
n
t
to
th
e
t
o
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
ets.
T
h
e
g
r
ea
ter
v
alu
e
o
f
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
m
ea
n
s
t
h
e
b
etter
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
to
co
l,
th
is
m
etr
ic
ca
n
b
e
d
ef
in
ed
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
(
E
q
5
)
W
h
er
e
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
r
ep
r
ese
n
t:
L
: P
ac
k
et
le
n
g
t
h
.
C
: C
y
clic
R
ed
u
n
d
a
n
c
y
C
h
ec
k
.
R
(
b
/s
)
: B
in
ar
y
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ate.
: P
ac
k
et
s
u
cc
es
s
r
ate.
d.
Mo
b
ilit
y
:
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
n
o
d
es,
it
ca
n
b
e
lo
w
o
r
h
i
g
h
,
its
ca
lc
u
latio
n
is
m
ad
e
b
y
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
m
o
v
e
m
en
t o
f
a
n
o
d
e
r
elativ
el
y
to
an
o
th
er
.
6.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
I
n
th
is
p
ar
t,
w
e
p
r
ese
n
t t
h
e
o
b
t
ain
ed
r
es
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ased
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ic
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o
f
tr
a
f
f
ic
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,
d
elay
a
n
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th
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o
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g
h
p
u
t.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
h
av
e
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ele
v
an
t
r
es
u
l
ts
,
w
e
c
h
o
o
s
ed
to
ev
al
u
ate
at
least
o
n
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
f
r
o
m
ea
c
h
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l c
lass
o
f
o
u
r
clas
s
i
f
icatio
n
(
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
)
Ou
r
s
i
m
u
latio
n
is
d
i
v
id
ed
in
to
t
w
o
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
o
f
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
s
:
6
.
1
.
F
irst
Scena
rio
:
L
o
w
No
d
e
M
o
bil
it
y
a
nd
L
o
w
Net
wo
r
k
De
ns
it
y
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
w
e
d
ep
l
o
y
ed
2
0
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es
w
i
th
a
m
o
b
ilit
y
s
p
ee
d
o
f
2
m
/
s
alo
n
g
w
it
h
t
h
e
o
th
er
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
m
en
tio
n
ed
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t o
f
t
h
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
1
in
OP
N
E
T
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
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2
2
5
2
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8776
IJ
-
I
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T
Vo
l.
6
,
No
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1
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A
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r
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20
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7
:
20
–
30
26
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
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v
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n
o
f
tr
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f
f
ic
lo
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in
s
ce
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1
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
.
w
e
co
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p
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e
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v
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th
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tr
a
f
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p
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,
it
ca
n
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e
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ee
n
t
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at
DS
R
[
1
3
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[
1
4
]
s
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o
w
s
t
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lo
w
est
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a
f
f
ic
lo
ad
f
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ed
b
y
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R
P
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1
6
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d
A
ODV[
6
]
[
1
1
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h
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S
R
[
1
1
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s
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h
e
h
i
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h
est l
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o
f
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[
1
3
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[
1
4
]
g
en
er
ates
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r
o
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g
tr
a
f
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ic,
as
th
e
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e
t
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S
R
[
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1
]
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ates
m
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m
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d
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ap
p
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h
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w
h
ile
Z
R
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[
1
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u
s
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th
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p
r
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tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
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f
o
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co
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m
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w
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h
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r
t
h
e
r
o
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te
s
estab
lis
h
in
g
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
E
v
alu
tio
n
o
f
w
ir
ele
s
s
d
ela
y
in
s
ce
n
ar
io
1
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
.
Z
R
P
[
1
3
]
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
lo
w
e
s
t
d
ela
y
f
o
ll
o
w
ed
b
y
O
L
S
R
[
1
1
]
an
d
G
R
P
[
1
6
]
w
h
il
e
th
e
DS
R
[
1
3
]
[
1
4
]
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t d
ela
y
.
DSR
[
1
3
]
[
1
4
]
u
s
es
ca
ch
ed
r
o
u
t
es
an
d
m
o
s
t
o
f
te
n
,
it
s
e
n
d
s
th
e
tr
af
f
ic
o
n
t
h
e
o
b
s
o
lete
r
o
u
tes
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
r
etr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
a
n
d
e
x
ce
s
s
i
v
e
d
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y
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
i
n
n
et
w
o
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k
s
w
i
th
h
i
g
h
tr
a
f
f
ic
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
g
e
n
er
ates
w
o
r
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e
d
ela
y
.
O
n
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
DS
R
[
1
3
]
[
1
4
]
p
r
o
to
co
l
attem
p
ts
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
o
b
s
o
lete
r
o
u
tes
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
m
u
l
tip
ath
lin
k
s
.
I
n
its
tu
r
n
,
s
i
n
ce
DS
DV[
1
1
]
is
b
ased
o
n
p
er
io
d
ic
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
ts
it tak
es
m
o
r
e
tim
e
to
co
n
v
er
g
e
b
e
f
o
r
e
u
s
in
g
a
r
o
u
te.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
-
I
C
T
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8776
Mo
b
ile
A
d
h
o
c
N
etw
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ks:
Mo
d
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g
,
A
p
p
lica
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n
d
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R
o
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g
E
v
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lu
a
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(
A
a
d
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i A
la
a
)
27
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
E
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
w
ir
ele
s
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t i
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
1
Fro
m
th
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
.
w
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
at
O
L
S
R
[
1
1
]
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
th
r
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I
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2
2
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th
at
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
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I
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I
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N:
2252
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8776
Mo
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29
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ic
to
e
v
al
u
ate
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
le
x
ib
le
o
n
e
s
a
n
d
to
de
ter
m
in
e
t
h
e
b
est co
n
te
x
t
f
o
r
th
eir
u
s
e.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
r
ele
v
a
n
ce
o
f
o
u
r
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
m
o
d
el
n
o
ti
n
g
th
a
t
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
a
n
y
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
f
o
r
m
o
b
ile
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
m
u
s
t
co
n
s
id
er
t
h
e
p
h
y
s
ical
li
m
itatio
n
s
i
m
p
o
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
to
av
o
id
th
e
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fo
r
th
e
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ts
o
f
th
i
s
w
o
r
k
w
e
i
n
ten
d
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
e
x
is
ti
n
g
r
o
u
ti
n
g
s
tr
at
eg
ies,
a
n
d
to
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
n
e
w
r
o
u
t
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
an
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
th
e
e
m
er
g
e
n
t
n
ee
d
s
in
th
e
s
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
M
a
u
d
e
S
i
L
iu
a
;
P
e
ter
Csa
b
a
Ölv
e
c
z
k
y
b
;
Jo
sé
M
e
se
g
u
e
ra
,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
a
n
a
ly
z
in
g
m
o
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
in
Re
a
l
-
T
i
m
e
,”
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
L
o
g
ica
l
a
n
d
A
lg
e
b
ra
ic M
e
th
o
d
s
in
P
ro
g
ra
m
m
in
g
,
v
o
l
8
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
34
–
66
,
2
0
1
6
0
.
[
2
]
T
h
o
d
e
ti
S
rik
a
n
th
;
V
.
B.
Na
rsim
h
a
,
“
S
i
m
u
latio
n
-
b
a
se
d
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
to
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
st
u
d
y
o
f
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
to
c
o
ls
in
M
A
NE
T
s
a
n
d
a
d
-
h
o
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
,”
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Co
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
Ne
tw
o
rk
S
e
c
u
rit
y
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
9
,
2
0
1
1
.
[
3
]
Y.
L
in
;
Y.
Ch
e
n
;
S
.
L
e
e
,
“
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
to
c
o
ls
in
V
e
h
icu
lar
A
d
Ho
c
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s:
A
S
u
rv
e
y
a
n
d
F
u
t
u
r
e
p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
s
,”
De
p
a
r
tme
n
t
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Na
t
io
n
a
l
T
a
ip
e
i
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
T
a
ip
e
i,
Taiwa
n
,
R.
O.C.
[
4
]
R.
V
e
r
d
o
n
e
,
“
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,
”
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s o
f
th
e
5
t
h
Eu
ro
p
e
a
n
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
EW
S
N
,
Bo
lg
n
a
,
2
0
0
8
.
[
5
]
F
.
J.
R
o
s;
P
.
M
.
Ru
iz
,
“
Ef
f
icie
n
t
G
a
te
wa
y
Disc
o
v
e
r
y
A
lg
o
rit
h
m
s
f
o
r
De
la
y
-
to
lera
n
t
a
n
d
De
la
y
-
c
o
n
stra
in
e
d
Da
ta
T
ra
ff
ic i
n
V
e
h
icu
lar A
d
-
h
o
c
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s
,”
In
th
e
IEE
E
V
e
h
icu
lar T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
,
p
p
.
7
0
9
-
714
,
2
0
1
0
.
[
6
]
S
u
n
i
ta
S
h
a
rm
a
;
S
h
ru
ti
T
h
a
p
a
r
,
“
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
A
O
DV
,
DSDV
a
n
d
O
L
S
R
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
to
c
o
ls
in
M
A
NET
Us
in
g
OPNET
,”
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
No
v
e
l
Re
se
a
rc
h
in
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
S
o
f
tw
a
r
e
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
57
-
65
,
2
0
1
5
.
[
7
]
R.
Ba
lak
rish
n
a
e
t
U;
Ra
jes
w
a
r
Ra
o
,
“
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
s
o
f
S
A
OD
V
a
n
d
TA
OD
V
,
DSR
M
o
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
to
c
o
ls.
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
Ne
t
w
o
rk
in
g
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
2
0
1
0
;
2
(
1
):
4
4
5
-
4
5
1
.
[
8
]
P
o
p
a
t
K.A
;
P
riy
a
n
k
a
S
h
a
r
m
a
;
Ha
rd
ik
M
o
l
ia
,
“
A
S
tu
d
y
o
f
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
ro
t
o
c
o
ls
f
o
r
M
A
NET
s.
In
:
S
a
tap
a
th
y
S
.
,
Bh
a
t
t
Y.,
Jo
sh
i
A
.
,
M
ish
ra
D.
(e
d
s)
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
g
re
ss
o
n
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s in
In
telli
g
e
n
t
S
y
ste
m
s an
d
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
”
4
3
8
.
S
p
rin
g
e
r,
S
in
g
a
p
o
re
.
[
9
]
P
a
r
u
lp
re
e
t
S
in
g
h
;
Ek
ta Ba
rk
h
o
d
ia;
G
u
rlee
n
Ka
u
r
W
a
li
a
,
“
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
v
a
rio
u
s T
ra
ff
ic l
o
a
d
s in
M
AN
ET
w
it
h
DSR
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
t
h
ro
u
g
h
u
se
o
f
OP
NE
T
S
im
u
lato
r,
”
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
L
P
U,
P
h
a
g
wa
ra
P
u
n
ja
b
,
I
n
d
ia
.
[
1
0
]
M
a
rica
Am
a
d
e
o
;
Clau
d
ia
Ca
m
p
o
lo
;
A
n
to
n
e
ll
a
M
o
li
n
a
ro
,
”
F
o
rw
a
rd
in
g
stra
teg
ies
in
n
a
m
e
d
d
a
ta
w
irele
ss
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s: De
si
g
n
a
n
d
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
,”
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ne
tw
o
rk
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
p
p
.
1
4
8
–
1
5
8
,
2
0
1
5
.
[
1
1
]
R.
Ba
n
sa
l;
H.
G
o
y
a
l;
a
n
d
P
.
S
in
g
h
,
“
A
n
a
ly
ti
c
a
l
stu
d
y
th
e
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
m
o
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
u
sin
g
A
O
DV
p
r
o
to
c
o
l,
”
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
1
4
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
4
–
37
,
2
0
1
1
.
[
1
2
]
S
.
T
a
n
e
ja;
A
.
Ku
sh
,
“
A
su
rv
e
y
o
f
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
t
o
c
o
ls
in
m
o
b
il
e
A
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s.
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
,
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
7
9
-
2
8
5
,
2
0
1
0
.
[
1
3
]
S
a
a
d
M
.
A
d
a
m
;
Ro
silah
Ha
ss
a
n
,
“
De
la
y
a
wa
re
Re
a
c
ti
v
e
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
t
o
c
o
ls
f
o
r
Qo
S
i
n
M
A
NET
s
,”
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
p
p
li
e
d
Re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
8
4
4
-
8
5
0
,
2
0
1
3
.
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