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2
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In
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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:
2
2
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2
-
8776
IJ
-
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Vo
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4
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.
1
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20
1
5
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28
24
Hen
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ev
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2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
T
h
e
Un
ited
Natio
n
s
(
U
N)
ca
lc
u
lates
th
e
H
u
m
a
n
Dev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
I
n
d
ex
(
HDI
)
b
ased
o
n
a
y
ea
r
l
y
s
u
r
v
e
y
co
n
d
u
cted
i
n
al
l
t
h
e
co
u
n
tr
ies
o
f
th
e
w
o
r
ld
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
d
o
s
o
,
th
e
U
N
f
o
llo
w
s
an
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
m
o
d
el
k
n
o
w
n
as
th
e
UN
HDI
Mo
d
el.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
ex
ce
p
t
o
f
th
e
t
h
r
ee
m
ai
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
to
ca
lcu
late
t
h
e
HDI
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
th
e
I
n
co
m
e
I
n
d
e
x
(
I
I
)
,
L
if
e
E
x
p
ec
ta
n
c
y
I
n
d
ex
(
L
E
I
)
an
d
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
I
n
d
ex
(
E
I
)
,
th
e
v
a
lu
e
s
an
d
t
h
e
in
ter
-
d
ep
en
d
e
n
cies
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
ar
e
u
n
d
i
s
clo
s
ed
.
A
lo
t o
f
r
esear
c
h
h
as b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
an
d
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
o
n
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
t
h
e
ca
lc
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
HDI
b
u
t
n
o
t
m
u
c
h
m
ater
ial
i
s
av
a
ilab
le
o
n
t
h
e
in
ter
-
d
ep
en
d
e
n
cies
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
w
h
ich
co
n
s
tit
u
te
t
h
e
HDI
.
2
.1
.
Def
ini
t
io
ns
a
nd
E
qu
a
t
io
ns
1.
Hu
m
an
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
I
n
d
ex
(
HDI
)
is
a
co
m
p
o
s
ite
s
tatis
ti
c
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
l
if
e
o
f
a
n
in
d
iv
id
u
al
w
it
h
i
n
a
co
u
n
tr
y
a
n
d
r
an
k
co
u
n
tr
ies b
y
le
v
el
o
f
"
h
u
m
a
n
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t"
.
2.
L
i
f
e
e
x
p
ec
tan
c
y
is
th
e
ex
p
ec
te
d
(
in
t
h
e
s
tati
s
tical
s
e
n
s
e)
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
y
ea
r
s
o
f
li
f
e
r
e
m
ai
n
in
g
at
a
g
i
v
en
ag
e
.
I
n
HDI
,
L
i
f
e
e
x
p
ec
tan
c
y
at
b
i
r
th
is
ta
k
e
n
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
w
h
ic
h
is
ca
lc
u
lated
f
r
o
m
a
li
f
e
tab
le
(
w
h
ic
h
co
m
p
r
is
e
s
v
a
lu
e
s
o
f
b
ir
th
r
ate
an
d
d
ea
th
r
ate
o
f
th
e
to
tal
P
o
p
u
latio
n
)
.
L
i
f
e
E
x
p
ec
ta
n
c
y
I
n
d
ex
(
L
E
I
)
=
(
L
E
–
2
5
)
/
(
8
5
-
2
5
)
3.
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
I
n
d
ex
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
th
e
ad
u
l
t
liter
ac
y
r
ate
(
w
ith
t
w
o
-
t
h
ir
d
s
w
ei
g
h
tin
g
)
an
d
th
e
co
m
b
i
n
ed
p
r
im
ar
y
,
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
,
a
n
d
ter
tiar
y
g
r
o
s
s
e
n
r
o
l
m
e
n
t r
atio
(
w
i
th
o
n
e
-
t
h
ir
d
w
e
ig
h
ti
n
g
)
.
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
I
n
d
ex
(
E
I
)
=
(
2
/3
X
AL
I
)
+
(
1
/3
X
GE
I
)
4.
T
h
e
A
d
u
lt
liter
ac
y
i
n
d
ex
(
AL
I
)
is
a
s
tat
is
tical
m
ea
s
u
r
e
u
s
e
d
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
h
o
w
m
a
n
y
ad
u
lts
ca
n
r
ea
d
an
d
w
r
ite
i
n
a
ce
r
tain
ar
ea
o
r
n
atio
n
.
A
d
u
lt
L
iter
ac
y
I
n
d
ex
(
AL
I
)
=
(
AL
R
–
0
)
/ (
1
0
0
–
0)
5.
T
h
e
Gr
o
s
s
E
n
r
o
lm
e
n
t
R
atio
(
GE
R
)
o
r
Gr
o
s
s
E
n
r
o
l
m
en
t
I
n
d
ex
(
GE
I
)
is
a
s
tatis
tical
m
ea
s
u
r
e
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
ts
e
n
r
o
lled
in
s
ch
o
o
l
at
s
e
v
er
al
d
if
f
er
en
t
g
r
ad
e
le
v
els
(
l
ik
e
ele
m
e
n
tar
y
,
m
id
d
le
s
c
h
o
o
l
an
d
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l)
,
an
d
ex
a
m
i
n
e
it
to
a
n
al
y
s
e
t
h
e
r
atio
o
f
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
ts
w
h
o
li
v
e
i
n
th
at
co
u
n
tr
y
to
t
h
o
s
e
w
h
o
q
u
al
if
y
f
o
r
th
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
g
r
ad
e
lev
el.
Gr
o
s
s
E
n
r
o
l
m
e
n
t I
n
d
e
x
(
GE
I
)
=
(
C
GE
R
–
0
)
/ 1
0
0
–
0
6.
Gr
o
s
s
d
o
m
est
ic
p
r
o
d
u
ct
(
GDP
)
r
ef
er
s
to
t
h
e
m
ar
k
et
v
al
u
e
o
f
all
f
in
al
g
o
o
d
s
a
n
d
s
er
v
ice
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
w
it
h
i
n
a
co
u
n
tr
y
i
n
a
g
iv
e
n
p
er
io
d
.
I
n
co
m
e
I
n
d
ex
(
I
I
)
=
(
lo
g
(
GDP
p
c)
–
lo
g
(
1
0
0
)
)
/
(
lo
g
(
4
0
0
0
)
–
lo
g
(
1
0
0
)
)
7.
P
C
s
tan
d
s
f
o
r
p
er
ca
p
ita
w
h
ic
h
m
ea
n
s
p
er
p
er
s
o
n
.
8.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
-
I
C
T
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8776
Qu
a
lita
tive
a
n
d
Q
u
a
n
tita
tive
Mo
d
e
lin
g
o
f th
e
A
r
tifi
cia
l …
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
S
a
lma
n
)
25
2
.
2
.
M
o
del
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Mo
d
el
f
o
r
ca
lcu
latin
g
HDI
Valu
e
2
.
3
.
Adj
us
t
m
ent
F
a
ct
o
r
o
f
So
cio
-
E
co
no
m
ic
F
a
ct
o
rs
B
esid
e
th
e
th
r
ee
m
a
in
p
ar
a
m
eter
o
f
H
DI
,
w
e
ar
e
a
ls
o
g
i
v
i
n
g
u
s
er
t
h
e
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
to
en
te
r
ten
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
a
cto
r
s
w
h
ic
h
d
ir
ec
tl
y
o
r
in
d
ir
ec
tl
y
a
f
f
ec
t
H
DI
.
T
h
o
s
e
f
ac
to
r
s
in
clu
d
e
s
u
icid
e
attac
k
s
,
f
lo
o
d
s
,
ea
r
th
q
u
ak
e
s
,
w
ar
f
ar
e,
s
to
r
m
s
/c
y
clo
n
e
s
,
c
an
ce
r
,
HI
V/
A
I
DS,
h
ep
atitis
,
m
alar
ia,
a
n
d
r
o
ad
ac
cid
en
ts
.
As
a
r
es
u
lt,
t
h
er
e
is
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
d
ea
th
r
ate
an
d
th
e
in
co
m
e
o
f
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
is
a
ls
o
af
f
ec
ted
n
eg
at
iv
el
y
.
A
n
ad
j
u
s
t
m
e
n
t
f
ac
to
r
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
ased
o
n
th
ese
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
,
w
h
ich
i
s
later
m
u
ltip
lied
w
it
h
th
e
HDI
v
al
u
e
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
r
esu
lt i
s
d
is
p
la
y
ed
t
o
u
s
er
.
W
e
h
av
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
th
i
s
a
f
f
e
ct
in
o
u
r
o
w
n
w
a
y
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
er
ce
n
t
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
d
ea
th
r
ates
p
lu
s
p
er
ce
n
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
in
co
m
e
(
GNI
p
er
c
ap
ita)
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
A
Gen
et
ic
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
f
o
llo
w
s
th
e
b
io
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
Ge
n
etics,
g
i
v
i
n
g
b
ir
th
to
a
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
s
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
b
io
lo
g
ical
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
c
r
o
s
s
o
v
er
a
n
d
m
u
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
es
ar
e
th
en
ev
al
u
ated
o
n
th
e
b
as
is
o
f
a
f
it
n
es
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
e
li
m
in
at
i
n
g
th
e
o
n
es
n
o
t
p
ass
in
g
t
h
e
f
itn
es
s
te
s
t,
h
e
n
ce
,
leav
i
n
g
b
eh
i
n
d
a
s
et
o
f
c
h
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
s
w
h
ic
h
co
n
s
ti
tu
te
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
le
an
d
p
o
s
s
i
b
le
s
o
lu
t
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
.
I
n
th
is
p
r
o
j
ec
t:
1.
T
h
e
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
s
r
ep
r
ese
n
t
t
h
e
h
u
m
a
n
b
ei
n
g
s
i
n
a
co
u
n
tr
y
.
He
n
ce
,
f
o
r
P
ak
is
ta
n
,
i
n
it
ial
l
y
1
8
0
Millio
n
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
s
ar
e
g
e
n
er
ated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t stati
s
tic
s
o
f
P
ak
is
ta
n
.
2.
E
ac
h
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
is
a
n
a
g
en
t
,
w
it
h
i
ts
o
w
n
attr
ib
u
tes,
a
n
d
a
ll
o
f
t
h
ese
c
h
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
es
f
o
r
m
a
„
p
o
p
u
latio
n
‟
.
E
ac
h
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
s
ev
e
n
b
its
o
f
s
tr
in
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
o
f
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
as sh
o
w
n
b
elo
w
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
.
3.
Af
ter
t
h
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
o
f
c
h
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
s
,
w
e
n
o
w
ap
p
l
y
v
al
u
es
o
f
al
l
f
ac
to
r
s
o
n
w
h
ic
h
HDI
is
d
ep
en
d
en
t
u
p
o
n
i
-
e
L
i
f
e
E
x
p
ec
ta
n
c
y
I
n
d
e
x
,
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
I
n
d
e
x
,
an
d
I
n
co
m
e
I
n
d
ex
.
4.
Fu
r
t
h
er
,
ten
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
a
cto
r
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e
ca
n
b
e
en
ter
ed
in
t
h
e
s
o
f
t
war
e
n
o
w
.
5.
Af
ter
al
l
t
h
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
ar
e
f
ed
,
b
y
i
n
s
er
ti
n
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
y
ea
r
s
,
as
p
er
r
eq
u
ir
ed
,
t
h
e
u
s
er
ca
n
r
u
n
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
f
o
r
th
e
d
esire
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
y
ea
r
s
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
o
n
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ter
ed
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t to
o
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g
e
n
er
at
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.
6.
No
w
,
t
h
e
b
io
lo
g
ical
p
r
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ce
s
s
o
f
g
e
n
etic
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ap
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ch
ch
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m
es
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ased
o
n
b
ir
t
h
r
ate,
d
ea
th
r
ate,
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
r
ate,
an
d
m
u
tatio
n
r
ate.
7.
E
ac
h
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
is
ev
a
lu
ate
d
o
n
th
e
b
asis
o
f
th
e
f
it
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es
s
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
is
f
it
n
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s
s
cr
iter
io
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i
s
b
ased
o
n
h
o
w
an
d
to
w
h
at
ex
ten
t
a
n
ag
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n
t
ca
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b
e
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
o
p
er
atio
n
(
w
h
ich
i
s
a
s
i
m
u
latio
n
o
f
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
p
o
licy
o
r
a
r
ea
l lif
e
ev
e
n
t)
.
8.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
is
co
n
tin
u
ed
til
l th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
y
ea
r
s
s
p
ec
i
f
ie
d
is
r
ea
ch
ed
.
Af
ter
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
g
en
er
atio
n
s
s
p
ec
if
ied
i
s
r
ea
ch
ed
,
t
h
e
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
i
s
e
x
p
ec
ted
to
h
av
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
a
s
et
o
f
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
es
co
n
s
t
itu
tin
g
th
e
p
r
ed
icted
p
o
p
u
latio
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,
ec
o
n
o
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ic
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m
s
,
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ca
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f
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et
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eter
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ased
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ter
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ase
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ur
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r
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IJ
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a
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27
5.
CO
NCLU
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ar
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o
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to
ac
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th
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u
tco
m
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o
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d
esire
d
i
n
ter
est.
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p
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ter
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ak
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tit
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lt
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ased
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Gr
ap
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I
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ter
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ter
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it
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e
s
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b
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t
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Dr
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2
0
0
9
-
2
0
1
0
(Q
u
a
terly
re
p
o
rts)
”
[3
]
Un
it
e
d
Na
ti
o
n
s
Hu
m
a
n
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
Re
p
o
rt
2
0
1
0
2
0
th
A
n
n
iv
e
rsa
r
y
Ed
it
io
n
[4
]
Ra
m
irez
,
A
.
,
Ra
n
is,
G
.
,
S
te
w
a
rt,
F
,
“
Eco
n
o
m
ic
G
ro
w
th
a
n
d
Hu
m
a
n
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
Ya
le
Un
iv
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r
sity
Eco
n
o
m
ic
G
ro
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th
Ce
n
tre,
QEH
”
,
W
o
rk
in
g
Pa
p
e
r S
e
rie
s
,
No
.
1
8
,
1
9
9
8
[5
]
Ra
n
is,
G
.
a
n
d
S
tew
a
rt,
F
,
“
G
ro
wth
a
n
d
Hu
m
a
n
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t:
P
a
k
istan
in
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
P
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
T
h
e
P
a
k
istan
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
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t
Re
v
ie
w
”
, (
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in
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),
3
6
:
4
,
P
p
.
3
3
3
-
3
5
2
,
1
9
9
7
[6
]
L
i
f
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e
x
p
e
c
tan
c
y
:
“
In
f
o
r
m
a
ti
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o
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P
u
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He
a
lt
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Ob
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to
ry
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c
o
m
m
e
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d
e
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m
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th
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s
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[7
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Ch
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CL
.
,
“
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li
f
e
tab
le
a
n
d
it
s ap
p
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ti
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s
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M
a
lab
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r
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L
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r;
1
9
8
4
.
[8
]
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n
a
A
sh
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Be
th
Os
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o
rn
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Da
p
o
n
t
e
,
“
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H
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p
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ti
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a
l
Co
h
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rt
M
o
d
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l
o
f
Hu
m
a
n
De
v
e
lo
p
m
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n
t”
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Nh
a
t
M
,
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u
y
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n
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h
a
sin
g
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r
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M
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e
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ti
o
n
0
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ll
2
0
0
5
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0
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Cu
rti
n
L
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E,
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n
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A
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d
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.
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ial
L
i
f
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T
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les
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o
r
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9
9
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0
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e
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o
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d
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tate
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ife T
a
b
les
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Na
ti
o
n
a
l
Vi
ta
l
S
t
a
ti
stics
Re
p
o
rts
,
2
0
0
8
,
5
7
:
4
.
[1
1
]
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lcu
latin
g
li
f
e
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x
p
e
c
tan
c
y
a
n
d
in
f
a
n
t
m
o
rtalit
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r
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tes
M
a
p
p
in
g
h
e
a
lt
h
i
n
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q
u
a
li
ti
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s
a
c
ro
ss
L
o
n
d
o
n
:
tec
h
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ica
l
su
p
p
lem
e
n
t
[1
2
]
Ra
m
irez
,
A
.
,
R
a
n
is,
G
.
,
S
te
wa
rt,
F
.
,
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G
ro
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th
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n
d
Hu
m
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n
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v
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p
m
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n
t
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l
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r
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Eco
n
o
m
ic
G
ro
w
th
Ce
n
tre,
QEH,
W
o
rk
in
g
P
a
p
e
r S
e
rie
s
,
No
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1
8
,
1
9
9
8
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3
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Ra
n
is,
G
.
a
n
d
S
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rt,
F
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1
9
9
7
)
G
ro
w
th
a
n
d
Hu
m
a
n
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t:
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a
k
istan
in
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
P
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rsp
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c
ti
v
e
,
T
h
e
P
a
k
istan
De
v
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lo
p
m
e
n
t
Re
v
ie
w
,
(
W
in
ter
),
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6
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,
P
p
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3
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3
5
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4
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h
tt
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RS
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c
ti
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ro
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m
a
b
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d
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re
c
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d
h
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e
in
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p
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g
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m
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h
n
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l
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g
y
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o
p
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3
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),
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y
b
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r
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a
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h
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re
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telli
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m
a
b
a
d
,
P
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k
istan
.
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h
e
re
c
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d
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r
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re
e
in
c
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p
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ter
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t
w
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r
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n
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f
ro
m
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IK
In
stit
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o
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in
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g
S
c
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c
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s an
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
T
o
p
i
(2
3
6
4
0
)
,
Kh
y
b
e
r
P
a
k
h
t
u
n
k
h
w
a
,
P
a
k
istan
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.