I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
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nfo
r
m
a
t
ics a
nd
Co
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n T
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
(
I
J
-
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Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
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er
201
8
,
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1
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1
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SS
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8776
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ttp
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p
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I
JI
C
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A To
ur
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K
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for C
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nitive H
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K
a
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h Dut
t
3
1
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
CS
E,
M
a
n
a
v
Ra
c
h
n
a
In
tern
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ti
o
n
a
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
F
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rid
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b
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d
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ry
a
n
a
,
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d
ia.
2
De
a
n
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
Vi
sv
o
d
a
y
a
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
A
c
a
d
e
m
y
,
Ka
v
a
li
,
A
n
d
h
ra
P
ra
d
e
sh
,
I
n
d
ia
.
3
CS
E,
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
In
st
it
u
te
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Ha
m
irp
u
r,
Him
a
c
h
a
l
,
In
d
ia
.
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
u
n
1
0
,
2
0
1
8
R
ev
i
s
ed
J
u
l 3
0
,
2
0
1
8
A
cc
ep
ted
A
u
g
1
4
,
2
0
1
8
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
Re
p
re
se
n
tatio
n
(KR)
is
a
f
a
sc
in
a
ti
n
g
f
ield
a
c
ro
ss
se
v
e
r
a
l
a
re
a
s
o
f
c
o
g
n
it
iv
e
sc
ien
c
e
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
u
ter
sc
ien
c
e
.
It
is
v
e
ry
h
a
rd
to
i
d
e
n
ti
fy
th
e
re
q
u
irem
e
n
t
o
f
a
c
o
m
b
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
m
a
n
y
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
a
n
d
in
f
e
re
n
c
e
m
e
c
h
a
n
ism
to
a
c
h
iev
e
th
e
a
c
c
u
ra
c
y
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
d
o
m
a
in
.
T
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
a
tt
e
m
p
ted
to
e
x
a
m
in
e
th
o
se
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s,
a
n
d
to
a
p
p
ly
th
e
m
to
im
p
le
m
e
n
t
a
Co
g
n
it
iv
e
H
y
b
rid
S
e
n
ten
c
e
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
A
n
a
l
y
z
e
r.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
se
o
f
d
e
v
e
lo
p
i
n
g
th
is
s
y
ste
m
is
to
f
a
c
il
it
a
te p
e
o
p
le w
h
o
f
a
c
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
u
sin
g
En
g
li
sh
lan
g
u
a
g
e
i
n
d
a
i
ly
li
f
e
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
H
y
b
r
id
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
R
ep
r
esen
tat
io
n
(
HKR)
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
R
ep
r
esen
tat
io
n
(
KR
)
On
to
lo
g
y
Se
m
a
n
tic
Net
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
8
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
P
o
o
n
am
T
an
w
ar
,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t
o
f
C
SE
,
Ma
n
av
R
ac
h
n
a
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
Un
i
v
er
s
it
y
,
Far
id
ab
ad
,
Har
y
an
a,
I
n
d
ia
.
E
m
ail:
P
o
o
n
a
m
ta
n
w
ar
.
f
et@
m
r
iu
.
ed
u
.
i
n
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
A
r
ti
f
icial
in
tel
lig
e
n
ce
(
A
I
)
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ates
th
e
in
telli
g
e
n
ce
o
f
a
h
u
m
a
n
in
th
e
m
ac
h
in
e.
B
asic
all
y
,
A
I
i
s
th
e
b
r
an
ch
o
f
s
cie
n
ce
w
h
ic
h
m
ak
e
s
th
e
m
ac
h
i
n
e
ex
h
ib
it
in
t
ellig
e
n
ce
as
h
u
m
a
n
b
ein
g
s
f
o
r
a
p
a
r
ticu
lar
d
o
m
ai
n
.
I
n
1
9
5
0
s
,
A
lan
T
u
r
in
g
,
th
e
B
r
iti
s
h
Ma
t
h
e
m
a
tician
p
r
ese
n
ted
a
p
ap
e
r
o
n
C
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
Ma
ch
i
n
e
r
y
an
d
I
n
tell
ig
e
n
ce
th
at
m
ad
e
an
i
n
q
u
ir
y
th
at
i
f
a
m
ac
h
in
e
co
u
ld
p
ass
a
ce
r
tain
t
est k
n
o
w
n
as t
h
e
T
u
r
in
g
test
,
t
h
en
s
y
s
te
m
co
u
ld
b
e
an
in
telli
g
en
t.
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
T
u
r
in
g
also
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ar
g
u
m
e
n
ts
f
o
r
an
d
th
e
o
b
j
ec
tio
n
s
to
th
e
id
ea
th
at
co
m
p
u
ter
s
co
u
ld
e
x
h
ib
it
i
n
telli
g
e
n
ce
.
Mc
C
ar
t
h
y
an
d
Ha
y
es
(
1
9
6
9
)
s
tate
th
a
t
a
m
ac
h
in
e
is
i
n
telli
g
e
n
t
i
f
i
t
s
o
lv
es
/
p
er
f
o
r
m
/r
ea
s
o
n
ce
r
tain
class
e
s
o
f
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
in
tell
ig
e
n
ce
i
n
h
u
m
a
n
s
.
Ot
h
er
d
ef
in
i
tio
n
s
f
o
r
A
I
w
er
e
also
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
lik
e
"
A
I
is
th
e
p
ar
t
o
f
co
m
p
u
ter
s
cien
ce
c
o
n
ce
r
n
ed
/r
elate
d
w
ith
d
es
ig
n
i
n
g
co
m
p
u
ter
s
y
s
te
m
s
th
at
ex
h
ib
it
t
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
w
e
as
s
o
ciate
w
it
h
in
te
lli
g
en
c
e
in
h
u
m
an
b
eh
a
v
io
r
"
.
C
h
ar
n
i
ak
an
d
Mc
De
n
n
o
t
t
(
1
9
8
5
)
s
tates
th
at
"
A
I
is
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
m
e
n
tal
f
ac
u
ltie
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
co
m
p
u
ta
tio
n
al
m
o
d
els"
,
w
h
er
ea
s
Yo
u
s
h
en
g
T
ian
,
et
al
(
2
0
1
1
)
s
tates
th
at
it
i
s
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
C
o
g
n
i
tiv
e
Scien
ce
.
M
y
lo
p
o
u
lo
s
(
1
9
8
3
)
p
r
esen
ted
a
b
r
ief
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
n
ter
m
i
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
is
s
u
es r
elate
d
to
KR
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
in
th
is
f
ield
is
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
t
w
o
ca
te
g
o
r
ies,
KR
an
d
Gen
er
al
(
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
,
P
lan
n
in
g
,
etc.
)
.
Fo
r
m
a
k
i
n
g
th
e
co
m
p
u
ter
o
r
m
ac
h
in
e
ex
h
ib
it
in
telli
g
en
ce
a
s
h
u
m
a
n
,
th
e
u
s
er
w
ill
r
eq
u
ir
e
t
w
o
th
i
n
g
s
,
KR
an
d
I
n
f
er
e
n
ce
Me
ch
a
n
is
m
.
Dev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
n
A
I
s
y
s
te
m
h
as
b
ee
n
a
cr
u
cial
task
s
in
ce
at
ce
r
tai
n
ti
m
e
s
in
co
m
p
lete
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
i
s
av
ailab
le
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
a
m
b
ig
u
o
u
s
an
d
u
n
ce
r
tain
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
s
o
l
u
tio
n
to
th
ese
p
r
o
b
lem
s
is
to
b
u
ild
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
b
ase
an
d
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
I
n
f
er
e
n
ce
Me
ch
a
n
is
m
.
E
x
is
tin
g
KR
to
o
ls
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
re
p
r
esen
t
eit
h
er
d
ec
lar
ativ
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
r
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
k
n
o
w
le
d
g
e,
b
u
t
n
o
t
b
o
th
.
T
h
is
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
t
h
e
p
r
in
cip
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
-
I
C
T
I
SS
N:
2252
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8776
A
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r
to
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r
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th
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n
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w
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R
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a
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d
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
s
y
s
te
m
to
r
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r
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t
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p
e
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f
k
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g
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
,
a
Q
A
S s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
em
b
ed
d
ed
w
ith
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
o
th
at
u
s
er
s
ca
n
ea
s
il
y
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etr
ie
v
e
t
h
e
f
ac
ts
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
r
elate
d
to
w
o
r
k
is
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
ca
te
g
o
r
ies:
1.
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
r
ep
r
esen
ta
tio
n
2.
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
r
ep
r
esen
ta
tio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
3.
H
y
b
r
id
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
r
ep
r
esen
tat
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
/ la
n
g
u
ag
e
s
4.
Oth
er
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
r
ep
r
esen
ta
ti
o
n
lan
g
u
a
g
es
5.
Qu
est
io
n
an
s
w
er
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
2.
K
NO
WL
E
DG
E
R
E
P
RE
SE
NT
A
T
I
O
N
Ma
n
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
A
I
r
eq
u
ir
e
ex
ten
s
i
v
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ab
o
u
t
th
e
w
o
r
ld
.
Ob
j
ec
ts
,
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
ca
teg
o
r
ies
an
d
r
elatio
n
s
b
et
w
e
en
o
b
j
ec
ts
,
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
ev
e
n
ts
,
s
tates
an
d
ti
m
e,
ca
u
s
es
an
d
ef
f
ec
ts
ar
e
th
e
th
i
n
g
s
th
at
A
I
n
ee
d
s
to
r
ep
r
esen
t.
All th
e
ab
o
v
e
d
ef
i
n
ed
th
i
n
g
s
co
u
ld
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t K
R
S
y
s
te
m
.
I
n
A
I
,
f
o
r
a
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
d
o
m
a
in
s
y
s
te
m
,
it
m
u
s
t
h
av
e
a
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
b
ase
an
d
v
ar
io
u
s
tech
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
r
ep
r
esen
ti
n
g
t
h
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
b
y
B
r
e
w
s
ter
et
al
(
2
0
0
4
)
.
T
h
e
KR
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
t
h
e
t
h
r
ee
m
aj
o
r
tas
k
s
:
Acq
u
is
itio
n
s
,
R
e
aso
n
in
g
,
Sear
ch
i
n
g
(
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
m
o
d
el
2
.
1
.
O
nt
o
lo
g
ies
On
to
lo
g
y
i
s
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
R
ea
l
W
o
r
ld
E
n
titi
es
an
d
h
o
w
t
h
e
s
e
en
titi
e
s
ca
n
b
e
g
r
o
u
p
ed
/
r
elate
s
to
ea
ch
o
th
er
an
d
ar
r
an
g
e
t
h
e
m
i
n
a
h
i
er
ar
ch
y
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
an
d
th
en
C
ate
g
o
r
ize
th
e
m
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
t
h
e
s
i
m
ilar
itie
s
an
d
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
s
p
r
ese
n
ted
b
y
Da
v
i
s
et
al
(
1
9
9
3
)
.
On
to
lo
g
y
e
x
p
licitl
y
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
t
h
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
to
m
ak
e
it
ea
s
il
y
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
to
m
ac
h
i
n
es.
T
h
e
ter
m
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
n
o
t
r
ep
r
esen
ted
e
x
p
licitl
y
m
ig
h
t
b
e
u
s
ed
w
it
h
co
m
m
o
n
s
en
s
e.
I
t
b
in
d
s
t
h
e
p
eo
p
le/en
titi
e
s
i
n
a
co
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
b
ase
d
o
n
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
u
aliza
tio
n
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
o
f
co
n
ce
p
tu
aliza
tio
n
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ate
to
t
h
e
s
ize
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
.
O
n
to
lo
g
y
i
s
h
e
lp
f
u
l
i
n
t
h
e
d
o
m
ai
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
.
S
y
m
b
o
ls
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tl
y
r
ep
r
ese
n
t
th
e
co
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
th
eir
r
elatio
n
s
.
O
n
to
lo
g
y
co
m
p
r
is
e
s
o
f
s
tate
m
en
t
s
,
r
ef
er
r
ed
as
an
ax
io
m
.
O
n
to
lo
g
y
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
i
n
te
g
r
atio
n
,
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
r
etr
iev
al,
co
n
ten
t
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t,
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
[
1
]
.
On
to
lo
g
y
p
r
o
v
id
es th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
:
1.
Se
m
a
n
ticall
y
r
ich
a
x
io
m
atiza
ti
o
n
o
f
d
o
m
ain
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
2.
An
o
n
to
lo
g
y
ca
p
tu
r
e
s
d
o
m
ain
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
3.
R
ea
s
o
n
i
n
g
ab
o
u
t d
o
m
ai
n
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
On
to
lo
g
ie
s
ar
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
th
r
ee
m
ain
ca
te
g
o
r
ies
:
1.
T
o
p
lev
el
o
n
to
lo
g
ie
s
ar
e
th
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
ta
l
o
n
to
lo
g
ie
s
a
n
d
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
ab
s
tr
ac
t
a
n
d
g
e
n
er
al
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
d
o
m
ai
n
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
2.
Do
m
ain
o
n
to
lo
g
ies
a
n
d
tas
k
o
n
to
lo
g
ie
s
r
ep
r
esen
t
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
w
it
h
i
n
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
o
m
ai
n
o
f
d
is
co
u
r
s
e,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le
m
ed
ici
n
e
o
r
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
y
,
o
r
t
h
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ab
o
u
t
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
ta
s
k
,
s
u
ch
as
d
iag
n
o
s
i
n
g
o
r
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
in
g
.
3.
A
p
p
licatio
n
o
n
to
lo
g
ie
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
d
escr
ib
e
a
ce
r
tain
tas
k
en
ac
t
m
en
t
in
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
ap
p
licatio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8776
IJ
-
I
C
T
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
1
8
:
1
24
–
1
34
126
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
R
ep
r
ese
n
tatio
n
u
s
in
g
o
n
to
lo
g
y
[
2
]
2
.
2
.
Descript
io
n
L
o
g
ic
Descr
ip
tio
n
lo
g
ic
(
D
L
)
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
t
h
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
i
n
co
h
e
r
en
ce
w
it
h
K
R
la
n
g
u
a
g
es.
D
L
i
s
m
o
r
e
ex
p
r
ess
i
v
e
th
a
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
itio
n
al
lo
g
ic
s
tated
b
y
E
n
r
ico
(
2
0
0
4
)
[
3
]
.
I
n
A
I
an
d
KR
,
it c
o
u
ld
b
e
p
u
t to
u
tili
za
tio
n
f
o
r
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
f
o
r
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
d
o
m
ai
n
an
d
i
s
m
ai
n
l
y
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
m
ed
ical
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
m
en
t
io
n
e
d
b
y
B
aa
d
er
et
a
l,
(
2
0
0
3
)
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
m
a
in
d
if
f
er
en
c
e
b
et
w
ee
n
First
o
r
d
er
lo
g
ic
(
F
OL
)
a
n
d
D
L
ar
e:
FO
L
r
ep
r
ese
n
ts
clas
s
/o
b
j
ec
ts
an
d
th
eir
p
r
o
p
er
ties
(
p
r
ed
icate
s
)
w
h
er
ea
s
DL
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
th
e
co
n
c
ep
ts
an
d
its
r
o
le.
DL
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
T
er
m
i
n
o
lo
g
ical
b
o
x
(
T
B
o
x
)
an
d
A
s
s
er
tio
n
al
b
o
x
.
T
e
r
m
i
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
b
o
x
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
s
an
d
co
n
ce
p
t
h
ier
ar
ch
y
a
n
d
Ass
er
tio
n
a
l
b
o
x
(
A
B
o
x
)
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
a
m
o
n
g
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
.
A
s
T
B
o
x
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
h
e
n
ce
th
e
co
m
p
lex
it
y
o
f
th
e
T
B
o
x
ca
n
v
er
y
m
u
c
h
af
f
ec
t
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
d
ec
is
io
n
m
a
k
in
g
i
n
DL
.
Y
A
K,
KR
I
S,
C
R
AC
K
a
n
d
KODI
A
K
ar
e
d
escr
ip
tio
n
lo
g
ic
b
ased
s
y
s
te
m
s
[
5
]
.
2
.
3
.
B
a
y
esia
n
net
w
o
rk
A
B
a
y
e
s
ian
n
et
w
o
r
k
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
an
d
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
o
u
t
an
u
n
ce
r
ta
in
k
n
o
w
led
g
e.
T
h
e
s
et
o
f
v
ar
i
ab
les,
X
=
X
1
,
X
2
,
X
3
…….
X
n
,
ar
e
r
ep
r
e
s
en
ted
b
y
n
o
d
es
an
d
d
ir
ec
ted
ar
cs/l
in
k
s
co
n
n
ec
t
s
th
e
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
n
o
d
es
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
ep
en
d
en
cies
b
et
w
ee
n
v
ar
ia
b
les
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
o
n
d
itio
n
al
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
s
tr
e
n
g
th
o
f
as
s
o
ciatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
i
n
B
a
y
e
s
ia
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
ca
n
b
e
d
ia
g
n
o
s
tic
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
w
h
ic
h
is
r
ea
s
o
n
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
to
ca
u
s
e
a
n
d
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
r
ea
s
o
n
i
n
g
t
h
at
is
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
ab
o
u
t c
a
u
s
e
s
to
th
e
n
e
w
[
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
B
ay
es
ian
n
et
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
d
o
m
ai
n
lu
n
g
ca
n
ce
r
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
es in
B
a
y
esi
a
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
in
cl
u
d
e
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
.
1.
P
r
o
p
o
s
itio
n
s
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
B
o
o
lean
n
o
d
es t
h
at
ca
n
h
av
e
b
in
ar
y
v
al
u
e
(
T
r
u
e
o
r
Fals
e)
.
2.
A
n
o
d
e
ca
n
h
a
v
e
o
r
d
er
ed
v
alu
e
lik
e
s
p
ee
d
(
s
lo
w
,
m
ed
iu
m
,
h
i
g
h
)
.
3.
A
n
o
d
e
ca
n
h
a
v
e
in
te
g
er
v
a
lu
e
s
,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le
a
g
e
o
f
a
tee
n
ag
er
m
a
y
h
av
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
v
al
u
e
f
r
o
m
1
to
1
8
.
2
.
4
.
F
uzzy
L
o
g
ic
I
n
1
9
6
5
,
L
o
tf
i
Z
ad
eh
i
n
tr
o
d
u
c
ed
th
e
m
u
lti
-
v
alu
ed
lo
g
ic,
i.e
.
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic,
w
h
ic
h
ex
ten
d
ed
t
h
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
tr
u
th
v
alu
e
s
to
all
r
ea
l n
u
m
b
er
s
in
th
e
in
ter
v
al
b
et
w
ee
n
0
an
d
1
w
h
er
ea
s
in
ca
s
e
o
f
cr
is
p
s
et
th
e
tr
u
t
h
v
al
u
es a
r
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
-
I
C
T
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8776
A
To
u
r
to
w
a
r
d
s
th
e
V
a
r
io
u
s
K
n
o
w
led
g
e
R
ep
r
esen
ta
tio
n
Tec
h
n
iq
u
es fo
r
...
(
P
o
o
n
a
m
Ta
n
w
a
r
)
127
d
ef
in
ed
as
eit
h
er
0
o
r
1
.
Fo
r
e
x
a
m
p
le,
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
t
h
at
th
e
s
u
n
is
s
h
i
n
i
n
g
w
h
e
n
th
er
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
clo
u
d
s
i
n
t
h
e
s
k
y
m
ig
h
t
h
av
e
a
s
et
to
a
v
a
lu
e
o
f
0
.
7
.
I
t is lik
el
y
t
h
at
th
e
s
u
n
is
s
h
i
n
i
n
g
.
B
asicall
y
,
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
i
s
t
h
e
w
a
y
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
t
h
e
ex
p
er
t
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
t
h
at
u
s
es
v
ag
u
e
a
n
d
a
m
b
ig
u
o
u
s
ter
m
s
.
F
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
is
a
s
et
o
f
m
ath
e
m
atica
l
p
r
in
cip
les
f
o
r
KR
b
ased
o
n
th
e
th
eo
r
y
o
f
f
u
zz
y
s
e
ts
,
s
ets
t
h
at
ca
lib
r
ate
v
ag
u
e
n
es
s
an
d
d
eg
r
ee
s
o
f
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
ip
.
Ge
n
er
all
y
,
th
e
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
c
tio
n
s
u
s
ed
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
a
f
u
zz
y
s
et
ar
e
Sig
m
o
id
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Gau
s
s
ia
n
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d
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i p
r
esen
ted
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y
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ad
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h
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1
9
6
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.
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zz
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et
t
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y
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m
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ar
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th
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ir
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led
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m
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s
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ated
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ce
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ate
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ec
is
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n
s
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,
to
d
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ict
th
e
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a
m
o
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e
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i (
1
9
8
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)
[
8
]
.
2
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5
.
S
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ntic
Web
KR
co
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k
n
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led
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w
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m
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ch
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r
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s
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if
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th
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ata.
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t
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web
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h
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n
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th
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r
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i
th
w
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m
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f
in
f
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en
ab
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ter
s
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k
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flin
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2
0
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s
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m
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w
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a
m
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to
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m
a
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h
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p
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v
id
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m
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f
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ata
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th
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w
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n
ca
s
e
o
f
s
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m
a
n
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KR
h
elp
s
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n
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ata
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,
m
a
n
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m
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co
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p
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A
s
s
h
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Fig
u
r
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4
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r
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s
in
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n
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9
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2
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6
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ra
ph
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I
n
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9
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Fi
g
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C
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ca
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Fig
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1
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K
ry
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B
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m
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1
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d
ev
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p
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ar
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en
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n
ald
J
.
et
a
l (
1
9
8
3
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[
1
0
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-
[
1
2
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.
T
h
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ized
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(
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i,
1
9
9
8
)
.
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ll
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ti
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I
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r
a
(
1
9
9
4
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,
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
.
I
t
w
as
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s
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o
r
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ti
n
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th
e
d
ec
la
r
ativ
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
[
1
0
]
, [
1
1
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Ov
er
v
ie
w
o
f
Kr
y
p
to
n
[
1
0
]
.
2
.
7
.
2
.
O
B
L
O
G
2
I
n
1
9
8
7
,
T
h
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m
as
F.
Go
r
d
o
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p
r
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p
o
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n
o
lo
g
i
ca
l
r
ea
s
o
n
i
n
g
w
it
h
a
P
r
o
lo
g
in
f
er
en
ce
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
.
T
h
e
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
ty
p
e
an
d
attr
ib
u
te
tax
o
n
o
m
ies
i
s
s
u
p
p
o
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ted
b
y
ter
m
i
n
o
lo
g
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l
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t,
w
h
er
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s
e
n
tit
ies
ar
e
in
s
ta
n
ce
s
o
f
a
s
et
o
f
t
y
p
es.
H
o
r
n
clau
s
e
r
u
les
ac
t
as
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
,
f
o
r
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
th
e
v
al
u
e
s
o
f
attr
ib
u
te
s
ar
e
in
d
ex
ed
b
y
i
ts
t
y
p
e
p
r
ese
n
ted
b
y
T
h
o
m
as (
1
9
8
7
)
.
2
.
7
.
3
.
L
O
O
M
Gr
eg
o
r
(
1
9
8
7
)
im
p
le
m
e
n
ted
th
e
L
O
OM
HKR
also
b
elo
n
g
s
to
th
e
KL
-
ONE
f
a
m
il
y
w
as
an
in
telli
g
e
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
L
o
o
m
i
s
an
ap
p
licatio
n
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
HKR
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
n
d
is
a
class
i
f
ica
tio
n
b
ased
KR
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
t
is
a
f
r
a
m
e
b
ased
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
all
th
e
s
tate
m
e
n
ts
i
n
L
OOM
w
er
e
m
ap
p
ed
in
to
th
e
p
r
ed
icate
lo
g
ic,
Fik
es
an
d
Ke
h
ler
(
1
9
8
5
)
.
L
o
o
m
p
r
o
v
id
ed
an
in
t
ellig
e
n
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
d
o
m
ai
n
.
L
o
o
m
r
ep
r
es
en
ts
t
h
e
d
ec
lar
ativ
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
co
n
s
is
ti
n
g
o
f
r
u
les
,
f
ac
ts
,
a
n
d
d
ef
au
lt
r
u
le
s
.
A
p
o
w
er
f
u
l
r
ea
s
o
n
i
n
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
i
s
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
b
y
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
k
n
o
w
n
as
d
ed
u
cti
v
e
en
g
in
e
/
cla
s
s
i
f
ier
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
Ma
cGr
eg
o
r
an
d
R
o
b
er
t
[
1
4
]
.
C
las
s
i
f
ier
in
L
OOM
w
a
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
u
n
i
f
icat
io
n
,
f
o
r
w
ar
d
ch
ain
i
n
g
an
d
o
b
j
ec
t o
r
i
en
ted
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies o
f
L
OOM
ar
e
:
1.
W
ell
d
ef
in
ed
s
e
m
an
tics
f
o
r
th
e
g
iv
e
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
e.
2.
E
x
p
r
ess
i
v
e
in
n
at
u
r
e
3.
C
o
n
te
x
ts
a
s
s
er
tio
n
(
m
u
ltip
le
i
m
ag
e
s
ca
n
b
e
ac
ce
s
s
ed
at
th
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e.
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
-
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129
2
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7
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4
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F
RO
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Fra
m
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F
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w
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elo
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y
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ef
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y
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P
.
T
s
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T
h
o
m
as
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eig
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n
g
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n
J
an
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1
9
9
2
.
FR
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L
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
co
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ce
p
ts
o
f
f
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h
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ar
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p
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f
f
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d
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it
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f
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m
e.
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am
e
s
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ep
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t
t
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w
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n
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t
li
m
ited
to
p
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l
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titi
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s
.
Fra
m
es
i
n
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R
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b
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tr
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ac
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ted
b
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eq
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ir
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ica
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o
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p
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n
tio
n
ed
b
y
J
ef
f
r
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y
et
a
l
(
1
9
9
8
)
[
1
5
]
.
2
.
7
.
5
.
RT
-
F
RO
RL
RT
-
FR
O
R
L
is
th
e
ex
te
n
s
io
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f
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p
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p
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ef
f
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y
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io
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m
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in
1
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its
FR
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ased
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m
s
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r
eq
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m
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m
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s
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ied
in
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n
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w
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p
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o
b
j
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d
ac
tiv
ities
.
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ac
h
r
ea
l
w
o
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l
d
en
tit
y
is
m
o
d
eled
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an
o
b
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t.
C
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tak
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ted
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eq
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tiv
itie
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ac
h
o
b
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t a
n
d
ac
tiv
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as c
er
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p
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p
er
ties
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ass
u
m
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tio
n
s
o
r
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
s
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
ith
it t
h
at
is
in
teg
r
ated
i
n
to
a
f
r
a
m
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
s
y
n
t
ax
f
o
r
an
o
b
j
ec
t f
r
a
m
e
is
s
h
o
wn
b
elo
w
(
J
ef
f
r
e
y
et
a
l,
1
9
9
1
)
,
[
1
5
]
[
1
6
]
.
T
ab
le
1
Fra
m
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
O
b
j
e
c
t
:
O
b
j
e
c
t
-
n
a
me
A
b
st
r
a
c
t
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
:
P
a
r
e
n
t
n
a
me
A
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
-
n
a
me
-
1:
V
a
l
u
e
-
l
A
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
-
n
a
me
-
1:
V
a
l
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e
-
2
A
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
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n
a
me
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1:
V
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e
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n
E
ac
h
s
lo
t
i
n
t
h
e
o
b
j
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t
f
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a
m
e
co
r
r
esp
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s
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a
p
ar
ticu
lar
p
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p
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ty
o
f
th
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o
b
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t
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d
h
a
s
a
v
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et
ass
o
ciate
d
w
ith
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t f
r
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m
w
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h
it c
an
d
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a
w
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v
alu
e.
T
h
e
s
y
n
ta
x
f
o
r
an
ac
ti
v
it
y
f
r
a
m
e
i
s
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Fra
m
e
o
b
j
ec
ts
an
d
th
eir
p
r
o
p
er
ties
A
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
:
A
c
t
i
v
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t
y
_
n
a
me
(
a
t
t
r
_
v
a
l
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e
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l
,
.
.
.
,
a
t
t
r
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v
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l
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e
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n)
A
b
st
r
a
c
t
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e
l
a
t
i
o
n
:
P
a
r
e
n
t
n
a
me
P
a
r
t
:
A
t
t
r
-
v
a
l
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e
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1
:
v
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1
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v
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n
:
v
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l
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n
P
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c
o
n
d
i
t
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o
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s:
C
o
n
j
u
n
c
t
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o
n
o
r
d
i
sj
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
v
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o
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s
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c
t
i
v
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t
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e
s o
r
f
a
c
t
s
A
c
t
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o
n
s:
S
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
a
c
t
i
v
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t
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e
s o
r
f
a
c
t
s
a
l
t
_
a
c
t
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n
s:
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e
q
u
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n
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a
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t
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r
f
a
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t
s
I
n
th
e
ab
o
v
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
T
ab
le
1
an
d
2
,
th
e
p
a
r
t,
s
lo
t
d
escr
ib
e
s
th
e
o
b
jects p
ar
ticip
atin
g
in
th
e
ac
tiv
it
y
,
o
r
th
eir
attr
ib
u
tes.
T
h
e
p
r
ec
o
n
d
itio
n
s
lo
t
h
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ld
s
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
s
to
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ied
p
r
io
r
to
th
e
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ec
u
ti
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tio
n
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th
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e
x
t
s
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t.
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w
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l
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e
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m
ed
.
T
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e
R
T
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FR
OR
L
is
d
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elo
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e
d
to
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p
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e
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ti
m
e
co
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s
tr
ai
n
ts
.
T
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y
ill
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s
tr
ated
ex
a
m
p
les
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n
h
o
w
R
T
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FR
O
R
L
co
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ld
b
e
u
s
ed
to
s
p
ec
if
y
s
u
ch
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
h
e
te
m
p
o
r
al
lo
g
ic
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
u
s
ed
t
o
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
o
u
t
R
T
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FR
O
R
L
w
er
e
p
r
esen
ted
an
d
t
y
p
ica
l
ass
er
tio
n
s
r
ele
v
an
t
to
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
er
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
b
y
J
ef
f
r
e
y
et
a
l
(
1
9
9
1
)
[
1
6
]
.
2.
6
.
M
ANTRA
(
MA
NT
R
A
)
s
tan
d
s
f
o
r
Mo
d
u
lar
A
s
s
er
tio
n
al,
Se
m
a
n
tic
Net
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
T
e
r
m
i
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
R
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
A
p
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
is
w
o
r
k
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
f
o
u
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
KR
tech
n
iq
u
es
i
n
d
esi
g
n
i
n
g
a
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
n
te
g
r
atin
g
f
ir
s
t
o
r
d
er
lo
g
ic,
ter
m
i
n
o
lo
g
ical
la
n
g
u
a
g
es,
s
e
m
an
tic
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
t
h
r
ee
lev
el
s
:
(
i)
T
h
e
E
p
is
te
m
o
l
o
g
ical
le
v
el,
w
h
er
e
th
e
s
e
m
an
tic
p
r
i
m
iti
v
es
o
f
th
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
ar
e
d
ef
in
ed
,
(
ii)
T
h
e
L
o
g
ical
lev
el,
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
b
as
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
en
t,
t
h
e
in
f
er
en
ce
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
an
d
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
ep
is
te
m
o
lo
g
ical
m
et
h
o
d
s
a
r
e
d
ef
in
ed
,
an
d
(
iii)
T
h
e
Heu
r
i
s
tic
lev
e
l,
w
h
er
e
ad
h
o
c
s
tr
ateg
ies
co
u
ld
b
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
ex
ec
u
t
io
n
b
y
C
al
m
et
et
a
l
in
1
9
9
1
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
s
e
m
a
n
tic
s
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
r
m
all
y
d
e
f
i
n
ed
u
s
i
n
g
a
m
o
d
el
-
t
h
eo
r
etic
f
o
r
m
ali
s
m
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
is
w
o
r
k
i
s
: (
i)
A
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
to
d
ef
in
e
t
h
e
s
e
m
an
t
ics o
f
KR
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
(
ii)
T
h
e
in
teg
r
ati
o
n
in
a
m
u
lti
-
le
v
el
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e,
o
f
f
ir
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
lo
g
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ter
m
i
n
o
lo
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ical
r
ea
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o
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g
,
i
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h
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p
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r
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r
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r
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m
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
h
a
s
b
ee
n
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
in
K
y
o
to
C
o
m
m
o
n
L
is
p
(
KC
L
)
,
a
co
m
p
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i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
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o
f
th
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s
tan
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m
m
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L
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to
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it
h
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j
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t
o
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ten
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ca
lled
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o
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OR
B
I
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s
tated
b
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8776
IJ
-
I
C
T
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
1
8
:
1
24
–
1
34
130
Steele
(
1
9
8
4
)
an
d
Sm
ed
t
(
1
9
8
7
)
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
an
o
b
j
ec
t
o
r
ien
ted
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
i
n
g
to
o
l
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
th
e
m
o
d
u
lar
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
an
d
m
a
k
es it e
as
y
t
o
m
o
d
if
y
.
T
h
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
h
a
s
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
u
s
in
g
KY
AC
C
-
KL
E
X,
an
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
b
et
w
ee
n
KC
L
a
n
d
th
e
co
m
p
ile
r
co
n
s
tr
u
cto
r
Y
A
C
C
a
n
d
L
E
X
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
(
Vi
g
o
u
r
o
u
x
,
1
9
8
8
)
,
(
J
o
h
n
s
o
n
,
1
9
8
7
)
,
(
L
es
k
,
1
9
7
5
)
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
is
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
m
ak
e
s
th
e
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
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er
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m
o
d
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y
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n
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to
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ap
t
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e
ch
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n
g
es i
n
th
e
s
y
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ta
x
o
f
t
h
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
Sch
n
eid
er
(
1
9
8
6
)
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
p
r
ese
n
ts
t
w
o
i
n
t
er
f
ac
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
:
o
n
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
b
ased
o
n
m
e
n
u
s
a
n
d
a
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
i
n
g
i
n
t
er
f
ac
e
a
llo
w
i
n
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
p
r
i
m
iti
v
es
in
s
id
e
L
is
p
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
i
n
g
in
ter
f
ac
e
f
ac
ilit
ate
s
th
e
in
te
g
r
a
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
o
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er
s
y
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te
m
s
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i
tten
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o
m
m
o
n
L
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d
to
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ev
elo
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th
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t
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m
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m
e
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ted
a
h
e
u
r
is
tic
lev
el
o
f
th
e
ar
c
h
itect
u
r
e.
T
o
f
ac
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ate
th
e
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
m
et
h
o
d
s
a
s
i
n
g
le
d
ata
ab
s
tr
ac
tio
n
h
as
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ee
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ad
o
p
ted
m
en
tio
n
ed
b
y
R
aj
es
war
i
an
d
P
r
asad
(
2
0
1
2
)
.
T
h
is
d
ata
ab
s
tr
ac
tio
n
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
a
s
et
o
f
d
ir
ec
ted
g
r
ap
h
s
.
Dir
ec
ted
g
r
ap
h
s
s
u
b
s
u
m
e
s
e
v
e
r
al
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
e
d
d
ata
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
a
n
d
ar
e
also
s
u
itab
le
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
an
in
ter
ac
ti
v
e
s
y
s
te
m
d
u
e
to
th
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in
h
er
en
t
g
r
ap
h
ical
ch
a
r
ac
ter
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
Gr
asp
,
a
g
r
ap
h
m
a
n
ip
u
latio
n
p
ac
k
ag
e,
h
as
b
ee
n
ad
o
p
ted
as
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
i
n
g
to
o
l
im
p
le
m
en
ti
n
g
th
is
d
ata
ab
s
tr
ac
tio
n
s
tated
b
y
B
itten
co
u
r
t
(
1
9
8
4
)
.
T
h
e
b
ase
o
f
all
i
n
f
er
en
ce
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
i
n
t
o
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
t
h
e
u
n
if
icatio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
A
s
p
ec
ia
l
u
n
i
f
ica
tio
n
p
ac
k
ag
e
h
a
s
b
ee
n
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
in
C
o
m
m
o
n
L
is
p
.
T
h
e
ad
o
p
ted
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
t
h
e
al
m
o
s
t
l
in
ea
r
alg
o
r
ith
m
m
en
tio
n
ed
b
y
Ma
r
te
lli an
d
Mo
n
ta
n
ar
i (
1
9
8
2
)
,
C
alm
et
et
a
l
(
1
9
9
1
a
an
d
1
9
9
1
b
)
[
1
6
]
[
2
0
]
.
2
.
7
.
SO
L
SOL
(
S
m
ar
t
Ob
j
ec
t
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
)
d
ef
in
e
s
t
h
e
s
m
ar
t
o
b
j
ec
t
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
co
m
p
lex
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
b
ased
s
y
s
te
m
s
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
W
illi
a
m
et
al
(
1
9
9
5
)
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
p
ar
ad
ig
m
p
r
o
v
id
es
m
e
c
h
an
is
m
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
HKR
an
d
m
u
ltip
le
in
f
er
e
n
ce
s
tr
ate
g
ies.
C
en
tr
al
to
t
h
e
p
ar
ad
ig
m
is
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
s
m
ar
t
o
b
j
ec
ts
,
en
g
i
n
ee
r
ed
ar
tif
ac
ts
t
h
at
co
m
b
in
e
a
h
ig
h
le
v
el
o
b
j
ec
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
w
ith
a
r
u
le
b
ased
lo
w
er
lev
el
lan
g
u
ag
e.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
s
m
ar
t
o
b
j
ec
ts
w
a
s
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
u
s
in
g
cr
iter
ia
th
at
e
v
o
l
v
ed
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
lar
g
e,
co
m
p
l
ex
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
b
ased
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
ey
p
r
ese
n
t
th
e
s
e
cr
iter
ia
as
d
esira
b
le
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
f
o
r
KR
s
in
g
e
n
er
al
an
d
u
s
e
th
e
m
to
ev
alu
ate
tr
ad
itio
n
al
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
an
d
s
m
ar
t
o
b
j
ec
ts
.
An
o
v
er
v
ie
w
o
f
a
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
b
ase
s
y
s
te
m
(
KB
S)
w
as
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
m
ar
t
o
b
j
ec
t
p
ar
a
d
ig
m
an
d
m
a
k
i
n
g
i
ts
b
en
ef
it
co
n
cr
ete.
I
n
th
eir
wo
r
k
,
th
e
y
p
r
esen
ted
th
e
o
v
er
v
i
e
w
o
f
o
b
j
ec
t
b
ased
an
d
s
m
ar
t o
b
j
ec
t b
ase
KR
an
d
p
r
esen
ted
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
KR
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
w
ith
s
m
ar
t o
b
j
e
ct
an
d
r
u
le
b
ased
s
y
s
te
m
.
S
m
ar
t
o
b
j
ec
ts
ar
e
a
to
o
l
f
o
r
b
u
ild
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
i
n
w
h
ich
i
n
f
e
r
en
tial
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
ar
e
an
i
n
te
g
r
al
p
ar
t
o
f
a
b
r
o
ad
e
r
d
esig
n
.
S
m
ar
t
o
b
j
ec
ts
h
av
e
an
i
n
ter
n
al
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
th
a
t
p
ar
titi
o
n
s
th
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
co
n
tai
n
ed
in
th
e
m
an
d
d
eter
m
in
e
s
th
e
i
n
t
er
ac
tio
n
s
,
t
h
e
b
eh
av
io
r
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
a
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
o
b
j
ec
ts
.
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
ele
m
e
n
ts
o
f
a
s
m
ar
t
o
b
j
ec
t
ar
e
a)
Me
th
o
d
,
b
)
I
n
ter
f
ac
e,
c)
A
ttrib
u
te
a
n
d
d
)
Mo
n
ito
r
.
T
h
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131
AAAN
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ch
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h
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AAA
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r
a
m
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w
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m
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m
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tatio
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ased
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e
u
s
er
ab
ilit
y
to
r
ew
ar
d
an
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
ac
tio
n
w
it
h
i
n
an
ep
is
o
d
e
h
as e
n
ab
led
to
p
r
o
p
er
ly
ad
j
u
s
t th
e
v
al
u
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
a
s
tate
s
o
th
at
t
h
e
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
o
f
ac
tio
n
s
ad
ap
ts
to
th
e
o
p
tim
al
p
atter
n
o
v
er
a
p
er
io
d
.
A
AANT
S
m
o
d
el
h
elp
ed
th
e
m
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
e
m
er
g
e
n
t
b
eh
av
io
r
s
i
m
ilar
to
th
at
o
f
a
n
atu
r
a
l
an
t
co
lo
n
y
.
T
h
ese
ag
en
t
s
s
en
s
e
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icate
w
ith
o
th
er
s
u
s
i
n
g
p
r
i
m
it
iv
e
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
to
o
f
f
er
e
m
er
g
e
n
t
ad
ap
tiv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
as
a
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
(
C
h
r
i
s
to
f
,
1
9
9
1
)
[
2
3
]
.
2
.
9
.
E
x
t
ended Se
m
a
ntic
Net
w
o
rk
E
x
ten
d
ed
Se
m
a
n
tic
Ne
t
w
o
r
k
(
E
SN)
b
y
R
ee
n
a
e
t
al
(
2
0
0
6
)
w
as
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
HKR
m
o
d
el
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
f
ac
ed
in
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
ar
ea
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
ec
o
v
er
y
a
n
d
ca
teg
o
r
izatio
n
in
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
er
a
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
f
lo
w
.
T
h
e
E
SN
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
is
a
n
e
w
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
KR
f
o
r
ea
s
y
o
n
t
o
l
o
g
y
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
i
n
n
e
w
g
en
er
atio
n
s
ea
r
ch
al
g
o
r
ith
m
t
o
f
ac
ilit
ate
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t,
r
etr
iev
al
an
d
s
h
ar
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
en
ab
l
es
ea
s
y
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
Un
li
k
e
NL
P
tech
n
iq
u
es,
n
o
h
ea
v
y
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
s
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
d
ev
elo
p
n
e
w
n
et
wo
r
k
s
,
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
s
et
o
f
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
r
elate
d
to
th
at
p
ar
ticu
la
r
to
p
ic
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
T
h
ese
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
b
e
f
o
r
th
at
o
n
l
y
i
n
p
u
t
i
n
to
th
e
p
r
o
x
i
m
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
(
P
N)
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
.
T
h
en
au
to
m
at
icall
y
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
o
f
n
o
d
es
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
ca
lled
th
e
w
o
r
d
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
is
n
et
wo
r
k
co
n
tain
s
all
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
w
o
r
d
s
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
d
ata
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
d
o
m
a
in
.
T
h
u
s
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
a
r
ec
all
p
r
o
ce
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
t
h
en
co
m
b
in
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
e
m
a
n
tic
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
an
d
th
e
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
g
o
t r
es
tr
icted
to
5
0
n
o
d
es.
Se
m
a
n
tic
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
ess
e
n
tial
l
y
t
h
e
p
r
ec
is
io
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
w
h
er
e
th
e
n
o
d
es
ar
e
p
lace
d
in
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
it
h
th
e
h
elp
o
f
e
x
p
er
t
k
n
o
w
led
g
e.
Fo
r
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
in
g
t
h
e
e
x
ten
d
ed
s
e
m
a
n
tic
n
et
w
o
r
k
th
e
y
e
x
te
n
d
th
e
p
r
ec
is
io
n
m
o
d
el
b
y
ad
d
in
g
n
o
d
es
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
e
ca
ll
m
o
d
el
at
all
p
o
s
s
ib
le
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
ed
p
o
s
itio
n
s
.
E
SN
w
a
s
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
o
f
t
w
o
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
ex
te
n
d
ed
s
em
a
n
tic
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
1.
First,
is
a
P
N
m
o
d
el
w
h
ic
h
i
n
v
o
lv
e
s
th
r
ee
p
h
ases
o
f
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
f
ir
s
t
t
h
e
p
r
e
-
tr
ea
t
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
h
er
e
th
e
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
r
elate
d
t
o
t
h
e
d
o
m
ain
ar
e
a
n
al
y
ze
d
i
n
t
w
o
s
ta
g
e
s
an
d
a
n
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
w
o
r
d
d
o
cu
m
en
t
m
atr
ix
is
o
b
tain
ed
.
T
h
is
m
a
tr
ix
is
th
e
n
p
ass
ed
o
n
to
th
e
in
ter
m
ed
iate
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
is
an
al
y
ze
d
b
y
th
e
d
ata
m
i
n
i
n
g
an
d
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
,
n
a
m
el
y
k
-
m
ea
n
s
cl
u
s
ter
i
n
g
,
p
r
i
n
cip
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
a
n
al
y
s
is
an
d
w
o
r
d
ass
o
ciatio
n
o
b
tain
an
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
w
o
r
d
p
air
m
atr
i
x
w
i
th
a
v
alu
e
b
et
w
ee
n
ea
ch
w
o
r
d
p
air
.
T
h
is
v
al
u
e
is
th
e
p
r
o
x
i
m
i
t
y
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
w
o
r
d
p
air
in
th
e
p
r
o
j
ec
ted
s
p
ac
e
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
eir
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
i
n
th
e
co
n
ten
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
.
T
h
i
s
d
a
ta
ar
e
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
to
p
o
s
t
-
tr
ea
t
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
h
er
e
p
ar
ti
al
s
te
m
m
i
n
g
i
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
n
th
e
w
o
r
d
p
air
m
atr
i
x
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
ca
s
e
b
ased
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t.
2.
Seco
n
d
l
y
t
h
e
s
e
m
a
n
tic
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
h
ich
i
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
KL
-
O
NE
m
o
d
el,
w
i
th
t
h
e
d
o
m
ai
n
b
ein
g
th
e
ce
n
te
r
of
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
w
h
ic
h
is
ex
p
a
tiated
b
y
th
e
d
o
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
w
h
ich
i
n
tu
r
n
d
ef
i
n
e
co
n
ce
p
ts
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
in
s
ta
n
ce
a
n
d
in
h
er
itan
ce
r
elat
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
y
f
o
llo
w
t
h
e
s
c
h
e
m
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
h
er
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
a
d
o
m
ain
is
p
r
ec
is
el
y
r
ep
r
esen
ted
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
s
e
m
an
tic
r
ela
tio
n
s
t
h
e
y
d
ef
i
n
ed
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
is
b
u
il
t
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
a
m
e
s
e
t o
f
d
o
cu
m
en
t
s
u
s
ed
in
P
N
an
d
t
h
e
5
0
m
o
s
t i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t c
o
n
ce
p
ts
i
s
ch
o
s
e
n
with
t
h
e
h
elp
o
f
a
d
o
m
ai
n
e
x
p
er
t
an
d
is
p
u
t
in
to
th
e
s
e
m
a
n
tic
m
o
d
el.
E
ac
h
r
el
atio
n
al
li
n
k
u
s
ed
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
t
h
e
co
m
p
o
s
i
tio
n
al,
in
s
ta
n
tia
tio
n
a
n
d
i
n
h
er
ita
n
ce
li
n
k
s
ar
e
g
i
v
en
a
p
r
ed
ef
in
ed
u
n
it
d
u
r
in
g
ca
lc
u
latio
n
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
is
t
h
e
n
s
to
r
ed
an
d
ca
n
b
e
v
is
u
alize
d
u
s
i
n
g
g
r
ap
h
ed
ito
r
.
T
h
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
is
to
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
th
e
s
e
m
a
n
tic
b
ased
r
elatio
n
in
to
o
u
r
m
at
h
e
m
a
ticall
y
m
o
d
eled
P
N.
T
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
t
h
u
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
is
th
en
an
al
y
ze
d
a
n
d
m
er
g
ed
to
o
b
tain
o
n
e
s
in
g
l
e
s
e
m
a
n
tic
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
th
at
d
o
m
ai
n
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
r
ep
ea
te
d
o
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
lis
t
s
o
f
co
n
ce
p
t
s
co
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8776
IJ
-
I
C
T
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
1
8
:
1
24
–
1
34
132
v
ar
io
u
s
d
o
m
ain
s
to
o
b
tain
o
n
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
ea
ch
d
o
m
ai
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
b
tain
ed
is
f
ed
i
n
t
o
th
e
M
y
SQ
L
d
atab
ase
alo
n
g
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
elati
o
n
al
lin
k
s
th
e
y
s
h
ar
e.
T
h
is
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
is
t
h
en
r
ea
d
il
y
co
m
b
i
n
e
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
P
N,
th
u
s
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
x
ten
d
ed
s
e
m
an
tic
n
et
w
o
r
k
th
at
m
a
in
l
y
w
o
r
k
s
o
n
t
h
e
li
n
es
o
f
p
r
ec
i
s
io
n
(
R
ee
n
a
e
t
a
l,
1
9
8
7
)
[
2
3
]
[
2
4
].
3.
CO
G
NI
T
I
VE
H
YB
RID
SE
N
TEN
CE
M
O
DE
L
I
N
G
AN
D
ANAL
Y
Z
E
R
(
CH
SM
A)
As
p
er
th
e
2
0
0
5
I
n
d
ian
Hu
m
an
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
Su
r
v
e
y
,
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
ed
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
s
r
ep
o
r
te
d
th
at
th
e
m
aj
o
r
ity
o
f
th
e
m
en
as
clo
s
e
t
o
7
2
%
d
id
n
o
t
s
p
ea
k
E
n
g
lis
h
,
2
8
%
s
p
o
k
e
lim
ited
E
n
g
li
s
h
an
d
5
%
s
p
o
k
e
g
o
o
d
E
n
g
l
is
h
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
la
r
g
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
h
av
i
n
g
li
m
ited
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
r
v
er
y
les
s
k
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
o
f
E
n
g
lis
h
,
it
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
p
latf
o
r
m
w
h
ich
ca
n
h
elp
th
e
m
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
E
n
g
lis
h
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
ea
s
il
y
w
i
th
th
e
h
elp
o
f
g
r
ap
h
ical
p
r
ese
n
tatio
n
s
o
as
to
v
is
u
a
lize
th
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
w
it
h
li
m
ited
E
n
g
li
s
h
k
n
o
w
led
g
e.
T
h
e
ex
is
ti
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
d
o
m
ain
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
a
n
d
m
ai
n
l
y
ex
tr
ac
t
th
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
f
r
o
m
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
KB
lik
e
KL
ONE
,
K
L
T
W
O,
an
d
L
O
OM
w
h
er
ea
s
f
e
w
HK
R
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
o
r
k
w
i
th
s
y
m
b
o
ls
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
ai
m
o
f
t
h
is
ef
f
o
r
t
w
a
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
s
u
ch
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
th
at
ca
n
allo
w
t
h
e
u
s
er
to
v
is
u
a
lize
th
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
f
o
r
a
g
iv
en
in
p
u
t
i
m
m
ed
iatel
y
.
C
HSM
A
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
E
n
g
li
s
h
s
en
ten
ce
s
g
r
ap
h
ical
l
y
.
C
HS
MA
i
s
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t,
b
u
t
also
th
e
ev
e
n
t
s
w
it
h
s
tep
-
by
-
s
t
ep
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es v
is
u
alize
d
.
Fo
llo
w
i
n
g
ar
e
th
e
k
e
y
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
s
e
m
a
n
tic
n
e
t
an
d
s
cr
ip
t
f
o
r
H
y
b
r
id
Kn
o
w
le
d
g
e
R
ep
r
esen
ta
tio
n
(
HKR):
1.
Se
m
a
n
tic
n
et
i
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
v
e
n
K
R
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
(
K
L
-
ONE
f
a
m
il
y
,
Kr
y
p
to
n
,
s
e
m
a
n
tic
w
eb
)
,
f
o
r
r
ep
r
esen
ti
n
g
d
ec
lar
at
iv
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
g
r
ap
h
icall
y
.
2.
Scr
ip
t is u
s
ed
to
r
ep
r
esen
t t
h
e
ev
en
t
s
i
n
a
s
y
s
te
m
atic
w
a
y
.
I
n
itiall
y
,
th
e
KR
/HK
R
s
y
s
te
m
w
as
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
in
L
is
p
an
d
P
r
o
lo
g
lan
g
u
a
g
e.
P
r
o
lo
g
an
d
L
is
p
p
r
o
v
id
ed
th
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
w
h
ich
w
er
e
n
o
t
i
n
ter
ac
ti
v
e
an
d
u
s
er
h
ad
to
b
e
f
a
m
iliar
w
it
h
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
i
n
g
lan
g
u
a
g
e
to
u
s
e
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
ese
la
n
g
u
a
g
es
w
er
e
s
lo
w
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
th
e
Ob
j
ec
t
Or
ien
ted
P
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
(
OOP
)
lan
g
u
a
g
es a
n
d
o
th
er
tr
ad
itio
n
a
l la
n
g
u
a
g
es c
u
r
r
en
tl
y
av
a
ilab
le.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
a
n
d
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
o
f
C
HS
M
A
.
C
H
SM
A
ac
ts
as
a
n
in
ter
m
e
d
iate
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
co
m
p
u
ter
an
d
u
s
er
w
h
o
i
s
n
o
t a
t e
a
s
e
w
ith
t
h
e
E
n
g
li
s
h
lan
g
u
ag
e.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
tak
e
s
i
n
p
u
t
a
s
a
n
E
n
g
l
is
h
s
e
n
te
n
ce
/
p
ar
ag
r
ap
h
/
s
to
r
y
an
d
t
h
e
n
tr
an
s
lates
it
i
n
to
a
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
g
r
ap
h
ical
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
u
s
er
i
s
allo
w
ed
to
s
a
v
e
t
h
e
r
e
p
r
esen
ta
tio
n
s
o
t
h
at
n
e
x
t
ti
m
e
all
th
e
s
tep
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
n
ee
d
n
o
t
b
e
ex
ec
u
te
d
ag
ain
.
T
h
e
u
s
er
s
ar
e
also
allo
w
ed
to
p
r
in
t
th
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
.
Fo
r
lo
n
g
er
s
to
r
ies,
th
e
u
s
er
s
ar
e
al
s
o
allo
w
ed
to
i
n
p
u
t
q
u
er
y
i
n
a
n
ea
s
y
an
d
s
i
m
p
le
w
a
y
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
as
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
u
p
d
atin
g
t
h
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
b
ase
an
d
d
atab
ase
at
th
e
ti
m
e
o
f
e
x
ec
u
tio
n
j
u
s
t
g
o
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
i
m
p
le
co
m
m
a
n
d
s
.
3
.
2
.
M
a
t
he
m
a
t
ica
l M
o
del o
f
Chs
m
a
Ma
th
e
m
atica
ll
y
th
e
C
HSM
A
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
/
Mo
d
el
c
o
u
ld
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
f
iv
e
T
u
p
les
{N,
P
,
U,
A
,
R
}
h
er
e
N
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
s
et
o
f
E
n
tit
y
n
o
d
es
a
n
d
co
n
ce
p
t
n
o
d
es,
P
w
as
t
h
e
p
ar
en
t
n
o
d
e,
A
w
a
s
th
e
a
s
s
o
ciatio
n
r
u
le
ap
p
lied
b
et
w
ee
n
n
o
d
es a
n
d
R
is
th
e
r
elatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
n
o
d
es.
1.
N
is
a
s
et
o
f
g
en
er
al
cla
s
s
/Ob
j
ec
t/attrib
u
te
<
clas
s
/o
b
j
ec
t a
n
d
co
n
ce
p
ts
>
E
x
a
m
p
le
o
f
cla
s
s
<P
er
s
o
n
/ P
o
o
n
a
m
>
W
h
er
ea
s
co
n
ce
p
ts
ca
n
b
e
an
e
v
en
t,
s
tate,
b
eh
a
v
io
r
,
etc
an
d
ex
a
m
p
le
o
f
th
e
m
is
R
in
g
i
n
g
,
s
o
lid
an
d
g
o
o
d
.
2.
P
w
as
a
p
ar
en
t
n
o
d
e
u
s
ed
to
li
k
e
th
e
s
e
m
a
n
tic
n
et
w
it
h
s
cr
ip
t
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
.
7
Po
o
n
am
an
d
b
ab
y
ar
e
th
e
p
ar
en
t
n
o
d
es.
P
N.
i.e
.
p
ar
en
t
n
o
d
e
w
a
s
th
e
s
u
b
s
e
t
o
f
N
an
d
it
ca
n
b
e
a
s
in
g
le
n
o
d
e
o
r
m
u
ltip
le.
3.
‘
U
’
w
as t
h
e
u
n
i
v
er
s
al
s
e
t th
at
co
n
s
is
ts
b
o
th
N
an
d
P
.
4.
A
is
a
s
et
o
f
ass
o
ciatio
n
,
as
a
co
m
p
o
s
i
te
s
en
te
n
ce
/
co
m
p
o
s
it
e
p
r
ep
o
s
itio
n
ca
n
b
e
f
o
r
m
ed
w
ith
th
e
h
e
lp
o
f
ass
o
ciatio
n
/
co
n
n
ec
to
r
s
.
T
h
r
e
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
t
y
p
es
o
f
a
s
s
o
ciatio
n
w
er
e
d
ef
i
n
ed
to
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
co
m
p
o
s
ite
n
et
w
o
r
k
o
f
a
g
i
v
en
s
en
te
n
ce
.
5.
R
w
as
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
a
lab
eled
ar
c
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le
f
o
r
th
e
s
tate
m
e
n
t
‘
P
o
o
n
a
m
is
a
g
ir
l’
t
h
a
n
th
e
r
el
atio
n
w
as r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
t
h
e
a
r
c
w
it
h
th
e
lab
el
i
s
a.
E
ac
h
n
o
d
e
in
C
HSM
A
m
u
s
t b
e
u
n
iq
u
e
as
u
s
ed
b
y
A
li,
(
1
9
9
4
)
.
A
n
o
d
e
co
u
ld
b
e
a
C
las
s
/Ob
j
ec
t a
n
d
it
co
u
ld
b
e
a
co
n
ce
p
t.
A
n
o
d
e
in
C
HSM
A
is
a
lab
eled
n
o
d
e
as
i
n
ca
s
e
o
f
Se
m
an
tic
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
an
d
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
g
r
ap
h
.
T
h
e
lab
el
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
e
is
th
e
n
a
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
an
d
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
/u
s
ed
f
u
r
th
er
b
y
t
h
at
n
a
m
e
o
n
l
y
.
T
h
e
n
a
m
e
ca
n
b
e
t
h
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
v
a
lu
e
l
ik
e
‘
P
o
o
n
a
m
’
o
r
it
ca
n
b
e
v
ar
iab
le
li
k
e
‘
x
’
.
I
n
ca
s
e
o
f
a
n
o
d
e
w
it
h
lab
el
x
s
u
b
s
tit
u
tio
n
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
h
a
s
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
s
u
b
s
t
itu
te
t
h
e
ex
ac
t
v
al
u
e
o
f
t
h
at
n
o
d
e.
E
ac
h
n
o
d
e
in
C
H
SM
A
m
u
s
t
b
e
u
n
iq
u
e.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le
th
e
w
o
r
d
“
P
o
o
n
a
m
”
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
n
ti
m
es
in
a
g
i
v
e
n
p
ar
ag
r
ap
h
/
s
to
r
y
th
a
n
i
n
s
tead
o
f
n
n
o
d
es
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
w
o
r
d
P
o
o
n
a
m
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
co
n
s
i
s
t
a
s
in
g
le
n
o
d
e
w
it
h
lab
el
P
o
o
n
a
m
i.e
.
th
e
n
o
d
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
i
n
C
HS
M
A
m
u
s
t
f
o
llo
w
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
ty
o
f
u
n
iq
u
en
e
s
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
-
I
C
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I
SS
N:
2252
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A
To
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to
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a
r
d
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th
e
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a
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io
u
s
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n
o
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e
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ep
r
esen
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...
(
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133
3
.
2
.
1
Su
bs
t
it
utio
n in CH
SM
A
I
n
h
er
ita
n
ce
i
n
th
e
s
e
m
a
n
tic
n
et
b
in
d
s
th
e
g
e
n
er
al
en
ti
t
y
/
co
n
ce
p
t
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
d
o
m
a
in
to
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
e
n
tit
y
/ c
o
n
ce
p
t.
A
n
e
x
a
m
p
le
is
ill
u
s
tr
ated
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Su
b
s
tit
u
tio
n
f
r
o
m
G
en
er
al
C
la
s
s
to
Sp
ec
if
ic
C
la
s
s
/
Ob
j
ec
t.
Fo
llo
w
i
n
g
s
u
b
s
tit
u
tio
n
r
u
les
wer
e
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
in
f
er
en
ce
an
d
r
ea
s
o
n
i
n
g
:
R
u
le
1
Dir
ec
t
s
u
b
s
ti
tu
tio
n
:
I
f
n
1
an
d
n
2
N
an
d
w
h
er
e
n
1
g
en
er
al
clas
s
an
d
n
2
s
p
ec
if
ic
class
th
a
n
ap
p
ly
v
alu
e
/
n
2
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
P
o
o
n
am
/
n
2
i.e
.
ass
i
g
n
a
v
al
u
e
P
o
o
n
am
to
n
2
.
R
u
le
2
I
n
d
ir
ec
t
s
u
b
s
t
itu
tio
n
:
I
f
n
1
,
n
2
,
n
3
,
n
4
, ......
.,
n
n
g
en
er
al
class
a
n
d
m
1
,
m
2
,
m
3
,
m
4
,
…
….
,
m
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
c
lass
,
w
h
er
e
n
1
,
n
2
,
…
….
,
n
n
an
d
m
1
,
m
2
,
………,
m
n
N
th
e
n
ap
p
l
y
th
e
ass
o
ciat
io
n
r
u
le
a
n
d
ch
ec
k
t
h
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
m
1
/
n
1
/
n
2
/
n
3
,
………,
n
n
.
3
.
2
.
2
.
Su
bs
t
it
utio
n pro
ce
du
r
e
Su
b
s
ti
tu
t
io
n
i
n
C
H
SM
A
w
as
u
s
ed
to
u
n
i
f
y
t
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
ea
c
h
v
ar
iab
le
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
a
co
n
ce
p
t/
class
.
Su
b
s
ti
tu
t
io
n
w
o
r
k
ed
r
ec
u
r
s
i
v
el
y
g
e
n
er
ati
n
g
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
u
b
s
t
itu
tio
n
f
o
r
all
th
e
v
ar
iab
le.
Su
b
s
ti
tu
t
io
n
(
m
,
n)
in
({
N,
P
,
U
,
A
,
R
}
1
n
m
u
s
t
h
av
e
m
2
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
(
m
,
n
)
w
h
er
e
m
an
d
n
N
/
P
an
d
th
er
e
ex
is
t
a
r
elatio
n
r
1
,
r
2
,
r
3
f
r
o
m
n
to
m
in
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
S
th
en
.
Fo
r
all
r
in
S d
o
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
1.
If
m
=
m
th
a
n
r
etu
r
n
m
.
2.
I
f
m
n
th
e
n
Fo
llo
w
as
s
o
ciatio
n
s
a
i
n
s
et
A
a
n
d
r
elatio
n
r
in
s
et
R
b
et
w
ee
n
n
to
m
i.e
.
n
1
to
n
2
to
n
3
an
d
s
o
o
n
till
n
m
.
an
d
r
etu
r
n
s
m
.
3
.
2
.
3
.
I
nfo
r
m
a
t
io
n pr
o
ce
s
s
in
g
in CH
SM
A
L
et
P
an
d
S
b
e
th
e
p
ar
ag
r
ap
h
a
n
d
s
to
r
y
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
ch
o
s
e
n
f
o
r
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
w
h
ich
co
n
s
i
s
ts
n
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
en
te
n
ce
s
(
s
)
th
en
ea
c
h
s
en
ten
ce
i
n
th
e
p
ar
ag
r
ap
h
/s
to
r
y
w
a
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
eq
u
atio
n
g
i
v
e
n
b
elo
w
.
(
W
,
P
)
= (
W
1
s
,
t
+
W
2
s
,
t
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
W
i
s
,
t
)
(
1)
n
=
W
s
,
t
.
(
2
)
i
=1
W
h
er
e
n
is
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
en
te
n
ce
s
i
n
P
an
d
1
≤
i
≤
n.
Ma
tch
i
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
w
a
s
ap
p
lied
d
u
r
in
g
ea
c
h
s
e
n
ten
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
w
h
ic
h
ta
k
es
a
p
air
o
f
n
o
d
es
(
j
,
k
)
th
o
s
e
w
er
e
ass
o
ciate
d
/ r
elate
d
to
ea
ch
o
th
er
an
d
r
etu
r
n
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
titu
t
io
n
f
o
r
(
j
i
,
k
i
)
f
o
r
s
en
te
n
ce
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
NS
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
m
a
n
y
H
KR
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
er
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
in
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
d
o
m
ai
n
s
an
d
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
So
it
m
ad
e
s
e
n
s
e
to
tak
e
th
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
s
er
v
e
th
e
p
eo
p
le
s
o
th
at
t
h
e
y
ca
n
lear
n
an
d
ex
p
lo
r
e
t
h
e
w
o
r
ld
.
T
h
e
co
g
n
iti
v
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
en
te
n
ce
m
o
d
elin
g
a
n
d
an
a
l
y
ze
r
(
C
HS
MA
)
f
o
r
t
h
e
E
n
g
li
s
h
lan
g
u
a
g
e
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
ll
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
th
e
s
en
ten
ce
s
,
p
ar
ag
r
ap
h
s
an
d
s
to
r
ies
an
d
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
th
e
m
w
i
th
t
h
e
av
er
ag
e
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