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K
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Acc
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Data
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Ma
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Mic
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Pre
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co
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
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I
n
th
e
d
o
m
ain
o
f
c
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p
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s
cien
ce
an
d
ar
tific
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in
tellig
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(
AI
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,
a
h
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h
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s
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ex
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am
o
n
g
AI
,
m
ac
h
in
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lear
n
i
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g
(
ML
)
[
1
]
,
an
d
d
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p
lear
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in
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(
DL
)
.
AI
is
a
b
r
o
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p
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f
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p
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alg
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r
ith
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b
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m
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an
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im
p
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f
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with
o
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t
ex
p
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p
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r
am
m
in
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W
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in
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DL
em
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p
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p
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atica
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a
s
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b
s
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f
th
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b
r
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r
AI
d
o
m
ain
[
2
]
.
T
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ar
ch
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an
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em
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illu
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tr
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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2252
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Ma
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in
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-
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iven
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esig
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n
d
p
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ma
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n
a
lysi
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…
(
P
is
ke
La
xmi
P
r
a
s
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n
n
a
K
u
ma
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)
463
AI
[
3
]
.
ML
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
r
ev
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lu
tio
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izin
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th
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f
ield
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as,
in
tr
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tim
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p
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au
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f
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in
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m
o
d
elin
g
in
co
m
m
u
n
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tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
4
]
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
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ten
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a
s
elec
tio
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f
o
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wir
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m
m
u
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s
[
5
]
.
E
n
g
in
ee
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s
ca
n
ef
f
icien
tly
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d
r
ess
d
esig
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an
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d
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u
es,
d
y
n
am
i
ca
lly
o
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tim
ize
an
ten
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a
ar
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ay
s
[
6
]
,
an
d
en
h
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n
ce
th
e
ac
cu
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ac
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o
f
ch
an
n
el
m
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d
els
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r
o
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ML
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L
ev
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g
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ac
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to
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m
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in
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Ma
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ML
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in
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p
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s
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ain
tain
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ac
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ab
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m
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s
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p
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an
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d
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[
7
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B
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in
g
ML
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
d
esig
n
er
s
ca
n
e
f
f
icien
tly
p
r
ed
ict
an
d
d
esig
n
an
ten
n
as
th
at
m
ee
t
d
esire
d
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
iter
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
f
e
r
s
a
f
aste
r
an
d
m
o
r
e
in
tellig
en
t w
ay
to
d
esig
n
a
n
ten
n
as
[
8
]
,
d
ep
ar
tin
g
f
r
o
m
tr
ad
iti
o
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Mic
r
o
s
tr
ip
an
ten
n
as
ar
e
c
o
m
p
ac
t
an
d
lig
h
tweig
h
t,
m
ak
in
g
t
h
em
p
o
p
u
lar
ch
o
ices
in
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
d
u
e
to
th
eir
s
ea
m
less
in
teg
r
atio
n
with
cir
cu
it
b
o
ar
d
s
.
T
h
ey
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
a
m
etallic
p
atch
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
o
n
a
d
ielec
tr
ic
s
u
b
s
tr
ate,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
d
esig
n
ad
j
u
s
tm
en
ts
to
m
ee
t
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
lik
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
b
an
d
wid
th
,
an
d
p
o
lar
izatio
n
.
W
id
ely
u
tili
ze
d
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
i
o
u
s
s
ec
to
r
s
,
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
an
ten
n
as
s
er
v
e
d
iv
er
s
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
r
ad
a
r
,
r
em
o
te
s
en
s
in
g
,
r
a
d
io
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
id
en
tific
atio
n
(
R
FID
)
,
m
ed
ical,
au
to
m
o
tiv
e,
an
d
m
ilit
ar
y
f
ield
s
.
T
h
ey
o
f
f
er
ef
f
icien
t
s
ig
n
al
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
r
ec
ep
tio
n
in
d
iv
er
s
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
H
o
wev
er
,
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
an
ten
n
as
f
ac
e
ch
all
en
g
es
s
u
c
h
as
lim
ited
b
a
n
d
wi
d
th
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
,
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
o
n
g
o
in
g
ef
f
o
r
ts
b
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
.
Ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
m
ater
ials
,
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es,
an
d
s
ig
n
a
l
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
in
clu
d
in
g
ML
[
9
]
,
ar
e
d
r
iv
i
n
g
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
i
n
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
an
ten
n
a
ca
p
ab
ili
ties
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
eir
co
n
tin
u
ed
r
elev
an
ce
i
n
m
o
d
er
n
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
An
aly
s
is
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
p
a
p
er
s
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
m
an
u
al
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
is
b
o
th
tim
e
-
c
o
n
s
u
m
in
g
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
in
ten
s
iv
e.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
ch
allen
g
e,
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
ML
in
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
ML
tech
n
iq
u
es
in
to
m
icr
o
s
t
r
ip
an
te
n
n
a
d
esig
n
h
o
ld
s
p
r
o
m
is
e
f
o
r
s
im
p
lify
i
n
g
w
o
r
k
f
lo
ws,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
p
r
ed
ictio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
an
d
s
p
ee
d
in
g
u
p
o
p
tim
izatio
n
task
s
[1
0
]
-
[1
2
]
.
W
ith
o
n
g
o
in
g
a
d
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
ML
,
i
ts
f
u
s
io
n
with
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
is
an
ticip
ated
to
s
p
u
r
f
u
r
th
er
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
in
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
Pre
s
en
t
r
esear
ch
in
itiativ
es
ar
e
ce
n
ter
ed
o
n
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
an
ten
n
as
in
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
ML
i
n
to
an
te
n
n
a
d
esig
n
th
eo
r
y
[1
3
]
.
T
h
e
r
ea
ea
r
ch
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
aim
s
to
s
tr
ea
m
lin
e
th
e
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
with
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
f
o
cu
s
o
n
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
an
ten
n
as.
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
o
b
jecti
v
e
is
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
y
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
ML
al
g
o
r
ith
m
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
m
o
s
t
ac
cu
r
ate
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
f
o
r
an
ten
n
a
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
B
y
id
en
tif
y
in
g
t
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
o
u
r
aim
is
to
m
in
im
ize
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
m
u
ltip
le
s
im
u
latio
n
s
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
tim
e
an
d
en
er
g
y
e
x
p
en
d
ed
in
cr
ea
tin
g
t
o
p
-
q
u
a
lity
an
ten
n
as.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
allo
ws
u
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
an
t
en
n
as
with
o
p
tim
al
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
in
ju
s
t o
n
e
iter
atio
n
,
th
u
s
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
ef
f
icien
c
y
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
in
an
ten
n
a
d
es
ig
n
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
A
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
an
ten
n
a
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
ess
en
tial
elem
en
ts
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
p
atc
h
,
s
u
b
s
tr
ate,
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
lan
e,
f
ee
d
lin
e,
an
d
o
p
tio
n
ally
a
m
a
tch
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
as
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
p
atch
,
t
y
p
ically
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
f
r
o
m
m
etal,
is
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
o
n
to
p
o
f
a
d
ielec
tr
ic
s
u
b
s
tr
ate,
with
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
lan
e
s
itu
ated
b
en
ea
th
it.
T
h
e
f
ee
d
lin
e
lin
k
s
th
e
p
atch
to
th
e
tr
an
s
m
it
ter
o
r
r
ec
ei
v
er
.
Op
tio
n
ally
,
a
m
atch
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
ca
n
b
e
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ated
to
en
h
a
n
ce
im
p
ed
an
ce
m
atc
h
in
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Mic
r
o
s
tr
ip
an
ten
n
a
[
1
4
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
13
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
46
2
-
46
9
464
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
an
ten
n
a
g
o
v
er
n
s
its
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
,
im
p
ed
an
ce
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
,
an
d
b
an
d
wid
th
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
m
eticu
lo
u
s
d
esig
n
o
f
th
ese
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
an
ten
n
as
ca
n
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
tr
an
s
m
it
o
r
r
ec
eiv
e
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
wav
es
ac
r
o
s
s
d
esig
n
ated
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
,
ca
ter
in
g
t
o
d
iv
e
r
s
e
ap
p
l
icatio
n
n
ee
d
s
[1
5
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
d
esig
n
in
g
m
i
cr
o
s
tr
ip
an
ten
n
as
u
s
in
g
a
n
s
y
s
HFS
S
[1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
en
c
o
m
p
as
s
es
s
ev
er
al
cr
u
cial
s
tag
es.
I
t
s
tar
ts
b
y
cr
ea
tin
g
e
lem
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
th
e
p
atch
,
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
u
b
s
tr
ate,
an
d
r
a
d
iatio
n
b
o
x
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
s
im
u
latio
n
s
with
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
s
wee
p
in
g
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
c
ed
u
r
e
e
n
tails
in
itial
g
eo
m
etr
y
s
etu
p
an
d
m
ater
ial
p
r
o
p
er
t
y
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
,
alo
n
g
with
d
ef
in
in
g
e
x
citatio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
m
esh
in
g
th
e
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
e.
Simu
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
,
an
d
an
aly
s
es
a
r
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
an
te
n
n
a
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
f
ac
to
r
s
lik
e
r
etu
r
n
l
o
s
s
an
d
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
.
Op
tim
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
m
ay
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
en
h
an
c
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
s
im
u
latio
n
to
o
ls
aid
in
r
esu
lt
an
aly
s
is
.
Ult
im
ately
,
th
e
d
esig
n
u
n
d
e
r
g
o
es
v
alid
atio
n
an
d
r
ef
in
em
e
n
t
as
n
ee
d
ed
.
A
n
s
y
s
HFSS
o
f
f
er
s
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
p
latf
o
r
m
f
o
r
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
2
.
1
.
EM
t
a
lk
pa
t
ch
ca
lcula
t
o
r
T
h
e
E
Mta
lk
p
atch
ca
lcu
lato
r
is
a
v
alu
ab
le
to
o
l
in
th
e
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
an
ten
n
as.
I
ts
p
r
im
ar
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
to
d
ete
r
m
in
e
th
e
id
ea
l
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
p
atch
,
wh
ich
is
cr
u
cial
in
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
an
ten
n
a
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
B
y
en
ter
in
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
r
eso
n
a
n
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t,
an
d
d
ielec
tr
ic
h
eig
h
t,
th
e
ca
lcu
lato
r
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
ac
cu
r
a
te
len
g
th
an
d
wid
th
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
f
o
r
th
e
p
atch
[1
8
]
.
Fo
r
th
i
s
s
p
ec
if
ic
ca
s
e,
th
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t
is
6
,
th
e
d
i
elec
tr
ic
h
eig
h
t
is
1
.
5
m
m
,
a
n
d
th
e
in
p
u
t
im
p
e
d
an
ce
is
3
1
5
o
h
m
s
.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
lato
r
f
in
d
s
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
len
g
t
h
(
)
an
d
wid
th
(
)
o
f
th
e
p
atc
h
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
las
g
iv
en
b
y
(
1
)
a
n
d
(
2
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
is
d
ata
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
in
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
ec
is
e
f
ab
r
icatio
n
o
f
m
icr
o
s
t
r
ip
an
ten
n
as,
th
u
s
g
u
ar
an
teein
g
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
alig
n
s
with
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
[
19
]
.
=
2
0
√
2
+
1
(
1
)
w
h
er
e,
−
C
is
v
elo
city
o
f
lig
h
t,
−
0
is
d
esire
d
r
eso
n
an
t f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
an
d
,
−
is
th
e
r
elativ
e
p
er
m
itti
v
ity
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate.
=
2
0
√
–
2
Δ
L
(
2
)
w
h
er
e,
−
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t
o
f
an
a
n
ten
n
a
.
−
Δ
L
is
p
atch
len
g
th
ex
ten
s
io
n
.
T
o
ca
lcu
late
th
e
p
atch
len
g
th
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
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tan
t
o
f
an
an
ten
n
a
a
n
d
th
e
p
a
tch
len
g
th
ex
ten
s
io
n
n
ee
d
to
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
.
T
h
ese
v
alu
es a
r
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
las p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
(
3
)
a
n
d
(
4
)
.
=
+
1
2
+
−
1
2
[
1
+
12
(
ℎ
)
]
−
1
2
(
3
)
w
h
er
e,
−
h
is
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
th
ick
n
ess
an
d
is
p
atch
wid
th
Δ
L
=
h*
0.41
2
[
(
+
0
.
3
)
(
(
ℎ
)
+
0
.
264
)
(
−
0
.
258
)
(
(
ℎ
)
−
0
.
8
)
]
(
4
)
I
n
th
e
s
u
b
-
6
GHz
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
r
an
g
e,
a
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t
o
f
6
an
d
a
h
eig
h
t
o
f
1
.
5
m
m
ar
e
ch
o
s
en
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
f
o
r
th
e
m
illi
m
et
er
wav
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
a
n
g
e,
th
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t
r
em
ain
s
co
n
s
tan
t
wh
ile
th
e
h
eig
h
t
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
0
.
5
m
m
.
T
h
ese
p
ar
am
eter
s
p
lay
a
c
r
u
cial
r
o
le
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
t
h
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
an
ten
n
a
,
wh
ich
ar
e
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ted
in
a
tab
le.
W
ith
th
e
o
b
tain
e
d
p
atch
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
th
e
m
icr
o
s
tr
i
p
an
ten
n
a
is
th
en
d
esig
n
ed
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
ly
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
Ma
ch
in
e
lea
r
n
in
g
-
d
r
iven
d
esig
n
a
n
d
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
a
n
a
lysi
s
…
(
P
is
ke
La
xmi
P
r
a
s
a
n
n
a
K
u
ma
r
)
465
2
.
2
.
Ant
enna
des
ig
n a
nd
cr
ea
t
ed
da
t
a
s
et
s
T
h
e
Mic
r
o
s
tr
ip
an
ten
n
a
is
d
esig
n
ed
with
s
p
ec
if
ied
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
h
ei
g
h
t,
len
g
th
,
an
d
wid
th
v
alu
es,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
s
im
u
latio
n
s
u
s
in
g
a
n
s
y
s
HFSS
.
T
h
e
s
w
ee
p
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
tech
n
i
q
u
e
is
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
to
v
ar
y
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
an
ten
n
a
’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
r
an
g
es
o
f
1
-
6
G
Hz
an
d
2
8
-
40
GHz
.
T
h
e
f
lo
wch
ar
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
wo
r
k
is
as sh
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
ed
an
ten
n
a
u
n
d
er
g
o
es
s
im
u
latio
n
to
r
ec
o
r
d
r
e
s
u
lts
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
e
g
ain
,
b
ea
m
ar
ea
,
d
ir
ec
tiv
ity
,
an
d
r
ad
iatio
n
ef
f
ici
en
cy
,
f
o
r
ea
c
h
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
v
a
r
iatio
n
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
r
esu
lts
in
tw
o
d
atasets
: o
n
e
f
o
r
th
e
1
-
6
GHz
r
an
g
e
an
d
an
o
t
h
er
f
o
r
th
e
2
8
-
40
GHz
r
an
g
e,
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
th
e
an
te
n
n
a
’
s
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
B
y
iter
atin
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
io
u
s
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
s
o
f
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
,
a
d
ata
s
et
is
g
en
er
ated
to
s
er
v
e
as
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
a
n
aly
s
is
.
ML
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
th
en
u
tili
ze
d
o
n
th
is
d
ataset
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
ac
cu
r
ate
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
p
r
ed
ic
tin
g
an
ten
n
a
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
g
ain
,
d
ir
ec
tiv
ity
,
b
ea
m
a
r
ea
,
an
d
r
a
d
iatio
n
ef
f
icien
cy
.
I
n
th
e
ca
r
ef
u
l
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
d
atasets
f
o
r
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
,
two
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
an
g
es
wer
e
tak
en
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t:
1
-
6
GHz
an
d
2
8
-
40
GHz
.
Fo
r
th
e
d
ataset
co
v
er
in
g
th
e
1
-
6
GHz
r
an
g
e,
ea
ch
s
et
o
f
an
ten
n
a
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
is
d
o
cu
m
en
ted
in
8
1
r
o
ws,
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
d
etails
s
u
ch
as
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
len
g
th
,
wid
th
,
s
wee
p
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
g
ain
,
b
ea
m
ar
ea
,
d
ir
ec
tiv
ity
,
an
d
r
ad
iatio
n
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
is
m
eticu
lo
u
s
d
ataset
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
to
tal
o
f
4
8
6
r
o
ws,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
a
n
t
en
n
a
’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
with
in
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
r
an
g
e.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
d
ataset
f
o
r
s
u
b
-
6
GH
z
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
a
n
g
e
is
as sh
o
wn
b
elo
w
in
T
ab
le
1
.
L
ik
ewise,
in
th
e
d
ataset
f
o
cu
s
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
2
8
-
40
GHz
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
r
an
g
e,
a
co
n
s
is
ten
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
u
p
h
eld
with
th
e
s
am
e
eig
h
t
co
lu
m
n
s
:
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
len
g
th
,
wid
th
,
s
wee
p
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
g
ain
,
b
ea
m
a
r
ea
,
d
ir
ec
tiv
ity
,
an
d
r
ad
iatio
n
e
f
f
icien
cy
.
Yet,
f
o
r
t
h
is
elev
ated
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
b
an
d
,
ea
ch
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
1
0
0
r
o
ws
o
f
d
ata.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
d
ataset
f
o
r
t
h
e
2
8
-
40
GHz
r
a
n
g
e
c
o
m
p
r
is
es
a
to
tal
o
f
1
,
3
0
0
r
o
ws,
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
a
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
a
n
d
d
etailed
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
n
th
e
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
a
n
te
n
n
a
’
s
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
with
in
th
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
d
a
ta
s
et
cr
ea
ted
f
o
r
m
illi
m
eter
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
an
g
e
is
ash
o
wn
b
elo
w
in
T
a
b
le
2
.
T
h
is
d
u
al
-
d
ataset
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
n
o
t
o
n
ly
ca
p
tu
r
es
th
e
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
o
f
an
ten
n
a
p
a
r
am
eter
s
u
n
d
e
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
b
u
t
also
f
ac
ilit
ates
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
an
al
y
s
is
th
at
ca
n
u
n
c
o
v
er
p
a
tter
n
s
,
tr
en
d
s
,
an
d
o
p
tim
al
d
esig
n
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
th
e
1
-
6
GHz
an
d
2
8
-
4
0
GHz
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
b
a
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
g
en
er
ated
d
ataset
u
n
d
er
g
o
es
tr
ain
i
n
g
with
v
a
r
io
u
s
ML
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
[
2
0
]
-
[
2
2
]
,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
(
ML
R
)
,
o
r
d
in
ar
y
least
s
q
u
ar
es
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
(
OL
SR
)
,
DT
,
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
(
R
F)
,
ANN,
r
id
g
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
(
R
R
)
,
lass
o
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
(
L
R
)
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
v
ec
to
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
(
SVR
)
,
K
-
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
(
KNR)
,
g
r
ad
ien
t
b
o
o
s
tin
g
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
(
GB
R
)
,
elasticn
et
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
(
E
R
)
,
g
au
s
s
ian
p
r
o
g
r
ess
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
(
GPR
)
,
R
ANSAC
r
eg
r
es
s
io
n
,
q
u
an
tile
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
(
QR
)
,
an
d
is
o
to
n
ic
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
(
I
R
)
[
2
3
]
-
[
2
5
]
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
d
ataset
is
test
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Flo
w
ch
a
r
t f
o
r
th
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
wo
r
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
13
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
24
:
46
2
-
46
9
466
T
ab
le
1
.
C
r
ea
ted
d
ata
s
et
f
o
r
s
ub
-
6
GHz
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
a
n
g
e
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
G
H
z
)
P
a
t
c
h
l
e
n
g
t
h
(
mm
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P
a
t
c
h
w
i
d
t
h
(
mm
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S
w
e
e
p
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
G
H
z
)
G
a
i
n
(
d
B
i
)
D
i
r
e
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
(
d
B
)
B
e
a
m
a
r
e
a
(
sr
)
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3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
NS
T
h
e
d
atasets
r
esu
ltin
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f
r
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th
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esig
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p
r
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s
s
o
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m
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tr
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ten
n
as
ac
r
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s
s
th
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s
u
b
-
6
GHz
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d
m
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m
eter
wav
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f
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eq
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cy
s
p
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tr
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m
s
s
er
v
e
as
tr
ain
in
g
in
p
u
ts
f
o
r
v
ar
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u
s
ML
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
aim
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at
ass
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r
ac
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T
a
b
le
3
p
r
o
v
id
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a
d
etailed
ex
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in
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o
f
t
h
e
p
r
ed
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p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
ML
alg
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r
ith
m
s
ap
p
lied
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s
t
r
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n
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d
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r
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th
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r
eq
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Ar
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ANN)
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r
g
ain
(
0
.
9
1
2
5
)
a
n
d
r
ad
iatio
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
(
0
.
8
5
7
2
)
.
KNR
ex
ce
ls
with
h
ig
h
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
s
in
g
ain
(
0
.
9
5
9
3
)
,
d
i
r
ec
tiv
ity
(
0
.
9
8
5
9
)
,
r
ad
iatio
n
ef
f
icien
cy
(
0
.
9
4
2
8
)
,
an
d
b
ea
m
ar
ea
(
0
.
9
8
5
9
)
.
GB
R
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
ex
ce
p
tio
n
ally
well,
esp
ec
ially
in
g
ain
(
0
.
9
3
4
4
)
a
n
d
d
ir
ec
tiv
ity
(
0
.
9
7
6
2
)
,
with
co
m
p
etitiv
e
v
alu
es
f
o
r
r
ad
iatio
n
ef
f
icien
cy
(
0
.
9
0
2
6
)
an
d
b
ea
m
ar
ea
(
0
.
9
7
6
)
.
Ou
r
s
tu
d
y
id
en
tifie
d
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
v
ar
iatio
n
s
i
n
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
ML
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
an
ten
n
a
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
No
tab
ly
,
RF
,
KN
R
,
G
B
R
,
an
d
DT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
ex
h
ib
ited
s
u
p
er
io
r
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
T
h
is
co
u
ld
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
ir
ab
ilit
y
to
ca
p
t
u
r
e
in
tr
icate
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
i
n
th
e
d
ataset.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
RF
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
m
u
ltip
le
DT
an
d
ag
g
r
eg
ates
th
eir
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
,
en
h
an
cin
g
r
esil
ien
ce
to
o
v
er
f
itti
n
g
.
Similar
ly
,
KNR
lev
er
ag
es
th
e
s
im
i
lar
ity
p
r
in
cip
le
am
o
n
g
d
ata
p
o
i
n
ts
,
m
ak
in
g
it
ad
ep
t
at
h
an
d
li
n
g
lo
ca
lized
p
atter
n
s
.
GB
R
s
eq
u
en
tia
lly
f
its
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
wea
k
lear
n
er
s
to
m
in
im
ize
p
r
ed
ictio
n
er
r
o
r
s
,
lead
in
g
t
o
en
h
an
ce
d
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
.
DT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
o
f
f
er
t
r
an
s
p
ar
e
n
cy
an
d
in
te
r
p
r
etab
ilit
y
,
aid
i
n
g
in
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
u
n
d
e
r
ly
in
g
p
atter
n
s
in
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
d
ata.
Fu
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
i
s
n
ee
d
ed
to
ex
p
l
o
r
e
th
ese
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
’
u
n
iq
u
e
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Pre
d
icted
ac
cu
r
ac
y
v
alu
es
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t a
lg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t p
a
r
am
eter
s
M
L
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
ms
G
a
i
n
D
i
r
e
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
R
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
B
e
a
m
a
r
e
a
1
-
6
G
H
z
28
-
40
GHz
1
-
6
G
H
z
28
-
40
GHz
1
-
6
G
H
z
28
-
40
GHZ
1
-
6
G
H
z
28
-
40
GHz
M
L
R
0
.
2
3
1
6
0
.
2
3
4
8
0
.
6
9
8
7
0
.
7
8
3
6
0
.
1
0
0
0
0
.
0
4
4
4
0
.
8
1
5
7
0
.
7
8
3
6
O
LSR
0
.
3
4
8
7
0
.
3
4
8
7
0
.
7
1
4
0
0
.
8
1
8
6
0
.
2
6
2
1
0
.
0
3
7
2
0
.
8
2
4
3
0
.
8
1
8
6
DT
0
.
8
9
7
0
0
.
9
1
1
8
0
.
9
8
4
5
0
.
9
6
6
4
0
.
9
2
7
1
0
.
8
9
8
9
0
.
9
8
7
8
0
.
9
6
6
0
RF
0
.
9
4
2
1
0
.
9
5
3
9
0
.
9
8
2
0
0
.
9
7
9
0
0
.
9
4
1
4
0
.
9
3
5
3
0
.
9
8
4
6
0
.
9
8
0
5
ANN
0
.
8
9
7
9
0
.
9
1
2
5
0
.
9
9
2
2
0
.
9
7
0
6
0
.
8
7
9
1
0
.
8
5
7
2
0
.
9
8
9
2
0
.
9
6
4
4
RR
0
.
3
6
8
0
0
.
2
4
5
8
0
.
7
2
9
7
0
.
8
0
7
0
.
2
3
7
1
0
.
0
1
3
7
0
.
8
3
9
8
0
.
8
0
7
LR
0
.
2
8
4
4
0
.
2
4
2
4
0
.
6
2
0
.
8
0
2
0
.
1
9
9
1
-
0
.
0
0
4
1
5
0
.
7
7
0
.
8
S
V
R
0
.
3
9
0
.
2
4
0
.
7
2
0
.
7
9
7
0
.
2
5
2
7
0
.
0
0
8
8
0
.
8
2
0
.
7
9
K
N
R
0
.
9
4
2
3
0
.
9
5
9
3
0
.
9
9
0
2
0
.
9
8
5
9
0
.
9
3
9
4
0
.
9
4
2
8
0
.
9
9
0
7
0
.
9
8
5
9
G
B
R
0
.
9
4
6
6
0
.
9
3
4
4
0
.
9
8
5
9
0
.
9
7
6
2
0
.
9
0
5
3
0
.
9
0
2
6
0
.
9
8
9
0
.
9
7
6
ER
0
.
3
7
0
.
3
4
0
.
7
3
0
0
0
.
8
0
4
8
0
.
2
3
7
2
0
.
0
1
4
0
.
8
3
8
0
.
8
0
4
8
G
P
R
0
.
7
8
7
7
0
.
8
9
9
4
0
.
9
1
9
3
0
.
9
3
9
9
0
.
7
8
0
3
0
.
8
6
7
8
0
.
8
9
4
5
0
.
8
9
0
9
R
A
N
S
A
C
r
e
g
r
e
ss
i
o
n
0
.
3
6
9
1
0
.
2
6
9
5
0
.
7
3
0
0
0
.
8
1
0
1
0
.
2
3
7
0
.
0
5
0
0
.
8
3
9
0
.
8
1
0
1
QR
0
.
4
0
9
8
0
.
3
1
8
5
0
.
5
4
6
8
0
.
5
9
9
8
0
.
3
7
4
8
0
.
2
7
9
8
0
.
6
5
8
0
0
.
5
9
9
9
IR
0
.
2
0
8
8
0
.
1
8
6
0
0
.
2
0
2
6
0
.
2
2
8
1
0
.
2
2
8
4
0
.
0
3
9
1
9
0
.
2
1
9
4
0
.
2
2
8
1
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
f
ML
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
o
n
th
e
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
p
atch
an
ten
n
as.
I
t
in
v
o
l
v
es
cr
af
tin
g
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
an
ten
n
as
with
in
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
a
n
g
e
s
o
f
1
-
6
GHz
an
d
28
-
4
0
GHz
u
s
in
g
a
n
s
y
s
HFSS
.
Data
s
ets
co
n
tain
in
g
v
a
r
io
u
s
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
s
o
f
h
eig
h
ts
an
d
wid
th
s
ar
e
g
en
e
r
ated
f
o
r
a
n
aly
s
is
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
M
L
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
eir
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
a
cc
u
r
ately
p
r
ed
ictin
g
an
ten
n
a
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
.
T
h
e
o
u
ts
tan
d
i
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
DT
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
ev
id
e
n
t,
with
a
n
o
tab
le
co
r
r
elatio
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
0
.
9
8
7
8
in
th
e
1
-
6
GHz
b
an
d
.
Fo
llo
win
g
clo
s
ely
is
th
e
R
F
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
b
o
asti
n
g
a
s
u
b
s
t
an
tial
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
0
.
9
8
4
6
,
h
ig
h
li
g
h
tin
g
its
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
E
x
ten
d
in
g
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
to
th
e
2
8
-
4
0
GHz
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
b
an
d
r
ea
f
f
i
r
m
s
th
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t e
f
f
icac
y
o
f
DT
,
RF
,
an
d
KNR
,
wh
ile
th
e
ANN
em
er
g
es a
s
a
p
o
ten
t p
r
ed
icto
r
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
t
h
e
cr
itical
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
s
e
lectin
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
ML
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
with
DT
an
d
R
F
em
er
g
in
g
as
r
o
b
u
s
t
ch
o
ices
f
o
r
ac
cu
r
ate
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
b
an
d
s
an
d
an
ten
n
a
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
T
h
is
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
n
o
t
o
n
ly
e
n
h
an
ce
s
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
s
b
u
t
also
d
ee
p
e
n
s
o
u
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
in
tr
ic
ate
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
d
esig
n
p
a
r
am
eter
s
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
u
tco
m
es.
B
y
s
ea
m
less
ly
in
teg
r
atin
g
tr
ad
itio
n
a
l
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
with
a
d
v
an
ce
d
ML
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
p
els
th
e
f
ield
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
to
war
d
s
u
n
p
r
ec
ed
e
n
ted
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
A
.
V
.
Jo
sh
i
,
“
Esse
n
t
i
a
l
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
s
i
n
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
”
Ma
c
h
i
n
e
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
Ar
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
,
p
p
.
9
–
2
0
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
9
7
8
-
3
-
0
3
0
-
2
6
6
2
2
-
6
_
2
.
[
2
]
S
.
J.
R
u
ssel
l
a
n
d
P
.
N
o
r
v
i
g
,
Ar
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
:
A
Mo
d
e
r
n
Ap
p
r
o
a
c
h
:
A
Mo
d
e
r
n
Ap
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
3
r
d
e
d
i
t
i
o
,
v
o
l
.
3
.
2
0
2
0
.
[
3
]
S
.
S
h
a
l
e
v
-
S
h
w
a
r
t
z
a
n
d
S
.
B
e
n
-
D
a
v
i
d
,
“
U
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
:
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
o
r
y
t
o
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
ms,
”
U
n
d
e
rs
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
M
a
c
h
i
n
e
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
:
Fr
o
m
T
h
e
o
ry
T
o
A
l
g
o
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