I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
I
nfo
rm
a
t
ics a
nd
Co
m
m
un
ica
t
io
n T
ec
hn
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lo
g
y
(
I
J
-
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CT
)
Vo
l.
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4
,
No
.
1
,
A
p
r
il
20
2
5
,
p
p
.
1
74
~
181
I
SS
N:
2252
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6
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/iji
ct
.
v
1
4
i
1
.
pp
174
-
1
8
1
174
J
o
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na
l ho
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:
h
ttp
:
//ij
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ia
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co
m
Plana
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x
a
g
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l
patch mu
ltiple
in
put
mul
tiple
outp
ut
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×
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a
ntenna for
UWB
a
pplica
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s
Na
s
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F
irda
us
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urra
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uz
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a
u
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Art
icle
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nfo
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RAC
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A
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ticle
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to
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R
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g
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ev
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Oct
2
3
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2
4
Acc
ep
ted
No
v
1
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0
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4
Th
e
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o
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b
i
n
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ti
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le
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t
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I
M
O)
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n
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e
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s
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d
Ultra
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Wi
d
e
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a
n
d
(UWB)
tec
h
n
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l
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g
y
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ffe
rs
se
v
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ra
l
a
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v
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n
tag
e
s,
in
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lu
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d
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d
i
n
terfe
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n
c
e
,
imp
r
o
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d
iso
lati
o
n
,
a
n
d
o
p
ti
m
ize
d
d
u
a
l
p
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th
s.
Th
e
se
b
e
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fit
s
e
x
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d
t
h
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ra
n
g
e
a
n
d
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n
h
a
n
c
e
sig
n
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l
q
u
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li
t
y
.
Ho
we
v
e
r
,
d
e
sig
n
i
n
g
UWB
-
M
IM
O
a
n
ten
n
a
s
p
re
se
n
ts
c
h
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ll
e
n
g
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s,
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c
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a
s
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o
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h
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iso
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sm
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ll
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d
a
n
ten
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s
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it
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le
fo
r
p
o
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le
d
e
v
ice
s
wh
il
e
b
e
in
g
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
fo
r
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fre
q
u
e
n
c
ies
in
a
M
IM
O
c
o
n
fig
u
ra
ti
o
n
.
Th
e
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
a
n
te
n
n
a
is
a
4
×
4
p
lan
a
r
M
IM
O
a
n
ten
n
a
with
a
h
e
x
a
g
o
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-
sh
a
p
e
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p
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tch
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a
p
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a
l
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n
d
p
lan
e
fe
a
tu
rin
g
a
n
i
n
v
e
rted
L
-
stu
b
o
n
th
e
left
sid
e
,
a
n
d
a
p
lu
s
-
s
h
a
p
e
d
sl
o
t
i
n
th
e
c
e
n
tre
g
ro
u
n
d
.
It
h
a
s d
ime
n
sio
n
s
o
f
32
×
32
×
1
.
6
m
m
³
a
n
d
is
c
a
p
a
b
le
o
f
a
c
h
iev
in
g
a
wid
e
b
a
n
d
wid
th
o
f
3
-
1
2
.
5
G
Hz
.
Th
e
a
n
te
n
n
a
’
s
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts
a
re
i
m
p
re
ss
iv
e
:
re
tu
rn
l
o
ss
b
e
lo
w
-
1
0
d
B
a
t
fre
q
u
e
n
c
ies
o
f
3
-
1
2
.
5
G
Hz
,
m
u
tu
a
l
c
o
u
p
l
in
g
b
e
lo
w
-
1
6
.
5
d
B,
e
n
v
e
lo
p
e
c
o
rr
e
latio
n
c
o
e
fficie
n
t
(
ECC)
b
e
ll
o
w
0
.
0
0
5
,
d
iv
e
rsit
y
g
a
in
(DG
)
o
f
m
o
re
th
a
n
9
.
9
7
,
t
o
tal
a
c
ti
v
e
re
flec
ti
o
n
c
o
e
fficie
n
t
(TARC)
b
e
lo
w
-
1
0
d
B.
Ba
se
d
o
n
th
e
se
re
su
lt
s,
th
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
a
n
ten
n
a
o
ffe
rs
e
x
c
e
ll
e
n
t
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
fo
r
UW
B
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
fe
a
tu
ri
n
g
h
ig
h
e
fficie
n
c
y
,
m
in
ima
l
in
terfe
re
n
c
e
b
e
twe
e
n
a
n
ten
n
a
e
lem
e
n
ts,
a
n
d
o
p
t
ima
l
d
i
v
e
rsity
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
4
elem
en
ts
C
o
m
p
ac
t d
im
en
s
io
n
Hex
ag
o
n
al
p
atch
MI
MO
an
ten
n
a
Ultr
a
-
w
id
eb
an
d
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Nasr
u
l
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
Pad
a
n
g
State
Po
ly
tec
h
n
ic
Pad
an
g
C
ity
,
W
est Su
m
ater
a,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail: n
asru
ln
awi.
0
6
5
@
g
m
ail
.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
is
r
is
in
g
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
[
1]
.
Ultr
a
-
w
id
eb
an
d
(
UW
B
)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
wh
ich
u
tili
ze
s
r
ad
io
wav
es
with
a
b
r
o
ad
b
a
n
d
wid
th
[
1]
,
h
as
g
a
r
n
er
ed
atten
tio
n
d
u
e
to
its
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
ca
p
ac
ity
,
h
ig
h
d
at
a
r
ates,
lo
w
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
an
d
r
esis
tan
ce
to
s
ig
n
al
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
[
2]
,
[
3]
.
T
h
e
f
ed
er
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
co
m
m
is
s
io
n
(
FC
C
)
s
et
asid
e
3
.
1
GHz
to
1
0
.
6
GHz
as
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
b
an
d
f
o
r
UW
B
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
2
0
0
2
[
4]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
UW
B
f
ac
es
ch
allen
g
es
s
u
ch
as
m
u
ltip
ath
f
ad
in
g
,
m
a
k
in
g
l
o
n
g
-
d
is
tan
ce
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
[
5]
,
[
6]
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
,
UW
B
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
b
ee
n
c
o
m
b
in
ed
with
m
u
ltip
le
in
p
u
t
m
u
ltip
le
o
u
t
p
u
t
(
MI
MO
)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
7]
.
MI
MO
an
ten
n
as
em
p
lo
y
m
u
ltip
le
an
ten
n
a
elem
en
ts
to
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
tr
an
s
m
it
an
d
r
ec
eiv
e
m
u
ltip
le
d
ata
s
ig
n
als
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
p
ath
s
[
8]
,
[
9]
.
I
n
p
o
r
tab
le
d
e
v
ices,
th
e
clo
s
e
p
r
o
x
im
ity
o
f
an
ten
n
a
el
em
en
ts
ca
n
lead
to
m
u
tu
al
co
u
p
lin
g
,
wh
ich
m
ay
d
eg
r
ad
e
a
n
ten
n
a
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
8]
,
[
10]
.
T
o
m
itig
ate
th
is
,
ea
ch
an
ten
n
a
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
p
ac
ed
an
d
d
ec
o
u
p
led
to
m
i
n
im
ize
m
u
tu
al
co
u
p
lin
g
[
1
1
]
,
[
12]
.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
MI
MO
with
U
W
B
,
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
s
o
f
ea
c
h
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ar
e
lev
er
ag
e
d
t
o
r
ed
u
ce
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
,
en
h
an
ce
is
o
latio
n
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
,
an
d
o
p
tim
ize
m
u
ltip
ath
[
14
]
,
u
ltima
tely
ex
te
n
d
in
g
c
o
v
er
a
g
e
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
ig
n
al
q
u
ality
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
P
la
n
a
r
h
ex
a
g
o
n
a
l p
a
tc
h
mu
ltip
le
in
p
u
t m
u
ltip
le
o
u
tp
u
t
4
×4
a
n
ten
n
a
fo
r
UWB
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
(
N
a
s
r
u
l
)
175
I
n
r
ec
e
n
t
r
esear
ch
[
15]
,
a
4
×
4
MI
MO
an
te
n
n
a
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
3
3
mm
×
34
m
m
ac
h
iev
ed
a
b
an
d
wid
th
o
f
2
.
5
-
1
2
GHz
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
is
o
latio
n
with
m
u
tu
al
co
u
p
lin
g
o
f
<
-
1
5
d
B
.
An
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
[
16]
,
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
a
4
-
p
o
r
t
a
n
ten
n
a
with
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
5
8
×5
8
×0
.
8
m
m
3
,
w
h
ich
ex
h
i
b
ited
m
u
tu
al
co
u
p
lin
g
o
f
<
-
18
d
B
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
a
co
m
p
ac
t
4
×
4
MI
MO
an
ten
n
a
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
[
12]
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
4
0
×
4
0
×1
.
6
m
m
3
an
d
d
is
p
lay
ed
a
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
esp
o
n
s
e
b
an
d
o
f
3
.
2
to
1
3
.
4
GHz
with
a
s
m
al
l
m
u
tu
al
co
u
p
lin
g
o
f
<
-
2
0
d
B
.
B
ased
o
n
th
ese
st
u
d
ies,
th
e
m
ain
c
h
allen
g
es
o
f
UW
B
-
MI
MO
an
ten
n
as
ar
e
ac
h
iev
in
g
lo
w
m
u
tu
al
c
o
u
p
lin
g
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
is
o
latio
n
,
as
well
as
d
esig
n
in
g
s
m
all
an
ten
n
as
th
at
ar
e
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
f
o
r
UW
B
f
r
eq
u
en
cies,
m
a
k
in
g
th
e
m
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
p
o
r
tab
le
d
e
v
ices
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
es
an
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
ar
r
an
g
em
en
t
o
f
an
te
n
n
a
elem
en
ts
to
cr
ea
te
a
4
×
4
MI
MO
a
n
ten
n
a
f
o
r
UW
B
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
with
a
p
lan
ar
h
ex
a
g
o
n
al
p
atch
.
T
h
e
an
ten
n
a
elem
en
ts
ar
e
ar
r
an
g
e
d
in
d
i
f
f
er
in
g
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
a
n
o
th
er
in
o
r
d
er
to
ac
h
iev
e
lo
w
m
u
tu
al
co
u
p
lin
g
an
d
a
g
r
ea
ter
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
r
a
d
iatio
n
p
atter
n
s
an
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
f
o
r
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
p
ag
ati
o
n
.
2.
ANT
E
NNA
D
E
SI
G
N
T
h
e
an
te
n
n
a
to
b
e
d
esig
n
ed
is
a
4
×
4
p
lan
a
r
m
o
n
o
p
o
le
MI
M
O
an
ten
n
a
with
UW
B
wo
r
k
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
(
3
.
1
-
1
0
.
6
GHz
)
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
es
cr
ea
tin
g
a
UW
B
an
ten
n
a
with
a
s
in
g
le
elem
en
t,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
co
n
f
ig
u
r
in
g
it
in
to
a
MI
MO
a
n
ten
n
a.
T
h
e
an
ten
n
a
is
d
esig
n
ed
with
a
h
ex
ag
o
n
al
p
atch
an
d
u
s
es
th
e
d
ef
ec
ted
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
.
2
.
1
.
UWB
s
ing
le
-
elem
ent
a
nte
nn
a
des
ig
n
T
h
e
d
esig
n
ed
an
ten
n
a
is
a
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
an
ten
n
a
u
s
in
g
FR
-
4
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
m
ater
ial
with
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
16
×
1
6
m
m
²
,
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t
(
ɛ
r
)
4
.
6
,
an
d
c
o
p
p
er
t
h
ick
n
ess
o
f
0
.
0
3
5
m
m
.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
l
ated
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
s
in
g
le
-
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
a
r
e
th
e
wid
th
a
n
d
le
n
g
th
o
f
th
e
p
atch
,
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
p
atc
h
an
ten
n
a
[
18]
.
T
h
en
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
a
n
ten
n
a
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
la
n
e
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
wid
th
an
d
len
g
th
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
la
n
e.
=
2
0
√
(
Ɛ
+
1
)
2
(
1
)
=
(
+
1
2
)
+
(
−
1
2
)
(
1
+
12
ℎ
)
−
1
/
2
(
2
)
T
h
e
ch
an
g
e
in
len
g
th
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
r
in
g
e
p
lan
e
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
(
3
)
.
∆
=
0
,
421
(
Ɛ
+
0
,
3
)
(
ℎ
+
0
,
264
)
(
Ɛ
+
0
,
258
)
(
ℎ
+
0
,
8
)
(
3
)
Patch
len
g
th
(
lp
)
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
(
4
)
.
=
2
√
−
2
∆
(
4
)
T
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
lan
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
(
5
)
,
(
6
)
.
=
+
6ℎ
(
5
)
=
+
6ℎ
(
6
)
T
h
e
an
ten
n
a
co
m
p
r
is
es
a
p
a
r
tial
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
lan
e
with
an
a
d
d
i
tio
n
al
s
lo
t
s
y
m
b
o
l
in
th
e
ce
n
t
er
an
d
an
in
v
er
ted
L
-
s
h
ap
ed
s
tu
b
o
n
th
e
lef
t
s
id
e,
r
esem
b
lin
g
a
d
iam
o
n
d
.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
ac
h
iev
es
a
n
e
x
ten
s
iv
e
b
an
d
wid
th
u
s
in
g
th
e
d
ef
ec
ted
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
(
DGS)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ar
e
th
e
g
eo
m
etr
ic
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
UW
B
an
ten
n
a
wit
h
a
s
in
g
le
ele
m
en
t:
ws=ls
=
wg
1
=1
6
m
m
,
h
s
=1
.
6
m
m
,
wf
=2
m
m
,
lf
=5
.
5
m
m
,
h
c=
0
.
0
3
5
m
m
,
wp
1
=
1
1
m
m
,
lp
1
=8
m
m
,
wp
2
=
2
.
5
m
m
,
lp
2
=6
m
m
,
wp
3
=2
.
5
m
m
,
lp
3
=
2
m
m
,
lg
1
=5
m
m
,
wg
2
=2
m
m
,
lg
2
=
1
1
m
m
,
wg
3
=3
m
m
,
lg
3
=1
m
m
,
a=
2
m
m
,
b
=1
m
m
,
c=
4
m
m
,
an
d
d
=3
m
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
UW
B
s
in
g
le
elem
e
n
t
an
t
en
n
a
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
with
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
v
iew
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
(
a
)
an
d
th
e
b
ac
k
v
iew
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws th
e
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
f
o
r
a
s
in
g
le
-
elem
en
t U
W
B
an
ten
n
a
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
a
wi
d
e
wo
r
k
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
t
h
e
an
ten
n
a
is
f
ir
s
t
d
esig
n
ed
in
a
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
s
h
ap
e
with
a
f
u
ll
g
r
o
u
n
d
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
A
p
r
il
20
2
5
:
174
-
1
8
1
176
T
h
is
d
esig
n
is
th
en
m
o
d
if
ie
d
with
a
p
ar
tial
g
r
o
u
n
d
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
.
Nex
t,
th
e
co
r
n
e
r
s
o
f
th
e
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
p
atch
a
r
e
cu
t
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
(
c
)
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
d
)
u
n
til
th
e
p
atch
is
h
ex
ag
o
n
al
in
s
h
ap
e,
f
o
llo
we
d
b
y
m
o
d
if
y
in
g
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
DGS
tech
n
iq
u
e
in
s
tag
es
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
e
)
,
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
f
)
,
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
g
)
.
T
h
is
in
v
o
l
v
es
ad
d
in
g
an
in
v
er
ted
L
s
tu
b
o
n
th
e
lef
t
g
r
o
u
n
d
an
d
cu
ttin
g
th
e
ce
n
ter
g
r
o
u
n
d
with
a
s
lo
t in
th
e
s
h
ap
e
o
f
a
p
lu
s
s
y
m
b
o
l.
T
h
e
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
an
te
n
n
a
in
to
an
UW
B
an
ten
n
a
is
c
o
m
p
leted
at
Step
G,
with
th
e
s
-
p
a
r
am
eter
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fro
m
th
is
g
r
ap
h
,
th
er
e
is
a
g
r
ad
u
al
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
a
n
ten
n
a
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
with
th
e
a
n
ten
n
a
at
Step
G
s
h
o
win
g
th
e
b
est
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
in
lin
e
with
UW
B
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
.
E
v
er
y
d
esig
n
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
m
ad
e
b
etwe
en
S
tep
s
A
an
d
G
h
as
a
m
ajo
r
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
r
aises
th
e
an
ten
n
a
’
s
o
v
er
all
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Desig
n
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
-
el
em
en
t p
lan
ar
UW
B
an
ten
n
a
(
a
)
f
r
o
n
t v
iew
an
d
(
b
)
b
ac
k
v
iew
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
(
e)
(f)
(
g
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Step
wis
e
im
p
lem
en
t
atio
n
s
in
g
le
-
elem
en
t U
W
B
an
ten
n
a
; (
a)
Step
A
,
(
b
)
Step
B
,
(
c)
Step
C
,
(
d
)
Step
D
,
(
e
)
Step
E
,
(
f
)
Step
F
,
an
d
(
g
)
Step
G
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
E
v
o
lu
tio
n
S
-
p
ar
am
et
er
s
a
s
in
g
le
-
elem
en
t U
W
B
an
ten
n
a
2
.
2
.
UWB
-
M
I
M
O
4
×
4
a
nte
n
na
co
nfig
ura
t
io
n
T
h
e
an
ten
n
a
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
m
u
tu
al
co
u
p
lin
g
o
f
M
I
MO
an
ten
n
as
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
in
f
lu
e
n
c
ed
b
y
th
e
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
4
×
4
MI
MO
an
ten
n
a
p
o
r
t
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
r
esear
ch
in
to
th
e
MI
MO
an
ten
n
a
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
is
v
ital.
Fo
r
2
×
2
M
I
MO
an
t
en
n
as,
th
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
p
o
s
s
ib
le
p
o
r
t
lo
ca
tio
n
s
o
r
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
:
d
ir
ec
ti
o
n
al
[
1
9
]
,
co
u
n
ter
clo
c
k
wis
e
[
6]
,
an
d
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
[
20]
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
MI
MO
an
te
n
n
a
2
-
elem
e
n
t.
Fro
m
th
e
th
r
ee
d
if
f
er
en
t
an
te
n
n
a
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
,
it
is
k
n
o
wn
th
at
th
e
b
est
p
o
r
t
p
lace
m
en
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
s
m
allest
m
u
tu
al
co
u
p
lin
g
p
a
r
am
eter
v
alu
e
i
s
th
e
co
u
n
te
r
clo
ck
wis
e
an
d
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
MI
MO
an
ten
n
a
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
s
4
(
a)
an
d
4
(
b
)
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
co
u
n
ter
clo
c
k
wis
e
an
d
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
MI
MO
an
ten
n
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
P
la
n
a
r
h
ex
a
g
o
n
a
l p
a
tc
h
mu
ltip
le
in
p
u
t m
u
ltip
le
o
u
tp
u
t
4
×4
a
n
ten
n
a
fo
r
UWB
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
(
N
a
s
r
u
l
)
177
p
o
r
t
p
lace
m
en
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
b
etter
is
o
latio
n
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
t
h
e
li
n
ea
r
MI
MO
an
ten
n
a
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
c
)
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
p
l
ac
in
g
th
e
p
o
r
ts
clo
s
e
to
g
eth
er
an
d
in
th
e
s
am
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
in
cr
ea
s
es
co
ale
s
ce
n
ce
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
is
o
latio
n
.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
clo
s
e
s
p
ac
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
a
n
ten
n
as
a
n
d
th
e
s
am
e
r
a
d
iatio
n
d
ir
ec
tio
n
,
wh
ich
af
f
ec
ts
t
h
e
an
ten
n
a
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
im
p
ac
ts
th
e
m
u
tu
al
co
u
p
lin
g
p
a
r
am
et
er
s
o
f
t
h
e
MI
MO
a
n
ten
n
a.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
o
p
tim
al
4
×
4
MI
MO
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t S
-
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
2
-
elem
en
t M
I
MO
-
U
W
B
an
ten
n
a
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
;
(
a)
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
,
(
b
)
co
u
n
ter
clo
c
k
wis
e
,
an
d
(
c)
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
Fig
u
r
e
5
. S
-
Par
am
eter
s
r
esu
lts
o
f
p
lan
a
r
h
e
x
ag
o
n
al
p
atch
MI
MO
4
×
4
an
ten
n
a
3.
P
ARAM
E
T
R
I
C
S
T
UDY
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h
e
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
aim
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
o
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tim
al
an
d
im
p
r
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ed
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
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ter
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ies
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n
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n
d
2
(
wg
2
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d
g
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d
3
(
wg
3
)
.
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th
is
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tag
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s
im
u
latio
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a
n
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o
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ete
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r
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1
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o
3
m
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3
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2
m
m
t
o
4
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m
.
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h
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r
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th
is
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d
y
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th
e
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ten
n
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d
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s
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o
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m
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as
s
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in
Fig
u
r
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6
.
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h
e
r
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y
en
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as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
with
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
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p
at
wg
2
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a)
an
d
p
ar
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eter
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we
ep
at
wg
3
in
Fig
u
r
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6
(
b
)
.
(
a)
(
b
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Fig
u
r
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6
.
Simu
latio
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S1
1
d
im
en
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io
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at
in
v
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ted
L
s
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t g
r
o
u
n
d
p
lan
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(
a
)
wg
2
(
b
)
w
g
3
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
7
7
6
I
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Af
ter
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in
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a
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eter
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f
o
r
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o
u
n
d
wid
th
s
2
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wg
2
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d
3
(
w
g
3
)
,
th
e
o
p
tim
a
l
s
izes
ar
e
wg
2
=
1
m
m
a
n
d
wg
3
=
4
m
m
.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
b
an
d
is
3
.
0
2
-
1
2
.
5
GHz
with
th
e
lo
west
r
eso
n
an
t
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
o
f
-
2
7
.
7
6
d
B
.
T
h
is
o
p
tim
izatio
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
es
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
in
itial
d
esig
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,
with
a
wid
e
r
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
cy
b
a
n
d
a
n
d
lo
we
r
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
.
T
h
e
r
ef
in
e
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
en
h
an
c
e
im
p
ed
an
ce
m
atch
in
g
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
ig
n
al
r
ef
lectio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
UW
B
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
[
21]
,
m
ak
in
g
th
e
an
ten
n
a
b
etter
s
u
ited
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
U
W
B
ap
p
licatio
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
wi
d
e
co
v
er
a
g
e
an
d
m
in
im
al
s
ig
n
al
lo
s
s
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
an
ten
n
a
f
a
b
r
ica
tio
n
,
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
with
b
o
th
to
p
an
d
b
o
tto
m
v
iews,
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
.
An
te
n
n
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
to
o
ls
,
in
clu
d
in
g
a
v
ec
to
r
n
etwo
r
k
an
aly
ze
r
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
f
a
b
r
icate
d
an
ten
n
a
ac
h
ie
v
ed
a
wid
e
b
an
d
wid
th
o
f
3
–
1
2
.
5
G
Hz
with
m
u
tu
al
co
u
p
lin
g
b
el
o
w
-
1
6
.
5
d
B
,
in
d
icatin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
is
o
latio
n
b
etwe
en
elem
en
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
. S
-
p
a
r
am
eter
s
an
d
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
f
a
b
r
icatio
n
t
o
p
an
d
b
o
tto
m
v
iew
4
.
1
.
Ra
dia
t
io
n
p
a
t
t
er
ns
T
h
e
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
g
en
er
at
ed
b
y
th
e
p
lan
ar
h
ex
ag
o
n
al
p
atch
4
×
4
MI
MO
an
ten
n
a
e
x
h
ib
its
an
o
m
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tic,
m
ee
tin
g
th
e
ess
en
tial
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
f
o
r
UW
B
an
ten
n
a
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
7
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
ad
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n
p
atter
n
an
d
g
ain
r
esu
lts
in
t
h
e
p
o
la
r
p
lan
e
at
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
e
r
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies:
3
.
1
GHz
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
a
)
,
5
GHz
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
b
)
,
8
GHz
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
c)
,
an
d
1
2
GHz
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
d
)
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Gain
a
n
d
r
a
d
iatio
n
p
atter
n
o
f
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
;
(
a
)
3
.
1
G
Hzn
,
(
b
)
5
GHz
,
(
c)
8
GHz
,
an
d
(
d
)
1
2
GHz
4
.
2
.
M
I
M
O
perf
o
rm
a
nce
met
ric
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
is
cu
s
s
es
v
ar
io
u
s
d
iv
er
s
ity
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ics,
in
clu
d
in
g
en
v
elo
p
e
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
(
E
C
C
)
,
d
iv
er
s
ity
g
ain
(
DG)
,
an
d
to
tal
ac
tiv
e
r
ef
lectio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
(
T
A
R
C
)
to
ass
es
s
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
UW
B
-
MI
MO
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
ay
in
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
s
u
b
ject
to
m
u
lti
-
p
ath
f
a
d
in
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
P
la
n
a
r
h
ex
a
g
o
n
a
l p
a
tc
h
mu
ltip
le
in
p
u
t m
u
ltip
le
o
u
tp
u
t
4
×4
a
n
ten
n
a
fo
r
UWB
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
(
N
a
s
r
u
l
)
179
4
.
2
.
1
.
En
v
elo
pe
co
rr
ela
t
io
n c
o
ef
f
icient
E
C
C
q
u
an
tifie
s
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
s
im
ilar
ity
b
etwe
en
s
ig
n
als
r
ec
e
iv
ed
b
y
ea
c
h
a
n
ten
n
a.
I
ts
v
al
u
es
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
0
to
1
,
with
o
p
er
ato
r
s
ai
m
in
g
f
o
r
a
v
al
u
e
b
elo
w
0
.
0
5
f
o
r
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
5]
.
E
C
C
i
s
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
eq
u
atio
n
(
7
)
[
12]
.
T
h
e
E
C
C
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
im
u
lated
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
UW
B
-
MI
MO
an
ten
n
as
a
r
e
b
elo
w
0
.
0
3
3
an
d
0
.
0
0
5
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies
o
f
3
-
1
2
.
5
GHz
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
ex
ce
llen
t
a
n
ten
n
a
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
h
ig
h
DG
as d
ep
icted
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
A
lo
w
E
C
C
v
alu
e
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
s
ig
n
als
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
y
th
e
an
ten
n
a
elem
en
ts
h
a
v
e
a
lo
w
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
.
=
∣
11
12
+
2
1
22
∣
(
1
−
∣
11
∣
2
−
∣
12
∣
2
)
(
1
−
∣
22
∣
2
−
∣
21
∣
2
)
(
7
)
4
.
2
.
2
.
Div
er
s
it
y
g
a
in
DG
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
in
s
ig
n
al
q
u
ality
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
an
ten
n
as
at
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
an
d
r
ec
eiv
in
g
en
d
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
f
o
r
DG
c
an
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
eq
u
atio
n
(
8
)
[
23]
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
UW
B
-
MI
MO
an
ten
n
a
’
s
DG
wh
ich
ex
ce
e
d
s
9
.
9
7
d
B
i
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
im
p
ed
an
ce
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
,
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
a
)
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
U
W
B
-
MI
MO
an
ten
n
a
’
s
DG
wh
ich
ex
ce
e
d
s
9
.
9
7
d
B
i
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
im
p
e
d
an
ce
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
,
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
a)
.
=
10
√
1
−
2
(
8
)
4
.
2
.
3
.
T
o
t
a
l
a
c
t
iv
e
ra
dia
t
i
o
n c
o
ef
f
icient
T
AR
C
i
s
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
illu
s
t
r
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
b
an
d
wid
t
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
etwe
en
MI
M
O
an
ten
n
a
elem
en
ts
.
T
h
e
T
AR
C
v
alu
e
is
d
ef
in
e
d
in
(
9
)
[
9]
.
T
h
e
T
AR
C
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
te
n
n
a
is
b
elo
w
-
1
0
d
B
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
en
tire
o
p
e
r
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
an
g
e
[
24]
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
b
)
.
T
h
is
an
te
n
n
a
h
as
m
in
im
al
r
ef
lectio
n
p
o
wer
with
th
e
lo
west T
AR
C
v
alu
e
o
f
-
1
7
d
B
at
7
.
1
8
4
GHz
.
=
√
∑
|
+
∑
4
=
2
|
4
=
1
4
(
9
)
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
m
etr
ic
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
MI
MO
-
UW
B
an
ten
n
a
(
a
)
E
C
C
an
d
DG
(
b
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F
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R
E
NC
E
S
[
1]
B
.
A
.
F
.
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3]
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[
4]
F
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a
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C
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mm
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t
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s
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[
5]
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,
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d
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x
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v
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n
h
a
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d
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.
[
6]
A
.
D
e
sa
i
,
J.
K
u
l
k
a
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n
i
,
M
.
M
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a
mr
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su
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b
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7]
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n
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8]
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