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2
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1
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ca
lled
MP
1
a
n
d
th
a
t a
t
k
th
m
ai
n
n
o
d
e
is
ca
l
led
MP
k
,
f
o
r
k
=
1
to
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w
h
er
e
L
is
t
h
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
in
th
e
Ma
in
P
ath
.
T
h
e
k
th
n
o
d
e
tr
an
s
m
its
MP
k
to
th
e
(
k
+1
)
t
h
n
o
d
e.
T
ab
l
e
1
.
Hea
d
e
r
f
ield
s
in
t
h
e
m
ai
n
p
ac
k
et
MP
1
at
s
o
u
r
ce
V
1
P
r
e
se
n
t
S
o
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r
c
e
A
d
d
r
e
ss
N
e
x
t
D
e
st
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
A
d
d
r
e
ss
N
o
d
e
c
o
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n
t
k
M
a
i
n
P
a
t
h
L
i
st
O
t
h
e
r
s
I
n
i
t
i
a
l
l
y
V
1
V
2
1
[
V
1
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V
2
,
…,
V
L
]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
r
o
w
g
i
v
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th
e
co
r
r
esp
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n
d
in
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ter
m
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
E
x
a
m
p
le
o
f
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
h
ea
d
er
co
n
ten
t
o
f
th
e
m
ai
n
p
ac
k
et,
tr
av
elli
n
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
s
o
u
r
ce
to
th
e
f
i
n
al
d
esti
n
a
tio
n
,
ch
a
n
g
e
s
as
th
e
p
ac
k
et
g
o
es
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
r
esen
t
n
o
d
e
to
th
e
n
ex
t
n
o
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e.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
th
e
Ma
in
P
ac
k
et
at
s
tar
t
is
ca
lled
MP
1
an
d
t
h
at
at
k
th
m
ain
n
o
d
e
is
ca
lled
MP
k
,
f
o
r
k
=
1
to
L
wh
er
e
L
is
t
h
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
in
t
h
e
Ma
i
n
P
ath
.
T
h
e
k
th
n
o
d
e
tr
an
s
m
it
s
MP
k
to
th
e
(
k
+1
)
th
n
o
d
e.
W
h
en
th
e
m
ain
p
ac
k
e
t
r
ea
ch
es
V
2
,
T
h
e
p
r
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t
ad
d
r
ess
is
u
p
d
ated
to
V
2
an
d
th
e
n
ex
t
d
esti
n
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p
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ated
f
r
o
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th
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Ma
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n
P
ath
L
i
s
t
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d
k
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cr
e
m
e
n
ted
b
y
1
.
I
n
g
e
n
er
al,
w
h
e
n
th
e
m
ai
n
p
ac
k
et
ar
r
iv
es
at
th
e
k
th
n
o
d
e
o
f
th
e
m
ai
n
p
ath
t
h
e
v
al
u
es
o
f
th
e
ad
d
r
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f
ield
s
a
n
d
k
v
al
u
e
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
u
p
d
atin
g
w
o
u
ld
b
e
as s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
2
.
V
1
sr
c
V
4
V
3
V
2
V
5
sin
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8776
R
a
n
d
o
m
r
o
u
tin
g
s
ch
eme
w
ith
mis
lea
d
in
g
d
ea
d
en
d
s
(
C
h
itr
a
R
a
ja
r
a
ma
)
89
T
ab
le
2
.
Hea
d
e
r
f
ield
s
o
f
th
e
p
ac
k
et
at
k
th
m
ai
n
p
ath
n
o
d
e
P
r
e
se
n
t
S
o
u
r
c
e
A
d
d
r
e
ss
N
e
x
t
D
e
st
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
A
d
d
r
e
ss
N
o
d
e
c
o
u
n
t
k
M
a
i
n
P
a
t
h
L
i
st
O
t
h
e
r
s
B
e
f
o
r
e
u
p
d
a
t
e
V
k−
1
V
k
k
−
1
[V
1
,V
2
,
,
,
…,
V
L
]
------
A
f
t
e
r
u
p
d
a
t
e
V
k
V
k+
1
k
[V
1
,V
2
,
,
,
…,
V
L
]
------
T
h
e
v
alu
es o
f
T
ab
le
2
h
o
ld
tr
u
e
f
o
r
k
=
2
,
3
,
…,
L
−
1
.
No
te
t
h
at
th
e
L
th
n
o
d
e
is
th
e
s
i
n
k
an
d
n
o
f
u
r
t
h
er
u
p
d
ate
an
d
f
o
r
w
ar
d
i
n
g
at
t
h
e
s
in
k
,
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
m
ai
n
p
ath
r
o
u
tin
g
is
o
v
er
.
W
h
en
t
h
e
m
a
in
p
ac
k
et
ar
r
iv
es
at
t
h
e
s
in
k
,
it
ch
ec
k
s
th
at
k
=
L
an
d
also
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
o
u
r
ce
ad
d
r
ess
f
ield
v
al
u
e
V
k
=
L
.
I
n
o
u
r
s
ch
e
m
e,
th
e
m
ai
n
p
ac
k
et
co
n
tain
s
th
e
ad
d
r
ess
o
f
t
h
e
n
e
x
t d
esti
n
atio
n
.
T
h
u
s
w
e
u
s
e
s
o
u
r
ce
r
o
u
tin
g
to
s
e
n
d
th
e
m
ain
d
ata.
2
.
2
.
Su
b
bra
nch pa
t
hs
a
nd
p
a
ck
et
s
A
s
u
b
b
r
an
ch
o
r
ig
i
n
at
e
s
f
r
o
m
ev
er
y
m
ain
p
at
h
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
s
u
b
b
r
an
ch
p
ath
s
tar
ti
n
g
f
r
o
m
V
k
is
ca
l
led
SB
k
.
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
,
SB
2
=
[
U
21
,
U
22
,
U
23
,
U
24
]
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
es
alo
n
g
th
e
s
u
b
b
r
an
ch
p
at
h
s
ar
e
r
an
d
o
m
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e,
in
a
s
u
b
b
r
an
c
h
p
ath
,
s
elec
ts
t
h
e
n
e
x
t
h
o
p
d
esti
n
atio
n
r
a
n
d
o
m
l
y
a
m
o
n
g
it
s
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
ex
c
lu
d
i
n
g
th
e
m
ai
n
p
ath
n
o
d
es
an
d
th
e
n
o
d
es
w
h
ic
h
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
alr
ea
d
y
tr
av
er
s
ed
s
o
f
ar
.
W
h
en
th
er
e
a
r
e
n
o
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
f
o
r
a
s
u
b
b
r
an
ch
n
o
d
e,
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
a
u
to
m
a
ticall
y
g
et
s
te
r
m
i
n
ated
ev
e
n
if
T
T
L
h
as n
o
t
y
et
r
ea
ch
ed
ze
r
o
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
b
r
an
ch
p
ac
k
et
w
h
ic
h
i
s
a
f
ak
e
p
ac
k
et
co
n
tain
s
th
e
T
im
e
T
o
L
iv
e
(
T
T
L
)
w
h
ic
h
d
eter
m
in
e
s
th
e
len
g
th
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
b
r
an
c
h
p
ath
.
Af
ter
ea
ch
s
u
b
b
r
an
c
h
h
o
p
,
T
T
L
g
e
ts
d
ec
r
e
m
e
n
ted
b
y
1
.
W
h
en
th
e
T
T
L
r
ea
ch
es
ze
r
o
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
is
ter
m
i
n
ated
.
2
.
3
.
Alg
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
t
he
m
a
i
n pa
t
h pro
po
g
a
t
io
n
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
m
ai
n
p
ath
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
o
f
R
R
SMDE
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
ter
m
R
R
S
MD
E
-
MP
P
an
d
th
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
R
R
SM
DE
-
MP
P
is
d
escr
ib
e
d
as f
o
llo
w
s
.
Alg
o
rit
h
m
R
RSM
DE
-
M
P
P
.
I
n
p
u
ts
:
T
h
e
s
h
o
r
test
p
ath
[
V
1
, V
2
,
…,
V
k,
…,
V
L
]
.
1.
Set k
=1
.
//S
tar
t a
t V
1
.
2.
C
r
ea
te
th
e
m
ai
n
p
ath
p
ac
k
et
MP
k
,
3.
C
r
ea
te
th
e
f
ak
e
p
ac
k
et
an
d
ch
o
o
s
e
its
T
T
L
4.
Star
t su
b
b
r
an
c
h
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
s
tar
tin
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
i
s
m
ai
n
p
ath
n
o
d
e
V
k
.
5.
Sen
d
th
e
m
ai
n
p
ac
k
et
to
th
e
n
ex
t
m
a
in
p
at
h
n
o
d
e
V
k
+
1
6.
R
ec
eiv
e
t
h
e
p
ac
k
et
at
V
k+
1
.
Up
d
ate
th
e
P
r
esen
t
S
o
u
r
ce
A
d
d
r
ess
an
d
t
h
e
N
ex
t
D
e
s
ti
n
atio
n
A
d
d
r
ess
f
ield
s
o
f
t
h
e
m
ai
n
p
ac
k
et
7.
I
n
cr
e
m
e
n
t k
a
s
,
k
=
k
+1
.
//Ma
in
p
ac
k
et
i
s
f
u
ll
y
u
p
d
ated
8.
I
f
k
=
L
g
o
to
9
.
// Fin
al
d
esti
n
atio
n
i
s
r
ea
ch
ed
E
ls
e
g
o
to
3
.
9.
Star
t th
e
s
u
b
b
r
an
ch
p
r
o
p
ag
ati
o
n
s
tar
tin
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
is
m
ai
n
p
ath
n
o
d
e
V
L
.
10.
Ov
er
.
2
.
4
.
Su
b bra
nch pro
pa
g
a
t
io
n
Su
b
B
r
an
ch
P
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
(
SB
P
)
is
a
r
an
d
o
m
p
ath
tr
av
e
l
w
i
th
f
a
k
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
is
to
co
n
f
u
s
e
t
h
e
attac
k
er
w
h
o
m
a
y
f
o
llo
w
t
h
e
p
ac
k
ets to
d
is
co
v
er
th
e
d
esti
n
a
tio
n
(
s
i
n
k
o
r
B
S).
I
n
o
u
r
s
ch
e
m
e,
o
n
e
s
u
b
b
r
an
ch
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
s
tar
ts
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
m
a
in
p
ath
in
c
lu
d
i
n
g
th
e
f
i
n
al
d
esti
n
atio
n
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
L
s
ep
ar
ate
s
u
b
b
r
an
ch
p
ath
s
w
h
er
e
L
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
alo
n
g
th
e
m
ain
p
ath
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
es
alo
n
g
a
s
u
b
b
r
an
ch
r
an
d
o
m
p
ath
ar
e
s
o
s
elec
ted
t
h
at
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
d
o
n
o
t
r
ep
ea
t
(
w
h
ic
h
m
ea
n
s
n
o
lo
o
p
s
)
an
d
th
e
p
at
h
e
x
clu
d
e
s
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
o
f
t
h
e
m
ai
n
p
ath
w
h
ic
h
p
r
o
v
id
es
b
etter
s
ec
u
r
it
y
b
y
d
r
a
w
i
n
g
th
e
att
en
tio
n
a
w
a
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ain
p
a
th
.
W
h
en
th
e
s
u
b
b
r
an
ch
p
ath
e
n
d
s
,
th
e
f
ak
e
p
ac
k
et
is
d
is
ca
r
d
ed
.
2
.
5
.
RRS
M
DE
E
x
a
m
p
le
T
h
e
W
SN
lay
o
u
t
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
A
g
r
id
b
ased
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
is
u
s
ed
w
it
h
a
f
e
w
m
is
s
i
n
g
n
o
d
es
at
r
an
d
o
m
g
r
id
p
o
in
ts
.
Her
e
8
2
n
o
d
es
ar
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
in
a
1
0
x
1
0
g
r
id
.
E
ac
h
g
r
id
ce
ll
is
1
0
0
m
x
1
0
0
m
.
T
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
an
g
e
o
f
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
is
s
et
to
1
5
0
m
eter
s
.
A
n
o
d
e
ca
n
h
av
e
a
m
ax
i
m
u
m
o
f
8
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
s
alo
n
g
n
o
r
th
,
s
o
u
t
h
,
ea
s
t,
w
es
t,
n
o
r
th
-
ea
s
t,
s
o
u
th
-
ea
s
t,
n
o
r
th
-
w
est,
s
o
u
th
-
w
e
s
t.
I
n
th
is
ex
a
m
p
le,
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
is
1
1
an
d
th
e
f
in
al
m
ai
n
d
esti
n
atio
n
(
s
in
k
)
is
n
o
d
e
56.
T
h
e
s
h
o
r
test
(
m
ain
)
p
ath
i
s
: [
1
1
,
1
2
,
2
1
,
2
9
,
3
7
,
3
8
,
3
9
,
4
8
,
5
6
]
.
T
h
e
len
g
th
o
f
t
h
e
s
h
o
r
test
p
ath
SP
L
=
8
.
T
h
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
o
f
t
h
e
m
ai
n
p
at
h
=
L
=
9
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
9
s
u
b
b
r
an
ch
es.
T
h
e
s
u
b
b
r
an
ch
p
at
h
s
f
o
r
o
n
e
tr
ial
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
b
r
an
ch
p
at
h
SB
3
,
s
tar
ti
n
g
f
r
o
m
n
o
d
e
2
1
d
o
es
n
o
t
ex
is
t
b
ec
au
s
e
it
h
as
n
o
v
alid
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8776
I
n
t J
I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
2
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
20
1
9
:
87
–
93
90
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Ma
in
p
ath
an
d
s
u
b
b
r
an
ch
p
ath
s
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le
1
.
s
r
c
=1
1
an
d
s
in
k
=5
6
Fo
r
th
e
s
a
m
e
W
SN la
y
o
u
t
o
f
o
f
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
,
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
p
a
th
s
w
h
en
s
r
c
=
9
an
d
s
in
k
=
5
9
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
Fro
m
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
an
d
3
,
w
e
ca
n
s
ee
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
p
atter
n
s
o
f
R
R
SNDE
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Ma
in
p
ath
an
d
s
u
b
b
r
an
ch
p
ath
s
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le
1
.
s
r
c
=9
an
d
s
in
k
=5
9
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8776
R
a
n
d
o
m
r
o
u
tin
g
s
ch
eme
w
ith
mis
lea
d
in
g
d
ea
d
en
d
s
(
C
h
itr
a
R
a
ja
r
a
ma
)
91
3.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N,
R
E
SU
L
T
S
AND
RE
L
A
T
I
V
E
P
E
RF
O
R
M
ANCE
3
.
1
.
Av
er
a
g
e
P
a
t
h L
eng
t
h (
AP
L
)
A
P
L
i
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
t
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
o
p
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
r
ea
ch
th
e
d
esti
n
at
io
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
e
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
ti
m
e
m
a
in
l
y
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
A
P
L
.
S
m
aller
th
e
A
P
L
,
b
etter
is
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
I
n
R
R
SMDE
,
th
e
tr
u
e
p
ac
k
et
s
f
o
llo
w
th
e
s
h
o
r
test
(
m
ai
n
)
p
ath
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
to
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
th
e
A
P
L
i
s
s
a
m
e
as t
h
e
Sh
o
r
te
s
t P
ath
L
e
n
g
th
(
SP
L
)
.
B
o
th
ar
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
o
p
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
A
P
L
(
R
R
SMDE
)
=
SP
L
(
1)
I
n
P
u
r
el
y
R
a
n
d
o
m
P
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
(
P
R
P
)
[
6
]
an
d
L
o
ca
tio
n
P
r
iv
ac
y
R
o
u
tin
g
(
L
P
R
)
[
7
]
,
th
e
r
o
u
tes ar
e
r
an
d
o
m
ized
.
I
n
P
R
P
,
th
e
A
P
L
is
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
,
A
P
L
(
P
R
P
)
=
av
er
ag
e(
T
T
L
)
+SP
L
(
2
)
Her
e
,
T
T
L
is
th
e
le
n
g
t
h
o
f
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
p
ar
t o
f
th
e
p
ath
i
n
ea
c
h
tr
ial.
I
n
L
P
R
,
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
le
n
g
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
ath
is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
[
7
]
,
A
P
L
(
L
P
R
)
=
{1
/(
1
−2
*
P
f
)
}
*
S
P
L
(
3
)
Her
e,
P
f
is
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
n
e
x
t n
o
d
e
f
u
r
th
er
a
w
a
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
est
in
at
io
n
.
T
ak
in
g
t
h
e
W
S
N
as
g
i
v
e
n
i
n
t
h
e
E
x
a
m
p
le
o
f
Sect
io
n
2
.
4
,
th
e
A
P
L
s
ar
e
ca
lc
u
lated
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
SP
L
v
alu
e
s
an
d
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
eth
o
d
s
.
I
n
ca
lcu
lati
n
g
A
P
L
(
P
R
P
)
,
av
er
ag
e(
T
T
L
)
is
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
t
ak
in
g
1
0
0
tr
ials
w
it
h
T
T
L
(
m
a
x
)
s
et
to
8
.
I
n
ca
lc
u
la
tin
g
A
P
L
(
L
P
R
)
,
P
f
is
ta
k
en
a
s
0
.
2
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
A
P
L
w
h
ic
h
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
th
e
p
ac
k
e
t d
eliv
er
y
ti
m
e
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Av
er
ag
e
p
ath
le
n
g
th
v
s
s
h
o
r
t
est p
at
h
len
g
t
h
3
.
2
.
O
v
er
a
ll E
nerg
y
Co
ns
um
p
t
io
n (
O
E
C)
T
h
e
Ov
er
all
E
n
er
g
y
C
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
(
OE
C
)
f
o
r
a
g
i
v
en
tr
ial
(
to
s
en
d
a
d
ata
p
ac
k
et
f
r
o
m
s
r
c
to
d
s
t)
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
to
tal
le
n
g
th
o
f
th
e
p
ath
s
g
e
n
er
ated
(
b
o
th
m
a
in
an
d
s
u
b
b
r
an
ch
p
at
h
s
)
o
r
th
e
T
o
tal
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
Ho
p
s
(
T
NH)
.
T
h
e
T
NH
v
alu
es
f
o
r
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
R
R
SMDE
,
P
R
P
an
d
L
P
R
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
b
y
,
T
NH(
R
R
SMDE
)
=
SP
L
+
s
u
m
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
b
b
r
an
ch
p
ath
le
n
g
t
h
s
(
4
)
T
NH(
P
R
P
)
=
S
P
L
+
av
er
ag
e(
T
T
L
)
(
5
)
T
NH(
L
P
R
)
=
{1
/(
1
−2
*
P
f
)
}
*
SP
L
(
6
)
I
n
P
R
P
an
d
L
P
R
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
in
e
ac
h
,
th
e
r
e
is
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
p
at
h
p
er
tr
ial.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8776
I
n
t J
I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
2
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
20
1
9
:
87
–
93
92
Var
iatio
n
o
f
T
NH
w
i
th
SP
L
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
.
I
n
t
h
e
ca
s
e
o
f
R
R
SMDE
,
t
h
e
T
NH
v
al
u
e
is
v
er
y
lar
g
e
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
f
ak
e
p
ath
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
is
m
o
r
e,
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
o
th
er
t
wo
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
o
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
at
h
s
(
T
NH)
v
s
s
h
o
r
test
p
ath
le
n
g
th
3
.
3
.
Str
eng
t
h
o
f
re
ce
iv
er
a
no
ny
m
it
y
pro
t
ec
t
io
n
I
n
ev
a
lu
atin
g
th
e
s
t
r
en
g
th
o
f
th
e
r
ec
eiv
e
r
an
o
n
y
m
ity
,
w
e
u
s
e
th
e
a
d
v
e
r
s
a
r
y
m
o
d
e
l
as
in
[
7
]
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
s
t
r
en
g
th
o
f
r
ec
e
iv
e
r
an
o
n
y
m
it
y
is
Ad
v
e
r
s
a
r
y
’
s
A
ttack
T
im
e
(
A
A
T
)
w
h
ich
is
“m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
as
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
o
v
in
g
s
tep
s
(
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
s
en
s
o
r
lo
ca
ti
o
n
t
o
a
n
eig
h
b
o
r
)
th
e
ad
v
er
s
ar
y
h
as
to
m
ak
e
b
ef
o
r
e
h
e
r
e
ac
h
es
th
e
r
ec
eiv
e
r
”
.
I
n
R
R
SMDE
,
th
e
a
d
v
er
s
ar
y
h
as
t
o
t
r
a
v
er
s
e
ea
ch
s
u
b
b
r
an
ch
tw
ice,
o
n
ce
to
g
o
f
o
r
w
ar
d
(
m
is
s
th
e
r
ea
l
r
ec
eiv
e
r
)
an
d
th
en
t
o
r
et
r
e
at.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
te
p
s
th
e
a
d
v
e
r
s
a
r
y
h
as
t
o
tr
av
e
r
s
e
b
ef
o
r
e
r
e
ac
h
in
g
th
e
f
in
al
d
est
in
ati
o
n
i
s
g
iv
en
b
y
,
AA
T
(
R
R
SMDE
)
=
SP
L
+
2
*
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
b
r
an
c
h
p
ath
le
n
g
th
s
(
7
)
I
n
P
R
P
an
d
L
P
R
,
A
A
T
is
s
am
e
as
th
e
A
v
er
ag
e
P
ath
L
en
g
th
,
A
P
L
,
as
g
iv
en
b
y
(
2
)
an
d
(
3
)
.
Var
iat
io
n
o
f
AA
T
w
ith
SP
L
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
o
b
t
ain
e
d
b
y
an
aly
tical
ca
l
cu
lat
io
n
s
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
R
R
SM
DE
,
th
e
A
A
T
v
alu
e
is
v
e
r
y
lar
g
e
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
m
u
ltip
l
e
f
ak
e
p
ath
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
th
e
s
t
r
en
g
th
o
f
an
o
n
y
m
it
y
is
v
er
y
h
ig
h
,
co
m
p
a
r
e
d
to
th
e
o
th
e
r
tw
o
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
A
d
v
er
s
ar
y
’
s
attac
k
ti
m
e
(
AA
T
)
v
s
s
h
o
r
test
p
at
h
len
g
th
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8776
R
a
n
d
o
m
r
o
u
tin
g
s
ch
eme
w
ith
mis
lea
d
in
g
d
ea
d
en
d
s
(
C
h
itr
a
R
a
ja
r
a
ma
)
93
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
A
n
e
w
m
eth
o
d
o
f
r
an
d
o
m
r
o
u
t
in
g
s
ch
em
e
w
ith
m
is
lead
in
g
d
ea
d
en
d
s
is
p
r
esen
t
ed
.
T
h
e
p
a
c
k
et
t
r
ac
in
g
atta
ck
e
r
w
ill
b
e
u
t
te
r
ly
co
n
f
u
s
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
m
u
ltip
l
e
r
an
d
o
m
p
ath
s
w
h
ich
lea
d
t
o
w
r
o
n
g
d
e
ad
en
d
s
.
F
r
o
m
th
e
r
el
ativ
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
p
l
o
ts
,
it
c
an
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
R
R
SMD
E
is
m
u
ch
b
ett
er
th
an
o
th
er
m
eth
o
d
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
L
i
n
Y
a
o
,
L
i
n
K
a
n
g
,
P
e
n
g
f
e
i
S
h
a
n
g
,
G
u
o
w
e
i
W
u
,
“
P
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
si
n
k
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
i
v
a
c
y
i
n
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
se
n
so
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s,”
Per
so
n
a
l
a
n
d
Ub
iq
u
it
o
u
s Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
8
8
3
–
893
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
3
.
[
2
]
A
.
R.
M
a
lv
iy
a
a
n
d
B
.
N.
Ja
g
d
a
le,
"
L
o
c
a
ti
o
n
p
riv
a
c
y
o
f
m
u
lt
ip
le
sin
k
u
sin
g
z
o
n
e
p
a
rti
ti
o
n
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
i
n
W
S
N,"
2
0
1
5
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
A
p
p
li
e
d
a
n
d
T
h
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
C
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(iCAT
c
c
T
),
Da
v
a
n
g
e
re
,
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
4
4
9
-
4
5
4
.
[
3
]
P
a
v
it
h
a
N,
S
.
N.
S
h
e
lk
e
.
“
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
f
o
r
P
ro
tec
ti
n
g
L
o
c
a
ti
o
n
P
r
iv
a
c
y
o
f
S
o
u
rc
e
a
n
d
S
i
n
k
No
d
e
Ag
a
in
st
G
lo
b
a
l
A
d
v
e
r
sa
ries
in
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
,”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Res
e
a
rc
h
(
IJ
R)
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
4
2
-
5
0
,
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r
2
0
1
4
.
[
4
]
Ch
in
n
u
G
e
o
rg
e
,
Dh
in
a
k
a
ra
n
Na
th
a
n
iel,
“
P
r
o
tec
ti
n
g
L
o
c
a
ti
o
n
P
riv
a
c
y
in
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
a
g
a
in
st
a
L
o
c
a
l
Eav
e
sd
ro
p
p
e
r
–
A
S
u
rv
e
y
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Co
mp
u
ter
Ap
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
5
6
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
2
5
-
2
9
,
Oc
to
b
e
r
2
0
1
2
.
[
5
]
Ng
a
i,
Ed
it
h
.
“
On
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
si
n
k
a
n
o
n
y
m
it
y
f
o
r
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s.
”
S
e
c
u
rity
a
n
d
C
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
6
9
-
2
7
3
,
Ja
n
u
a
ry
2
0
0
9
.
[
6
]
T
.
S
h
u
,
M
.
Kr
u
n
z
a
n
d
S
.
L
iu
,
"
S
e
c
u
re
Da
ta
Co
ll
e
c
ti
o
n
in
W
irele
s
s
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
Us
in
g
Ra
n
d
o
m
iz
e
d
Disp
e
rsiv
e
Ro
u
tes
,
"
in
I
EE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
M
o
b
il
e
C
o
mp
u
t
in
g
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
9
4
1
-
9
5
4
,
Ju
ly
2
0
1
0
.
[
7
]
Y.
Jia
n
,
S
.
Ch
e
n
,
Z.
Zh
a
n
g
a
n
d
L
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
"
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ro
tec
ti
n
g
Re
c
e
iv
e
r
-
L
o
c
a
ti
o
n
P
riv
a
c
y
in
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,"
IEE
E
INFOCOM
2
0
0
7
-
2
6
t
h
IEE
E
In
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Co
mp
u
ter
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
Ba
rc
e
lo
n
a
,
2
0
0
7
,
p
p
.
1
9
5
5
-
1
9
6
3
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Ch
it
ra
Ra
jara
m
a
.
re
c
e
i
v
e
d
h
e
r
B.
E.
,
i
n
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
&
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
,
a
n
d
M
.
T
e
c
h
.
,
in
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
&
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
f
ro
m
V
isv
e
sv
a
ra
y
a
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ica
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Be
lg
a
u
m
,
Ka
rn
a
tak
a
,
In
d
ia
.
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
t
l
y
p
u
rsu
in
g
P
h
D
u
n
d
e
r
V
isv
e
sv
a
r
a
y
a
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Be
lg
a
u
m
,
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rn
a
tak
a
,
In
d
ia.
He
r
a
re
a
o
f
in
tere
st
is
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
w
ir
e
les
s
n
e
t
w
o
rk
s.
S
h
e
h
a
s
g
u
id
e
d
m
a
n
y
u
n
d
e
rg
ra
d
u
a
te
p
ro
jec
ts.
S
h
e
h
a
s
a
tt
e
n
d
e
d
m
a
n
y
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l/
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
se
v
e
ra
l
p
a
p
e
rs
in
i
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls.
A
t
p
re
se
n
t
sh
e
is
A
ss
o
c
iate
P
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
in
th
e
d
e
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
c
ien
c
e
&
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
,
NIE
In
sti
tu
te
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
(a
ff
il
iate
d
to
V
isv
e
sv
a
ra
y
a
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
)
M
y
su
ru
,
Ka
rn
a
tak
a
,
In
d
ia,
Dr.
S
.
N.
Ja
g
a
d
e
e
sh
a
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
E.
,
in
E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
B.
D.
T
.
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
,
Da
v
a
n
g
e
re
a
ff
il
iate
d
to
M
y
so
re
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Ka
rn
a
tak
a
,
In
d
ia
in
1
9
7
9
,
M
.
E
.
f
ro
m
In
d
ian
In
stit
u
te
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
(IIS
C),
Ba
n
g
a
lo
re
,
In
d
ia
sp
e
c
ializin
g
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
,
i
n
1
9
8
7
a
n
d
P
h
.
D.
i
n
E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
.
,
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Ro
o
rk
e
e
,
Ro
o
rk
e
e
,
I
n
d
ia
in
1
9
9
6
.
He
is
a
n
I
EE
E
m
e
m
b
e
r.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s
A
rra
y
S
ig
n
a
l
P
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
a
n
d
M
o
b
i
le C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s.
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
a
n
d
p
re
se
n
ted
m
a
n
y
p
a
p
e
rs o
n
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
A
rra
y
S
ig
n
a
l
P
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
a
n
d
Dire
c
ti
o
n
-
of
-
A
rri
v
a
l
e
sti
m
a
ti
o
n
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
h
e
is
p
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
th
e
d
e
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
P
E
S
In
st
it
u
te
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
&
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
nt
,
(Aff
il
iate
d
to
Visv
e
sv
a
r
a
y
a
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
),
S
h
im
o
g
a
,
K
a
rn
a
tak
a
,
In
d
ia.
Dr.
Ye
rri
S
w
a
m
y
T
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
E.
,
i
n
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
m
m
-
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
f
ro
m
G
u
lb
a
rg
a
Un
iv
e
risit
y
,
G
u
lb
a
rg
a
,
Ka
rn
a
tak
a
,
In
d
ia
in
2
0
0
0
.
M
T
e
c
h
in
Ne
tw
o
rk
a
n
d
I
n
tern
e
t
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
f
ro
m
V
isv
e
-
sv
a
ra
y
a
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
B
e
l
g
a
u
m
,
Ka
rn
a
tak
a
.
a
t
J.
N.
N.
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
S
h
im
o
g
a
,
Ka
rn
a
tak
a
in
2
0
0
5
.
a
n
d
P
h
D
i
n
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
a
n
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
c
ien
c
e
s
f
ro
m
V
isv
e
s
v
a
ra
y
a
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ic
a
l
n
iv
e
rsity
,
Be
lg
a
u
m
,
Ka
rn
a
tak
a
in
t
h
e
y
e
a
r
2
0
1
3
.
He
is
a
n
IS
T
E
m
e
m
b
e
r.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
in
c
l
u
d
e
s
A
n
ten
n
a
A
rra
y
S
ig
n
a
l
P
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
S
tatisti
c
a
l
S
ig
n
a
l
P
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
De
tec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Est
im
a
ti
o
n
,
Co
g
n
it
iv
e
ra
d
io
c
o
m
m
-
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
L
T
E/
M
IM
O.
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
a
n
d
p
re
se
n
ted
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
a
p
e
rs
in
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l/
in
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls.
C
u
rre
n
tl
y
h
e
is
P
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
a
n
d
He
a
d
,
in
th
e
d
e
p
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p
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ter
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),
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rn
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In
d
ia.
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