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co
lu
m
n
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
f
o
u
r
co
d
e
f
a
m
ilie
s
[
2
4
,
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
is
to
f
in
d
o
p
tim
u
m
co
d
e
f
a
m
il
y
w
it
h
wh
ich
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
u
s
e
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
u
s
e
t
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
w
i
th
les
s
B
E
R
d
u
e
to
MA
I
.
A
s
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
u
s
er
s
in
cr
ea
s
es
B
E
R
also
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
.
T
h
e
co
d
e
f
am
i
lies
w
h
ic
h
s
h
o
w
le
s
s
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
B
E
R
ar
e
b
etter
.
Fo
r
th
e
s
ak
e
o
f
s
a
m
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
w
e
u
s
e
g
e
n
er
ali
s
ed
B
E
R
f
o
r
m
,
w
h
ich
g
i
v
en
b
y
[
2
-
5]
∑
(
)
(
)
(
1
)
∑
(
)
(
)
(
2
)
E
q
u
atio
n
1
(
1
)
an
d
(
2
)
r
ep
r
esen
t th
e
b
it e
r
r
o
r
r
ate
(
B
E
R
)
f
o
r
g
m
w
r
cs a
n
d
m
w
o
o
cs
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
T
h
e
B
E
R
(
b
it
er
r
o
r
r
ate)
o
w
i
n
g
to
M
A
I
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
to
wav
elen
g
t
h
s
w
i
an
d
w
j
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
B
E
R
(
N
w
i)
an
d
B
E
R
(
N
w
j
)
.
Sin
ce
th
e
t
w
o
1
D
OOCs
alo
n
g
w
a
v
ele
n
g
th
s
w
i
an
d
w
j
ar
e
d
etec
ted
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
f
o
r
an
y
u
s
er
,
an
er
r
o
r
in
d
etec
tio
n
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
p
r
o
v
id
ed
th
at
o
v
er
lap
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
i
n
ter
f
er
e
u
s
er
s
o
n
w
a
v
elen
g
t
h
s
w
i
an
d
w
j
ar
e
b
it s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
(
T
)
,
s
o
th
e
b
it e
r
r
o
r
r
ate
d
u
e
to
M
A
I
f
o
r
t
h
e
2
D
co
d
e
f
a
m
il
ies
is
(
)
(
)
(
3
)
E
q
u
atio
n
(
3
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
b
it
er
r
o
r
r
ate
(
B
E
R
)
f
o
r
C
R
W
OP
an
d
R
W
OP
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
ap
er
ex
a
m
i
n
ed
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
f
i
b
er
o
p
tic
co
d
e
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
lt
i
p
l
e
ac
ce
s
s
(
FOC
DM
A
)
co
d
e
f
a
m
ilie
s
i
n
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
o
f
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
s
et
o
f
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
d
e
f
a
m
ilie
s
ar
e
r
ea
lized
b
y
g
en
er
alize
d
m
u
lti
-
w
a
v
ele
n
g
t
h
R
ee
d
-
So
lo
m
o
n
co
d
e
(
GM
W
R
SC
)
,
r
o
w
-
w
i
s
e
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
p
air
s
(
R
W
OP
)
,
co
m
p
lete
r
o
w
-
w
i
s
e
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
a
l
p
air
s
(
C
R
W
OP
)
,
M
u
lti
w
a
v
ele
n
g
th
OO
C
(
MW
OOC),
w
h
er
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
e
ts
o
f
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
r
ea
lized
b
y
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
ax
i
m
u
m
u
s
er
s
(
N
m
a
x
)
B
it
er
r
o
r
r
ate
(
B
E
R
)
,
Sp
r
ea
d
in
g
Facto
r
(
Sf
)
,
W
eig
h
t
(
K‟
)
,
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
W
av
e
len
g
t
h
s
(
W
I
)
,
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ti
m
e
ch
i
p
s
(T).
2.
RE
SU
L
T
AND
DI
SCUS
SI
O
N
T
o
in
v
es
tig
a
te
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
d
e
f
a
m
il
y
,
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
o
r
ts
o
f
p
ar
a
m
e
te
r
s
s
u
c
h
as
ca
r
d
in
alit
y
,
Sp
r
ea
d
in
g
f
ac
to
r
,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
w
a
v
e
len
g
t
h
s
,
te
m
p
o
r
al
ch
ip
s
an
d
w
ei
g
h
ts
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
B
it
er
r
o
r
r
ate
(
B
E
R
)
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
cr
iter
io
n
o
f
co
d
e
f
a
m
il
y
w
h
ic
h
lead
s
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
o
f
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
.
T
o
o
b
tain
B
E
R
,
T
h
e
t
w
o
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
al
co
d
e
f
am
ilie
s
,
s
u
ch
as G
MW
R
S
C
,
R
W
OP
,
C
R
W
OP
an
d
MW
OOP
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
.
T
h
ese
co
d
e
f
am
ilies
ar
e
s
cr
u
ti
n
ized
b
y
t
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
T
h
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
f
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
is
to
f
i
n
d
o
p
tim
u
m
co
d
e
f
a
m
il
y
w
i
th
wh
ich
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
u
s
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
u
s
e
t
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
w
it
h
less
b
it
er
r
o
r
r
ate.
T
h
is
an
al
y
s
is
i
s
m
ad
e
as f
o
llo
w
s
.
2
.
1
.
Ana
ly
s
is
o
f
co
de
f
a
m
ily
ba
s
ed
o
n c
a
rdina
lity
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
ca
r
d
in
alit
y
o
r
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
ar
a
m
et
er
(
Nm
a
x
)
p
la
y
s
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
co
d
e
f
a
m
il
y
.
W
e
h
av
e
ch
o
s
en
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
u
s
er
s
N
m
ax
1
6
9
f
o
r
GM
W
R
SC
an
d
C
R
W
OP
,
1
6
8
R
W
OP
an
d
1
6
2
f
o
r
M
W
OOC.
Usi
n
g
ab
o
v
e
N
m
a
x
v
a
lu
e
s
i
n
t
h
eir
r
es
p
ec
tiv
e
co
d
e
f
a
m
ilie
s
,
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
c
h
as B
E
R
,
S
f
,
K‟
,
W
I
an
d
T
ar
e
g
en
er
ated
w
h
ich
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Var
iatio
n
o
f
B
E
R
w
it
h
s
i
m
ilar
ca
r
d
in
alit
y
f
o
r
f
o
u
r
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
co
d
e
f
a
m
ilies
G
M
W
R
S
C
C
R
W
O
P
R
W
O
P
M
W
O
O
C
N
max
1
6
9
1
6
9
1
6
8
1
6
2
B
ER
.
1
7
3
5
.
0
0
0
3
0
3
6
.
0
0
0
1
6
0
9
.
0
0
3
4
4
3
Sf
2
0
2
8
7
0
2
7
8
0
1
6
2
3
K‟
12
4
4
6
Wl
13
26
20
3
T
1
5
6
27
39
5
4
1
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IJ
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S
cru
tin
iz
a
tio
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f F
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o
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e
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a
milies
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r
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p
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Op
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l Co
mmu
n
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tio
n
(
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.
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h
r
a
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39
Fig
u
r
e
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.
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E
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v
s
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m
b
er
o
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s
er
s
w
i
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m
ilar
ca
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Usi
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ata
f
r
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le
1
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a
g
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h
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r
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u
r
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e
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in
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o
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t
th
e
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n
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b
it
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r
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r
r
ate
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ith
r
esp
ec
t
to
n
u
m
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er
o
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x
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s
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er
e
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ar
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eter
s
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h
ic
h
ar
e
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ated
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r
o
m
d
i
f
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i
l
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n
d
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en
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h
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f
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g
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r
e.
A
cc
o
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ata
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le
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d
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al
y
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i
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ig
u
r
e
1
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it
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in
f
er
r
ed
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at
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g
i
v
es
b
etter
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f
icie
n
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y
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en
o
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Si
m
ilar
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y
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s
i
n
g
s
a
m
e
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r
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r
d
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s
o
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ed
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u
ch
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6
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o
r
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o
r
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d
3
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r
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o
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r
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o
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ch
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m
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x
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ar
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eter
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e
T
ab
le
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s
u
itab
l
y
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e
n
er
ated
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o
r
th
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d
e
f
a
m
il
y
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w
h
ich
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Var
iatio
n
o
f
B
E
R
w
it
h
s
i
m
ilar
ca
r
d
in
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y
f
o
r
f
o
u
r
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
co
d
e
f
a
m
ilies
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M
W
R
S
C
C
R
W
O
P
R
W
O
P
M
W
O
O
C
N
m
ax
361
361
385
375
B
E
R
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83
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Fig
u
r
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2
.
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E
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m
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er
o
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er
s
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ilar
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Usi
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ata
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le
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ai
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g
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et
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n
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E
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h
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t
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m
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er
o
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er
s
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n
g
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f
o
r
d
if
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er
en
t
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d
e
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y
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t
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f
r
o
m
T
ab
le
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an
d
F
ig
u
r
e
2
th
at
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W
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g
iv
es
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it e
r
r
o
r
as c
o
m
p
ar
ed
o
th
e
r
co
d
e
f
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i
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I
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6
,
No
.
1
,
A
p
r
il
2
0
1
7
:
3
7
–
42
40
2
.
2
.
Ana
ly
s
is
co
de
f
a
m
ily
ba
s
ed
o
n E
qu
iv
a
lent
S
prea
din
g
F
a
ct
o
r
L
i
k
e
ca
r
d
in
ali
t
y
,
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
f
a
cto
r
is
also
a
k
e
y
p
ar
a
m
eter
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
t
h
e
B
E
R
.
So
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
f
ac
to
r
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Usi
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ated
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3
Va
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w
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lar
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102
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241
Fig
u
r
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3
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v
s
Nu
m
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o
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R
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e
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h
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Usi
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m
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e,
a
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s
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4
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Usi
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s
t
in
ca
s
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4.
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n
t
h
is
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s
is
,
w
e
an
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l
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ased
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n
d
i
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.
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d
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r
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r
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ate,
s
p
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h
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g
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o
p
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m
m
u
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tech
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lo
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ies
h
a
v
e
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it
er
r
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r
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ates
o
f
t
h
e
o
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er
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f
1
0
−8
.
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n
m
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s
t
ca
s
e
s
,
r
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co
d
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f
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i
s
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i
n
co
m
p
ar
is
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n
to
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t
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e
f
a
m
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.
Fro
m
o
u
r
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is
c
u
s
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,
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
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f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
r
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e
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s
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th
an
t
h
e
o
t
h
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m
p
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e
f
a
m
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.
I
n
m
o
s
t
p
r
ac
tical
ca
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es,
O
OC
s
w
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h
λ
c
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2
,
3
p
er
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s
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it
h
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c
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h
a
v
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g
a
m
u
c
h
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g
g
er
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in
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d
u
e
to
le
s
s
n
u
m
b
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o
f
ac
tiv
e
u
s
er
s
at
a
n
y
g
iv
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n
p
o
in
t
o
f
t
i
m
e.
T
h
e
OO
C
is
a
v
er
s
a
tile
co
d
e
w
h
ic
h
allo
w
s
h
u
g
e
n
u
m
b
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f
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s
y
n
ch
r
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n
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u
s
u
s
er
s
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
d
esti
n
a
tio
n
.
T
h
e
g
m
w
r
s
c
f
a
m
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h
av
e
h
i
g
h
est
ca
r
d
in
alit
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f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
m
w
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c,
cr
w
o
p
an
d
r
w
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p
co
d
e
f
a
m
il
ies
f
o
r
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t sp
r
ea
d
in
g
f
ac
to
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d
w
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g
h
t.
W
e
o
b
s
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e
th
at,
w
h
e
n
N
m
ax
=1
6
9
f
o
r
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m
w
r
s
c
f
a
m
il
y
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co
d
e
f
a
m
il
y
,
r
w
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p
co
d
e
f
am
il
y
a
n
d
N
m
a
x
=1
6
2
f
o
r
m
w
o
o
c
f
a
m
il
y
,
g
m
w
r
s
c
f
a
m
il
y
g
i
v
es
h
ig
h
es
t
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
f
o
r
less
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
u
s
er
s
(
<5
8
)
.
B
u
t
r
w
o
p
co
d
e
f
a
m
il
y
g
i
v
es
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
u
s
er
s
(
>5
8
)
.
Si
m
i
lar
l
y
,
wh
en
N
m
a
x
=3
6
1
f
o
r
g
m
w
r
s
c
f
a
m
il
y
,
cr
w
o
p
co
d
e
f
a
m
il
y
,
N
m
a
x
=3
8
5
f
o
r
r
w
o
p
co
d
e
f
a
m
il
y
a
n
d
N
m
ax
=3
7
5
f
o
r
m
w
o
o
c
f
a
m
i
l
y
,
it
i
s
s
ee
n
th
a
t,
ag
ain
g
m
w
r
s
c
f
a
m
il
y
g
i
v
es
h
i
g
h
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
f
o
r
less
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
u
s
er
s
(
<2
0
0
)
.
B
u
t
r
w
o
p
co
d
e
f
a
m
il
y
g
iv
e
s
h
ig
h
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
u
s
er
s
(
>2
0
0
)
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
f
ac
to
r
it
i
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
r
w
o
p
an
d
cr
w
o
p
co
d
e
f
a
m
ilie
s
p
r
ese
n
t h
i
g
h
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
th
a
n
o
th
er
s
.
3.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
A
r
ev
ie
w
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
f
o
r
ex
is
ti
n
g
FOC
DM
A
co
d
e
f
a
m
ilie
s
is
u
n
d
er
tak
e
n
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
f
o
u
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
t
w
o
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
al
co
d
e
f
am
ilie
s
s
p
r
ea
d
in
th
e
w
a
v
ele
n
g
t
h
an
d
ti
m
e
d
o
m
ai
n
s
is
an
al
y
s
ed
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
b
it
er
r
o
r
r
ate
w
it
h
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ac
tiv
e
u
s
er
s
is
s
tu
d
ied
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ets
o
f
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
h
er
e
a
r
e
ca
r
d
in
alit
y
,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
w
a
v
elen
g
t
h
s
,
te
m
p
o
r
al
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g
th
,
s
p
r
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d
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g
f
ac
to
r
an
d
w
eig
h
t.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
a
n
al
y
s
is
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
al
u
es
o
f
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
lead
s
to
t
h
e
ad
v
an
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[
2
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,
[
5
]
.
T
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d
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
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2
2
5
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IJ
-
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Vo
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6
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.
1
,
A
p
r
il
2
0
1
7
:
3
7
–
42
42
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
A
.
S
to
k
;
E.
S
a
rg
e
n
t
,
“
S
y
st
e
m
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
o
p
ti
c
a
l
CDMA
a
n
d
W
DM
A
in
a
b
ro
a
d
c
a
st
l
o
c
a
l
a
re
a
n
e
tw
o
rk
,
”
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s L
e
tt
e
rs,
IEE
E
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
4
0
9
–
4
1
1
,
S
e
p
2
0
0
2
.
[2
]
G.
-
C.
Ya
n
g
;
W
.
C.
K
w
o
n
g
,
“
P
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
m
u
lt
iw
a
v
e
len
g
th
CDMA
a
n
d
W
DM
A
+
C
DMA
f
o
r
f
ib
e
r
-
o
p
ti
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,” IE
EE
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
4
5
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
4
2
6
–
1
4
3
4
,
N
o
v
e
m
b
e
r
1
9
9
7
.
[3
]
W
.
C.
K
w
o
n
g
;
G
.
-
C.
Ya
n
g
;
V
.
Ba
b
y
;
C.
-
S
.
Br`e
s;
P
.
R.
P
r
u
c
n
a
l
,
“
M
u
lt
i
p
le
-
w
a
v
e
len
g
th
o
p
ti
c
a
l
o
rth
o
g
o
n
a
l
c
o
d
e
s
u
n
d
e
r
p
r
im
e
-
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
p
e
r
m
u
tatio
n
s
f
o
r
o
p
ti
c
a
l
CDMA
,
”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
5
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
1
7
–
1
2
3
,
Ja
n
u
a
ry
2
0
0
5
.
[4
]
M
.
Ra
v
i
Ku
m
a
r;
S
.
S
.
P
a
t
h
a
k
;
N.
B.
Ch
a
k
ra
b
a
rti
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
Co
d
e
F
a
m
il
ies
f
o
r
M
u
lt
i
-
Dim
e
n
sio
n
a
l
Op
t
ica
l
CDMA
”
,
IET
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
3
1
1
–
1
3
2
0
,
2
0
0
9
[5
]
M
.
R.
K
u
m
a
r
,
“
S
p
r
e
a
d
in
g
c
o
d
e
s
f
o
r
a
ll
-
o
p
ti
c
a
l
c
o
d
e
d
iv
isio
n
m
u
lt
ip
le
a
c
c
e
ss
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
y
ste
m
s,”P
h
.
D
.
d
isse
rtatio
n
,
IIT
,
Kh
a
ra
g
p
u
r,
G
.
S
.
S
a
n
y
a
l
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
T
e
lec
o
m
m
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s,
K
h
a
ra
g
p
u
r,
In
d
ia,
J
u
l.
2
0
1
1
.
[6
]
W
.
Hu
a
n
g
;
M
.
Niz
a
m
;
I.
A
n
d
o
n
o
v
ic;
M
.
T
u
r
,
“
Co
h
e
re
n
t
o
p
ti
c
a
l
C
DMA
(
OCD
M
A
)
s
y
ste
m
s
u
se
d
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
o
p
ti
c
a
l
f
ib
e
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
-
s
y
ste
m
d
e
sc
rip
ti
o
n
,
OT
DMA
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
,
a
n
d
OCD
M
A
/W
DM
A
n
e
tw
o
rk
in
g
,
”
L
ig
h
t
w
a
v
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
,
v
o
l.
1
8
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
7
6
5
–
7
7
8
,
J
u
n
2
0
0
0
.
[7
]
R.
P
ick
h
o
lt
z
;
L
.
M
il
ste
in
;
D.
S
c
h
il
li
n
g
,
“
S
p
re
a
d
sp
e
c
tru
m
f
o
r
m
o
b
il
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,”
V
e
h
icu
l
a
r
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
,
v
o
l.
4
0
,
n
o
.
2,
p
p
.
3
1
3
–
3
2
2
,
M
a
y
1
9
9
1
.
[8
]
J.
Y.
Hu
i,
“
P
a
tt
e
r
n
c
o
d
e
m
o
d
u
l
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
d
e
c
o
d
i
n
g
–
a
n
o
v
e
l
c
o
d
e
d
iv
isio
n
m
u
lt
ip
lex
in
g
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
f
o
r
m
u
lt
if
ib
e
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,
”
IEE
E
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
n
S
e
lec
ted
A
re
a
s
in
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
9
1
6
–
9
2
7
,
N
o
v
e
m
b
e
r
1
9
8
5
.
[9
]
W
.
C.
K
w
o
n
g
a
n
d
P
.
R.
P
ru
c
n
a
l
,
“
„s
y
n
c
h
ro
n
o
u
s‟
CDMA
d
e
m
o
n
stra
ti
o
n
f
o
r
f
ib
e
r
-
o
p
ti
c
n
e
tw
o
r
k
s
w
it
h
o
p
ti
c
a
l
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
”
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
L
e
tt
e
rs,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
n
o
.
2
4
,
p
p
.
1
9
9
0
–
1
9
9
2
,
No
v
e
m
b
e
r
1
9
9
0
.
[1
0
]
W
.
K
w
o
n
g
;
P
.
P
e
rrier;
P
.
P
r
u
c
n
a
l,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
a
s
y
n
c
h
ro
n
o
u
s
a
n
d
sy
n
c
h
ro
n
o
u
s
c
o
d
e
-
d
iv
isio
n
m
u
lt
ip
le
-
a
c
c
e
s
s
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
f
o
r
f
i
b
e
r
-
o
p
t
ic
lo
c
a
l
a
re
a
n
e
t
w
o
rk
s,”
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
t
io
n
s
o
n
,
v
o
l.
3
9
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
6
2
5
–
1
6
3
4
,
n
o
v
1
9
9
1
.
[1
1
]
M
.
Ka
rb
a
ss
ian
;
H.
G
h
a
f
o
u
ri
-
S
h
ir
a
z
,
“
P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
h
e
te
ro
d
y
n
e
-
d
e
tec
ted
c
o
h
e
re
n
t
o
p
ti
c
a
l
CDMA
u
sin
g
a
n
o
v
e
l
p
rim
e
c
o
d
e
f
a
m
il
y
,
”
L
ig
h
t
wa
v
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
,
v
o
l.
2
5
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
3
0
2
8
–
3
0
3
4
,
Oc
t
2
0
0
7
.
1
2
3
[1
2
]
R.
F
u
ji
-
Ha
ra
;
Y.
M
iao
,
“
Op
ti
c
a
l
o
rth
o
g
o
n
a
l
c
o
d
e
s:
th
e
ir
b
o
u
n
d
s
a
n
d
n
e
w
o
p
ti
m
a
l
c
o
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
s,”
In
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
T
h
e
o
r
y
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
,
v
o
l.
4
6
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
2
3
9
6
–
2
4
0
6
,
n
o
v
2
0
0
0
.
[1
3
]
C.
-
S
.
Bre
s;
P
.
P
ru
c
n
a
l,
“
Co
d
e
-
e
m
p
o
w
e
re
d
li
g
h
tw
a
v
e
n
e
t
w
o
rk
s,”
L
ig
h
tw
a
v
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
,
v
o
l.
2
5
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
2
9
1
1
–
2
9
2
1
,
Oc
t.
2
0
0
7
.
[1
4
]
S.
Jin
d
a
l;
N.
G
u
p
ta,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
o
p
ti
c
a
l
CDMA
b
a
se
d
3
D
c
o
d
e
w
it
h
in
c
re
a
sin
g
b
it
ra
te
in
lo
c
a
l
a
re
a
n
e
tw
o
rk
,
”
in
Co
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
2
0
0
8
.
S
IBIRC
ON
2
0
0
8
.
IE
E
E
Re
g
io
n
8
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
,
J
u
ly
2
0
0
8
,
p
p
.
3
8
6
–
3
8
8
.
[1
5
]
F
.
R.
K.
Ch
u
n
g
;
J.
A
.
S
a
leh
i;
V
.
K.
W
e
i,
“
Op
ti
c
a
l
o
rth
o
g
o
n
a
l
c
o
d
e
s:d
e
sig
n
,
a
n
a
ly
sis,
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
h
e
o
ry
,
v
o
l.
3
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
9
5
–
6
0
4
,
M
a
y
1
9
8
9
.
[1
6
]
A
.
A
.
S
h
a
a
r;
P
.
A
.
D
a
v
ie
s,
“
P
rime
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
s: q
u
a
si
-
o
p
ti
m
a
l
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
s
f
o
r
OR c
h
a
n
n
e
l
c
o
d
e
d
iv
isio
n
m
u
lt
ip
lex
in
g
,
”
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
L
e
tt
e
rs,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
2
1
,
p
p
.
8
8
8
–
8
9
0
,
Oc
t
o
b
e
r
1
9
8
3
.
[1
7
]
W
.
C.
K
w
o
n
g
;
G
.
-
C.
Ya
n
g
;
J.
-
G
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
“
2
n
p
rime
-
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
c
o
d
e
s
a
n
d
c
o
d
i
n
g
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
fo
r
o
p
t
ica
l
c
o
d
e
-
d
iv
isio
n
m
u
lt
ip
le
-
a
c
c
e
ss
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
4
4
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
1
1
5
2
–
1
1
6
2
,
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r
1
9
9
6
.
[1
8
]
J.
A
.
S
a
leh
i,
“
Co
d
e
d
iv
isio
n
m
u
lt
ip
le
-
a
c
c
e
ss
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
i
n
o
p
ti
c
a
l
f
ib
e
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
–
p
a
rt
I:
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
p
rin
c
i
p
les
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
v
o
l
.
3
7
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
8
2
4
–
8
3
3
,
A
u
g
u
st 1
9
8
9
.
[1
9
]
R.
A
.
Bru
a
ld
i
,
In
tr
o
d
u
c
to
ry
Co
m
b
in
a
t
o
rics
,
1
st e
d
.
No
r
th
-
H
o
ll
a
n
d
,
Ne
w
Yo
rk
:
No
rth
-
Ho
ll
a
n
d
,
1
9
7
7
.
[2
0
]
C.
A
r
g
o
n
;
R.
Erg
¨u
l,
“
Op
ti
c
a
l
CDMA
v
ia
sh
o
rten
e
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
a
l
c
o
d
e
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
e
x
ten
d
e
d
se
ts,
”
Op
ti
c
s
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
v
o
l.
1
1
6
,
n
o
.
4
-
6
,
p
p
.
3
2
6
–
3
3
0
,
F
e
b
ru
a
ry
1
9
9
5
.
[2
1
]
C.
A
rg
o
n
,
“
S
y
ste
m
a
ti
c
o
p
ti
c
a
l
o
rth
o
g
o
n
a
l
c
o
d
e
d
e
sig
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
u
se
e
x
ten
d
e
d
se
ts,
”
i
n
IEE
E
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
IEE
E.
Ist
a
n
b
u
l,
T
u
rk
e
y
:
IEE
E,
Ju
n
e
2
0
0
6
.
[2
2
]
K.
F
o
u
l
i;
M
.
M
a
ier,
“
OCD
M
A
a
n
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
c
o
d
i
n
g
:
P
rin
c
i
p
les
,
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,an
d
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
[
to
p
ics
in
o
p
ti
c
a
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s]
,
”
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
sMag
a
z
in
e
,
IEE
E,
v
o
l.
4
5
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
2
7
–
3
4
,
A
u
g
u
st
2
0
0
7
.
[2
3
]
B.
G
h
a
ff
a
ri;
M
.
M
a
ti
n
f
a
r;
J.
S
a
leh
i,
“
W
irele
ss
o
p
ti
c
a
l
CDMA
LA
N:d
ig
it
a
l
d
e
sig
n
c
o
n
c
e
p
ts,
”
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
,
v
o
l
.
5
6
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
2
1
4
5
–
2
1
5
5
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
0
8
.
[2
4
]
C.
-
C.
Ya
n
g
;
J.
-
F
.
Hu
a
n
g
;
Y.
-
H.
W
a
n
g
,
“
M
u
lt
ip
u
lse
-
p
e
r
-
ro
w
c
o
d
e
s
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
sp
e
e
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
w
a
v
e
len
g
th
/t
im
e
CDM
A
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,” P
h
o
to
n
ics
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
L
e
tt
e
rs,
IEE
E,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
2
1
,
p
p
.
1
7
5
6
–
1
7
5
8
,
N
o
v
.
1
,
2
0
0
7
.
[2
5
]
S
.
Kim
;
K.
Yu
;
N.
P
a
rk
,
“
A
n
e
w
f
a
m
il
y
o
f
sp
a
c
e
/
w
a
v
e
len
g
th
/t
im
e
sp
re
a
d
th
re
e
-
d
im
e
n
sio
n
a
l
o
p
ti
c
a
l
c
o
d
e
f
o
r
OCD
M
A
n
e
t
w
o
rk
s,”
L
ig
h
twa
v
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
,
v
o
l.
1
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
5
0
2
–
5
1
1
,
A
p
r
2
0
0
0
.
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