I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
I
nfo
r
m
a
t
ics a
nd
Co
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n T
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
(
I
J
-
I
CT
)
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
8
,
p
p
.
1
3
5
~
1
4
0
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8776
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
i
ct.
v
7
i3
.
p
p
1
3
5
-
140
135
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
co
r
e.
co
m/jo
u
r
n
a
ls
/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/
I
JI
C
T
Desig
n of Co
m
pa
ct
Dua
l Ba
nd
Cir
cula
r P
o
la
ri
z
ed
M
icro
-
strip
Antenna
for
H
ig
h
Eff
ici
ency
WLA
N 80
2
.11
a
x
-
2
0
1
9
Sy
ed
M
uh
a
m
m
a
d Ali
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter S
y
ste
m
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
P
e
sh
a
w
a
r
,
P
a
k
istan
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
u
n
1
5
,
2
0
1
8
R
ev
i
s
ed
J
u
l 3
1
,
2
0
1
8
A
cc
ep
ted
A
u
g
1
6
,
2
0
1
8
De
sig
n
o
f
a
n
ten
n
a
s f
o
r
th
e
late
st
u
p
c
o
m
in
g
sta
n
d
a
rd
s o
f
WL
A
N
is
c
o
n
sid
e
re
d
a
s
a
k
e
y
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
in
th
e
RF
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
M
icro
-
strip
a
n
ten
n
a
s
a
re
su
p
p
o
se
d
t
o
h
a
v
e
so
m
e
q
u
a
li
ty
fe
a
tu
re
s
in
m
o
b
il
e
a
n
d
w
irele
ss
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
sy
st
e
m
s.
T
h
e
ir
w
e
i
g
h
t
a
n
d
siz
e
a
re
re
d
u
c
e
d
a
n
d
th
e
y
a
re
c
a
p
a
b
le
o
f
h
a
v
in
g
lo
w
p
o
w
e
r
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
.
A
ll
th
e
se
in
tere
stin
g
fe
a
tu
re
s
e
n
a
b
led
th
e
se
ty
p
e
o
f
a
n
ten
n
a
s
su
it
a
b
le
f
o
r
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
o
f
IEE
E
8
0
2
.
1
1
a
x
-
2
0
1
9
h
ig
h
sp
e
e
d
W
LA
Ns
.
S
h
a
p
e
o
f
th
e
se
a
n
ten
n
a
s
c
a
n
b
e
d
e
sig
n
e
d
in
a
n
e
ff
ici
e
n
t
m
a
n
n
e
r
to
a
c
h
iev
e
re
q
u
ired
g
a
in
a
n
d
b
a
n
d
w
id
t
h
.
In
th
is
p
a
p
e
r
th
e
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
o
f
c
ircu
lar
p
o
lariz
a
ti
o
n
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
in
tr
o
d
u
c
e
d
a
lo
n
g
w
it
h
c
o
m
p
a
c
t
d
e
sig
n
o
f
a
n
ten
n
a
s in
o
rd
e
r
to
a
c
h
iev
e
r
e
tu
rn
lo
ss
a
n
d
a
x
ial
ra
ti
o
o
f
les
s th
a
n
-
1
0
d
B
a
n
d
3
d
B
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
A
n
ten
n
a
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
d
e
sig
n
e
d
a
n
d
si
m
u
late
d
o
n
CS
T
M
W
stu
d
io
so
f
tw
a
r
e
a
n
d
u
sa
g
e
o
f
d
u
a
l
b
a
n
d
s
2
.
4
a
n
d
5
.
2
G
Hz
ha
v
in
g
c
ircu
lar p
o
lariz
a
ti
o
n
is
p
r
o
p
e
rly
e
lu
c
id
a
ted
f
o
r
8
0
2
.
1
1
a
x
-
2
0
1
9
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Ax
ial
r
atio
C
ir
cu
lar
P
o
lar
izatio
n
Dir
ec
tiv
it
y
Mic
r
o
s
tr
ip
an
ten
n
as
R
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
8
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
C
o
m
p
u
ter
S
y
s
t
e
m
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
Un
i
v
er
s
it
y
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
P
esh
a
w
ar
,
P
ak
is
tan
.
E
m
ail: s
y
ed
6
5
1
3
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
to
d
a
y
’
s
er
a
o
f
w
ir
ele
s
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
t
h
er
e
is
a
g
r
ea
t
er
d
em
a
n
d
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
lo
w
p
r
o
f
ile,
lo
w
s
ize
co
m
p
ac
t
an
te
n
n
a
s
th
at
ca
n
h
a
n
d
le
lar
g
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
f
r
e
q
u
en
cie
s
.
As
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
es,
s
ize
o
f
th
e
an
ten
n
a
r
ed
u
ce
s
.
M
icr
o
-
s
tr
ip
a
n
ten
n
a
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
l
tr
a
-
h
i
g
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
b
an
d
i
n
ce
l
l
p
h
o
n
e
r
ec
eiv
er
o
r
o
n
s
atellite
r
ad
io
b
u
t
d
esp
ite
o
f
th
i
s
h
a
v
e
s
h
o
w
n
s
o
m
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
li
m
ited
b
an
d
w
id
th
.
T
h
is
i
s
s
u
e
ca
n
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
b
y
d
esi
g
n
in
g
w
it
h
o
u
t
a
d
ielec
tr
ic
s
u
b
s
tr
at
e
o
r
h
av
in
g
s
o
m
e
m
o
d
i
f
icatio
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
d
esig
n
,
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
th
e
s
e
an
ten
n
as
h
a
v
e
r
ec
ei
v
ed
m
u
c
h
atte
n
ti
o
n
in
r
ad
ar
,
s
atell
ite
a
n
d
m
o
s
t
r
ec
en
tl
y
in
W
L
AN
an
d
W
P
A
N
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
n
o
tio
n
o
f
cir
cu
lar
p
o
lar
izatio
n
is
b
ein
g
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
[
1
]
to
co
v
er
th
e
lo
s
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
m
is
al
ig
n
m
en
t
b
et
w
ee
n
s
i
g
n
als
a
n
d
o
f
r
ec
eiv
in
g
an
te
n
n
a.
C
P
is
g
en
er
ated
u
s
i
n
g
t
w
o
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
m
o
d
es
h
av
i
n
g
p
h
ase
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
f
9
0
0
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
m
.
I
n
[
2
]
an
ten
n
a
w
as
d
esi
g
n
ed
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
lan
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
h
av
i
n
g
T
s
h
ap
ed
s
tr
ip
,
a
v
er
tical
s
tu
b
a
n
d
a
s
lit
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
C
P
.
Mo
n
o
p
o
le
an
ten
n
a
w
a
s
d
esig
n
ed
[
3
]
h
av
i
n
g
L
s
h
ap
ed
s
lit
a
n
d
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
p
atch
w
it
h
d
u
al
b
a
n
d
cir
cu
l
ar
p
o
lar
izatio
n
.
Hex
ag
o
n
al
s
h
ap
ed
an
ten
n
a
w
a
s
d
esig
n
ed
w
ith
L
s
h
ap
ed
s
t
u
b
to
ac
h
iev
e
C
P
[
4
]
.
I
t
is
h
o
w
e
v
er
n
o
t
ea
s
y
f
o
r
th
e
d
u
al
b
an
d
C
P
an
ten
n
a
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
s
ep
ar
atio
n
b
et
w
e
en
ch
a
n
n
els
h
a
v
in
g
co
-
p
o
lar
izatio
n
ef
f
ec
t
i
n
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
b
an
d
s
[
5
]
.
Desig
n
o
f
th
e
s
in
g
le
f
ee
d
an
te
n
n
a
s
an
d
d
u
al
b
an
d
C
P
an
ten
n
as a
lo
n
g
w
i
th
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
6
-
8
]
.
I
n
[
9
]
r
ea
lizatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
C
P
r
ad
iati
o
n
in
t
w
o
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
b
a
n
d
s
w
er
e
elab
o
r
ated
h
a
v
i
n
g
a
s
i
n
g
le
p
atch
in
m
u
lt
i
r
eso
n
an
ce
m
o
d
es.
Si
m
ilar
l
y
,
Du
al
b
an
d
C
P
w
it
h
d
u
al
s
en
s
e
s
tack
ed
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
w
it
h
a
s
m
al
l
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
r
atio
f
o
r
UHF
R
FID
R
ea
d
er
ap
p
licatio
n
s
i
n
[
1
0
]
w
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
d
d
esig
n
ed
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
p
ap
er
it
w
as
co
m
p
elli
n
g
to
d
esig
n
a
d
u
a
l
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
b
ased
C
P
m
icr
o
-
s
tr
ip
a
n
te
n
n
a
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
h
i
g
h
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
W
L
A
NS
8
0
2
.
1
1
ax
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
A
ll
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
ts
w
ill
b
e
b
ased
o
n
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
,
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
,
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
,
ax
ial
r
atio
an
d
g
ain
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8776
IJ
-
I
C
T
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
1
8
:
1
35
–
1
40
136
2.
P
ARAM
E
T
E
RS O
F
T
H
E
D
E
SI
RE
D
A
NT
E
NNA
T
h
e
id
ea
to
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
t
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
C
P
A
n
te
n
n
a
w
a
s
f
i
r
s
t
il
l
u
s
tr
ated
b
y
th
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
cir
cu
lar
p
atch
[
1
1
]
as g
iv
en
i
n
t
h
e
eq
u
a
tio
n
s
b
elo
w
=
√
1
.
841
2
(
1
)
f
res
is
th
e
r
eso
n
a
n
ce
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
C
P
an
ten
n
a
w
h
er
ea
s
“c
is
t
h
e
v
elo
cit
y
o
f
lig
h
t
an
d
r
effe
is
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
lar
p
atc
h
in
C
P
an
t
en
n
a
[
1
1
]
.
=
.
√
(
1
+
2ℎ
)
{
(
2ℎ
)
+
1
.
772
}
(
2
)
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
ab
o
v
e
f
o
r
m
u
la,
“
h
”
is
ca
lled
as
th
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
h
eig
h
t
an
d
“a
“
as
t
h
e
ac
t
u
al
r
a
d
iu
s
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
lar
p
atch
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
an
d
2
s
h
o
w
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
t
h
at
th
er
e
ar
e
t
w
o
p
atch
es
o
f
co
p
p
er
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
n
e
ed
ed
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
o
u
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
an
ten
n
a
d
esi
g
n
.
L
ar
g
er
p
at
ch
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
a
r
eso
n
an
t
r
ad
iato
r
h
a
v
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
5
.
2
GHz
a
n
d
s
m
aller
p
atc
h
to
b
e
al
s
o
a
r
es
o
n
an
t
r
ad
iato
r
o
f
h
a
v
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
2
.
4
GHz
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
FR
4
i
s
t
h
e
m
ate
r
ial
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
t
w
o
d
i
-
elec
tr
ic
s
u
b
s
tr
ates.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
en
h
an
ce
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
m
atc
h
i
n
g
,
th
e
lo
w
e
r
p
atch
h
as
to
b
e
m
o
v
ed
b
y
p
o
s
itio
n
s
Xa
an
d
Ya.
A
co
ax
ial
p
r
o
b
e
o
f
5
0
Ω
SMA
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
f
ee
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
m
o
u
n
ted
at
th
e
co
o
r
d
in
ates
o
f
(
X
,
Y)
an
d
th
u
s
m
ak
i
n
g
a
n
a
n
g
le
o
f
4
5
◦
f
r
o
m
X
-
ax
is
a
n
d
Y
-
a
x
is
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
o
p
View
o
f
C
P
An
t
en
n
a
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Sid
e
Vie
w
o
f
C
P
An
ten
n
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
-
I
C
T
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8776
Desig
n
o
f Co
mp
a
ct
Du
a
l B
a
n
d
C
ir
cu
la
r
P
o
la
r
iz
ed
Micr
o
-
s
t
r
ip
A
n
ten
n
a
f
o
r
Hig
h
…
(
S
ye
d
Mu
h
a
mma
d
A
li
)
137
3.
R
ADIA
T
I
O
N
D
E
S
I
G
N
C
ST
MW
s
tu
d
io
w
as
t
h
e
to
o
l
u
s
ed
f
o
r
an
al
y
zi
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
s
ti
m
u
lated
a
n
ten
n
a.
R
et
u
r
n
lo
s
s
is
t
h
e
r
ef
lectio
n
o
f
s
i
g
n
al
p
o
w
er
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
h
in
d
r
an
ce
o
f
a
n
o
b
j
ec
t
in
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e
o
r
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
.
I
t
i
s
m
o
s
tl
y
ex
p
r
es
s
ed
in
d
B
an
d
u
s
ed
as
a
r
atio
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
tte
d
s
ig
n
a
l
p
o
w
er
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
s
i
g
n
al
p
o
w
er
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
f
o
r
th
e
a
n
te
n
n
a
to
r
ad
ia
te
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
i
v
el
y
[
1
2
]
,
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
<
-
1
0
d
B
.
Dif
f
er
en
t
P
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
D
u
a
l B
an
d
C
P
A
n
ten
n
a
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Dif
f
er
en
t P
ar
a
m
eter
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
D
u
a
l B
an
d
C
P
A
n
ten
n
a
A
n
t
e
n
n
a
G
e
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
st
a
r
t
i
n
g
f
i
n
a
l
Pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
v
a
l
u
e
(
m
m
)
v
a
l
u
e
(
m
m
)
h
e
i
g
h
t
o
f
su
b
st
r
a
t
e
H
1
.
6
1
.
6
w
i
d
t
h
o
f
s
u
b
st
r
a
t
e
S
u
b
x
60
60
l
e
n
g
t
h
o
f
su
b
st
r
a
t
e
S
u
b
y
60
60
l
a
r
g
e
r
p
a
t
c
h
r
a
d
i
u
s
R2
1
6
.
4
1
6
.
8
5
*
smal
l
e
r
p
a
t
c
h
r
a
d
i
u
s
R1
6
.
8
6
.
8
t
r
u
n
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
l
a
r
g
e
r
p
a
t
c
h
Rb
5
5
.
3
*
t
r
u
n
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
smal
l
e
r
p
a
t
c
h
Ra
2
.
2
2
.
0
3
*
c
u
t
t
i
n
g
o
f
l
a
r
g
e
r
p
a
t
c
h
Db
3
.
8
3
.
8
c
u
t
t
i
n
g
o
f
sm
a
l
l
e
r
p
a
t
c
h
Da
1
1
h
e
i
g
h
t
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
Mt
0
.
0
2
8
0
.
0
2
8
i
n
n
e
r
r
a
d
i
u
s
o
f
o
u
t
e
r
H
g
(
g
r
o
u
n
d
h
o
l
e
)
1
.
6
7
5
1
.
6
7
5
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
o
u
t
e
r
r
a
d
i
u
s
o
f
i
n
n
e
r
h
o
l
e
H
p
(
p
r
o
b
e
h
o
l
e
)
1
1
f
e
e
d
i
n
g
p
o
i
n
t
X
,
Y
1
.
3
,
1
.
3
1
.
1
*
,
1
.
1
*
c
e
n
t
r
e
o
f
smal
l
p
a
t
c
h
f
r
o
m
X
a
,
Y
a
3
.
9
,
3
.
9
3
.
9
,
3
.
9
t
h
e
c
e
n
t
r
e
o
f
l
a
r
g
e
r
p
a
t
c
h
*
v
al
u
e
s
ar
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
ed
to
b
e
v
ar
ied
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
Gr
ap
h
in
F
ig
u
r
e
3
h
as
a
R
L
o
f
<
-
1
0
d
B
at
ar
o
u
n
d
2
.
4
an
d
5
.
2
GHz
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies.
Dir
ec
ti
v
it
y
is
a
k
e
y
p
ar
am
eter
f
o
r
th
e
an
te
n
n
a
’
s
d
e
s
ig
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
E
n
ab
li
n
g
th
e
f
ar
f
ield
u
s
i
n
g
R
C
S a
n
d
ch
o
o
s
in
g
t
h
e
w
a
v
e
-
g
u
id
e
p
o
r
t
co
r
r
ec
tly
,
d
ir
ec
tiv
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
d
esire
d
an
ten
n
a
i
n
t
h
e
2
.
4
an
d
5
.
2
GHz
ca
n
b
e
p
r
ed
icted
[
1
1
]
.
Fro
m
t
h
e
f
i
g
u
r
e
4
an
d
5
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
th
at
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
d
ir
ec
ti
v
it
y
o
f
th
e
d
es
ir
ed
an
te
n
n
a
is
alo
n
g
z
-
ax
is
.
T
h
e
r
atio
o
f
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
alo
n
g
x
a
n
d
y
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
is
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
th
e
a
x
ial
r
atio
[
1
3
]
.
A
x
ial
r
atio
m
u
s
t
b
e
<
3
d
B
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
o
b
tain
cir
cu
lar
p
o
lar
izatio
n
o
f
Du
al
b
an
d
C
P
m
icr
o
-
s
tr
ip
an
ten
n
a
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
ax
ial
r
atio
v
s
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
is
<
3
d
B
f
o
r
2
.
4
GHz
an
d
5
.
2
G
Hz
an
d
th
u
s
it
also
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
o
u
r
b
an
d
s
ar
e
cir
cu
lar
p
o
lar
ized
.
I
f
in
th
e
ca
s
e,
th
e
y
w
er
e>
3
d
B
th
en
t
h
e
y
wer
e
n
o
t su
p
p
o
s
ed
to
b
e
ca
lle
d
a
s
C
P
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
R
etu
r
n
L
o
s
s
v
s
Fre
q
u
en
c
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8776
IJ
-
I
C
T
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
1
8
:
1
35
–
1
40
138
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Dir
ec
tiv
it
y
o
f
C
P
An
ten
n
a
at
2
.
4
GHz
5.
DIS
CU
SS
U
I
O
N
O
N
T
H
E
R
E
SU
L
T
S
C
h
a
n
g
in
g
t
h
e
a
n
te
n
n
a
p
ar
a
m
et
er
s
m
i
g
h
t
g
iv
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
t r
e
s
u
l
t
s
.
A
s
f
ar
as t
h
e
f
ee
d
in
g
p
o
in
t
i
s
ch
a
n
g
ed
,
a
ch
an
g
e
in
s
p
ar
a
m
eter
is
a
l
s
o
b
ein
g
o
b
s
er
v
ed
[
1
4
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
an
d
8
r
e
p
r
esen
t
ch
a
n
g
e
i
n
t
h
e
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
o
f
S
-
P
ar
am
eter
s
as
t
h
e
f
ee
d
i
n
g
p
o
in
ts
ar
e
ch
a
n
g
ed
f
r
o
m
1
.
3
3
to
1
.
1
m
en
t
io
n
ed
in
T
ab
le
1
.
C
h
an
g
i
n
g
th
e
tr
u
n
ca
tio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
R
a,
R
b
b
r
in
g
v
ar
i
atio
n
in
t
h
e
a
x
ial
r
atio
cu
r
v
e
o
f
Fig
u
r
e
9
,
af
f
ec
ti
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
t
en
d
ed
p
o
lar
izatio
n
.
Si
m
i
lar
l
y
,
if
t
h
e
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
p
atc
h
c
h
an
g
e
s
,
b
an
d
s
m
o
v
e
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
p
lace
to
a
n
o
th
er
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
t
h
e
F
ig
u
r
e
1
0
it
ca
n
b
e
n
o
ticed
th
at
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
b
an
d
o
f
2
.
4
GHz
m
o
v
e
s
li
g
h
t
l
y
to
2
.
4
8
GHz
an
d
s
im
ilar
l
y
5
.
2
GHz
t
o
5
.
4
GHz
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Dir
ec
tiv
it
y
o
f
C
P
An
ten
n
a
at
5
.
2
GHz
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Ax
ial
r
atio
v
s
Fre
q
u
en
c
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
-
I
C
T
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8776
Desig
n
o
f Co
mp
a
ct
Du
a
l B
a
n
d
C
ir
cu
la
r
P
o
la
r
iz
ed
Micr
o
-
s
t
r
ip
A
n
ten
n
a
f
o
r
Hig
h
…
(
S
ye
d
Mu
h
a
mma
d
A
li
)
139
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Var
iatio
n
o
f
S
-
P
ar
am
eter
at
2
.
4
GHz
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Var
iatio
n
o
f
S
-
P
ar
am
eter
at
5
.
2
GHz
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
NS
Du
al
b
a
n
d
w
it
h
C
P
w
a
s
s
u
c
ce
s
s
f
u
l
l
y
ac
h
iev
ed
i
n
d
esi
g
n
o
f
C
P
a
n
te
n
n
a
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
e
o
p
er
atin
g
b
an
d
s
o
f
2
.
4
an
d
5
.
2
GHz
.
T
h
e
f
ee
d
p
o
in
t,
p
atch
s
ize
a
n
d
tr
u
n
ca
t
io
n
s
w
er
e
v
ar
ied
an
d
w
e
r
e
ch
ec
k
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
esu
lts
.
T
w
o
p
atch
es
in
s
tead
o
f
s
in
g
le
p
atch
with
th
e
s
a
m
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
o
n
th
e
b
asis
of
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
i
n
t
h
eir
r
es
u
lt
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ten
n
a
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
d
esira
b
le
r
esu
lts
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
c
h
o
s
e
n
o
p
er
atin
g
b
an
d
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
e
s
u
l
t
t
h
at
ca
m
e
o
u
t
w
a
s
t
h
e
a
x
ial
r
atio
c
u
r
v
e
r
e
v
ea
li
n
g
th
e
c
ir
cu
lar
p
o
lar
izatio
n
an
d
its
v
al
u
e
w
a
s
1
.
9
9
6
at
2
.
4
GHz
an
d
2
.
3
1
at
5
.
2
GHz
,
w
h
ic
h
is
a
v
er
y
g
o
o
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
esu
lt
f
o
r
th
e
C
P
an
te
n
n
a
d
esig
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Var
iatio
n
in
Ax
ial
r
a
tio
v
s
Fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Var
iatio
n
o
f
S
-
P
ar
a
m
eter
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8776
IJ
-
I
C
T
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
1
8
:
1
35
–
1
40
140
7.
F
UT
UR
E
WO
RK
SU
G
G
E
S
T
I
O
NS
I
n
f
u
tu
r
e,
th
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
t
h
is
an
ten
n
a
ca
n
b
e
m
o
d
if
ied
b
y
m
ak
in
g
it
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
o
th
er
u
p
co
m
i
n
g
W
L
A
N
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
L
e
n
g
t
h
an
d
b
r
ea
d
th
o
f
th
e
p
atc
h
ca
n
b
e
v
a
r
ied
m
o
r
e
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
th
e
d
esire
d
h
i
g
h
er
g
ain
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
B
a
n
d
w
id
th
c
an
al
s
o
b
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
an
o
th
er
t
y
p
e
o
f
f
ee
d
in
g
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
[
1
6
]
i
-
e
co
ax
ial
p
r
o
b
e
w
it
h
ca
p
ac
iti
v
e
f
ee
d
i
n
g
.
E
x
tr
a
b
an
d
w
h
ic
h
is
n
o
t
cir
c
u
lar
p
o
lar
ized
b
u
t
p
r
esen
t
in
o
p
er
atin
g
r
an
g
e
ca
n
also
b
e
r
em
o
v
ed
b
y
p
r
o
p
er
tr
u
n
ca
tio
n
o
f
cir
cu
lar
p
atch
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
K.
P
.
W
o
n
g
,
K.
L
.
,
”
Du
a
l
-
b
a
n
d
c
ircu
larly
-
p
o
lariz
e
d
sq
u
a
re
m
icro
-
strip
a
n
ten
n
a
”
,
IE
EE
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
A
n
ten
n
a
s
a
n
d
P
r
o
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
,
2
0
0
1
,
v
o
l.
4
9
,
p
.
3
7
7
-
3
8
2
.
[2
]
L
iao
,
W
.
,
Ch
u
,
Q.
-
X
,
”
D
u
a
l
-
b
a
n
d
c
ircu
larly
p
o
lariz
e
d
m
icro
-
strip
a
n
ten
n
a
w
it
h
sm
a
ll
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
r
a
ti
o
”
,
P
r
o
g
re
ss
in
El
e
c
tro
-
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
Re
se
a
r
c
h
L
e
tt
e
r
s,
2
0
1
0
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
p
.
1
4
5
-
1
5
2
.
[3
]
Jo
u
C.
F
.
,
J.
-
W
.
W
u
,
a
n
d
C.
-
J.
W
a
n
g
,
“
No
v
e
l
b
ro
a
d
b
a
n
d
m
o
n
o
p
o
le
a
n
ten
n
a
s
w
it
h
d
u
a
l
-
b
a
n
d
c
ircu
lar
p
o
lariz
a
ti
o
n
”
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.o
n
A
n
t
A
n
ten
n
a
s a
n
d
P
r
o
p
a
g
.
,
V
o
l
.
5
7
,
N
o
.
4
,
1
0
2
7
–
1
0
3
4
,
A
p
r.
2
0
0
9
.
[4
]
Je
e
v
a
n
a
n
d
h
a
m
.
N.,
Na
si
m
u
d
d
in
,
K.
A
g
a
r
wa
l,
a
n
d
A
.
A
lp
h
o
n
e
s,
“
Du
a
l
-
b
a
n
d
c
ircu
larly
p
o
lariz
e
d
h
e
x
a
g
o
n
a
l
-
slo
t
a
n
ten
n
a
,
”
E
u
ro
p
e
a
n
M
icro
w
a
v
e
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
(Eu
M
C
2
0
1
2
)
,
5
0
8
–
5
1
1
,
A
m
st
e
rd
a
m
RA
I,
T
h
e
Ne
th
e
rlan
d
s,
Oc
t.
2
9
–
No
v
.
2
,
2
0
1
2
.
[5
]
X
.
L
.
Ba
o
,
M
.
J.
A
m
m
a
n
n
,
"
M
o
n
o
f
il
a
r
sp
iral
sl
o
t
a
n
ten
n
a
f
o
r
d
u
a
l
-
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
d
u
a
l
-
se
n
se
c
ircu
l
a
r
p
o
lariz
a
ti
o
n
"
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
A
n
ten
n
a
s P
ro
p
a
g
.
v
o
l.
5
9
n
o
.
8
p
p
.
3
0
6
1
-
3
0
6
5
A
u
g
.
2
0
1
1
.
[6
]
Y.
-
Y.
C
h
e
n
,
Y.
-
C.
Jia
o
,
G
.
Zh
a
o
,
F
.
Zh
a
n
g
Z
.
L
.
L
iao
,
Y.
T
ian
,
"
Du
a
l
-
b
a
n
d
d
u
a
l
-
se
n
se
c
irc
u
larly
p
o
lariz
e
d
slo
t
a
n
ten
n
a
w
it
h
a
C
-
sh
a
p
e
d
g
ro
u
n
d
e
d
strip
"
,
I
EE
E
A
n
ten
n
a
s W
irele
ss
P
ro
p
a
g
.
L
e
tt
.
v
o
l.
1
0
p
p
.
9
1
5
-
9
1
8
2
0
1
1
.
[7
]
Y.
S
h
a
o
,
Z.
C
h
e
n
"
A
d
e
sig
n
o
f
d
u
a
l
-
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
d
u
a
l
-
se
n
se
c
ircu
larl
y
-
p
o
lariz
e
d
slo
t
a
n
ten
n
a
"
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
A
n
ten
n
a
s
P
r
o
p
a
g
.
v
o
l.
6
0
n
o
.
1
1
p
p
.
4
9
9
2
-
4
9
9
7
No
v
.
2
0
1
2
.
[8
]
X
.
R
u
i,
J.
L
i,
K.
Wei
"
Du
a
l
-
b
a
n
d
d
u
a
l
-
se
n
se
c
ircu
larly
p
o
larise
d
sq
u
a
re
slo
t
a
n
ten
n
a
w
it
h
si
m
p
le
stru
c
tu
re
"
,
El
e
c
tro
n
.
L
e
tt
.
v
o
l.
5
2
n
o
.
8
p
p
.
5
7
8
-
5
8
0
Ap
r.
2
0
1
6
.
[9
]
J.
-
D.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
L
.
Zh
u
,
N.
-
W
.
L
iu
,
W
.
W
u
"
Du
a
l
-
b
a
n
d
a
n
d
d
u
a
l
-
c
i
rc
u
larly
p
o
lariz
e
d
sin
g
le
-
la
y
e
r
m
i
c
ro
-
strip
a
rra
y
b
a
se
d
o
n
m
u
lt
i
re
so
n
a
n
t
m
o
d
e
s"
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
A
n
ten
n
a
s
P
ro
p
a
g
.
v
o
l.
6
5
n
o
.
3
p
p
.
1
4
2
8
-
1
4
3
3
M
a
r.
2
0
1
7
.
[1
0
]
Z.
W
h
a
n
g
,
R.
S
h
e
,
J.Ha
n
,
S
.
F
a
n
g
,
Y.L
iu
”
Du
a
l
-
Ba
n
d
Du
a
l
S
e
n
se
Circu
larly
p
o
lariz
e
d
sta
c
k
e
d
p
a
tch
a
n
ten
n
a
w
it
h
a
s
m
a
ll
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
ra
ti
o
f
o
r
UH
F
RF
ID
Re
a
d
e
r
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s”
IEE
E
Op
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
jo
u
r
n
a
l
v
o
l.
5
p
p
.
1
5
2
6
0
-
1
5
2
7
0
J
u
l
.
2
0
1
7
.
[1
1
]
Ja
m
e
s J.R,
P
.
S
.
Ha
ll
(
1
9
8
9
).
Ha
n
d
b
o
o
k
o
f
M
icro
-
stri
p
A
n
ten
n
a
s,
P
e
ter
P
e
re
g
rin
u
s.
IS
BN
0
8
6
3
4
1
1
5
0
9
.
[1
2
]
OO
I,
T
.
S
.
,
Ra
h
im
,
S
.
K.
A
.
,
Ko
h
,
“
B.
P
.
2
.
4
5
G
Hz
a
n
d
5
.
8
G
Hz
c
o
m
p
a
c
t
d
u
a
l
-
b
a
n
d
c
ircu
larly
p
o
lariz
e
d
p
a
tch
a
n
ten
n
a
”
,
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
W
a
v
e
s a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
Vo
l
2
4
,
1
4
7
3
-
1
4
8
2
,
A
p
r,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
3
]
P
o
z
a
r,
Da
v
id
.
M
(2
0
0
5
).
M
icro
w
a
v
e
S
o
n
s.
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
se
c
o
n
d
e
d
it
i
o
n
,
Jo
h
a
n
W
il
e
y
&
IS
BN9
7
8
-
0
-
4
7
1
-
4
4
8
7
8
-
5.
[1
4
]
P
.
Na
y
e
ri,
K.
-
F
.
L
e
e
,
A
.
Z.
E
lsh
e
rb
e
n
i,
a
n
d
F
.
Ya
n
g
,
‘‘Du
a
l
-
b
a
n
d
c
ircu
larly
p
o
lariz
e
d
a
n
ten
n
a
s u
sin
g
sta
c
k
e
d
p
a
tch
e
s
w
it
h
a
s
y
m
m
e
tri
c
U
-
slo
ts,’
’
IEE
E
A
n
ten
n
a
s W
irele
ss
P
ro
p
a
g
.
L
e
tt
.
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
p
p
.
4
9
2
–
4
9
5
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
5
]
C
.
C
h
e
n
a
n
d
E.
K.
N.
Y
u
n
g
,
‘‘Du
a
l
-
b
a
n
d
d
u
a
l
-
se
n
se
c
ircu
larly
-
p
o
lariz
e
d
CP
W
-
f
e
d
slo
t
a
n
ten
n
a
w
it
h
t
w
o
sp
iral
slo
ts
lo
a
d
e
d
,
’’
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
A
n
ten
n
a
s
P
ro
p
a
g
.
,
v
o
l.
5
7
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
8
2
9
–
1
8
3
3
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
0
9
.
[1
6
]
J.
-
D.
Zh
a
n
g
,
W
.
W
u
,
a
n
d
D.
-
G
.
F
a
n
g
,
‘‘Du
a
l
-
b
a
n
d
a
n
d
d
u
a
l
-
c
ircu
larly
p
o
lariz
e
d
sh
a
re
d
-
a
p
e
rtu
re
a
rra
y
a
n
ten
n
a
s
w
it
h
sin
g
le
-
la
y
e
r
su
b
stra
te,’’
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
A
n
ten
n
a
s
P
r
o
p
a
g
.
,
v
o
l.
6
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
9
–
1
1
6
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
1
6
.
BI
O
G
RAP
H
Y
O
F
AUTHO
R
S
y
e
d
M
u
h
a
m
m
a
d
Ali
d
o
in
g
M
S
in
Co
m
p
u
ter S
y
ste
m
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
w
it
h
sp
e
c
ializa
ti
o
n
in
M
o
b
il
e
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
r
sit
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
P
e
sh
a
w
a
r,
P
a
k
istan
.
His
b
a
c
h
e
lo
r’s
d
e
g
re
e
w
a
s
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
h
a
v
in
g
m
a
jo
r
in
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
His
m
a
in
a
re
a
o
f
re
s
e
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
M
a
c
h
i
n
e
t
o
M
a
c
h
i
n
e
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
i
n
M
o
b
i
le
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
Up
c
o
m
in
g
8
0
2
.
1
1
sta
n
d
a
rd
s,
P
r
o
b
a
li
st
i
c
th
e
o
ry
in
Ne
t
w
o
rk
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
A
n
a
ly
sis,
Dig
it
a
l
Co
n
tro
l
S
y
s
tem
s
a
n
d
S
t
o
c
h
a
stic
S
im
u
latio
n
f
o
r
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Ne
tw
o
rk
s.
He
is cu
rre
n
tl
y
d
o
in
g
j
o
b
o
f
A
c
c
e
ss
Ne
t
w
o
rk
En
g
in
e
e
r
a
t
A
u
g
e
re
P
v
t
L
td
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.