I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
I
nfo
r
m
a
t
ics a
nd
Co
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n T
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
(
I
J
-
I
CT
)
Vo
l.
3
,
No
.
2
,
Ju
ne
201
4
,
p
p
.
8
0
~8
7
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8776
80
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
jo
u
r
n
a
l.c
o
m/o
n
lin
e/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/I
J
I
C
T
Propo
sing
a Pract
ica
l Metho
d f
o
r
C
o
nceptual Desig
n
Process
in
New
P
ro
duct
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t:
Medic
a
l G
la
ss
es a
s a
Ca
se Study
A,
M
irz
a
deh.P
*
,
S.O
,
H
a
s
a
np
o
ur.
G
*
*
,
S.F
,
H
a
s
a
np
o
ur.
G
*
*
*
*
D
e
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
In
d
u
strial
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
S
y
ste
m
s,
Am
ir
k
a
b
ir
Un
iv
e
r
sit
y
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
*
*
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
In
d
u
strial
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
S
y
st
e
m
s,
Am
ir
k
a
b
ir
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
*
*
*
D
e
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
A
rt
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
o
f
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Feb
12
,
2
0
1
4
R
ev
i
s
ed
Ma
y
1
8
,
2
0
1
4
A
cc
ep
ted
Ma
y
26
,
2
0
1
4
No
w
a
d
a
y
s,
im
p
ro
v
in
g
th
e
q
u
a
li
t
y
o
f
p
ro
d
u
c
ts,
re
d
u
c
in
g
c
o
st
a
n
d
m
e
e
ti
n
g
c
u
sto
m
e
r’s
re
q
u
ire
m
e
n
ts
a
re
n
e
c
e
ss
a
r
y
to
sh
o
rten
t
h
e
ti
m
e
o
f
n
e
w
p
ro
d
u
c
t
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
(NP
D).
N
P
D
is
u
se
d
to
d
e
sc
rib
e
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
lete
p
ro
c
e
ss
o
f
b
rin
g
in
g
a
n
e
w
p
ro
d
u
c
t
to
m
a
rk
e
t
a
n
d
c
o
n
c
e
p
tu
a
l
d
e
sig
n
p
ro
c
e
ss
(CDP
)
is
a
t
it
s
e
a
rly
sta
g
e
a
n
d
h
a
s
m
o
stl
y
c
h
a
n
g
e
d
f
ro
m
p
a
ss
iv
e
re
sp
o
n
d
to
a
g
g
r
e
ss
iv
e
o
n
e
.
T
h
u
s,
th
is
st
u
d
y
p
ro
p
o
se
d
a
p
ra
c
ti
c
a
l
m
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
CD
P
i
n
N
P
D
th
ro
u
g
h
th
re
e
p
h
a
se
s
a
s
Co
n
v
e
rti
n
g
c
u
sto
m
e
rs’
re
q
u
ire
m
e
n
ts
to
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
sp
e
c
if
ic
a
ti
o
n
s,
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
n
g
a
n
d
s
e
lec
ti
n
g
o
f
c
o
n
c
e
p
ts
a
n
d
Tes
ti
n
g
a
n
d
f
in
a
li
z
in
g
th
e
c
o
n
c
e
p
ts
b
y
u
sin
g
so
m
e
d
iffere
n
t
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
-
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s.
F
irstl
y
,
th
is
p
a
p
e
r
t
ried
to
p
rio
r
it
ize
c
u
sto
m
e
r’s
re
q
u
irem
e
n
ts
re
late
d
to
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
b
y
A
HP
(A
n
a
ly
ti
c
Hie
r
a
rc
h
y
P
ro
c
e
ss
)
a
n
d
c
o
n
v
e
rt
th
e
m
to
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
p
a
ra
m
e
ters
o
f
T
RIZ
(T
h
e
o
r
y
o
f
In
v
e
n
ti
v
e
P
ro
b
lem
S
o
lv
in
g
)
in
o
rd
e
r
to
d
e
f
in
e
th
e
in
v
e
n
ti
v
e
p
rin
c
i
p
a
ls.
Ne
x
t,
b
a
se
d
o
n
QFD
(Qu
a
li
ty
F
u
n
c
ti
o
n
De
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t),
w
e
m
e
a
su
re
d
th
e
w
e
ig
h
t
v
a
lu
e
s
o
f
in
v
e
n
ti
v
e
p
rin
c
i
p
a
ls.
F
in
a
ll
y
,
a
s
F
M
EA
(F
a
i
lu
re
M
o
d
e
a
n
d
Ef
f
e
c
t
A
n
a
l
y
sis) c
a
n
a
n
a
ly
z
e
th
e
w
e
i
g
h
t
v
a
lu
e
s
a
n
d
re
d
u
c
e
th
e
se
q
u
e
n
ti
a
l
risk
,
th
e
n
f
in
a
l
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
d
e
sig
n
w
a
s
g
e
n
e
ra
t
e
d
.
A
t
th
e
e
n
d
,
a
m
e
d
ica
l
g
las
s
e
s
wa
s
u
se
d
a
s
a
c
a
s
e
stu
d
y
o
f
in
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
d
e
sig
n
to
v
a
li
d
a
te
th
e
m
e
th
o
d
a
n
d
e
x
p
lain
h
o
w
th
e
str
a
teg
ies
o
f
th
is
re
se
a
rc
h
f
o
r
CDP
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
A
HP
C
o
n
ce
p
tu
a
l
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
FME
A
Me
d
ical
g
las
s
es
Ne
w
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
QFD
T
R
I
Z
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2014
In
s
t
it
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
A
,
Mir
za
d
eh
.
P
,
Dep
ar
te
m
en
t o
f
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
a
n
d
Ma
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t S
y
s
te
m
s
,
Am
ir
k
ab
ir
Un
i
v
er
s
it
y
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
4
2
4
Haf
ez
A
v
e,
T
eh
r
an
,
I
r
an
.
E
m
ail:
a
-
m
ir
za
d
eh
@
au
t.a
c.
ir
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
C
r
ea
tiv
ity
is
k
n
o
w
n
as
th
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
o
f
d
es
ig
n
.
I
n
f
ac
t
,
T
h
e
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
d
esig
n
is
f
ig
u
r
in
g
o
u
t
f
o
r
a
p
o
li
cy
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
c
ess
in
w
h
ich
r
ea
li
ze
s
an
d
f
u
lf
il
ls
cu
s
t
o
m
er
s
’
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
A
ls
o
,
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ti
m
e
h
u
m
an
’
s
d
em
an
d
an
d
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
w
h
ich
it
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
cts
an
d
s
e
r
v
ic
es
th
at
ca
u
s
e
th
e
p
o
licy
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
c
ess
m
o
r
e
d
if
f
icu
l
t
an
d
co
m
p
li
ca
t
e
d
.
T
o
s
o
lv
e
t
h
e
co
m
p
lex
i
ty
an
d
d
if
f
i
cu
lty
o
f
th
is
p
r
o
c
ess
th
e
co
n
c
e
p
t
o
f
d
esig
n
p
r
o
c
ess
h
as
b
e
en
r
ais
ed
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
j
ec
t
Ne
w
P
r
o
d
u
ct
Dev
elo
p
m
e
n
t(
NP
D)
is
to
ex
p
lain
co
m
p
leti
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
p
r
esen
ti
n
g
a
n
e
w
p
r
o
d
u
ct
to
m
ar
k
et.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Ulr
ic
h
a
n
d
E
p
p
in
g
er
,
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
NP
D
i
n
cl
u
d
es
s
o
m
e
s
tep
s
a
s
P
lan
n
i
n
g
,
C
o
n
ce
p
t
De
v
elo
p
m
en
t,
S
y
s
te
m
-
L
e
v
el
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t,
Deta
il
De
s
i
g
n
,
T
esti
n
g
a
n
d
R
e
f
i
n
e
m
en
t
a
n
d
P
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
R
a
m
p
-
Up
a
n
d
t
h
e
C
o
n
ce
p
t
Dev
e
lo
p
m
en
t(
C
o
n
c
ep
tu
al
De
s
i
g
n
)
is
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tep
[
2
]
.
Gen
er
all
y
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
NP
D
ca
n
b
e
f
o
r
m
ed
as
State
m
e
n
t
o
f
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
,
C
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
De
s
i
g
n
,
Deta
ilin
g
,
P
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
Fin
a
l
P
r
o
d
u
c
t.
I
n
f
ac
t,
th
e
C
o
n
ce
p
t
u
al
Des
ig
n
P
r
o
ce
s
s
(
C
DP
)
p
la
y
s
a
n
es
s
en
tia
l
r
o
le
d
u
r
in
g
NP
D
p
r
o
ce
s
s
as
ch
o
ices
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
(
in
j
ec
tio
n
-
m
o
ld
i
n
g
,
p
u
n
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
,
d
r
a
w
in
g
,
etc.
)
w
o
u
ld
b
e
m
ad
e
a
n
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t
ch
a
n
g
e
s
o
f
d
esi
g
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
co
s
t
w
ill
b
e
o
b
v
io
u
s
l
y
i
n
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
-
I
C
T
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8776
P
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
a
P
r
a
ctica
l
Meth
o
d
fo
r
C
o
n
ce
p
tu
a
l D
esig
n
…
(
A
mir
Mi
r
z
a
d
eh
P
h
ir
o
u
z
a
b
a
d
i)
81
p
h
ase
o
f
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
d
esi
g
n
.
Vie
w
in
g
f
r
o
m
li
f
ec
y
cles
o
f
a
p
r
o
d
u
ct,
th
e
o
n
l
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
an
en
ter
p
r
is
e
cr
ea
tin
g
a
n
ev
er
la
s
ti
n
g
p
r
o
d
u
ct
is
to
s
h
o
r
ten
t
h
e
p
er
io
d
s
o
f
d
esig
n
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
f
o
ll
o
w
i
n
g
t
h
e
tr
en
d
o
f
s
h
o
r
t
en
ed
p
r
o
d
u
ct
lif
ec
y
cle
s
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
ex
ten
d
p
r
o
d
u
ct
co
m
p
etitiv
e
n
ess
i
n
a
n
o
p
en
m
ar
k
et
[
3
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
p
r
ac
tical
co
n
ce
p
t
u
al
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ct
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
r
ee
p
h
ases
as:
C
o
n
v
er
tin
g
cu
s
t
o
m
er
s
’
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
ts
to
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
p
ar
am
et
er
s
,
Gen
er
ati
n
g
an
d
s
el
ec
t
in
g
o
f
co
n
c
e
p
ts
an
d
T
esti
n
g
an
d
f
in
al
izin
g
th
e
c
o
n
c
ep
ts
b
y
u
s
in
g
s
o
m
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
-
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
as
A
HP
,
T
R
I
Z
,
Q
FD
a
n
d
F
ME
A
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
co
n
tex
t,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
b
eg
i
n
s
b
y
a
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
ie
w
an
d
th
eo
r
etica
l
asp
ec
ts
as
n
e
w
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
co
n
ce
p
t
u
al
d
esi
g
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
s
o
m
e
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t
-
e
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es.
R
esear
c
h
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
s
h
o
w
s
a
n
d
ex
p
lai
n
s
th
r
ee
p
h
ases
an
d
w
i
ll
ta
k
e
p
lace
at
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ec
tio
n
.
A
t
th
e
la
s
t
s
ec
tio
n
,
a
m
ed
ical
g
l
ass
es
is
u
s
ed
as
a
ca
s
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
ati
v
e
d
esi
g
n
to
v
ali
d
at
e
th
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
s
w
il
l b
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
Pro
ce
s
s
Ne
w
P
r
o
d
u
ct
Dev
elo
p
m
e
n
t (
Ulr
ich
a
n
d
E
p
p
in
g
er
,
2
0
0
4
)
1
.
1
.
New
P
ro
du
ct
Dev
elo
pm
e
nt
P
ro
ce
s
s
T
h
e
s
u
b
j
ec
t
Ne
w
P
r
o
d
u
ct
Dev
elo
p
m
e
n
t(
NP
D)
is
to
ex
p
l
ain
co
m
p
leti
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
p
r
esen
ti
n
g
a
n
e
w
p
r
o
d
u
ct
to
m
ar
k
et.
NP
D
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
d
etails
i
n
clu
d
e
s
s
o
m
e
s
tep
s
as
I
d
ea
Gen
er
atio
n
,
I
d
ea
Scr
ee
n
in
g
,
C
o
n
ce
p
t
De
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
T
esti
n
g
,
B
u
s
in
e
s
s
An
al
y
s
i
s
,
B
eta
T
esti
n
g
an
d
Ma
r
k
et
T
esti
n
g
,
T
ec
h
n
ical
I
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
,
C
o
m
m
er
ciali
za
tio
n
an
d
Ne
w
P
r
o
d
u
ct
P
r
ic
in
g
[
4
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Ulr
ich
an
d
E
p
p
in
g
er
,
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
NP
D
in
clu
d
es
s
o
m
e
s
tep
s
as
P
lan
n
i
n
g
,
C
o
n
ce
p
t
Dev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
S
y
s
te
m
-
L
ev
el
Dev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
Deta
il
Desig
n
,
T
esti
n
g
an
d
R
e
f
i
n
e
m
en
t
an
d
P
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
R
a
m
p
-
Up
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
“
Fi
g
.
1
”
an
d
as
it
is
s
h
o
w
n
C
o
n
ce
p
t D
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t(
C
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
Desi
g
n
)
is
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
te
p
[
2
].
1
.
2
.
Co
ncept
ua
l D
esig
n P
ro
ce
s
s
T
h
e
C
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
Desi
g
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
p
la
y
s
a
n
e
s
s
e
n
tial
r
o
le
d
u
r
in
g
NP
D
p
r
o
ce
s
s
a
s
ch
o
ice
s
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
(
in
j
ec
tio
n
-
m
o
ld
in
g
,
p
u
n
c
h
i
n
g
an
d
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
,
d
r
a
w
i
n
g
,
etc.
)
w
o
u
ld
b
e
m
ad
e.
S
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
ch
a
n
g
es
o
f
d
esig
n
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
co
s
t
w
i
ll
b
e
o
b
v
io
u
s
l
y
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
p
h
ase
o
f
co
n
ce
p
tu
a
l
d
esig
n
.
A
g
o
o
d
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
d
es
ig
n
i
s
th
e
c
r
ea
tio
n
,
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
,
an
d
p
r
es
en
tatio
n
o
f
id
ea
s
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
h
a
s
es,
o
r
s
tep
s
,
o
f
co
n
ce
p
tu
a
l
d
esig
n
t
h
at
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
tr
an
s
f
er
id
ea
s
in
to
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
s
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Ulr
ic
h
an
d
E
p
p
in
g
er
,
th
e
k
e
y
ac
ti
v
it
ies
o
f
C
o
n
ce
p
t
De
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
p
h
ase
is
id
e
n
ti
f
y
in
g
cu
s
to
m
er
n
ee
d
s
,
p
r
o
d
u
ct
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
,
co
n
ce
p
t
g
en
er
at
i
o
n
,
co
n
ce
p
t
s
elec
tio
n
an
d
co
n
ce
p
t
test
in
g
[
2
]
.
B
u
t
t
h
ese
s
tep
s
g
en
er
all
y
in
c
lu
d
e
a
d
ef
in
i
tio
n
o
r
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
co
n
ce
p
t,
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
th
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
r
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
o
f
th
e
p
la
n
,
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
w
h
at
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
is
in
ten
d
ed
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
a
n
d
a
p
r
io
r
itized
lis
t
o
f
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t.
T
h
e
b
o
tto
m
l
in
e
i
s
t
h
at
g
o
o
d
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
d
esi
g
n
w
ill
b
e
co
m
p
r
is
e
d
o
f
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
a
n
id
ea
,
th
e
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
in
te
n
tio
n
s
o
f
an
id
ea
a
n
d
th
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
an
id
ea
.
1
.
3
.
M
a
na
g
em
e
nt
-
E
ng
ineer
ing
T
ec
hn
iue
s
Th
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
d
esig
n
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
a
n
d
to
o
ls
s
u
c
h
as
AHP
(
A
n
al
y
tic
Hier
a
r
ch
y
P
r
o
ce
s
s
)
,
T
R
I
Z
(
T
h
eo
r
y
o
f
I
n
v
e
n
ti
v
e
P
r
o
b
lem
So
lv
in
g
)
,
QFD
(
Qu
al
it
y
Fu
n
c
tio
n
Dep
lo
y
m
en
t)
an
d
FME
A
(
Failu
r
e
Mo
d
e
an
d
E
f
f
ec
t
A
n
a
l
y
s
is
)
i
n
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
s
i
m
p
l
y
u
s
e
f
u
l
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tical
to
ev
alu
ate
a
ll
p
o
s
s
ib
le
i
s
s
u
es
an
d
av
o
id
th
e
ti
m
e
an
d
co
s
t
w
a
s
te
f
r
o
m
i
m
p
r
o
p
er
d
esig
n
.
1
.
3
.
1
.
Ana
ly
t
ic
H
ira
rc
hy
P
ro
ce
s
s
T
h
e
A
n
al
y
tic
Hier
ar
ch
y
P
r
o
ce
s
s
(
AHP
)
is
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
o
r
g
an
izi
n
g
an
d
an
al
y
zi
n
g
co
m
p
le
x
d
ec
i
s
io
n
s
.
B
ased
o
n
m
at
h
e
m
atic
s
a
n
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
,
it
w
as
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
T
h
o
m
as
L
.
Saat
y
in
t
h
e
1
9
7
0
s
an
d
h
as
b
ee
n
ex
te
n
s
i
v
el
y
s
t
u
d
ied
an
d
r
ef
i
n
ed
s
i
n
ce
th
en
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
i
v
e
an
d
r
atio
n
a
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
i
n
g
a
d
ec
is
io
n
p
r
o
b
lem
,
f
o
r
r
ep
r
esen
ti
n
g
a
n
d
q
u
an
ti
f
y
i
n
g
it
s
elem
en
ts
,
f
o
r
r
elatin
g
th
o
s
e
ele
m
e
n
ts
to
o
v
er
all
g
o
a
ls
,
an
d
f
o
r
ev
al
u
ati
n
g
alter
n
at
iv
e
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
.
U
s
er
s
o
f
th
e
AHP
f
ir
s
t
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
e
th
eir
d
ec
is
io
n
p
r
o
b
lem
in
to
a
h
ier
ar
ch
y
o
f
m
o
r
e
ea
s
i
l
y
co
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
d
ed
s
u
b
-
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
ea
ch
o
f
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
an
al
y
ze
d
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
tl
y
[
5
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8776
IJ
-
I
C
T
Vo
l.
3
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
201
4
:
8
0
–
87
82
1
.
3
.
2
.
T
heo
ry
o
f
I
nv
ent
iv
e
P
ro
blem
So
lv
ing
T
h
e
T
R
I
Z
is
a
p
r
o
b
le
m
-
s
o
l
v
in
g
,
a
n
al
y
s
is
a
n
d
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
to
o
l
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
p
atter
n
s
o
f
in
v
e
n
tio
n
i
n
t
h
e
g
lo
b
al
p
aten
t
l
iter
atu
r
e
[
6
]
.
I
t
w
a
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
t
h
e
So
v
iet
i
n
v
e
n
to
r
an
d
s
ci
en
ce
f
ictio
n
au
t
h
o
r
Gen
r
ich
Alts
h
u
lle
r
an
d
h
i
s
co
lleag
u
e
s
,
b
eg
in
n
i
n
g
in
1
9
4
6
[
7
]
.
Fo
llo
w
in
g
A
lt
s
h
u
ller
's
in
s
i
g
h
t,
th
e
t
h
eo
r
y
d
ev
elo
p
ed
o
n
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
o
f
ex
te
n
s
i
v
e
r
esear
c
h
co
v
er
i
n
g
h
u
n
d
r
ed
s
o
f
t
h
o
u
s
a
n
d
s
o
f
in
v
en
tio
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
m
a
n
y
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
ie
ld
s
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
t
h
eo
r
y
w
h
ic
h
d
ef
i
n
es
g
en
er
aliz
ab
l
e
p
atter
n
s
in
th
e
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
in
v
e
n
ti
v
e
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
an
d
th
e
d
is
ti
n
g
u
is
h
in
g
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
t
h
at
th
ese
i
n
v
en
t
io
n
s
h
av
e
o
v
er
co
m
e.
A
lt
s
h
u
ller
s
cr
ee
n
ed
p
aten
t
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
f
i
n
d
o
u
t
w
h
at
k
in
d
o
f
co
n
tr
ad
ict
io
n
s
w
er
e
r
eso
l
v
ed
o
r
d
is
s
o
lv
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
i
n
v
e
n
tio
n
an
d
th
e
w
a
y
t
h
is
h
ad
b
ee
n
ac
h
iev
ed
.
Fro
m
t
h
is
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
s
et
o
f
4
0
in
v
en
tiv
e
p
r
i
n
cip
le
s
an
d
later
a
m
atr
ix
o
f
co
n
tr
ad
ictio
n
s
.
R
o
w
s
o
f
t
h
e
m
atr
i
x
i
n
d
icate
t
h
e
3
9
s
y
s
te
m
f
ea
t
u
r
es
t
h
at
o
n
e
t
y
p
icall
y
w
a
n
ts
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e,
s
u
c
h
as
s
p
ee
d
,
w
ei
g
h
t,
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
an
d
s
o
o
n
.
C
o
lu
m
n
s
r
ef
er
to
ty
p
ical
u
n
d
esire
d
r
esu
lts
.
E
ac
h
m
atr
i
x
ce
ll
p
o
in
t
s
to
p
r
in
cip
les
th
a
t
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
m
o
s
t
f
r
e
q
u
en
tl
y
u
s
ed
i
n
p
aten
t
s
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
r
eso
lv
e
th
e
co
n
tr
ad
ictio
n
.
1
.
3
.
3
.
Q
ua
lity
F
un
ct
io
n Dv
ev
elo
pm
e
nt
T
h
e
Qu
alit
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
(
QFD)
is
a
m
et
h
o
d
to
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
u
s
er
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
i
n
to
d
esi
g
n
q
u
alit
y
,
to
d
ep
lo
y
t
h
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
q
u
ality
,
an
d
t
o
d
ep
lo
y
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
ac
h
i
ev
in
g
th
e
d
esig
n
q
u
al
ity
in
to
s
u
b
s
y
s
te
m
s
an
d
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
p
ar
ts
,
an
d
u
lt
im
at
ely
to
s
p
ec
if
i
c
el
em
en
ts
o
f
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
ess
.
QFD
is
d
esig
n
e
d
to
h
el
p
p
lan
n
e
r
s
f
o
cu
s
o
n
ch
a
r
a
ct
er
is
tics
o
f
a
n
ew
o
r
ex
is
tin
g
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
r
s
e
r
v
ice
f
r
o
m
th
e
v
iew
p
o
in
ts
o
f
m
ar
k
et
s
eg
m
en
ts
,
c
o
m
p
an
y
,
o
r
t
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
n
ee
d
s
.
T
h
e
te
ch
n
iq
u
e
y
ield
s
g
r
a
p
h
s
an
d
m
atr
ic
es
.
QFD
h
el
p
s
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
cu
s
to
m
er
n
e
ed
s
(
th
e
v
o
ic
e
o
f
th
e
cu
s
t
o
m
er
[
VOC
]
)
in
t
o
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
ti
cs
(
an
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
ia
te
t
est
m
eth
o
d
s
)
f
o
r
a
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
r
s
e
r
v
ice
,
p
r
io
r
it
i
zin
g
ea
ch
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
r
s
er
v
i
ce
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
ti
c
w
h
ile
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
s
ettin
g
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t ta
r
g
ets
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
r
s
e
r
v
ice
[
8
]
.
1
.
3
.
4
.
F
a
ilo
ur
M
o
de
a
nd
E
f
f
ec
t
Ana
ly
s
is
T
h
e
f
ail
u
r
e
m
o
d
es
a
n
d
ef
f
e
cts
a
n
al
y
s
is
(
FME
A
)
is
a
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
in
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
a
n
d
o
p
er
atio
n
s
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
en
t
f
o
r
an
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
p
o
ten
tial
f
ailu
r
e
m
o
d
e
s
w
it
h
i
n
a
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
c
lass
i
f
icatio
n
b
y
t
h
e
s
ev
er
it
y
a
n
d
li
k
eli
h
o
o
d
o
f
t
h
e
f
ail
u
r
es.
A
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
l
FME
A
ac
tiv
it
y
h
elp
s
a
tea
m
to
id
en
ti
f
y
p
o
ten
tial
f
a
ilu
r
e
m
o
d
e
s
b
ased
o
n
p
ast e
x
p
er
ien
ce
w
ith
s
i
m
ilar
p
r
o
d
u
cts o
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
e
n
ab
lin
g
th
e
tea
m
to
d
esig
n
t
h
o
s
e
f
ail
u
r
es
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
th
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
o
f
e
f
f
o
r
t
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
ex
p
en
d
it
u
r
e,
th
er
eb
y
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
ti
m
e
an
d
co
s
ts
.
I
t
is
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
in
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
in
d
u
s
tr
ie
s
in
v
a
r
io
u
s
p
h
ases
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
life
cy
cle
a
n
d
is
n
o
w
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
l
y
f
i
n
d
in
g
u
s
e
in
t
h
e
s
er
v
ice
in
d
u
s
tr
y
[
9
]
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
o
f
C
DP
in
N
P
D,
th
is
p
a
p
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
p
r
a
cti
ca
l
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
C
D
P
b
as
ed
o
n
m
an
ag
em
en
t
-
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
t
ec
h
n
i
q
u
es
b
y
3
p
h
ases
as
f
o
ll
o
w
s
an
d
s
h
o
w
n
in
“
Fig
.
2
”
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
A
p
r
ac
tical
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
C
DP
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
-
I
C
T
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8776
P
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
a
P
r
a
ctica
l
Meth
o
d
fo
r
C
o
n
ce
p
tu
a
l D
esig
n
…
(
A
mir
Mi
r
z
a
d
eh
P
h
ir
o
u
z
a
b
a
d
i)
83
2
.
1
.
P
ha
s
e
A:
C
o
nv
er
t
ing
cus
t
o
m
er
s
’
re
qu
ire
m
e
nts t
o
pro
du
c
t
s
pecif
ica
t
io
ns
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
p
h
ase
is
co
n
v
er
ti
n
g
cu
s
to
m
er
s
’
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
s
to
p
r
o
d
u
ct
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
g
ath
er
i
n
g
cu
s
to
m
er
s
’
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
b
y
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e
a
n
d
in
teg
r
ati
n
g
A
HP
an
d
T
R
I
Z
tech
n
iq
u
es.
A
ct
u
all
y
af
ter
g
at
h
er
in
g
th
e
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
’
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
b
y
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e,
th
e
y
ca
n
b
e
ass
ess
ed
an
d
p
r
io
r
itized
b
y
A
HP
.
Nex
t,
as
T
R
I
Z
co
n
tain
s
m
o
s
t
o
f
e
n
g
i
n
e
er
in
g
is
s
u
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
its
3
9
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
an
d
in
ad
d
itio
n
,
c
u
s
to
m
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
s
ca
n
b
e
an
e
s
s
e
n
tial
s
o
u
r
ce
f
o
r
th
e
m
,
t
h
en
it
ca
n
b
e
ass
u
m
ed
t
h
at
t
h
ese
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
ar
e
r
elate
d
to
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
af
ter
r
ea
lizi
n
g
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
p
a
r
a
m
ete
r
s
r
elate
d
to
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
,
t
h
e
y
w
i
ll b
e
p
r
io
r
itized
b
y
A
HP
to
s
elec
t
m
aj
o
r
o
n
es.
2
.
2
.
P
ha
s
e
B
:
G
ener
a
t
ing
a
nd
s
el
ec
t
ing
c
o
ncept
s
A
t
f
ir
s
t,
t
h
is
p
h
a
s
e
is
r
u
n
to
g
en
er
ate
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
r
elev
an
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
in
w
h
ich
ar
e
o
r
ig
i
n
at
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
T
R
I
Z
I
n
v
e
n
ti
v
e
P
r
in
cip
le
s
.
Actu
all
y
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
p
r
io
r
itized
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
p
h
ase
a
n
d
ex
a
m
in
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
at
r
ix
o
f
co
n
tr
ad
ictio
n
,
p
o
ten
tial
in
v
en
ti
v
e
p
r
in
c
ip
als
r
elate
d
ar
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
to
f
in
d
o
u
t
th
e
s
o
l
u
tio
n
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
d
esig
n
.
Nex
t,
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
HOQ(
H
o
u
s
e
o
f
Q
u
alit
y
)
,
o
n
e
o
f
QFD
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
th
e
e
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
an
d
th
e
in
v
e
n
ti
v
e
p
r
in
cip
als
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
lace
d
in
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
lef
t
co
lu
m
n
o
f
en
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
s
a
n
d
in
t
h
e
u
p
p
er
co
lu
m
n
o
f
tec
h
n
i
ca
l
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
s
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
A
g
r
ea
t
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tech
n
ical
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
s
o
cc
u
r
in
t
h
is
p
ar
t
w
h
ic
h
co
u
ld
ca
u
s
e
a
w
a
s
te
o
f
t
i
m
e
f
o
r
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
e
v
al
u
atio
n
s
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
s
u
b
j
ec
tiv
e
c
o
n
ce
p
t
o
f
en
g
i
n
ee
r
s
w
i
ll
p
lac
e
g
r
ea
t
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
o
n
t
h
e
r
es
u
l
ts
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
.
Su
c
h
r
esu
lt
s
o
b
tain
ed
w
ill
m
ee
t
c
u
s
to
m
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
a
n
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
co
m
p
l
icatio
n
o
f
s
u
b
s
e
q
u
en
t
e
v
al
u
atio
n
o
n
s
tr
ateg
ic
d
esi
g
n
.
E
n
g
in
ee
r
s
w
il
l g
et
s
o
m
e
in
n
o
v
at
iv
e
id
ea
s
d
u
e
to
T
R
I
Z
in
v
e
n
ti
v
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
.
2
.
3
.
P
ha
s
e
C:
T
esting
a
nd
f
ina
lizi
ng
t
he
c
o
ncept
s
T
h
e
m
ai
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
t
h
is
p
h
a
s
e
is
to
ev
al
u
ate
a
n
d
test
t
h
e
d
esig
n
s
tr
ate
g
y
o
b
tai
n
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
h
ase.
A
ct
u
all
y
,
it
is
h
ar
d
to
i
d
en
tify
if
f
a
ilu
r
e
w
o
u
ld
o
cc
u
r
in
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t d
esi
g
n
w
h
ic
h
m
a
y
ca
u
s
e
ch
a
n
g
e
s
o
f
d
esig
n
an
d
FME
A
i
s
a
s
u
i
tab
le
to
o
l
f
o
r
v
er
if
y
i
n
g
i
f
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
d
esi
g
n
co
u
ld
b
e
r
ea
lized
o
n
m
ar
k
et.
A
s
t
h
e
f
ac
to
r
s
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ci
n
g
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
s
p
ee
d
an
d
co
s
t
b
ec
o
m
e
th
e
k
e
y
s
to
s
u
cc
es
s
f
o
r
en
ter
p
r
is
e’
s
f
u
t
u
r
e,
th
e
n
it
i
s
b
etter
to
av
o
id
p
r
o
b
lem
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
later
d
ev
elo
p
s
ta
g
es
i
n
ad
v
a
n
ce
a
n
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
r
is
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
FME
A
w
h
ic
h
i
s
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
u
s
ed
b
y
en
ter
p
r
i
s
es
f
o
r
ev
al
u
ati
n
g
an
d
test
in
g
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
p
ar
ts
d
esi
g
n
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
to
test
a
n
d
e
v
alu
ate
t
h
e
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
(
o
r
t
h
e
i
n
v
e
n
ti
v
e
p
r
i
n
cip
als),
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
m
i
n
HO
Q
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
t
h
eir
r
es
u
lts
i
n
FME
A
.
I
n
t
h
is
w
a
y
,
t
h
e
f
in
a
l
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
d
es
ig
n
w
i
ll
b
e
test
ed
an
d
ev
al
u
ated
.
3.
CASE
S
T
UD
Y
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
A
HP
,
T
R
I
Z
,
QFD,
F
ME
A
w
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
r
co
n
s
tr
u
cti
n
g
a
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
ct
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
t
m
ain
l
y
s
er
v
es
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
d
is
cu
s
s
i
n
g
h
o
w
d
esig
n
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
en
t
m
et
h
o
d
s
r
aised
in
ea
r
l
y
p
h
ases
o
f
d
esig
n
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
p
ee
d
,
c
o
s
t
an
d
r
el
iab
ilit
y
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
t
h
e
ex
a
m
p
le
o
f
an
i
n
n
o
v
ati
v
e
d
esi
g
n
o
n
m
ed
i
ca
l
g
las
s
es
a
s
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
to
v
er
if
y
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
s
u
ch
m
et
h
o
d
.
3
.
1
.
P
ha
s
e
A
3
.
1
.
1
.
G
a
t
hering
cus
t
o
m
er
s
’
re
qu
ir
e
m
e
nts
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
m
ar
k
et
i
n
v
e
s
tig
a
tio
n
a
n
d
s
ea
r
ch
,
a
q
u
est
i
o
n
n
air
e
r
elate
d
to
m
ed
ical
g
l
ass
es
w
as
d
esig
n
ed
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
o
u
t
am
o
n
g
d
iv
er
s
i
t
y
o
f
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
in
c
lu
d
i
n
g
b
o
th
s
e
x
e
s
,
d
if
f
er
en
t
a
g
es
a
n
d
s
eller
s
a
n
d
s
o
o
n
in
T
eh
r
an
ci
t
y
(
ca
p
ital
o
f
I
r
an
)
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
t
h
is
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
e
w
a
s
g
ath
er
i
n
g
an
d
r
ea
lizin
g
cu
s
to
m
er
s
’
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
r
elate
d
to
d
is
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
an
d
d
ef
icien
c
ies
o
f
cu
r
r
e
n
t
g
l
ass
es.
Fi
n
all
y
,
af
te
r
g
ath
er
i
n
g
an
d
an
al
y
zi
n
g
al
l
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
es,
cu
s
to
m
er
s
’
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
s
w
er
e
class
i
f
ied
in
3
ca
teg
o
r
ies
s
u
c
h
as
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
(
n
o
t
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
n
n
o
s
e(
1
)
,
n
o
t
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
n
ea
r
s
(
2
)
,
b
ein
g
lig
h
t(
3
)
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ical(
4
)
)
,
ae
s
th
et
ical
g
r
o
u
p
(
5
)
an
d
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
(
6
)
.
3
.
1
.
2
.
I
nte
g
ra
t
ing
t
he
AH
P
a
nd
T
RI
Z
Her
e
af
ter
g
a
th
er
i
n
g
cu
s
to
m
er
s
’
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
,
th
e
y
ar
e
p
r
io
r
itized
b
y
A
HP
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
j
ec
t
tea
m
w
h
ich
r
an
k
ed
an
d
p
r
io
r
itized
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
tab
le
1
in
clu
d
i
n
g
n
o
t
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
n
th
e
n
o
s
e
ar
ea
(
1
)
an
d
ae
s
th
etic
s
a
s
p
ec
t(
5
)
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Ne
x
t,
p
r
o
j
ec
t
team
ex
p
lo
r
ed
th
e
e
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
f
r
o
m
T
R
I
Z
r
ela
ted
to
th
o
s
e
t
w
o
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
e
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
w
ei
g
h
t
o
f
a
s
tatio
n
ar
y
o
b
j
ec
t,
ar
ea
o
f
a
s
tatio
n
ar
y
o
b
j
ec
t,
ten
s
io
n
/p
r
ess
u
r
e
an
d
s
h
ap
e(
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
2
,
6
,
1
1
an
d
1
2
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
)
wh
ic
h
th
e
tea
m
p
r
io
r
itized
th
e
m
a
g
ai
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
A
HP
an
d
f
in
all
y
ten
s
io
n
/p
r
es
s
u
r
e
was
ch
o
s
en
(
tab
le
2
)
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
p
r
o
j
ec
t
team
g
a
th
e
r
ed
4
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
2
cu
s
to
m
er
s
’
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
a
n
d
at
th
e
en
d
te
n
s
io
n
/p
r
ess
u
r
e
as
m
a
j
o
r
p
ar
am
eter
in
co
n
c
ep
t
u
al
d
esig
n
w
as
s
elec
ted
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8776
IJ
-
I
C
T
Vo
l.
3
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
201
4
:
8
0
–
87
84
3
.
2
.
P
ha
s
e
B
3
.
2
.
1
.
Select
ing
t
he
inv
ent
iv
e
princ
ipl
e
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
f
ir
s
t
p
h
a
s
e,
t
h
e
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
te
n
s
io
n
/p
r
ess
u
r
e
as
th
e
k
e
y
p
ar
a
m
eter
i
n
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
d
esi
g
n
w
as
c
h
o
s
en
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
t
h
e
m
id
d
le
ar
ea
o
f
g
l
ass
es
ca
u
s
e
s
p
r
ess
u
r
e
an
d
ten
s
io
n
o
n
th
e
n
o
s
e
a
n
d
m
ak
e
s
s
o
m
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
ti
m
e
a
n
d
as
a
m
atter
o
f
f
a
ct
its
tas
k
i
s
b
alan
ci
n
g
f
r
a
m
e
s
to
g
e
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
m
o
r
e
clea
r
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
n
a
v
ig
a
tio
n
an
d
b
r
ai
n
s
to
r
m
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
tea
m
,
it
w
as
d
ec
id
ed
th
at
t
w
o
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ten
s
io
n
/p
r
ess
u
r
e
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
ar
e
k
in
d
o
f
co
n
tr
ad
icto
r
y
to
ea
ch
o
th
er
a
n
d
th
u
s
,
t
h
e
y
p
lay
as
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
i
n
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
s
h
i
f
ti
n
g
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
a
n
d
d
eter
io
r
atio
n
r
esp
ec
t
iv
el
y
.
W
ith
r
esp
ec
t
to
m
atr
i
x
o
f
co
n
tr
ad
ictio
n
s
o
f
T
R
I
Z
an
d
e
x
a
m
in
in
g
t
w
o
ab
o
v
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
4
in
v
en
ti
v
e
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
(
2
)
,
ch
a
n
g
i
n
g
t
h
e
co
lo
r
(
3
3
)
,
h
o
m
o
g
en
eit
y
(
3
5
)
an
d
co
m
p
o
s
ite
m
ater
ial
s
(
4
0
)
ar
e
r
ea
li
ze
d
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
tea
m
’
s
n
av
i
g
atio
n
an
d
b
r
ain
s
to
r
m
i
n
g
,
th
e
in
v
e
n
ti
v
e
p
r
in
cip
le
as
s
ep
ar
atio
n
(
2
)
is
ch
o
s
e
n
as
clo
s
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
w
it
h
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
’
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
a
n
d
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
A
HP
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t e
v
a
lu
atio
n
f
o
r
m
T
ab
le
2
.
A
HP
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
e
v
alu
a
tio
n
f
o
r
m
P
r
i
o
r
i
t
y
G
e
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
11
12
6
2
0
.
3
3
7
1
.
4
1
2
1
2
1
2
0
.
1
4
0
.
5
9
1
/
2
1
/
2
1
1
/
2
6
0
.
2
4
1
1
/
2
1
2
1
12
0
.
2
4
1
.
1
9
1
2
2
1
/
2
11
1
.
0
0
4
.
19
3
.
2
.
2
.
I
nte
g
ra
t
ing
t
he
T
RI
Z
a
n
d Q
F
D
I
n
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
w
it
h
s
ep
ar
atio
n
p
r
in
cip
le,
t
w
o
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
w
e
r
e
s
u
g
g
es
ted
b
y
tea
m
as
r
e
m
o
v
in
g
j
u
s
t
p
ad
s
ar
ea
an
d
ad
d
in
g
an
e
x
t
en
s
io
n
al
b
an
d
to
th
e
f
r
a
m
es
en
d
(
1
)
o
r
r
em
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
w
h
o
le
m
id
d
le
ar
ea
an
d
ad
d
in
g
a
n
e
x
ten
s
io
n
al
b
an
d
t
o
t
h
e
f
r
a
m
e
s
en
d
(
2
)
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
an
e
x
ten
s
io
n
al
b
an
d
is
ad
d
ed
to
b
alan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
w
o
f
r
a
m
e
s
an
d
m
ak
e
g
las
s
es
g
et
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
m
o
r
e
clea
r
w
h
ich
th
e
s
e
t
w
o
s
o
lu
t
io
n
s
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
tab
le
3
.
I
n
th
e
n
ex
t
s
tep
o
f
th
i
s
p
h
a
s
e,
t
h
ese
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
ar
e
p
r
io
r
itized
th
r
o
u
g
h
HOQ
(
o
n
e
o
f
Q
FD
m
et
h
o
d
s
)
b
y
w
ei
g
h
tin
g
v
alu
e
s
to
th
e
m
.
A
ct
u
all
y
,
th
is
s
tep
s
h
o
w
s
h
o
w
cu
s
to
m
er
s
’
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
s
,
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
(
d
esi
g
n
cr
iter
ia)
an
d
in
v
en
t
iv
e
p
r
in
ci
p
les(tec
h
n
ical
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t)
ar
e
r
elate
d
an
d
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
e
ac
h
o
th
er
in
w
h
ic
h
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
t
h
ese
r
ela
tio
n
s
all
v
al
u
e
w
ei
g
h
ti
n
g
s
ar
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
th
at
in
t
h
i
s
w
a
y
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
o
l
u
tio
n
as
r
e
m
o
v
i
n
g
j
u
s
t
p
ad
s
ar
ea
an
d
ad
d
in
g
an
e
x
te
n
s
io
n
al
b
an
d
to
th
e
f
r
a
m
es e
n
d
is
s
elec
ted
(
tab
l
e
4
)
.
3
.
3
.
P
ha
s
e
C
3
.
3
.
1
.
T
et
ing
t
he
s
o
lutio
ns
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
t
h
is
s
tep
is
to
th
r
o
u
g
h
F
ME
A
p
o
s
itiv
e
l
y
p
r
ev
en
t
c
h
an
g
es
o
f
d
e
s
ig
n
.
I
n
F
ME
A
,
th
r
ee
ev
alu
a
tio
n
cr
iter
ia
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
d
etec
tio
n
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
y
,
i
n
cid
en
ce
a
n
d
s
er
io
u
s
n
e
s
s
r
e
f
er
to
f
u
n
ct
io
n
al
f
ail
u
r
e
o
f
p
ar
ts
an
d
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
s
ee
k
s
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
t
s
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
to
w
ar
d
s
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
d
es
i
g
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
s
u
g
g
ested
to
s
et
u
p
o
th
er
p
r
o
p
er
ev
alu
atio
n
cr
iter
ia
b
y
s
en
io
r
en
g
i
n
ee
r
s
.
T
h
e
ev
alu
ati
o
n
o
n
p
r
eli
m
in
ar
y
d
esig
n
ca
n
b
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
as
s
e
m
b
l
y
a
n
d
u
s
ab
il
it
y
.
E
v
al
u
atio
n
o
n
P
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
id
en
ti
f
ies i
f
t
h
e
p
ar
ts
o
r
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
d
esig
n
is
ea
s
y
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
w
h
i
ch
d
o
m
i
n
ates
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
s
p
ee
d
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
tab
le
5
.
E
v
alu
at
io
n
o
n
as
s
e
m
b
l
y
ta
k
es
co
s
t
o
f
p
ar
ts
i
n
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
i
n
ce
w
r
o
n
g
d
esi
g
n
f
o
r
p
ar
ts
m
a
y
ca
u
s
e
d
am
a
g
e
o
n
o
th
er
v
a
lid
p
ar
ts
.
Su
c
h
d
a
m
a
g
e
b
ec
o
m
es
a
wa
s
te
o
f
co
s
t
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
tab
l
e
6
.
E
v
alu
atio
n
o
n
u
s
ab
ilit
y
r
e
f
er
s
to
h
o
w
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
d
esi
g
n
s
m
a
k
e
a
p
r
o
d
u
ct
ea
s
y
to
u
s
e
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
tab
le
7
.
Af
ter
s
etti
n
g
u
p
n
e
w
ev
alu
a
tio
n
cr
iter
ia,
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
th
e
d
esi
g
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
in
v
e
n
ti
v
e
p
r
in
cip
les
to
F
ME
A
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
f
o
r
m
f
o
r
an
al
y
zi
n
g
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
tab
le
8
.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
r
i
s
k
p
r
io
r
it
y
in
d
e
x
cle
ar
l
y
id
en
ti
f
ie
s
w
h
ic
h
d
esig
n
ca
n
s
a
tis
f
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
as
s
e
m
b
l
y
a
n
d
u
s
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
lo
w
er
t
h
e
r
i
s
k
p
r
io
r
it
y
i
n
d
ex
is
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
i
t
s
atis
f
ies t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
r
ais
ed
.
T
h
en
,
s
et
th
e
lo
w
e
s
t r
is
k
p
r
io
r
it
y
in
d
e
x
as 1
an
d
th
e
r
est a
cc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
.
P
r
i
o
r
i
t
y
G
e
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
.
4
0
8
3
.
1
0
0
6
2
6
3
4
1
1
0
.
0
8
7
0
.
6
6
1
2
1
/
3
1
1
/
2
1
1
/
4
2
0
.
1
3
8
1
.
0
5
0
2
1
/
2
2
1
2
1
/
3
3
0
.
0
6
0
0
.
4
5
8
1
/
3
1
/
3
1
1
/
2
1
1
/
6
4
0
.
2
2
8
1
.
7
3
0
3
1
3
2
3
1
/
2
5
0
.
0
7
8
0.
5
8
9
1
1
/
3
3
1
/
2
1
/
2
1
/
6
6
1
.
0
0
7
.
5
8
8
T
o
t
a
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
-
I
C
T
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8776
P
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
a
P
r
a
ctica
l
Meth
o
d
fo
r
C
o
n
ce
p
tu
a
l D
esig
n
…
(
A
mir
Mi
r
z
a
d
eh
P
h
ir
o
u
z
a
b
a
d
i)
85
T
ab
le
3
.
R
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
I
n
v
e
n
t
i
v
e
P
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
D
e
si
g
n
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
C
u
s
t
o
me
r
R
e
q
u
i
r
e
me
n
t
Ex
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
S
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
C
o
mp
o
si
t
i
o
n
T
e
n
si
o
n
/
P
r
e
ssu
r
e
S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
1
P
a
r
t
i
a
l
l
y
i
n
st
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
R
e
mo
v
a
l
o
f
j
u
st
p
a
d
s
a
r
e
a
T
h
e
mi
d
d
l
e
a
r
e
a
o
f
f
r
a
me
s
N
o
t
P
r
e
ssu
r
e
o
n
t
h
e
n
o
se
S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
2
C
o
mp
l
e
t
e
l
y
i
n
st
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
R
e
mo
v
a
l
o
f
t
h
e
w
h
o
l
e
mi
d
d
l
e
a
r
e
a
T
ab
le
4
.
QFD
Fo
r
m
I
n
v
e
n
t
i
v
e
P
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
T
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
R
e
q
u
i
r
e
me
n
t
C
u
s
t
o
me
r
R
e
q
u
i
r
e
me
n
t
Ex
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
2
S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
1
1
9
T
h
e
p
a
d
s
a
r
e
a
N
o
t
P
r
e
ssu
r
e
o
n
t
h
e
n
o
se
9
3
T
h
e
mi
d
d
l
e
a
r
e
a
11
12
w
e
i
g
h
t
i
n
g
Q
F
D
T
ab
le
5
.
E
asy
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
lev
el
(
A
)
Ea
sy
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
P
h
e
n
o
me
n
o
n
l
e
v
e
l
M
o
st
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
S
e
c
o
n
d
p
r
o
c
e
ssi
n
g
a
n
d
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
a
r
e
n
e
e
d
e
d
11
M
o
r
e
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
S
e
c
o
n
d
p
r
o
c
e
ssi
n
g
i
s
n
e
e
d
e
d
9
D
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
S
p
e
c
i
a
l
t
r
e
a
t
me
n
t
i
s
n
e
e
d
e
d
8
L
e
ss d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
M
a
n
u
a
l
a
d
j
u
st
me
n
t
i
s
n
e
e
d
e
d
7
M
i
d
d
l
e
B
o
t
h
ma
n
u
a
l
a
n
d
a
u
t
o
m
a
t
i
c
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
l
i
n
e
s a
r
e
n
e
e
d
e
d
6
Ea
sy
A
u
t
o
mat
i
c
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
l
i
n
e
i
s
n
e
e
d
e
d
5
Ea
si
e
r
M
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
t
w
o
mo
l
d
s a
r
e
n
e
e
d
e
d
4
Ea
sy
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
O
n
e
mo
l
d
i
s
n
e
e
d
e
d
3
M
o
r
e
e
a
si
e
r
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
O
n
l
y
a
p
r
o
c
e
ssi
n
g
ma
st
e
r
i
s
n
e
e
d
e
d
2
Ea
si
e
st
N
o
p
r
o
c
e
ssi
n
g
m
a
st
e
r
i
s
n
e
e
d
e
d
1
T
ab
le
6
.
E
asy
to
A
s
s
e
m
b
le
le
v
el(
A
)
Ea
sy
t
o
A
sse
mb
l
e
P
h
e
n
o
me
n
o
n
L
e
v
e
l
S
l
i
g
h
t
e
st
D
e
st
r
o
y
a
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
s
n
e
e
d
e
d
b
e
f
o
r
e
a
sse
mb
l
i
n
g
o
r
d
i
sasse
m
b
l
i
n
g
.
10
S
l
i
g
h
t
P
o
ssi
b
l
e
d
a
m
a
g
e
may
c
a
u
se
w
h
i
l
e
a
ss
e
mb
l
i
n
g
o
r
d
i
sasse
m
b
l
i
n
g
9
L
o
w
P
o
ssi
b
l
e
d
a
m
a
g
e
may
c
a
u
se
w
h
i
l
e
a
ss
e
mb
l
i
n
g
o
r
d
i
sasse
m
b
l
i
n
g
8
L
o
w
e
r
M
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
h
a
l
f
o
f
p
a
r
t
s
c
o
u
l
d
n
o
t
b
e
u
se
d
a
f
t
e
r
a
sse
mb
l
i
n
g
o
r
d
i
sas
se
mb
l
i
n
g
7
M
i
d
d
l
e
M
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
o
n
e
p
a
r
t
c
o
u
l
d
n
o
t
b
e
u
se
d
a
f
t
e
r
a
sse
mb
l
i
n
g
o
r
d
i
sasse
mb
l
i
n
g
6
U
p
p
e
r
S
p
e
c
i
a
l
e
q
u
i
p
me
n
t
i
s
n
e
e
d
e
d
t
o
a
sse
m
b
l
e
o
r
d
i
sasse
m
b
l
e
a
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
.
5
L
e
ss H
i
g
h
e
r
A
u
x
i
l
i
a
r
y
t
o
o
l
s a
r
e
n
e
e
d
e
d
t
o
a
sse
mb
l
e
o
r
d
i
sasse
mb
l
e
a
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
.
4
H
i
g
h
A
p
r
o
f
e
ssi
o
n
a
l
i
s n
e
e
d
e
d
t
o
a
sse
mb
l
e
o
r
d
i
sas
se
mb
l
e
a
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
3
H
i
g
h
e
r
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
st
a
f
f
a
r
e
n
e
e
d
e
d
t
o
a
sse
mb
l
e
o
r
d
i
sas
se
mb
l
e
a
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
.
2
H
i
g
h
e
st
A
l
l
-
in
-
o
n
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
a
sse
m
b
l
i
n
g
o
r
d
i
sas
se
mb
l
i
n
g
1
T
ab
le
7
.
E
asy
to
Useab
ilit
y
le
v
el(
A
)
U
sab
i
l
i
t
y
P
h
e
n
o
me
n
o
n
L
e
v
e
l
W
o
r
st
D
a
n
g
e
r
o
u
s ma
t
t
e
r
s c
r
e
a
t
e
t
o
j
e
o
p
a
r
d
i
z
e
a
u
se
r
w
h
i
l
e
i
n
u
se
.
11
M
o
r
e
w
o
r
st
L
o
n
g
-
t
e
r
m u
se
may
c
a
u
se
d
i
sco
mf
o
r
t
o
f
a
u
se
r
.
9
W
o
r
s
e
I
mp
r
o
p
e
r
u
se
w
i
l
l
c
a
u
se
i
n
st
a
n
t
d
a
m
a
g
e
.
8
B
a
d
A
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
a
r
t
s a
r
e
n
e
e
d
e
d
t
o
u
se
a
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
.
7
L
o
w
e
r
A
u
se
r
f
e
e
l
s u
n
c
o
mf
o
r
t
a
b
l
e
d
u
e
t
o
g
r
e
a
t
c
h
a
n
c
e
s o
f
i
n
st
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
6
M
i
d
d
l
e
A
u
se
r
d
o
e
s n
o
t
f
e
e
l
u
n
c
o
mf
o
r
t
a
b
l
e
d
u
e
t
o
g
r
e
a
t
c
h
a
n
c
e
s o
f
5
U
p
p
e
r
A
u
se
r
d
o
e
s n
o
t
f
e
e
l
u
n
c
o
mf
o
r
t
a
b
l
e
d
u
e
t
o
f
e
w
c
h
a
n
c
e
s o
f
i
n
st
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
4
Ea
si
e
r
I
t
i
s n
e
c
e
ssary
t
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
e
a
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
w
i
t
h
i
n
l
i
mi
t
e
d
s
p
a
c
e
a
n
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
.
3
V
e
r
y
e
a
sy
T
h
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
s
n
o
t
l
i
mi
t
e
d
b
y
sp
a
c
e
a
n
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
b
u
t
n
e
e
d
s t
w
o
o
r
mo
r
e
st
e
p
s t
o
f
i
n
i
sh
i
t
.
2
Ea
si
e
st
T
h
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
s
n
o
t
l
i
mi
t
e
d
b
y
sp
a
c
e
a
n
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
a
n
d
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
st
e
p
i
s
n
e
e
d
e
d
t
o
f
i
n
i
s
h
i
t
.
1
3
.
3
.
2
.
I
nte
g
ra
t
ing
t
he
F
M
E
A
a
nd
Q
F
D
I
n
th
is
s
tep
,
it
is
tr
ied
to
m
ak
e
a
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
FME
A
an
d
QFD.
A
c
tu
al
l
y
,
h
er
e
af
ter
an
al
y
z
in
g
a
n
d
p
r
io
r
itizin
g
t
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
t
h
r
ee
ev
al
u
atio
n
cr
iter
ia
b
y
F
ME
A
,
t
h
e
o
u
tco
m
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
m
b
in
ed
w
i
th
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
w
h
ich
w
as
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
QFD
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
p
h
ase.
A
s
y
o
u
ca
n
s
ee
in
tab
le
8
,
f
ir
s
t
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
g
o
t
s
co
r
es
as
1
an
d
0
.
5
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
n
o
w
th
e
s
e
s
co
r
es
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
a
d
d
ed
to
th
e
b
o
tto
m
o
f
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
i
n
QF
D
to
r
esu
lt
t
h
e
f
in
al
d
ec
i
s
io
n
ab
o
u
t
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
d
esi
g
n
o
u
tc
o
m
e.
B
y
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8776
IJ
-
I
C
T
Vo
l.
3
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
201
4
:
8
0
–
87
86
th
is
at
th
e
e
n
d
,
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
n
e
w
h
ic
h
is
r
e
m
o
v
i
n
g
j
u
s
t
p
ad
ar
ea
an
d
ad
d
in
g
an
e
x
te
n
s
io
n
al
b
an
d
to
th
e
f
r
a
m
es
en
d
w
a
s
s
elec
ted
(
tab
le
9
)
.
A
l
s
o
,
it
is
n
o
ticea
b
le
t
h
at
th
is
r
esear
ch
h
as
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
th
is
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
d
esi
g
n
o
f
m
ed
ical
g
lass
es
t
ill
th
e
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
in
g
s
tep
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e
b
y
r
ap
id
-
p
r
o
to
ty
p
i
n
g
m
ac
h
i
n
e
U
-
P
r
in
t
wh
ich
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
“
F
ig
.
3
”
.
T
ab
le
8
.
FME
A
an
al
y
s
i
s
f
o
r
m
I
t
e
m V
S
.
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
P
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
F
a
i
l
u
r
e
M
o
d
e
P
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
F
a
i
l
u
r
e
Ef
f
e
c
t
A
B
C
R
i
s
k
I
n
d
e
x
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
W
e
i
g
h
i
n
g
S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
1
P
a
r
t
i
a
l
l
y
i
n
st
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
L
e
ss fai
l
u
r
e
s
3
3
2
18
1
S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
2
C
o
mp
l
e
t
e
l
y
i
n
st
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
H
i
g
h
f
a
i
l
u
r
e
s
2
5
11
1
1
1
1
.
5
T
ab
le
9
.
Fin
al
QFD
an
al
y
s
is
f
o
r
m
I
n
v
e
n
t
i
v
e
P
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
T
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
R
e
q
u
i
r
e
me
n
t
C
u
s
t
o
me
r
R
e
q
u
i
r
e
me
n
t
Ex
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
2
S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
1
1
9
T
h
e
p
a
d
s
a
r
e
a
N
o
t
P
r
e
ssu
r
e
o
n
t
h
e
n
o
se
9
3
T
h
e
mi
d
d
l
e
a
r
e
a
11
12
w
e
i
g
h
t
i
n
g
Q
F
D
0
.
5
1
F
M
EA
w
e
i
g
h
t
i
n
g
5
12
F
i
n
a
l
w
e
i
g
h
t
i
n
g
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Ma
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
ed
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e
o
f
m
ed
ical
g
las
s
es b
y
U
-
p
r
in
t Rap
id
P
r
o
to
ty
p
i
n
g
m
ac
h
in
e
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
m
ai
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
w
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
a
p
r
ac
tical
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
NP
D.
A
ct
u
all
y
,
t
h
e
in
te
g
r
ated
A
HP
/QF
D/T
R
I
Z
/F
ME
A
f
o
r
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
in
g
th
e
p
att
er
n
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ct
co
n
ce
p
t
d
esi
g
n
r
aised
b
y
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
ca
s
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
a
s
m
ed
ical
g
las
s
es.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
ca
n
b
e
p
r
ac
ticall
y
u
s
ed
f
o
r
a
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ex
ec
u
ted
in
an
e
n
ter
p
r
is
e.
Su
c
h
in
teg
r
atio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
en
g
in
ee
r
s
an
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
co
n
v
er
t
c
u
s
to
m
e
r
’
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
to
e
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
b
y
ta
k
i
n
g
th
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
A
HP
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
en
T
R
I
Z
p
r
i
n
cip
les
ar
e
ap
p
lied
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
i
n
n
o
v
ati
v
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
p
r
in
cip
le
s
.
F
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
d
esig
n
m
et
h
o
d
is
an
al
y
ze
d
b
y
tak
in
g
th
e
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
e
o
f
th
e
c
h
a
r
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
QFD
an
d
F
ME
A
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
h
elp
to
clea
r
l
y
s
et
u
p
th
e
g
u
id
elin
es
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
esig
n
,
b
u
t
also
h
elp
to
av
o
id
n
ar
r
o
w
t
h
in
k
i
n
g
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
cts
s
o
as
to
f
u
r
t
h
er
cr
ea
te
n
e
w
id
ea
s
an
d
d
esig
n
s
.
Her
e
t
h
e
cu
s
t
o
m
er
s
’
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
w
a
s
n
o
t
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
n
th
e
n
o
s
e
ar
ea
an
d
th
e
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
w
er
e
ten
s
io
n
/p
r
es
s
u
r
e
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
.
Af
ter
ex
a
m
in
i
n
g
a
n
d
an
al
y
zi
n
g
th
e
cu
s
to
m
er
s
’
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
an
d
en
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
,
t
w
o
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
w
er
e
r
esu
lted
an
d
f
i
n
all
y
o
n
l
y
r
e
m
o
v
in
g
j
u
s
t
p
ad
s
ar
ea
an
d
a
d
d
in
g
a
n
ex
te
n
s
io
n
al
b
an
d
to
t
h
e
f
r
a
m
es
en
d
w
as
ch
o
s
en
w
h
ic
h
is
a
b
etter
ch
o
ic
e
f
o
r
n
o
t h
av
in
g
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
n
th
e
n
o
s
e
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
Her
e,
W
e
w
o
u
ld
li
k
e
to
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
P
r
o
f
.
Se
y
ed
Mo
h
a
m
m
ad
Mo
attar
H
u
s
s
e
in
i,
Dr
.
M.
Am
i
n
Na
y
er
i
a
n
d
Dr
.
S.
m
a
n
s
o
u
r
f
r
o
m
Dep
ar
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
I
n
d
u
s
t
r
ial
E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
en
t
S
y
s
te
m
s
i
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
-
I
C
T
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8776
P
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
a
P
r
a
ctica
l
Meth
o
d
fo
r
C
o
n
ce
p
tu
a
l D
esig
n
…
(
A
mir
Mi
r
z
a
d
eh
P
h
ir
o
u
z
a
b
a
d
i)
87
Am
ir
k
ab
ir
Un
i
v
er
s
i
t
y
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
w
er
e
h
elp
f
u
l
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
to
th
i
s
r
esear
c
h
esp
ec
i
all
y
i
n
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
i
n
g
s
tep
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
T
id
d
,
J.,
Be
ss
a
n
t,
J.
(2
0
0
9
),
M
a
n
a
g
in
g
in
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
,
J
o
h
n
W
il
e
y
Q S
o
n
s
,
L
td
.
[2
]
K.T
,
Ulrich
,
S
.
Ep
p
in
g
e
r,
“
P
ro
d
u
c
t
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t”,
(th
ir
d
e
d
it
io
n
),
Ne
w
Yo
rk
,
M
c
Gr
a
w
-
Hill
/Irwin
,
2
0
0
4
.
[3
]
T
ro
tt
,
P
.
(
2
0
0
5
)
,
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
n
e
w
p
ro
d
u
c
t
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t,
Ash
f
o
rd
C
o
lo
u
r P
re
ss
L
td
,
G
o
sp
o
rt.
[4
]
Ullm
a
n
,
G
.
Da
v
id
,
“
T
h
e
M
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
De
sig
n
P
ro
c
e
ss
”
,
M
c
Gr
a
w
-
Hill
,
4
t
h
e
d
it
io
n
,
2
0
0
9
.
[5
]
Bh
u
sh
a
n
,
Na
v
n
e
e
t;
Ka
n
w
a
l
Ra
i,
”
S
trate
g
ic
De
c
isio
n
M
a
k
in
g
:
A
p
p
ly
in
g
th
e
A
n
a
l
y
t
ic
Hie
ra
r
c
h
y
P
ro
c
e
ss
”
.
L
o
n
d
o
n
:
S
p
rin
g
e
r
-
Ver
la
g
,
2
0
0
4
.
[6
]
G
.
S
,
A
lt
sh
u
ll
e
r,
L
.
S
h
u
ly
a
k
,
“
4
0
P
ri
n
c
ip
les
:
T
RIZ
Ke
y
s
to
Tec
h
n
ica
l
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
”
,
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
I
n
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
Ce
n
ter
,
W
o
rc
e
ste
r,
M
A
,
1
9
9
7
.
[7
]
Z.
Hu
a
,
J.
Ya
n
g
,
S
.
Co
u
li
b
a
ly
,
B
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
"
In
teg
ra
ti
o
n
T
RIZ
w
it
h
p
ro
b
lem
-
so
lv
in
g
to
o
ls:
a
li
tera
tu
r
e
re
v
ie
w
f
ro
m
1
9
9
5
t
o
2
0
0
6
"
.
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
B
u
sin
e
ss
I
n
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
2
0
0
6
,
1
(
1
-
2
).
[8
]
A
.
Yo
ji
,
T
.
Oh
f
u
ji
,
N.
T
o
m
o
y
o
sh
i,
“
S
u
rv
e
y
a
n
d
Re
v
ie
w
s
o
n
Qu
a
li
ty
F
u
n
c
ti
o
n
De
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
in
Ja
p
a
n
”
.
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
fo
r
Qu
a
li
ty C
o
n
tr
o
l
–
.
T
o
k
y
o
:
JU
S
E
a
n
d
IA
Q,
1
9
8
7
,
p
p
.
1
7
1
-
1
7
6
[9
]
D
y
e
r,
K.
M
o
rris,
G
.
De
we
y
,
G
.
E
a
rl,
C.
A
l
f
re
d
,
“
A
p
p
li
c
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
NA
S
A
Co
n
trac
t
Qu
a
li
ty
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
F
a
il
u
re
M
o
d
e
Ef
fe
c
t
A
n
a
l
y
sis
P
ro
c
e
d
u
re
s
to
th
e
US
F
S
Ou
ter
Co
n
ti
n
e
n
tal
S
h
e
lf
Oil
a
n
d
G
a
s
L
e
a
se
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
P
r
o
g
ra
m
”
.
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
Aer
o
n
a
u
ti
c
s
a
n
d
S
p
a
c
e
Ad
min
istr
a
ti
o
n
Ge
o
rg
e
C.
M
a
rs
h
a
ll
S
p
a
c
e
Fl
ig
h
t
Ce
n
ter
.
T
M
X
–
2
5
6
7
.
Re
tri
e
v
e
d
2
0
1
1
-
08
-
16.
BI
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Am
ir
M
irza
d
e
h
P
h
iro
u
z
a
b
a
d
i
,
In
d
u
strial
En
g
i
n
e
e
r,
o
b
tain
e
d
h
is
M
S
c
.
in
I
n
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
in
2
0
1
2
a
t
Am
irk
a
b
ir
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
T
e
h
ra
n
P
o
ly
tec
h
n
ic)
in
T
e
h
ra
n
,
Ira
n
.
His t
h
e
sis w
a
s ab
o
u
t
O
p
e
n
I
n
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
I
n
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
Ne
tw
o
rk
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t.
He
is
in
tere
ste
d
i
n
o
t
h
e
r
a
re
a
s as
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
I
n
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
,
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
T
ra
n
s
f
e
r,
G
lo
b
a
l
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
I
n
d
e
x
,
e
tc.
He
h
a
s so
m
e
b
o
o
k
s b
e
i
n
g
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
a
s
“
Op
e
ra
ti
o
n
s S
trate
g
y
”
,
“
Ira
n
Eco
n
o
m
ic Ou
tl
o
o
k
F
ro
m
G
lo
b
a
l
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
I
n
d
e
x
”
a
n
d
“
P
a
ten
ts
W
it
h
o
u
t
I
n
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
”
.
No
w
a
d
a
y
s,
a
lo
n
g
sid
e
d
o
in
g
so
m
e
p
ro
jec
ts
re
late
d
t
o
h
is
m
a
jo
r,
a
s a T
e
a
c
h
e
r
A
s
sista
n
t,
h
e
is
h
e
lp
i
n
g
P
ro
f
.
S
e
y
e
d
M
o
h
a
m
m
a
d
M
o
a
tt
a
r
Hu
ss
e
in
i
w
it
h
te
a
c
h
in
g
M
S
c
.
a
n
d
P
h
.
D.
st
u
d
e
n
ts
in
Op
e
ra
ti
o
n
S
trate
g
y
c
o
u
rse
in
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
In
d
u
str
ial
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
S
y
ste
m
s at
Am
ir
k
a
b
ir
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
S.O,
Hasan
p
o
u
r
.
G,
In
d
u
strial
E
n
g
in
e
e
r,
o
b
tain
e
d
h
is
M
S
c
.
i
n
L
o
g
isti
c
s an
d
S
u
p
p
ly
Ch
a
in
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
in
2
0
1
2
a
t
A
m
ir
k
a
b
ir
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
T
e
h
ra
n
P
o
ly
tec
h
n
ic) i
n
T
e
h
ra
n
,
Ira
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.