I
nte
rna
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io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
I
nfo
rm
a
t
ics a
nd
Co
m
m
un
ica
t
io
n T
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
(
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J
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CT
)
Vo
l.
10
,
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Ap
r
il
202
1
,
p
p
.
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SS
N:
2252
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v
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h
ttp
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ict.
ia
esco
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co
m
Co
mpa
ra
tive a
na
ly
sis
on diff
er
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so
ft
wa
re piracy
p
reventio
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techniqu
es
Ahm
a
d M
o
ha
m
m
a
d H
a
s
s
a
n
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Ay
ub
a
J
o
hn
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1
De
p
a
rtme
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Co
m
p
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ter
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c
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c
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,
F
e
d
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ra
l
Un
i
v
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rsity
Du
tse
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a
wa
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tate
,
Nig
e
ria
2
De
p
a
rtme
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o
f
Cy
b
e
r
S
e
c
u
rit
y
,
F
e
d
e
ra
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
Du
tse
,
Ji
g
a
wa
S
tate
,
Nig
e
ria
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
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y:
R
ec
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J
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1
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2
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20
R
ev
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ed
No
v
2
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2
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20
Acc
ep
ted
Des
2
4
,
2
0
20
Nu
m
e
ro
u
s
ty
p
e
s
o
f
so
ftwa
re
p
ir
a
c
y
k
n
o
w
n
to
d
a
y
,
h
a
v
e
se
v
e
ra
l
p
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
wh
ich
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
e
sta
b
li
sh
e
d
a
g
a
in
st
t
h
e
m
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
,
d
iffere
n
t
so
ftwa
re
p
irac
y
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
e
sta
b
li
sh
e
d
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
c
h
o
ic
e
o
f
wh
ich
o
n
e
sh
o
u
l
d
b
e
t
h
e
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e
st
to
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
a
n
y
so
ftwa
re
is
th
e
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
fo
r
m
o
st
so
ftwa
re
d
e
v
e
lo
p
e
rs.
Co
n
se
q
u
e
n
tl
y
,
e
x
a
m
p
le
o
f
th
e
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
p
irac
y
in
so
ftwa
re
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
c
a
n
b
e
c
a
teg
o
rise
a
s
fo
ll
o
ws
:
c
ra
c
k
s
a
n
d
se
rials,
so
ftl
ift
i
n
g
a
n
d
h
a
rd
d
isk
lo
a
d
i
n
g
,
in
ter
n
e
t
p
irac
y
a
n
d
s
o
ftwa
re
fo
rg
i
n
g
,
m
isc
h
a
n
e
li
n
g
,
re
v
e
rse
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
a
n
d
tam
p
e
rin
g
.
We
h
a
v
e
se
v
e
r
a
l
ty
p
e
s
o
f
p
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
wh
ich
a
ime
d
to
re
so
lv
e
d
p
irac
y
i
n
so
ftwa
re
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t,
a
lt
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
e
th
o
d
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
wre
c
k
e
d
.
I
n
t
h
is
wo
r
k
a
c
rit
ica
l
a
n
a
ly
sis
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
c
a
rry
o
u
t
o
n
d
iffere
n
t
s
o
ftwa
re
p
irac
y
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
a
n
d
a
sim
p
le
m
o
d
e
l
s
o
ftwa
re
wa
s
d
e
sig
n
e
d
u
sin
g
t
h
e
b
e
st
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
t
o
v
a
li
d
a
te t
h
e
re
su
lt
s o
f
th
e
a
n
a
l
y
sis
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Pira
cy
tech
n
iq
u
es
R
ev
er
s
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
So
f
twar
e
d
esig
n
So
f
twar
e
p
ir
ac
y
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ay
u
b
a
J
o
h
n
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
C
y
b
er
Secu
r
ity
Fed
er
al
Un
iv
er
s
i
ty
Du
ts
e
J
ig
awa
State,
Nig
er
ia
E
m
ail:
ay
u
b
a
.
jo
h
n
@
f
u
d
.
e
d
u
.
n
g
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
So
f
twar
e
p
ir
ac
y
is
th
e
illi
cit
way
o
f
r
ep
licatio
n
,
d
is
p
en
s
in
g
,
am
e
n
d
in
g
,
m
ar
k
etin
g
o
r
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
o
f
twar
e
wh
ich
is
leg
itima
tely
p
r
o
tecte
d
i.e
th
e
ac
t
o
f
s
tealin
g
leg
al
s
o
f
twar
e
in
a
n
illeg
al
way
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
f
tliftin
g
;
o
n
e
leg
al
o
wn
er
b
u
t
m
u
ltip
le
u
s
er
s
,
o
r
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
Har
d
d
is
k
lo
ad
i
n
g
;
o
n
e
s
h
o
p
o
wn
e
r
b
u
y
a
leg
al
co
p
y
an
d
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
i
ts
co
p
ies
in
m
u
ltip
le
co
m
p
u
ter
b
y
in
s
tallin
g
it,
o
r
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
co
u
n
ter
f
eitin
g
;
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
d
u
p
licates
o
f
leg
al
s
o
f
twar
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
with
t
h
e
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
o
f
au
th
en
ticity
an
d
s
o
ld
o
u
t
at
les
s
p
r
ice,
o
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
clien
t
s
er
v
er
o
v
er
u
s
e;
in
s
tallin
g
o
f
s
o
f
twar
e
m
o
r
e
th
an
it
h
as
b
ee
n
licen
s
ed
f
o
r
,
o
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
n
lin
e
p
ir
ac
y
;
in
ter
n
et
p
ir
ac
y
s
o
f
twar
e
g
o
tten
f
r
o
m
o
n
lin
e
au
n
ctio
n
s
ites
an
d
b
lo
g
s
.
C
u
r
r
en
tly
,
p
eo
p
le
a
r
e
b
o
u
n
d
ed
o
n
th
e
u
s
es
o
f
s
ev
er
al
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
s
o
f
twar
e
f
o
r
f
ac
ilit
ies;
esp
ec
ially
p
ay
in
g
o
f
b
ills
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
ten
et,
s
h
ar
in
g
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
lin
e,
s
p
o
r
ts
,
r
ec
o
r
d
s
h
an
d
lin
g
,
an
d
s
o
o
n
[
1
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
tr
en
d
o
f
s
o
f
twar
e
p
ir
ac
y
is
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
s
o
f
twar
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
to
r
s
as it r
e
d
u
ce
s
th
e
s
ales o
f
th
e
leg
itima
te
s
o
f
twar
e
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
f
s
o
f
twar
e
p
ir
ac
y
ar
e
h
ig
h
r
is
k
o
f
v
ir
u
s
an
d
m
alwa
r
e
in
f
ec
tio
n
to
th
e
co
m
p
u
te
r
s
y
s
tem
wh
ich
m
ay
r
esu
lts
to
h
ar
m
f
u
l
s
y
s
tem
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
d
ata
co
r
r
u
p
tio
n
am
o
n
g
o
th
er
s
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
p
ir
ac
y
in
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
h
as
g
r
ea
tly
in
cr
ea
s
ed
wh
ich
r
e
d
u
ce
d
it
e
f
f
icac
y
.
T
h
is
h
as
b
ee
n
r
esu
lted
in
s
er
io
u
s
h
ar
m
to
s
o
f
twar
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
s
;
b
y
d
u
p
licatin
g
th
eir
p
r
o
d
u
ct
with
o
u
t
leg
al
co
n
s
en
t
an
d
m
ar
k
etin
g
b
y
in
d
iv
id
u
al
w
h
o
ar
e
n
o
t
h
av
in
g
g
en
u
in
e
licen
s
ed
t
o
b
e
u
s
e
o
n
o
t
h
er
s
y
s
tem
with
o
u
t
p
r
o
p
er
r
eg
is
tr
atio
n
k
ey
s
.
T
h
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
t
h
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
s
an
d
w
h
o
lesaler
s
to
th
e
s
o
f
twar
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
;
b
ec
am
e
s
o
d
etr
im
en
tally
ex
ag
g
er
ated
to
in
tim
i
d
atio
n
s
esp
ec
ially
p
ir
ac
y
,
r
ev
er
s
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
a
n
d
tam
p
er
in
g
.
T
h
es
e
m
ay
b
e
d
e
g
r
ad
ed
as
th
e
s
o
f
twar
e
wer
e
n
o
t
p
r
o
p
er
ly
p
r
o
tecte
d
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
in
o
th
er
to
g
en
er
ate
en
o
r
m
o
u
s
in
co
m
e
to
s
o
f
twar
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
1
,
A
p
r
il
20
2
1
:
1
–
8
2
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
in
d
u
s
tr
ies,
th
er
e
is
th
e
n
ee
d
o
f
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
r
is
k
a
n
aly
s
is
as
well
as
s
o
f
twar
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es a
s
th
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
ex
ten
s
iv
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
s
o
f
twar
e
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
o
p
e
r
atin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
n
ee
d
to
b
e
p
r
o
tecte
d
f
o
r
a
d
ep
t
ap
p
licatio
n
s
(
e.
g
.
g
r
ap
h
ics
s
o
f
twar
e)
;
wh
ich
ca
n
also
b
e
v
er
y
co
s
tly
.
T
h
e
illeg
al
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
f
twar
e
is
g
r
o
win
g
o
n
d
ail
y
b
asis
d
u
e
to
th
e
ea
s
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
g
ettin
g
s
o
f
twar
e
p
r
o
d
u
cts
with
o
u
t
p
r
o
p
e
r
p
ay
m
en
t.
W
h
o
lesaler
s
o
f
s
o
f
t
war
e
k
n
o
ws
th
e
h
ar
d
n
ess
o
f
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
s
o
f
twar
e
f
r
o
m
h
ac
k
er
s
.
I
t
is
s
u
r
p
o
s
e
th
at
ev
er
y
u
s
er
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
co
n
tr
o
l o
f
h
is
m
ac
h
in
e
’
s
h
ar
d
war
e
a
n
d
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
ac
ess
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
ex
ec
u
tio
n
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
ta
s
k
s
b
y
co
m
p
u
ter
u
s
er
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
ev
er
al
s
o
f
twar
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
h
as
m
ak
e
s
o
f
twar
e
Ap
p
licatio
n
m
o
r
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
[
5
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
e
im
p
r
o
p
er
ly
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
f
twar
e
ap
p
licatio
n
h
as
r
esu
lted
in
to
lo
s
t
o
f
jo
b
b
y
s
o
f
t
war
e
d
e
v
elo
p
p
er
s
o
v
er
th
e
y
ea
r
s
,
an
d
im
ag
in
e
th
e
s
ev
er
al
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
th
o
s
e
g
r
ad
u
atin
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
Un
i
v
er
s
ities
an
d
p
o
l
y
tech
n
ics
with
im
p
r
ess
iv
e
q
u
alif
icatio
n
s
in
th
e
f
ield
s
o
f
s
o
f
twar
e
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
an
d
o
th
e
r
r
elate
d
f
ield
s
,
a
n
d
t
h
o
s
e
wh
o
ar
e
s
tu
d
y
in
g
s
u
c
h
r
elat
ed
f
ield
as
th
eir
f
u
t
u
r
e
ca
r
ee
r
.
So
f
twar
e
p
ir
ac
y
is
a
h
u
g
e
in
tim
id
atio
n
to
th
e
ir
f
u
tu
r
e
d
r
ea
m
s
wh
ich
m
ay
d
ep
r
iv
e
th
em
o
f
r
ea
lizin
g
th
e
ir
am
b
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ject
o
f
r
elatin
g
d
i
v
er
s
e
s
o
f
twar
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
w
ill
f
ig
h
t
p
ir
ac
y
in
s
o
f
twar
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
wi
th
th
e
b
est
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
wh
ich
is
v
er
y
n
ec
ess
ar
y
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
co
n
f
ir
m
atio
n
with
v
e
r
i
f
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
ac
tu
ality
co
n
ce
aled
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
ev
er
al
u
s
er
s
o
f
s
o
f
twar
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
in
s
tallatio
n
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
S
T
UDI
E
S
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Ad
u
.
M.
K.
th
e
g
en
u
in
e
leg
al
s
o
f
twar
e
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ies
ar
e
f
ac
in
g
u
n
f
ai
r
co
m
p
e
titi
o
n
s
b
y
th
eir
illeg
al
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
cir
cu
latio
n
o
f
c
o
u
n
ter
f
e
it
s
o
f
twar
e
to
th
e
en
d
u
s
er
s
,
th
er
eb
y
ca
u
s
in
g
h
ig
h
r
is
k
o
f
d
am
ag
e
o
f
d
ata
a
n
d
in
s
ec
u
r
ity
f
o
r
I
T
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ies
[
5
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
B
ah
ar
,
et
al.
a
c
o
m
b
in
at
io
n
o
f
f
o
u
r
k
ey
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
m
ea
n
th
at
n
o
d
ef
ec
tiv
e
co
p
y
-
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
b
e
co
n
ce
iv
ab
l
y
h
ar
m
l
ess
[
6
,
7]
.
L
o
o
k
s
at
th
e
b
ir
th
m
ar
k
s
o
f
twar
e
p
ir
ac
y
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
an
d
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
ated
o
n
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
a
f
ix
ed
s
o
f
twar
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
th
at
is
b
ei
n
g
u
s
ed
to
d
etec
t
s
o
f
twar
e
th
e
f
t.
Sev
er
a
l
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
ce
r
tify
in
g
ar
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le,
v
ar
y
in
g
f
r
o
m
“sit
e
au
th
o
r
izatio
n
s
”
th
at
p
er
m
it
en
tire
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
in
a
s
p
e
cif
ied
p
h
y
s
ical
s
ite
o
r
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
a
d
d
r
ess
es
to
p
r
ac
tice
d
u
p
licates
o
f
s
o
f
twar
e,
to
s
im
p
le
s
in
g
le
-
u
s
er
ar
r
a
n
g
em
e
n
ts
th
at
s
to
p
an
y
co
p
y
i
n
g
en
tire
ly
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
d
o
n
e
b
y
Z
o
h
eir
.
T
.
&
M
o
h
o
m
m
e
d
.
A
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
at,
wh
y
an
d
h
o
w
n
o
t
to
esteem
th
e
r
ig
h
t
to
s
o
f
twar
e
p
ir
ac
y
[
8
]
,
wh
ile
C
r
o
n
in
.
G.
h
as
g
iv
en
th
e
lawf
u
l
ac
tio
n
s
i
n
ef
f
o
r
t
t
o
av
o
id
p
ir
ac
y
b
y
g
e
n
er
atin
g
a
n
x
iety
o
f
p
en
alties o
f
b
ein
g
ca
u
g
h
t in
th
e
ac
t o
f
p
ir
ac
y
[
9
]
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
,
s
tu
d
ied
o
n
c
o
d
e
o
b
f
u
s
ca
tio
n
wh
ich
is
a
m
eth
o
d
estab
lis
h
ed
to
h
elp
in
th
e
av
o
id
an
ce
o
f
m
al
icio
u
s
r
ev
er
s
e
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
[
1
0
]
.
E
v
alu
atio
n
s
an
d
an
aly
tical
s
tu
d
ies
o
f
s
ev
er
al
s
o
f
twar
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
,
b
o
th
s
o
f
twar
e
-
b
ased
an
d
h
a
r
d
war
e
-
b
ased
,
th
at
ca
n
aid
in
c
o
n
tr
o
lin
g
th
e
s
o
f
twar
e
p
ir
ac
y
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
r
eg
u
late
th
eir
e
f
f
icien
cy
an
d
d
e
f
in
ite
u
s
e
in
d
iv
er
s
e
lo
ca
tio
n
s
an
d
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
o
f
twar
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
e
x
p
lo
r
e
d
in
th
is
p
ap
er
in
clu
d
e
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
y
,
s
o
f
twar
e
wate
r
m
ar
k
i
n
g
,
s
ec
u
r
e
ac
ce
s
s
s
ch
em
e,
s
o
f
twar
e
ag
in
g
,
g
u
a
r
d
s
,
o
b
f
u
s
ca
tio
n
an
d
m
u
l
ti
-
b
lo
c
k
h
ash
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
[
7
]
,
d
is
co
u
r
s
es
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
in
g
o
f
th
e
s
o
f
twar
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
an
d
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
m
o
d
els
th
at
ca
n
b
e
th
r
o
wn
alo
n
g
s
i
d
e
ea
ch
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
escap
e
th
e
p
r
o
t
ec
tio
n
d
ev
ice.
T
o
tack
le
s
o
f
twar
e
p
ir
ac
y
a
d
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
h
as
b
ee
n
s
u
g
g
ested
,
th
ese
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
eith
er
d
eter
r
en
t
o
r
p
r
e
v
en
tiv
e
[
1
1
]
.
Dete
r
r
en
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
e
d
r
ea
d
o
f
t
h
e
p
en
alties
o
f
g
ettin
g
ca
u
g
h
t.
T
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
if
a
s
ep
ar
ate
p
er
s
o
n
s
d
esis
t
f
r
o
m
illeg
al
b
e
h
av
io
u
r
o
win
g
to
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
d
an
g
er
o
r
f
ea
r
o
f
s
an
ctio
n
s
.
Pre
v
e
n
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
m
ak
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
ec
en
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
th
e
ac
tu
al
ac
t
o
f
p
i
r
ac
y
.
A
d
ete
r
r
en
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
r
elies
o
n
an
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
f
ea
r
o
f
g
ettin
g
ca
u
g
h
t a
n
d
d
o
e
s
n
o
t d
ir
ec
tly
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
co
s
t o
f
th
e
ac
tu
al
ac
t
o
f
p
ir
atin
g
.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
a
cr
itical
s
tu
d
y
h
as
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
o
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
o
f
twar
e
p
ir
ac
y
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
u
ch
as
r
eg
is
tr
atio
n
co
d
es a
s
an
an
tip
ir
ac
y
tech
n
iq
u
e
,
m
ed
ia
p
r
o
tectio
n
as a
n
an
tip
ir
ac
y
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
,
o
n
lin
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
as
an
an
tip
ir
ac
y
tech
n
i
q
u
e
a
n
d
a
h
ar
d
war
e
b
ased
p
r
o
tectio
n
as
an
an
tip
ir
ac
y
tech
n
i
q
u
e,
b
u
t
an
o
th
e
r
r
eseac
h
s
h
o
ws
th
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
u
n
tr
ies
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
s
tag
es
h
av
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
r
e
m
ed
ial
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
p
ir
ac
y
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
[
1
2
,
1
3
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
b
ased
o
n
th
is
r
es
ea
r
ch
s
tu
d
y
a
s
im
p
le
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
ical
s
o
f
twar
e
was
d
esig
n
ed
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
b
est tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
.
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
On
e
o
f
th
e
b
est
g
en
er
al
te
ch
n
iq
u
es
to
v
er
if
y
th
e
au
th
en
ticity
o
f
leg
al
u
s
er
s
is
S
er
ial
-
B
ased
Pro
tectio
n
s
u
s
in
g
p
r
o
d
u
ct
s
er
ial
n
u
m
b
e
r
s
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
i
d
ea
is
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
leg
al
u
s
er
s
with
a
s
er
ial
k
ey
,
wh
ic
h
is
th
en
test
ed
b
y
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
u
s
in
g
a
s
ec
r
et
v
alid
atio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
is
n
o
t
co
m
p
le
tely
u
s
ed
f
o
r
o
n
lin
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
it
was
in
itially
u
s
ed
in
o
v
er
-
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
s
o
f
twar
e.
At
th
e
tim
e
o
f
in
s
tallatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
f
twar
e,
a
u
s
er
h
as
to
cr
ea
t
a
task
as
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
b
elo
w
o
n
th
e
lo
g
in
p
ag
e
as
s
ee
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
,
b
y
l
o
g
in
g
u
p
with
th
e
lo
g
in
d
etails
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
3
b
elo
w,
an
d
au
th
o
r
is
e
u
s
er
s
ca
n
ch
an
g
e
th
eir
p
ass
wo
r
d
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
F
ig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
i
n
s
taller
ask
s
th
e
u
s
er
to
in
s
er
t
th
e
s
er
ial
k
ey
,
if
it
is
in
co
r
ec
t
th
e
in
s
tallatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
en
d
s
.
T
y
p
ically
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
er
ial
k
ey
is
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
o
n
s
o
m
ewh
at
b
u
n
d
led
with
th
e
s
o
f
twar
e.
I
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tive
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
n
d
iffe
r
en
t so
ftw
a
r
e
p
ir
a
cy
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
(
A
h
ma
d
Mo
h
a
m
ma
d
Ha
s
s
a
n
)
3
ap
p
licatio
n
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
r
eg
i
s
ter
ed
o
n
lin
e,
th
e
s
er
ial
k
ey
ca
n
b
e
o
f
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
an
d
u
s
e
ab
o
v
e
d
esig
n
ated
s
ch
em
e
t
o
r
eg
is
ter
an
ap
p
licatio
n
,
th
e
u
s
er
th
e
n
co
n
tacts
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
b
y
s
en
d
in
g
h
im
;
h
is
n
am
e
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
’
s
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
u
s
er
with
a
k
ey
,
f
o
r
m
ed
o
n
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
th
e
u
s
er
r
estrictio
n
s
.
T
h
is
s
er
ial
k
ey
was
g
en
er
ated
u
s
in
g
th
e
v
en
d
o
r
p
r
iv
ate
k
ey
-
g
en
er
atin
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
W
h
en
th
e
u
s
er
en
ter
s
h
is
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
th
e
k
ey
in
th
e
s
o
f
twa
r
e
r
eg
is
tr
atio
n
b
o
x
,
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
ca
l
cu
lates
th
e
k
ey
b
y
r
u
n
n
in
g
th
e
u
s
er
p
ar
am
eter
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
b
u
ilt
-
in
k
ey
g
e
n
er
ato
r
an
d
th
en
co
m
p
ar
es
th
e
en
ter
ed
k
e
y
with
th
e
o
n
e
d
esig
n
ed
in
th
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
as
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
8
b
elo
w.
W
h
en
th
ese
two
v
alu
es
m
atch
es,
th
e
r
eg
is
tr
atio
n
is
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
as
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
9
b
elo
w.
I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
is
s
ec
u
r
ity
is
f
lex
ib
le
an
d
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
,
b
u
t
h
as
an
in
teg
r
al
s
ec
u
r
ity
r
is
k
,
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
v
er
if
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
clu
d
es
g
en
er
ati
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
r
r
ec
t
k
e
y
o
n
th
e
en
d
-
u
s
er
’
s
m
ac
h
in
e
.
3
.
1
.
Ana
ly
s
is
o
f
t
he
pro
po
s
e
d sy
s
t
em
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
an
aly
s
is
th
e
r
esear
ch
th
er
ef
o
r
e
r
e
v
ea
l
s
s
o
m
an
y
p
r
o
b
lem
s
th
at
in
s
tig
ated
to
s
o
f
twar
e
th
ef
t,
an
d
th
at
th
er
e
i
s
n
ee
d
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
s
im
p
le
s
o
f
twar
e
th
at
will
ea
s
e
an
d
p
r
ev
en
t
s
o
f
twar
e
p
ir
ac
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
p
r
o
b
l
em
s
o
f
s
o
f
twar
e
p
ir
ac
y
ar
e
h
ig
h
r
is
k
o
f
v
ir
u
s
an
d
m
alw
ar
e
in
f
ec
tio
n
t
o
th
e
co
m
p
u
ter
s
y
s
tem
wh
ich
m
ay
r
esu
lts
to
h
ar
m
f
u
l
s
y
s
tem
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
d
ata
co
r
r
u
p
tio
n
am
o
n
g
o
th
er
s
.
So
f
twar
e
p
ir
ac
y
h
as
af
f
ec
ted
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
an
d
th
e
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
f
twar
e
co
m
p
a
n
y
.
I
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
am
p
le
h
ar
m
t
o
s
o
f
twar
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
s
wh
en
th
ei
r
p
r
o
d
u
cts
a
r
e
co
p
ied
illeg
ally
with
o
u
t
an
d
s
ep
r
ad
i
n
g
to
o
th
er
p
e
o
p
le
wh
o
ar
e
n
o
t r
eg
is
ter
ed
u
s
er
s
o
r
wh
en
t
h
eir
p
r
o
d
u
cts ar
e
in
s
talled
am
o
n
g
s
ev
er
al
m
ac
h
in
es o
u
ts
id
e
t
h
e
licen
s
ed
n
u
m
b
er
.
So
m
e
r
esear
ch
h
as f
o
u
n
d
th
at
lo
wer
lev
el
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lead
s
to
g
r
ea
ter
s
o
f
twar
e
p
ir
ac
y
[
1
5
]
,
wh
ile
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
in
d
icate
d
th
at
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
a
d
li
ttle sig
n
if
ican
t o
n
s
o
f
twar
e
p
i
r
ac
y
[
1
6
,
1
7
]
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
,
n
o
twith
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
v
ar
iety
o
f
tech
n
ical
a
ctio
n
s
ag
ain
s
t
illeg
itima
te
r
ep
licatin
g
o
f
s
o
f
twar
e
th
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
f
ail
i
n
p
r
o
tectin
g
s
o
f
twar
e.
T
h
e
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
th
ese
p
r
o
tectio
n
ac
tio
n
s
is
f
ix
ed
,
a
n
d
n
o
n
e
o
f
th
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es
o
f
f
er
s
u
i
tab
le
p
r
o
tectio
n
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
ey
all
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
e
n
etr
ated
[
3
]
.
In
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
s
o
f
twar
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
ac
tio
n
s
m
ay
d
is
ap
p
o
i
n
t
cu
s
to
m
er
s
f
r
o
m
b
u
y
in
g
th
e
g
en
u
i
n
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct,
an
d
th
u
s
a
n
ew
m
eth
o
d
t
o
p
ir
ac
y
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
[
1
8
]
.
So
f
twar
e
p
ir
ac
y
f
allo
u
ts
in
lo
s
t
r
ev
e
n
u
e
wo
r
th
b
illi
o
n
s
o
f
d
o
llar
s
an
n
u
all
y
[
1
9
]
.
R
ev
en
u
e
lo
s
s
es
m
ay
lea
d
to
lo
s
t
jo
b
s
,
an
d
th
er
e
is
als
o
a
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
lo
s
in
g
b
o
th
d
o
m
esti
c
an
d
f
o
r
eig
n
in
v
estme
n
ts
.
[
2
0
]
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
(
m
et
h
o
d
)
m
u
s
t b
e
ab
le
t
o
f
u
lf
il th
e
f
o
ll
o
win
g
:
a)
Acc
u
r
ac
y
(
E
r
r
o
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
q
u
ick
ly
ch
ec
k
e
d
an
d
co
r
r
ec
te
d
)
.
b)
E
f
f
icien
cy
(
Pr
o
v
id
in
g
s
k
illfu
ln
ess
in
av
o
id
in
g
p
i
r
ac
y
o
f
s
o
f
t
war
e)
.
c)
E
co
n
o
m
ical
(
Usi
n
g
t
h
e
m
in
im
u
m
o
f
tim
e
o
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
f
o
r
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
)
.
d)
Fu
n
ctio
n
ality
(
C
ap
ab
le
o
f
s
er
v
in
g
a
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
well)
.
e)
User
f
r
ien
d
ly
(
Pr
o
v
id
in
g
co
m
f
o
r
tab
le
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t f
o
r
wo
r
k
as we
ll a
s
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
o
u
tp
u
t)
.
3
.
2
.
Sy
s
t
e
m
a
na
ly
s
is
a
nd
des
ig
n
A
s
y
s
tem
s
im
p
ly
m
ea
n
s
a
c
o
ll
ec
tio
n
o
f
m
a
n
y
in
ter
r
elate
d
p
a
r
ts
wo
r
k
in
g
to
g
eth
er
to
ac
h
iev
e
a
d
esire
d
g
o
al.
Sy
s
tem
a
n
aly
s
is
an
d
d
esig
n
th
er
e
f
o
r
e;
I
t
is
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
g
at
h
er
in
g
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
f
ac
ts
,
class
if
y
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
an
d
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
a
s
y
s
tem
in
t
o
its
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
Sy
s
tem
an
aly
s
is
is
co
n
d
u
cted
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
r
ev
iewin
g
a
s
y
s
tem
o
r
its
p
ar
ts
in
o
r
d
er
to
id
en
tify
its
o
b
jectiv
es.
I
t
i
s
a
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
th
at
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
s
y
s
tem
an
d
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
all
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
wo
r
k
p
r
o
f
icien
tly
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
eir
p
u
r
p
o
s
e.
L
o
g
ical
d
esig
n
o
f
a
s
y
s
tem
r
elate
s
to
an
in
tellectu
al
illu
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
th
e
d
ata
f
lo
ws,
in
p
u
ts
an
d
o
u
tp
u
ts
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
is
o
f
ten
co
n
d
u
cted
v
ia
m
o
d
ellin
g
,
u
s
in
g
an
o
v
er
-
a
b
s
tr
ac
t (
an
d
s
o
m
etim
es g
r
ap
h
ical)
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
ac
tu
al
s
y
s
tem
.
I
n
th
e
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
o
f
s
y
s
tem
s
,
d
esig
n
s
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ar
e
in
clu
d
e
d
.
3
.
2
.
1
.
I
np
ut
des
ig
n
I
n
p
u
t d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
was d
ef
in
ed
to
ac
ce
p
t th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
in
p
u
t to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
f
in
ally
d
is
p
la
y
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
as
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
5
b
elo
w.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
s
eg
m
e
n
ts
d
o
n
o
t
e
n
tail
in
p
u
t
b
u
t
y
o
u
j
u
s
t
ch
o
ice
th
e
co
m
m
a
n
d
an
d
it
e
x
ec
u
tes
th
e
co
m
m
an
d
au
to
m
a
tically
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
ac
ce
p
ts
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
in
p
u
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
u
s
er
an
d
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
o
u
tp
u
t.
3
.
2
.
2
.
O
utput
des
ig
n
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
t
h
is
p
r
o
g
r
am
wa
s
d
esig
n
ed
in
s
u
ch
a
way
to
m
ee
t
th
e
d
esire
o
f
th
e
u
s
er
an
d
t
o
g
iv
e
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
&
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
o
m
e
o
f
its
p
ar
t
d
o
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
th
e
u
s
er
to
in
p
u
t d
ata.
3.
2
.
3
.
F
o
r
m
des
ig
n
Fo
r
m
u
s
ed
in
th
is
p
r
o
g
r
am
wer
e
d
esig
n
ed
,
d
ef
i
n
ed
an
d
lin
k
ed
to
g
eth
e
r
to
m
ee
t
th
e
d
esire
d
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
ed
n
ee
d
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
f
o
r
m
s
u
s
ed
in
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
b
elo
w:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
1
,
A
p
r
il
20
2
1
:
1
–
8
4
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
L
o
g
in
p
ag
e
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Sig
n
u
p
p
ag
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tive
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
n
d
iffe
r
en
t so
ftw
a
r
e
p
ir
a
cy
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
(
A
h
ma
d
Mo
h
a
m
ma
d
Ha
s
s
a
n
)
5
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Pas
s
wo
r
d
ch
a
n
g
e
p
a
g
e
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
ask
c
r
ea
tio
n
p
ag
e
4.
DE
SCR
I
P
T
I
O
N
O
F
T
H
E
R
E
SU
L
T
S
Var
io
u
s
r
esu
lt
h
as
s
o
f
ar
b
ee
n
o
b
tai
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R
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NC
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S
[
1
]
C
o
llb
er
g
,
F.,
“
Dy
n
am
ic
-
g
r
ap
h
-
b
ased
s
o
f
twar
e
wate
r
m
ar
k
in
g
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tem
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er
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r
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h
ttp
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tm
l
[
2
]
Kh
ad
k
a.
I
.
,
“
So
f
twar
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p
ir
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y
: A
s
tu
d
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f
ca
u
s
es,
ef
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ts
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h
esis
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m
Helsin
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ty
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lied
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0
1
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.
[
3
]
An
ck
ae
r
t,
B
.
,
De
Su
tter
,
B
.
,
&
De
B
o
s
s
ch
er
e,
K.
,
“
So
f
twar
e
p
ir
ac
y
p
r
ev
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n
tio
n
th
r
o
u
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iv
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ity
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I
n
P
r
o
ce
ed
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g
s
o
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t
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4
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Dig
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Yo
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ttp
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[
4
]
Ab
r
ah
am
,
J
.
M.
“
So
f
twar
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
b
y
h
ar
d
war
e
an
d
o
b
f
u
s
ca
tio
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,”
R
etr
iev
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No
v
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er
,
2
0
1
3
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r
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m
h
ttp
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/b
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/Pap
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.
p
d
f
.
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I
SS
N
:
2
2
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10
,
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.
1
,
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il
20
2
1
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8
[
5
]
Ad
u
.
M.
K.
,
“
Desig
n
o
f
s
o
f
twar
e
p
ir
ac
y
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
tech
n
iq
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e
u
s
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g
m
o
b
ile
ag
e
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t
m
ess
ag
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ll
,
”
A
n
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a
ls
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mp
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ter S
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ce
S
eries
,
p
p
.
1
0
5
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,
2
0
1
3
.
[
6
]
B
ah
ar
R
.
,
“
Activ
atio
n
co
d
e
s
y
s
tem
an
d
m
eth
o
d
f
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p
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ev
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o
f
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e
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ac
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,
”
g
o
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p
a
ten
ts
.
R
etr
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ed
J
an
u
ar
y
1
1
,
2
0
1
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,
f
r
o
m
h
ttp
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g
o
o
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le
.
co
m
/p
a
ten
ts
/US
.
[
7
]
Gar
eth
,
C
.
“
A
tax
o
n
o
m
y
o
f
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
s
o
f
twar
e
p
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ac
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ev
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tio
n
,”
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etr
iev
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an
u
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r
y
,
2
0
1
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r
o
m
h
ttp
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n
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.
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m
/wr
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ac
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o
n
o
m
y
.
p
d
f
.
[
8
]
Z
o
h
eir
.
T
.
&
M
o
h
o
m
m
ed
.
A.
“
So
f
twar
e
p
ir
ac
y
in
d
e
v
elo
p
i
n
g
co
u
n
tr
ies:
p
r
ev
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ce
,
ca
u
s
es
an
d
s
o
m
e
p
r
o
p
o
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itio
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s
,
”
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b
a
l jo
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r
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o
f E
co
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&
B
u
s
in
ess
.
Pp
.
191
-
216
,
2
0
1
7
.
[
9
]
C
r
o
n
in
.
G.
,
“
A
tax
o
n
o
m
y
o
f
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
s
o
f
twar
e
p
i
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ac
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p
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ev
en
tio
n
,
”
r
etr
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ed
Octo
b
e
r
2
8
,
2
0
2
0
,
f
r
o
m
www.
v
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y
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r
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r
ac
y
tax
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n
o
m
y
.
p
d
f
.
[
1
0
]
Kh
an
.
M.
Ak
r
am
.
M
.
&
R
iaz.
N
.
,
“
A
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
An
al
y
s
is
o
f
So
f
twar
e
Pro
tectio
n
Sch
em
es,”
Th
e
I
n
tern
a
tio
n
a
l A
r
a
b
Jo
u
r
n
a
l o
f
I
n
fo
r
ma
tio
n
Tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
Ma
y
2
0
1
5
.
[
1
1
]
T
alib
.
L
.
R
.
,
“
So
f
twar
e
Pira
c
y
So
lu
tio
n
s
,
”
I
n
tern
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tio
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
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f
C
o
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ter
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ce
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n
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Mo
b
ile
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tin
g
,
v
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l.6
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o
.
2
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
-
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
5
6
-
169
,
2
0
1
7
.
[
1
2
]
Fan
g
.
X.
&
L
ee
.
S.
,
“
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
em
p
ir
ical
an
al
y
s
is
o
n
co
m
p
u
ter
s
o
f
twar
e
p
ir
ac
y
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
b
e
twee
n
C
h
in
a
&
th
e
Un
ited
States
”
.
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
tern
a
tio
n
a
l
Tech
n
o
lo
g
y
&
I
n
fo
r
ma
tio
n
Ma
n
a
g
e
men
t
,
pp.
47
-
66,
2
0
1
6
.
[
1
3
]
Vad
d
ad
i.
P
.
C
.
,
Kar
an
d
ee
p
.
S.
&
R
av
i.
B
.
,
“
A
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
o
f
s
o
f
twar
e
p
ir
ac
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
ec
u
r
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
”
Ad
v
an
ce
s
in
C
o
m
p
u
ter
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
Scien
ce
s
&
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
p
p
.
2
5
1
-
2
5
5
,
2
0
0
8
.
[
1
4
]
An
ck
ae
r
t.
B
.
,
“
So
f
twar
e
p
ir
ac
y
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
t
h
eo
r
y
d
iv
er
s
ity
,
2
0
0
4
,
R
etr
iev
ed
f
r
o
m
h
ttp
://u
s
er
s
.
elis
.
u
g
en
t.b
e/~b
r
d
s
iette/r
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ch
/p
u
b
licatio
n
s
/2
0
0
4
DR
Ma
n
ck
ae
r
t.p
d
f
[
1
5
]
Go
el.
K.
R
.
&
Nel
s
o
n
.
M.
A.
,
“
Dete
r
m
in
an
ts
o
f
s
o
f
twar
e
p
ir
ac
y
:
E
co
n
o
m
i
cs,
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
”
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Tr
a
n
s
fer
,
p
p
.
6
3
7
-
6
5
8
,
2
0
0
9
.
[
1
6
]
Alo
k
Mish
r
a
,
I
b
r
a
h
im
Ak
m
a
n
&
Ali
Yaz
ici,
“
Or
g
an
izatio
n
al
s
o
f
twar
e
p
ir
ac
y
:
an
em
p
ir
ic
al
ass
es
s
m
en
t,
B
eh
av
io
u
r
&
I
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
”
v
o
l.
2
6
,
n
o
.
5
,
pp
.
437
-
444
h
ttp
://d
x
.
d
o
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r
g
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5
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5
7
7
[
1
7
]
Mish
r
a.
A.
,
Ak
m
an
.
I
.
&
Yaz
ici.
A.
,
“
So
f
twar
e
p
ir
ac
y
am
o
n
g
I
T
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
in
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
,
”
I
n
tern
a
tio
n
a
l J
o
u
r
n
a
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