Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Inf
orm
at
ic
s
and
Co
m
munic
at
i
on
Tec
hn
olog
y (IJ
-
I
CT)
Vo
l.
7
,
No.
2
,
A
ugus
t
201
8
,
pp
.
89
~
95
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8776
, DO
I: 10
.11
591/iji
ct
.
v7
i
2
.
pp89
-
95
89
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
escore.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJI
C
T
Establis
hin
g a
S
oldier W
ireless
Sensor
Network (
WSN)
Commu
nicati
on fo
r Milit
ary Ope
ration M
onitorin
g
Mohd
N
az
ri
Isma
il
*
, Mo
hd ‘A
fiz
i Shukran,
Mohd
Riz
al Mohd
Is
a,
M
oh
d
Adi
b, Om
ar
Z
akaria
Facul
t
y
of
Def
en
se
Scie
n
ce a
nd
T
ec
hnolog
y
,
Na
tional
Def
ence
Un
ive
rsit
y
of
Ma
lay
sia
(UP
NM
),
Sungai
B
esi,
Kuala
Lumpur, M
al
a
y
s
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
pr
13
, 201
8
Re
vised Ju
n
15
, 2018
Accepte
d
J
un
2
9
, 201
8
The
stud
y
inves
ti
gat
es
and
d
e
vel
ops
compon
ent
s
for
imple
m
ent
ing
an
eff
ective
and
e
ffic
i
ent
m
ilita
r
y
knowledge/inf
orm
at
ion/
comm
unic
a
ti
on
in
cl
osed
ne
twork
a
rch
itect
ur
e.
Sin
c
e
m
il
itar
y
per
son
nel
ar
e
a
lwa
y
s
o
n
the
m
ove,
the
d
issem
ina
ti
o
n
of
knowl
edge
/
informat
ion/com
m
unic
at
ion
ne
ed
s
a
m
obile
pla
tform
to
a
ccom
m
odat
e
m
obil
ity
of
people.
The
m
obil
e
a
nd
wire
l
ess
net
work
p
latfor
m
should
b
e
able
to
sus
ta
in
th
e
remotene
ss
and
sec
lusion
of
m
il
it
ar
y
op
erati
o
n
areas.
Com
m
u
nic
a
ti
on
is
on
e
o
f
ke
y
probl
ems
of
a
m
il
ita
r
y
ope
ration
espe
c
i
al
l
y
due
to
envi
r
onm
ent
al c
onstr
ai
nts.
Th
is stud
y
proposes on
esta
bli
shing
a
f
uture
soldi
er
co
m
m
unic
at
ion
de
vic
e
with
m
obile
W
ire
l
ess
Sensor
Netwo
rk
(W
SN
)
and
m
ob
il
e
n
et
work
to
su
it
the
infa
n
tr
y
op
era
t
ions
in
the
jung
le.
Th
e
oper
ational
area
s
are
consid
ere
d
to
restr
i
cted
and
cha
l
le
ngin
g
loc
a
ti
ons.
W
ire
l
ess
Sensor
Ne
t
work
(W
SN
)
will
be
come
ine
x
pensive
an
d
comm
on
over
th
e
n
ext
decade
T
hus,
a
thorough
stud
y
is
v
it
a
l
to
deve
lop
t
h
e
m
ost
suita
ble
s
m
art
equi
pm
ent
and
ne
twork
r
equi
rement
s
for
Malay
sia
’s
m
il
it
ar
y
ec
o
-
s
y
st
em.
Finall
y
,
thi
s
stud
y
h
as
succ
essfull
y
dev
el
oped
new
sm
art
devi
c
e
proto
t
y
pe
using
W
SN
appr
oac
h
for
Mi
li
t
ar
y
op
era
t
ion.
In
a
ddit
ion,
thi
s
prototy
pe
ca
n
b
e
used
for
Sear
ch
and
Rescue
(SA
R)
oper
ation.
Th
is
prototy
pe
is
abl
e
to
tra
nsm
it
d
e
at
h
and
loca
ti
on
stat
us
,
m
ovement
locati
on
s
ta
tus,
h
ea
l
th
m
onit
oring
and
stat
us
to
th
e
b
ase
stat
ion
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Healt
h
Kno
wled
ge
Mi
li
ta
ry
Mob
il
e
Pr
ot
otype
W
i
reless
sens
or
netw
ork
(
WSN)
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Mohd
Nazr
i
Is
m
ai
l
,
Faculty
of
Defense
Scie
nce a
nd Tec
hnology
,
Nati
on
al
De
fence
Unive
rsity
of Mal
a
ysi
a (UP
NM),
Sung
ai
Besi
,
K
uala L
um
pu
r,
Ma
la
ysi
a
.
Em
a
il
:
m
.n
azri@u
pnm
.ed
u.
m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Cutt
ing
e
dg
e
c
om
pu
te
r
net
work
te
c
hnologie
s
facil
it
at
es
s
har
in
g
kn
ow
le
dge
an
d
in
f
or
m
at
ion
am
ong
per
s
onnel
i
n
m
any
orga
nizat
ion
s
.
Kno
wled
ge
an
d
I
nfo
rm
at
i
on
m
us
t
now
be
treat
ed
as
a
c
riti
cal
resour
ce
to
the
orga
nizat
ion
in
add
it
io
n
to
la
nd
an
d
ra
w
m
ater
ia
ls.
I
n
m
i
li
tar
y
,
init
ia
ti
ves
la
beled
as
K
no
wled
ge
M
ana
gem
ent
(K
M)
,
the
fo
c
us
is
on
le
a
rn
i
ng
an
d
the
sh
a
ri
ng
of
ta
ci
t
knowle
dge,
par
ti
c
ularly
in
the
m
any
areas
of
m
il
it
ar
y
op
e
rati
ons
[
1,
2].
Since
m
il
itary
pe
rson
nel
are
al
ways
on
the
m
ov
e,
th
e
dissem
inati
on
of
knowle
dg
e
an
d
inf
or
m
a
ti
on
ne
eds
a
m
ob
il
e
pl
at
fo
rm
to
acc
omm
od
at
e
m
o
bili
ty
of
pe
ople
.
T
he
m
ob
il
e
and
wireless
ne
twor
k
platfo
rm
sh
ould
be
a
ble to su
sta
in the rem
oteness
a
nd secl
us
io
n of m
i
li
tar
y o
per
at
io
n
a
r
eas.
Fu
tu
re
s
old
ie
r
is
a
co
ncep
t
of
how
t
he
f
utur
e
So
l
dier
m
igh
t
be
eq
ui
ppe
d.
The
fu
t
ur
e
So
l
dier
s
hall
be
ta
il
or
ed
with
de
sign
co
ns
ide
r
at
ion
s
for
eac
h
te
chnolo
gy
a
r
ea
nam
e
below
with
s
pecial
e
m
ph
asi
s
on
co
gn
it
ive
perform
ance
to
im
pr
ove
S
old
ie
r
ef
fecti
veness
a
nd
a
n
i
nc
rease
i
n
operat
ion
al
te
m
po
.
T
her
e
are
se
ve
n
m
ajo
r
areas
with
in
F
uture
S
old
ie
r
[
3]
:
i)
H
um
an
Perfo
rm
ance
&
Trai
ning,
ii
)
So
l
dier
Prote
ct
ion
;
ii
i)
Let
ha
li
ty
;
iv
)
Mob
il
it
y
and
L
og
ist
ic
s,
v)
S
old
ie
r
Netw
ork
;
vi)
S
old
ie
r
Se
nsors
;
vii)
S
old
i
er
P
ow
e
r
&
En
erg
y
.
The
sm
ar
t
dev
ic
e
us
in
g
W
i
reless
Sensor
Netw
ork
(
WSN)
is
de
velo
ped
base
d
on
fou
r
areas
i
)
Let
halit
y,
ii
)
Mob
il
it
y,
ii
i)
So
ldier
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8776
IJ
-
ICT
V
ol.
7
,
No.
2
,
Aug
us
t
20
1
8
:
89
–
95
90
Netw
ork,
a
nd
iv)
S
old
ie
r
Se
nsors
.
This
ap
pr
oach
is
not
fo
c
us
in
g
on
m
il
it
a
ry
in
form
at
ion
bu
t
it
is
al
s
o
c
an
be
app
li
ed
to SA
R (Sea
rch an
d R
escue)
team
un
it
.
Com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
is
on
e
of
ke
y
pro
ble
m
s
of
a
m
il
i
ta
ry
operati
on
es
pec
ia
ll
y
i)
ther
e
i
s
no
death
no
ti
ficat
io
n st
a
tus
m
echan
ism
, i
i)
una
ble
to
t
rack
the
m
ov
e
m
ent
an
d l
ocati
on
of
so
l
dier i
n
real
ti
m
e,
ii
i)
una
ble
to
m
on
it
or
i
nju
re
d
so
l
dier
f
r
om
base
sta
ti
on
.
He
nce,
t
his
stu
dy
pro
pos
es
on
est
a
bli
sh
in
g
a
fu
t
ur
e
so
ldie
r
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
dev
ic
e
em
bed
de
d
with
wir
el
ess
sens
or
ne
twork
to
s
uit
t
he
m
il
i
ta
ry
operati
on
s
in
the
jungle.
Th
us
,
a
t
horou
gh
stu
dy
is
vital
to
de
velo
p
the
s
uitable
eq
uip
m
ent
and
ne
twork
require
m
ents
for
Ma
la
ysi
a’
s
m
ilit
ary eco
-
sy
stem
.
Thus, t
he
obj
ect
iv
es
of this re
searc
h
a
r
e as foll
ows:
i.
Dev
el
op
an
d
execu
te
proces
ses
that
en
ga
ge
current
s
old
ie
r
s
an
d pa
rtne
rs i
n t
he i
den
ti
fica
ti
on
a
nd
a
naly
s
is
of
fu
t
ur
e
So
l
dier.
ii
. Create f
utur
e operati
ons a
nd s
upport
f
utu
r
e capa
bili
ty
iden
ti
ficat
ion
a
nd
analy
sis.
iii.
In
no
vato
rs
in
the
re
searc
h
com
m
un
it
y
to
bette
r
un
der
st
and
how
f
utu
r
e
sci
ence
an
d
te
chnolo
gy
ca
n
e
nab
le
fu
t
ur
e
So
l
dier
iv.
To
de
velo
p
a
s
m
art
dev
ic
e
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
(
Io
T
)
us
in
g
r
adio
f
re
qu
e
ncy
(RF)
netw
ork
and
m
ob
il
e
net
work
for
m
ilit
ary HQ
re
m
ote
m
on
it
or
in
g.
The
re
st
of
the p
ape
r
is organ
i
zed
as f
ollo
ws:
backg
rou
nd
a
nd
r
el
at
ed
wor
k
is
prese
nted
i
n
Sect
io
n
2,
wh
il
e
S
ect
io
n
3
discuss
e
s
on
m
e
tho
dolo
gy.
This
is
fo
ll
ow
ed
by
Sect
io
n
4
with
a
desig
n
a
nd
res
ult
of
sm
art
dev
ic
e
us
i
ng
wireless
se
nso
r
netw
ork
a
pp
ro
ac
h.
Finall
y,
in
S
ect
ion
5,
the
pa
pe
r
is
c
on
cl
ud
e
d
with
a
br
ie
f
su
m
m
ary and
futu
re r
e
searc
h work.
2.
BACKG
ROU
ND
AND
RELATE
D
W
O
RK
Infan
t
ry h
a
ve
a
lway
s b
ee
n
ins
pire
d
to t
he
ide
al
o
f ‘one s
hot,
one k
il
l’ i
n
the
m
il
i
ta
ry training,
bu
t t
hi
s
arti
cl
e
pro
ves
that,
e
sp
eci
al
ly
in
c
om
plex
te
r
r
ai
ns
s
uc
h
a
s
t
he
ju
ng
le
area
,
i
nf
a
ntry u
s
ually
ap
plies
t
he
‘volum
e
of
fire
’
psy
ch
olo
gical
a
ppr
oac
h
to
dom
inate
t
heir
e
nem
y.
Only
then
the
sig
ni
ficant
chall
en
ges
of
poor
visibil
it
y
and
fleet
in
g
eng
a
gem
ent
oppo
r
tu
niti
es
are
s
uccess
fu
ll
y
overc
om
e
and
m
aneu
ve
r
re
sto
red
to
th
e
li
gh
t i
nfant
rym
an
[
4
]
.
Com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
is
the
key
as
pe
ct
in
m
i
li
ta
ry
op
e
rati
ons
[
5
]
.
Thro
ughout
the
age
s,
m
an
ha
ve
use
d
m
any
diff
e
re
nt
m
od
es
of
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
.
Be
it
a
s
picto
gr
a
phy,
sign
la
ngua
ge
s,
li
gh
ts
,
sm
okes
an
d
m
any
oth
e
r
sy
m
bo
li
c
ways
in
s
uch
that
som
e
even
e
ncr
y
pted
to
hi
de
the
act
ual
data
t
ha
t
is
bei
ng
relay
ed.
W
it
h
the
cr
eat
ivit
y
of
m
an
to
c
ome
up
with
m
any
diff
e
ren
t
wa
ys
of
c
omm
un
ic
at
ing
,
c
om
e
chall
enges
of
m
aking
it
m
uch
m
or
e
eff
ect
ive
.
But
in
te
rm
s
of
m
il
i
t
ary
op
e
rati
ons,
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
ha
ve
to
be
bri
ef,
pr
eci
se
a
nd
relay
ed
to
t
he
ta
rg
et
at
pin po
i
nt
ac
cur
acy
.
T
he
co
m
m
on
m
od
e o
f
com
m
un
ic
at
ing
h
as
al
ways
be
en
t
hro
ugh
vo
ic
e
ra
dio
.
S
old
i
ers
of
the
w
orl
d
a
re
m
uch
m
or
e
de
pende
nt
on
c
urre
nt
el
ect
roni
c
wa
rf
a
re
te
ch
no
l
og
y
t
o
win
the
war.
T
hes
e
ne
w
e
m
erg
in
g
te
ch
no
l
og
y
c
om
es
with
a
pri
ce,
ot
her
tha
n
the
va
lue
of
m
on
ey
,
the
s
um
is
weigh
t
i
s
a
m
ajo
r
factor.
Com
par
ed
t
o
s
old
ie
rs
of
the
f
irst
w
or
l
d
war
,
so
l
diers
of
t
oday
ha
ve
t
o
ca
rry
alm
os
t
doubl
e
the
wei
gh
t.
T
here
are
ot
her
m
et
ho
ds
bei
ng
us
e
d
in
the
histor
y
of
m
i
li
ta
ry
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
othe
r
tha
n
ra
dio
w
aves
wh
ic
h
are
m
ai
nly
in
el
ect
ronic
si
gn
a
ls
an
d
opti
cal
sign
al
s.
E
xam
ples
for
el
e
ct
ronic
sig
nals
are
te
le
ph
on
e
wh
e
re
t
he
te
le
phone
conve
rts
the
voic
e
into
el
ect
r
on
ic
si
gn
al
th
r
ough
the
ci
rc
ui
ts
in
the
te
le
phon
e
.
Wh
e
reas
f
or
op
ti
cal
sig
na
ls,
it
will
receive
th
e
co
nverte
d
si
gnal
s
i
n
a
f
orm
of
li
ght
s
to
be
transm
itted
int
o
t
he
fib
re
opti
c
cable
that
wi
ll
then
will
be
co
nverted
int
o
el
ect
ronic
sign
a
ls
that
will
be
co
nvert
into
data
via
el
ect
ro
nic
de
vices
,
su
c
h
as c
om
pute
rs
[
6
].
A
m
esh
netw
ork
is
a
pe
rf
ect
fit
f
or
m
il
i
ta
ry
op
e
rati
ons
bec
ause
it
is
wir
el
ess
a
nd
m
ob
il
e
rat
her
th
a
n
the
tradit
io
nal
hub
-
an
d
-
spo
ke
netw
orkin
g
m
od
el
wh
ic
h
r
equ
i
res
a
ph
ys
ic
al
connecti
vity
and
a
ce
ntr
al
iz
ed
router.
I
ns
te
ad,
m
esh
netw
ork
s
transm
it
s
a
relay
syst
e
m
that
le
ts
each
node
act
ind
e
pe
ndently
to
recei
ve
an
d
dissem
inate
in
fo
rm
at
ion
an
d
t
hen
f
orward
th
e
m
to
the
ot
he
r
no
des.
It
doe
s
not
only
w
orks
with
the
for
ward
-
op
e
rati
ng
un
it
s
to
c
ollec
ts
data su
c
h as
visu
a
l an
d
s
ound
on
the s
urrou
nd
i
ngs
of the
r
e
quir
ed
a
rea t
hat
does no
t
facil
it
at
e
with
the
net
work
i
ng
in
fr
ast
ru
ct
ure,
but
it
can
a
lso
be
co
nf
i
gured
acc
ordi
ng
l
y
with
a
m
uch
m
or
e
eff
ic
ie
nt
a
nd
quic
kly
an
d
c
on
sidere
d
as
a
m
uch
m
or
e
reli
able
beca
us
e
it
can
bypass
no
des
that
a
re
op
erati
ng
su
b
opti
m
ally
autom
at
ic
ally
in
fa
vor
of
th
e
m
uch
m
or
e
qu
ic
kest
a
nd
m
os
t
ro
bust
pa
thway.
Exam
p
le
of
orga
nizat
ion
t
ha
t has
bee
n using the m
esh ne
twork
is the
U
nited Stat
es M
arines
[
7
].
Ba
sed
on
t
he
r
eviews
,
we
ca
n
deduce
th
at
it
is
feasible
to
est
ablis
h
a
wireless
se
nso
r
net
wor
k
f
or
infa
ntry
pe
rsonn
el
durin
g
m
i
li
ta
ry
op
erati
ons
[
8,
9,
10,
11]
.
The
f
ollowi
ng
sect
io
ns
de
scribes
furthe
r
on
t
he
researc
h
iss
ues
, object
ives a
nd the
pr
opos
e
d netw
ork
st
ru
ct
ur
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
-
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S
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52
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Estab
li
s
hing
a So
l
dier Wirel
e
ss S
e
nsor Net
w
or
k (
W
SN)
…
(
Mo
hd Nazri
Is
m
ail
)
91
3.
THE
PROPO
SED W
IREL
ESS SE
NS
O
R
N
ET
WO
RK
STRUCT
URE
The
a
ppr
oac
h
of
this
resea
rc
h
will
be
co
nd
ucted
acco
rd
i
ng
t
o
the
obj
ect
ive
s
t
hat
ha
ve
be
en
sta
te
d
as
a
bove.
I
niti
al
stud
y
would
be
co
ncen
t
rated
i
n
unde
rstan
ding
the
m
echan
ic
s
an
d
c
har
act
erist
ic
s
of
a
wireles
s
sens
or
net
wor
k
an
d
wireless
m
esh
net
w
ork
.
A
ha
ndfu
l
of
pa
per
s
relat
e
d
t
o
the
resea
rch
a
nd
dev
el
op
m
ent
of
the
wireless
netw
ork
will
be
stu
died
[1
2
,
1
3
,
1
4
].
A
wireless
se
ns
or
netw
ork
is
a
gro
up
of
ne
twork
wh
ic
h
usual
ly
us
es
wireless
or
ca
ble
d
net
w
ork
wh
e
re
eac
h
of
t
he
dev
ic
es
is
co
nnect
ed
f
r
om
on
e
to
m
any.
It
nee
ds
to
be
config
ur
e
d
t
o
a
ll
ow
c
onnecti
ons
t
o
be
re
r
ou
te
d
by
av
oid
i
ng
ob
sta
cl
e
obj
ect
s
that
m
a
y
be
bl
ock
t
he
si
gn
al
s
from
bein
g
tra
ns
m
itt
ed
by
hopi
ng
the
nodes
from
one
de
vice
to
an
oth
er
unti
l
it
reaches
it
s
de
sti
nation.
W
ir
el
es
s
sens
or
netw
ork
s ar
e self
-
heali
ng
a
nd v
e
ry r
el
ia
ble [
1
5
, 1
6,
17
].
Fig
ur
e
1
il
lustrate
s the
pro
po
s
ed fram
ework
of
wireless
se
nsor
netw
ork
str
uctur
e
for i
nf
a
ntry
operati
ons
[
17, 18].
Figure
1
.
F
ram
ewor
k of
Wirel
ess Se
ns
or
Net
work f
or Mi
li
t
ary
U
nit
4.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
DOL
OGY
The follo
wing
m
et
ho
ds w
ould
b
e a
ppli
ed
t
o
c
om
plete
the p
r
oj
ect
obje
ct
ive
s (
r
efe
r
to
Fig
ure
2)
:
a.
Abstr
action
M
od
el
li
ng
:
I
n
th
e
first
ste
p,
it
is
require
d
to
desig
n
the
sm
art
de
vice
syst
e
m
wh
ic
h
has
a
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
com
ponen
t
.
The
la
yo
ut
of
sm
art
dev
ic
e
syst
e
m
with
it
s
com
po
ne
nts
is
desig
ne
d
on
th
e
dr
a
wing
pa
per
(Abstracti
on M
od
el
li
ng)
b.
Block
Diagr
am
De
sig
n
:
Nex
t,
from
abstracti
on
m
od
el
li
ng
t
he
sm
art
de
vice
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
will
tra
ns
f
orm
to
the
Bl
ock
di
agr
am
desig
n.
In
t
his
sta
ge
,
th
e
com
m
un
ic
at
i
on
com
ponen
ts
nee
d
to
ar
rang
e
an
d
li
nk
ea
c
h
oth
e
r’
s
.
T
he
Ra
dio
fr
e
quency
(
RF)
se
nsor,
G
P
S
sen
sor,
te
m
per
at
ur
e
&
hum
i
dity
sens
or
,
6D
OF
se
nsor
an
d
Con
tr
oller
unit
are use
d
as
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
unit
.
c.
Device
Archit
ect
ur
e
:
The
ne
xt
ste
p,
the
blo
c
k
dia
gr
am
desig
n
w
ould
be
to
tra
ns
f
orm
into
de
vice
arch
it
ect
ure.
T
he
s
ma
rt
de
vice
will
then
be
integrate
d
w
it
h
act
ivati
on
pro
gr
am
m
ing
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
syst
e
m
. T
he
s
m
art
de
vice
prototype
will
be
te
ste
d
an
d t
he
best
perf
or
m
ance
will
be
us
e
d
on
sm
art
dev
ic
e
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
for
m
ilit
ary/SA
R
un
it
team
.
d.
Real
Sma
rt
De
vi
ce
Com
m
uni
cation
:
In
the
f
inal
sta
ge
of
th
e
proj
e
ct
,
it
is
exp
ect
e
d
to
ha
ve
a
su
cce
ssf
ul
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
on
real
net
w
ork
betwee
n
s
m
art
dev
ic
e,
w
irel
es
s
gateway
and
H
Q
base
s
ta
ti
on
.
It
helps
to
enh
a
nce
the
dr
iving
e
xp
e
rien
ce
to
be
sa
fer
by
hav
i
ng
a
n
e
ff
ect
ive
com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
betw
een
t
hem
.
Af
te
r
that, the
pe
rform
ance w
il
l be
test
and a
na
ly
se in
real o
perat
ion m
on
it
or
in
g and t
rac
king si
tuati
on
.
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IS
S
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:
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IJ
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V
ol.
7
,
No.
2
,
Aug
us
t
20
1
8
:
89
–
95
92
Figure
2
.
Re
se
arch M
et
hodolog
y
5.
DESIG
N A
N
D RESULT
5.1
Ab
s
tr
act
i
on
M
od
el
-
S
oldier Uni
t
In
the
fir
st
ph
a
se,
th
e
ov
e
r
view
of
the
sm
art
dev
ic
e
unit
us
i
ng
wireless
sen
so
r
netw
ork
ha
s
bee
n
s
ketc
h
pro
per
ly
has
be
en
s
ketch
pro
per
ly
.
Fi
gure
3
s
hows
t
he
il
lustrati
on
la
yo
ut
of
sm
art
de
vice
em
bed
de
d
with
wireless se
nsor
n
et
w
ork
.
Figure
3
.
Illust
rati
on of S
m
art
De
vice
W
i
reless Se
ns
or
Net
work
5.2
Bl
ock Dia
gram
Design
of Wire
le
ss Se
nso
r
Ne
twork
The
sec
ond
ph
ases,
al
l
the
se
ns
or
c
om
po
ne
nts
ha
ve
bee
n
assem
bled
and
connecte
d
to
bl
ock
diag
ram
desig
n
(Refe
r
t
o
Fig
ur
e
4)
.
T
he
re
a
re
si
x
c
ompone
n
ts
ha
ve
be
en
us
e
d
i
n
de
ve
lop
m
ent
of
s
m
art
de
vice
W
SN
f
or
m
ilit
ary
op
e
rat
ion
su
c
h
as:
GP
S
se
nsor,
R
adio
Se
nsor
(
RF),
Tem
per
at
ur
e
se
ns
or,
hum
idit
y
sensor,
6D
OF
sens
or
.
Fi
ve of
these se
nsor
s
hav
e
con
necte
d
/l
ink
e
d
to
the
Mi
cro
C
on
tr
oller
Un
it
.
Figure
4
.
S
m
art Dev
ic
es
WSN
-
Bl
oc
k Diag
ram
Design
f
or Mi
li
ta
ry
Un
it
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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Estab
li
s
hing
a So
l
dier Wirel
e
ss S
e
nsor Net
w
or
k (
W
SN)
…
(
Mo
hd Nazri
Is
m
ail
)
93
5.3
De
vice Ar
chitecture
La
yout
5.3.1
GPS
Se
n
so
rs
The
G
PS
se
nso
r
is
us
e
d
f
or
so
l
dier
po
sit
io
n
tr
ackin
g
an
d
hea
lt
h
ind
ic
at
io
n
s
ta
tus
m
on
it
or
ed
f
ro
m
base
st
at
ion
(
re
fer
t
o
F
i
gure
5)
.
T
he
GP
S
recei
ve
r
is
us
e
d
to
log
the
l
ongitu
de
a
nd
la
ti
tud
e
of
m
ilit
ary
tea
m
un
it
,
wh
ic
h
is
sto
re
d
in
m
ic
ro
con
t
rol
le
r
m
e
m
or
y.
G
PS
Re
cei
ve
r
re
cei
ves
an
d
c
ompares
the
si
gn
a
l
from
or
biti
ng
GPS
sat
el
li
te
to
determ
ine g
eo
gr
a
phic
posit
io
n.
5.3.2
6Do
F
Se
nso
r
Six
de
gr
ees
of
f
reedom
(
6Do
F
)
re
fer
s
to
the
f
re
edo
m
of
m
ov
e
m
ent
of
a
rigi
d
body
i
n
t
hr
ee
-
dim
ension
al
sp
ace
.
Sp
eci
fical
ly
,
the
body
i
s
fr
ee
t
o
c
hange
posit
ion
as
f
orward/bac
kwar
d
(s
urge
),
up/d
own
(h
ea
ve
),
le
ft/right
(sw
ay
)
tra
ns
la
ti
on
i
n
th
ree
pe
rp
e
ndic
ular
a
xe
s
,
com
bin
ed
with
c
hanges
i
n
ori
entat
io
n
t
hro
ugh
r
otati
on
ab
out
three
pe
rp
e
ndic
ular
a
xes
,
of
t
en
te
rm
ed
pitc
h,
ya
w,
a
nd
rol
l
[19].
I
n
t
his
researc
h
6Do
F
is
us
e
d
t
o
det
ect
the
death st
at
us
of
the m
i
li
ta
ry
(r
efer
t
o
F
i
gure
5)
.
5.3.3
Te
m
per
at
u
re
an
d
Hu
mi
dity
Sen
s
or
This tem
per
at
ure a
nd hum
idity is use
d for
he
al
th m
on
it
or
in
g
a
nd d
eat
h
sta
tus.
T
he h
um
id
it
y sensor
is use
d
to
m
eas
ur
e
the s
urr
oundin
g
ai
r
. T
his t
e
m
per
at
ure se
nsor
is used
to m
easur
e the
m
i
li
ta
ry b
ody
tem
per
at
ur
e
(
re
fer
t
o
F
ig
ure
5)
.
5.3.4
R
ad
io
F
requenc
y (R
F
)
S
en
so
r
This
RF
se
nsor
is
us
e
d
for
com
m
un
ic
at
i
on
bet
ween
m
il
it
ary
te
a
m
to
Mob
il
e
Ad
-
H
oc
Netw
ork
(MA
NET)
gate
way,
t
hen
M
obil
e
Ad
-
Ho
c
Network
(MA
NE
T)
gatew
ay
will
be
li
nked
to
t
he
Ba
se
sta
ti
on
(
H
Q)
for real
tim
e
m
on
it
ori
ng
(r
e
fer t
o
F
i
gure
5).
Figure
5.
De
vi
ce A
rch
it
ect
ure
Layo
ut
5.4
Re
al Sm
ar
t Device
WS
N
Pr
oto
type
At
the
e
nd
of
t
he
re
searc
h,
w
e
are
finall
y
suc
cessf
ully
devel
op
e
d
Re
al
S
m
art
Dev
ic
e
Prototy
pe
us
i
ng
W
i
reless
Se
nsor
Netw
ork
(
WSN)
a
ppr
oac
h.
Fi
gure
6
shows
t
he
to
p
view
an
d
si
de
vi
ew
of
real
sm
art
d
e
vice
prototype
.
Tabl
e
1
sho
w
the
s
pe
ci
ficat
ion
of
the
Ra
dio
Fr
e
qu
ency
(RF)
[20]
us
e
d
in
sm
art
dev
ic
e
de
velo
pm
ent.
Table
1: S
pecif
ic
at
ion
, F
e
at
ure an
d
S
uppo
rt
Specificatio
n/
feat
ure
Suppo
rt
Rad
io
Fr
eq
u
en
cy
(
RF) ban
d
s
4
3
3
M
Hz ,
86
8
M
Hz
Ou
tp
u
t po
wer
+1
4
dB
m
(
m
ax
.)
,
a
d
ju
stab
le
Mod
u
latio
n
FSK,
GFSK,
L
o
ra
su
p
p
o
rted
m
o
d
u
latio
n
rece
iv
er
sen
sitiv
ity
su
p
p
o
rts till
-
1
4
8
d
B
m
d
istan
ce c
o
v
erage
>1
5
K
m
(
su
b
-
u
rban
),
>5K
m
(urb
an
)
Ap
p
licatio
n
s
IoT,
M2M et
c.
Su
p
p
ly
Vo
ltag
e
2
.1 V to 3
.6 Vo
lts
Te
m
p
e
rature
rang
e
-
4
0
deg
ree
C to
+8
5
deg
ree
C
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
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IJ
-
ICT
V
ol.
7
,
No.
2
,
Aug
us
t
20
1
8
:
89
–
95
94
Figure
6.
Re
al
Sm
art Dev
ic
e
Pr
ot
otype
us
in
g WS
N Appr
oa
ch
6.
SIGNIFI
CAN
T CO
NTRIB
UTIO
N AND
FUTU
RE W
O
RKS
Finall
y,
this
stud
y
has
s
ucce
ssfu
ll
y
de
velo
ped
ne
w
sm
art
de
vice
prot
otype
us
i
ng
W
ir
el
ess
Sens
or
Netw
ork
(
WSN
)
ap
proac
h
f
or
Mi
li
ta
ry
oper
at
ion
.
I
n
ad
diti
on,
t
his
prototy
pe
ca
n
be
us
ed
for
Searc
h
a
nd
Re
scue
(S
AR
)
operati
on.
T
his
prototy
pe
is
a
ble
t
o
t
ra
ns
m
it
death
a
nd
l
ocati
on
sta
t
us,
m
ov
em
ent
lo
cat
ion
sta
tus,
he
al
t
h
m
on
it
or
ing
a
nd
sta
tus
to
the
ba
se
sta
ti
on
.
In
gen
e
ral,
the
co
ntri
bu
ti
on
of
this
re
searc
h
w
ou
l
d
be
nefi
t
the
un
i
ver
sit
y an
d t
he
m
i
li
ta
ry. A
t t
he un
i
ver
sit
y
le
vel, a br
oa
d f
ie
ld of study c
ou
l
d
em
erg
e f
r
om
this r
esearc
h.
The
f
ur
t
her
en
han
cem
ent
of
the
wea
rab
le
ec
o
syst
em
that
c
on
sist
s
of
a
sm
art
glass/g
oggl
es
a
nd
al
so
sm
art
cl
oth
ing
cou
l
d
be
i
nclu
de
d
i
nto
t
he
ec
o
syst
e
m
.
W
it
h
a
sm
art
glass,
a
heads
up
dis
pla
y
cou
l
d
be
pro
vid
e
d
to
the
us
e
r
t
hus
savi
ng
preci
ou
s
tim
e
and
co
ul
d
be
c
ouple
d
w
it
h
au
gm
ented
reali
ty
fo
r
f
urt
her
en
ha
ncem
e
nt
of
sit
uational
awa
ren
es
s.
By
ha
vi
ng
heads
up
di
sp
la
y,
m
ad
and
fiel
d
ca
n
be
integrate
d
into
aug
m
ented
re
al
it
y.
Cl
oth
es
that
c
ol
le
ct
s
ph
ysi
cal
par
am
et
ers
su
c
h
as
hear
t
rate
a
n
d
pe
rsp
i
rati
on
rate
w
ou
l
d
m
e
an
a
w
hole
ne
w
le
vel
on
t
he
te
rm
of
sm
art
so
ldiers.
Ba
se
sit
uation
cou
l
d
m
on
it
or
infa
ntry
physi
cal
and
m
ental
conditi
on,
stress
le
vel
and pr
ov
i
de
th
e ap
pro
pr
ia
te
rem
edy o
r
r
e
-
gr
oup
i
f
ret
reat i
s
i
m
m
inent.
Also
,
ne
xt
fu
t
ur
e
w
ork
nee
ds
to
be
fo
c
us
e
d
on
co
nsum
ption
of
pow
er
energy
a
nd
di
sta
nce.
T
he
arch
it
ect
ure
of
this sm
art d
evi
ce can
f
ur
th
er
exten
d
to
add
di
sp
la
y u
nit an
d m
ot
ion
detect
ion
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
This
researc
h
a
nd fu
nd
i
ng w
a
s sup
ported
b
y
KP
T
(Minist
ry
of H
i
gher
Ed
uc
at
ion
)
. T
he
a
r
ea o
f
stu
dy
is
on m
ilit
ary us
ing NR
GS
gr
a
nt
.
REFERE
NCE
S
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ong,
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il
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ei
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rna
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chnol
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N.
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‘
Wir
el
ess
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t
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wit
h
sm
art
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ern
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y
m
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ai
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“
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rl
y
f
ire
detec
t
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dev
el
opm
en
t
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t
empera
tur
e
sensor
devi
c
e
i
n
sm
art
hom
e
m
onit
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s
y
stem
using mobile
ph
one
”
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ernati
o
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