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I
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Vo
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20
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5
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46
T
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T
NE
T
.
H
asan
et
a
l
.
[
1
5
]
p
r
esen
ted
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
m
a
x
i
m
is
e
C
R
N
e
f
f
if
ie
n
c
y
.
L
asa
u
lce
et
a
l.
pr
o
p
o
s
ed
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
in
w
ir
ele
s
s
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
.
Z
h
a
n
g
et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
s
tu
d
ied
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
s
en
s
in
g
s
c
h
ed
u
le
al
g
o
r
ith
m
w
it
h
th
e
aid
o
f
p
ar
tiall
y
o
b
s
er
v
ab
le
Ma
r
k
o
v
d
ec
is
io
n
p
r
o
v
ess
.
T
r
eu
s
t
et
a
l.
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
in
C
R
N
[
9
]
.
A
ll
t
h
ese
s
tu
d
ie
s
ca
n
n
o
t
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
p
o
w
er
g
r
id
,
wh
ich
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
o
w
er
to
all
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
P
o
w
er
b
lack
o
u
t
is
b
u
r
n
in
g
is
s
u
e
i
n
all
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
o
w
er
g
r
id
s
[
1
1
,
1
2
]
.
Oti
m
izatio
n
elec
tr
ict
y
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
a
n
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
w
il
l
co
n
v
er
t
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
g
r
id
to
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
.
W
ith
t
h
e
h
elp
o
f
i
n
telli
g
en
c
e
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
a
n
d
n
et
wo
r
k
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
,
it
i
s
p
o
s
s
i
b
le
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
p
o
w
er
u
s
a
g
e.
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
I
ex
p
lain
ed
t
h
e
g
r
ee
n
co
g
n
itiv
e
m
o
b
ile
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
w
it
h
s
m
all
ce
lls
.
2.
DE
S
I
G
N
ST
RAT
E
G
I
E
S
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
co
g
n
iti
v
e
r
ad
io
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
icr
o
ce
lls
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
p
o
w
e
r
b
y
a
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
R
N
w
it
h
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
2
.
1
.
CRN
w
it
h
M
icro
ce
lls
L
et
u
s
as
s
u
m
e
t
h
at
th
e
en
t
ir
e
r
eg
io
n
co
v
er
ed
b
y
Ma
cr
o
ce
ll
B
ase
s
tat
io
n
a
n
d
s
e
v
er
al
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
m
all
ce
lls
.
T
h
is
s
et
u
p
w
ill
co
n
v
e
r
t
h
o
m
o
g
en
io
u
s
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
i
n
t
o
h
eter
o
g
en
io
u
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
[
3
]
.
T
h
ese
m
icr
o
ce
ll
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll
v
ia
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
.
E
ac
h
m
i
cr
o
ce
ll
h
as
d
ef
in
ed
ca
p
ac
it
y
a
n
d
s
er
v
e
s
f
o
r
li
m
ited
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
u
s
er
s
.
Ma
cr
o
ce
ll
s
h
o
u
ld
a
w
ar
e
t
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
u
s
ag
e
o
f
m
icr
o
ce
ll
[
2
,
5
,
7
]
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
b
y
co
g
n
iti
v
e
r
ad
io
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
W
ith
th
i
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
m
icr
o
ce
ll
also
m
o
n
ito
r
s
o
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
r
ad
io
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
th
e
c
h
a
n
n
el
s
in
i
n
tel
lig
en
t
w
a
y
.
T
h
e
ce
llu
lar
s
y
s
te
m
u
n
d
er
th
is
co
n
d
itio
n
w
ill
o
p
er
ate
o
n
ti
m
e
s
lo
tted
pr
in
cip
le.
I
n
e
v
er
y
ti
m
e
s
lo
t,
t
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
r
eso
u
r
ce
li
s
ce
n
ce
d
to
m
ac
r
o
b
ase
s
tat
io
n
is
d
i
v
i
d
ed
in
to
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
u
b
ch
a
n
n
els.
T
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
b
et
w
ee
n
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll a
n
d
its
u
s
er
s
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
O
F
DM
A
[
5
,
1
1
]
.
Ma
cr
o
ce
ll
an
d
m
icr
o
ce
ll
ar
e
s
h
ar
in
g
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
s
p
ec
t
r
u
m
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
,
b
u
t
cr
o
s
s
tier
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
w
i
ll
ex
is
t
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
s
e
t
w
o
ce
lls
.
T
o
av
o
i
d
th
is
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
,
in
ter
f
er
en
c
e
p
r
ice
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
w
a
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
T
h
e
m
icr
o
ce
lls
ca
n
ch
a
n
g
e
t
h
eir
tr
a
n
s
m
itte
d
p
o
w
er
b
ased
o
n
in
ter
f
er
en
c
e
p
r
ice
an
d
c
h
an
n
e
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
-
I
C
T
I
SS
N:
2252
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8776
E
n
erg
y
efficien
cy
in
C
o
g
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itive
R
a
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io
N
etw
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…
(
S
ee
ta
ia
h
K
ila
r
u
)
47
co
n
d
itio
n
.
Ass
u
m
i
n
g
t
h
at,
all
m
icr
o
ce
lls
ar
e
d
ep
lo
y
ed
w
ith
a
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
d
is
tan
ce
,
th
er
e
is
n
o
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
m
iti
g
atio
n
ef
f
ec
t.
2
.
2
.
E
lect
ricit
y
Co
ns
u
m
p
t
io
n De
s
ig
n
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
b
i
ts
th
a
t
ar
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
p
er
u
n
it
tr
an
s
m
it
e
n
er
g
y
c
y
c
le
is
n
o
r
m
all
y
ta
k
en
as
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
Fo
r
a
p
r
o
p
er
tr
ad
e
o
f
f
b
et
w
ee
n
e
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
an
d
d
ata
r
ate,
w
e
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
co
n
s
id
er
t
h
e
t
r
an
s
m
itted
e
n
er
g
y
b
u
t
al
s
o
o
th
er
w
a
y
s
o
f
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
[
1
0
,
1
1
]
.
B
r
o
ad
ly
,
w
e
ca
n
d
iv
id
e
th
e
to
tal
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
at
b
ase
s
tatio
n
in
to
3
ty
p
es.
1)
Static
p
o
w
er
(
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
f
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
o
f
th
e
b
ase
s
tati
o
n
an
d
also
ac
ti
v
e
a
n
ten
n
a
s
.
I
t
w
il
l
tak
e
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
te
m
etc.
.
.
)
2)
D
y
n
a
m
ic
p
o
w
er
(
it d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
ac
tiv
e
a
n
te
n
n
a
s
an
d
b
an
d
w
id
th
)
3)
P
o
w
e
r
co
n
v
er
s
itio
n
p
o
w
er
(
wh
ich
d
e
f
i
n
es t
h
e
to
tal
p
o
w
er
o
v
er
a
d
ef
in
ed
o
r
d
esire
d
am
p
li
f
ier
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
)
2
.
3
.
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
I
m
p
le
m
ena
t
io
n
w
it
h Re
a
l Ti
m
e
P
rici
ng
(
RT
P
)
a
nd
De
m
a
n
d Sid
e
M
a
na
g
e
m
e
nt
(
DSM
)
D
y
n
a
m
ic
elec
tic
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
b
y
DSM.
I
t
w
as
d
esig
n
ed
b
y
u
t
ilit
y
co
m
p
a
n
ie
s
t
o
s
atici
f
y
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
d
ef
i
n
ed
cu
s
to
m
er
s
.
W
ith
th
i
s
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
,
w
e
c
an
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
e
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
d
an
er
o
u
s
g
ase
s
an
d
al
s
o
to
r
ed
u
ce
elec
tr
icit
y
b
ills
[
7
,
1
2
]
.
R
T
P
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
ef
f
ici
en
t
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
r
icin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
I
n
th
i
s
p
r
o
to
co
l,
p
r
icin
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
co
s
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
W
h
e
n
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
a
s
u
b
-
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
y
o
u
m
u
s
t
u
s
e,
f
o
r
it
s
h
ea
d
in
g
,
s
m
all
letter
s
,
1
1
p
t,
le
f
t j
u
s
ti
f
ied
,
b
o
ld
,
T
im
e
s
Ne
w
R
o
m
a
n
as
h
er
e.
3.
P
RO
B
L
E
M
F
O
R
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
B
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll,
m
icr
o
ce
ll
an
d
a
v
ailab
le
r
etail
er
s
,
w
e
ca
n
d
iv
id
e
t
h
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
to
3
s
tag
e
s
as s
h
o
w
n
i
n
f
ig
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
r
ee
s
tag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
Fro
m
f
u
g
u
r
e
2
,
it
is
clea
r
th
at
s
tag
e
I
h
as
r
etailer
s
a
n
d
o
f
f
e
r
s
er
v
ices
to
b
o
th
m
icr
o
an
d
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll
w
it
h
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
elec
tr
icit
y
p
r
ice
x
r
.
No
w
in
s
ta
g
e
I
I
,
Ma
cr
o
ce
ll
d
ec
id
es
to
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
p
a
r
ticu
lar
r
etailer
w
h
ich
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
elec
tr
icit
y
co
n
s
u
m
ed
i.e
.
q
m
.
B
ased
o
n
q
m
,
e
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
t
p
o
w
er
allo
ca
tio
n
p
m
w
as
ca
lcu
lated
.
I
n
s
tag
e
I
I
,
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll
is
lead
er
an
d
it
w
i
ll
o
f
f
er
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
p
r
ice
to
m
icr
o
ce
ll
i.e
y
.
i
n
s
ta
g
e
I
I
I
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
in
p
u
ts
o
f
r
etailer
’
s
elec
tr
icit
y
p
r
ice
an
d
i
n
ter
f
er
e
n
c
p
r
ice
y
,
m
icr
o
ce
ll
w
ill
s
elec
t th
e
b
est r
etailer
.
I
n
t
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
ea
ch
s
ta
g
e
s
tr
ateg
y
is
af
f
ec
t
in
g
n
e
x
t
s
tr
ateg
y
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
an
al
y
s
is
w
ill
e
x
p
lain
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
d
ef
i
n
ed
s
tag
e
s
in
s
u
c
h
a
w
a
y
t
h
at
t
h
e
o
n
e
s
ta
g
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t a
f
f
ec
t
o
th
er
s
ta
g
es
i
n
h
u
g
e
m
an
n
er
.
W
e
ca
n
’
t r
ed
u
ce
th
i
s
ef
f
ec
t c
o
m
p
letel
y
,
b
u
t
w
e
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
it in
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
w
a
y
.
4.
P
RO
B
L
E
M
SO
L
UT
I
O
N
E
q
u
illi
b
r
iu
m
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
r
ee
s
t
ag
es
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
i
n
es
t so
lu
t
i
o
n
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t.
He
n
c
e
w
e
ca
n
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
p
o
w
er
allo
ca
tio
n
s
t
r
ateg
y
at
e
v
er
y
s
tag
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8776
IJ
-
I
C
T
Vo
l.
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ap
r
il
20
1
6
:
45
–
5
0
48
4
.
1
.
P
o
w
er
Allo
c
a
t
io
n f
o
r
M
icro
c
ell
Mic
r
o
ce
ll sh
o
u
ld
c
h
o
o
s
e
p
o
s
s
i
b
le
r
etailer
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
o
f
r
etailer
p
r
ice
an
d
also
o
n
th
e
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
p
r
ice
f
r
o
m
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll [
3
,
4
,
9
]
.
L
et
u
s
ass
u
m
e
th
at
a
m
icr
o
ce
ll k
w
it
h
it
s
n
et
u
ti
lit
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
μ
k
.
L
et
p
k
is
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
p
o
w
e
r
o
f
m
icr
o
ce
ll.
Fro
m
[
5
]
,
w
e
c
an
d
ef
i
n
e
n
et
u
tili
t
y
f
u
n
ct
io
n
a
s
W
h
er
e
W
is
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
,
h
k
i
s
ch
a
n
n
el
g
ai
n
an
d
is
g
a
u
s
s
ian
n
o
is
e.
Fro
m
th
e
ab
o
v
e
eq
u
at
io
n
w
e
c
an
d
er
iv
e
o
p
ti
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
allo
ca
tio
n
o
f
m
icr
o
ce
ll a
n
d
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
as
W
h
er
e
x
r
is
th
e
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
elec
t
r
icit
y
p
r
ice
o
f
f
er
ed
b
y
a
r
etail
er
,
B
kv
is
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
allo
ca
tio
n
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
m
icr
o
ce
ll
an
d
s
rk
is
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
w
h
ic
h
d
en
o
tes
p
r
o
cu
r
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
elec
tr
icit
y
f
r
o
m
r
o
r
n
o
t,
if
th
is
v
al
u
e
i
s
1
,
it
i
s
tak
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
r
etailer
r
an
d
if
it
ze
r
o
it
is
n
o
t
ta
k
in
g
f
r
o
m
r
.
λ
k
is
w
ei
g
h
t
f
ac
to
r
o
f
m
icr
o
ce
ll
an
d
is
th
e
g
ai
n
b
et
w
ee
n
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll
u
s
er
an
d
m
icr
o
ce
ll.
4
.
2
.
P
o
w
er
Allo
c
a
t
io
n f
o
r
M
a
cr
o
ce
ll
Ma
cr
o
ce
ll c
an
p
r
o
cu
r
e
elec
tr
i
cit
y
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
etailer
an
d
ad
j
u
s
t its
p
o
w
er
s
tr
ateg
y
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
m
icr
o
ce
ll r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
a
n
d
o
f
f
er
i
n
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
p
r
ice
to
m
icr
o
ce
lls
[
5
,
6
]
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
n
et
u
tili
t
y
f
ac
to
r
in
t
h
e
ca
s
e
o
f
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll c
o
m
p
lete
l
y
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
μ
m
a
n
d
p
m
.
Fro
m
th
e
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
th
eo
r
y
,
w
e
ca
n
d
iv
id
e
th
i
s
p
o
w
er
allo
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
i
n
to
t
w
o
d
iv
i
s
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
y
ar
e
1)
T
o
m
a
x
i
m
is
e
μ
m
,
f
ir
s
t
w
e
s
h
o
u
ld
f
ix
t
h
e
i
n
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
p
r
ice
an
d
th
en
ca
lc
u
late
p
m.
2)
Fin
d
t
h
e
f
i
n
al
i
n
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
p
r
ice
in
o
p
ti
m
al
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
.
Fro
m
th
e
ab
o
v
e
eq
u
at
io
n
,
o
p
tim
u
m
p
o
w
er
allo
ca
tio
n
o
f
Ma
c
r
o
ce
ll c
an
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
as
W
h
er
e,
is
th
e
p
o
w
er
allo
ca
tio
n
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll a
n
d
is
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
w
h
ic
h
d
en
o
te
s
p
r
o
cu
r
em
e
n
t o
f
elec
tr
icit
y
f
r
o
m
r
o
r
n
o
t,
if
th
i
s
v
al
u
e
i
s
1
,
it is
tak
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
r
etai
ler
r
an
d
if
it z
er
o
it is
n
o
t
tak
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
r
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t to
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll.
I
f
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll select
s
th
e
lo
w
es
t r
etailer
p
r
ice
v
alu
e,
an
d
th
en
s
h
o
u
ld
eq
u
al
to
1
.
Hen
ce
p
m
c
an
b
e
w
r
itte
n
as
4
.
3
.
E
qu
i
llib
ri
u
m
Alg
o
rit
h
m
T
o
g
et
eq
u
illi
b
r
iu
m
co
n
d
itio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
r
etailer
,
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll a
n
d
m
icr
o
ce
ll,
s
i
m
p
l
e
iter
ati
v
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
w
a
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
Step
1
: A
s
s
i
g
n
elec
tr
ic
it
y
p
r
ice
v
alu
e
x
r
f
o
e
all
r
etailer
s
Step
2
: M
ac
r
o
ce
ll sh
o
u
ld
d
ec
id
e
th
e
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
p
r
ice
y
Step
3
: M
ac
r
o
ce
ll sh
o
u
ld
s
elec
t th
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
r
etailer
an
d
als
o
ab
o
u
t h
o
w
m
u
c
h
to
p
r
o
cu
r
e
Step
4
: M
icr
o
ce
ll h
as to
p
er
f
o
r
m
p
o
w
er
allo
ca
tio
n
w
i
th
r
esp
e
ct
to
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
.
Step
5
: A
ll r
etailer
s
h
as to
u
p
d
ate
th
eir
p
r
ices b
y
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
t
h
e
co
n
d
itio
n
W
h
er
e,
is
th
e
b
est r
esp
o
n
s
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
r
etailer
r
,
is
th
e
o
f
f
e
r
ed
p
r
ice
o
f
o
th
er
r
etailer
s
an
d
t
-
1
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
i
ter
atio
n
le
v
el.
Step
6
: Rep
ea
t th
e
s
tep
s
1
-
5
u
n
til to
g
et
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
co
n
d
it
io
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
-
I
C
T
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8776
E
n
erg
y
efficien
cy
in
C
o
g
n
itive
R
a
d
io
N
etw
o
r
k
…
(
S
ee
ta
ia
h
K
ila
r
u
)
49
Her
e,
ԑ
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
v
er
y
s
m
all
v
alu
e,
co
n
s
id
er
ab
l
y
1
-
2
%.
Step
7
: Sto
p
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
iter
atio
n
.
5.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
SE
T
UP
& R
E
SU
L
T
S
L
et
u
s
as
s
u
m
e
t
h
e
d
ef
i
n
ed
co
n
d
itio
n
s
s
u
c
h
as
R
ad
iu
s
o
f
Ma
cr
o
ce
ll =
1
0
0
0
m
R
ad
iu
s
o
f
Mic
r
o
ce
ll =
2
0
m
P
en
etr
atio
n
lo
s
s
=
2
0
d
B
f
o
r
ex
ter
io
r
an
d
1
0
d
B
f
o
r
in
ter
io
r
P
ath
lo
s
s
b
et
w
ee
n
m
icr
o
ce
ll u
s
er
an
d
its
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll b
ases
tat
io
n
=
1
5
.
3
+3
7
.
6
l
o
g
(
d
is
tan
ce
b
et
w
e
en
m
ac
r
o
c
ell
b
ases
tatio
n
a
n
d
m
icr
o
ce
ll u
s
er
+
p
en
etr
atio
n
l
o
s
s
o
f
ex
ter
io
r
w
all)
P
ath
lo
s
s
b
et
w
ee
n
m
icr
o
ce
ll
b
a
s
estatio
n
a
n
d
its
u
s
er
=
4
6
.
8
6
+
2
0
lo
g
(
d
is
tan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
m
icr
o
ce
ll
an
d
it
s
u
s
er
+
p
en
etr
atio
n
lo
s
s
o
f
in
ter
io
r
w
al
l)
W
=5
Static p
o
w
er
=
8
8
W
D
y
n
a
m
ic
p
o
w
er
=
75W
P
o
w
er
allo
ca
tio
n
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
=
0
.
3
4
μ
k
=λ
k
=1
E
ac
h
b
ase
s
tatio
n
h
as 5
0
ch
a
n
n
els.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
f
i
g
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
o
n
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
m
etr
ic.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
ef
f
ec
t o
f
o
n
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
o
tal
ele
ctr
icit
y
co
s
t
w
it
h
r
etailer
f
o
r
ex
is
ted
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
e
.
As th
e
in
cr
ea
s
es,
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
w
il
l d
ec
r
ea
s
e.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
f
i
g
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
tr
ad
e
o
f
f
b
et
w
ee
n
to
tal
elec
tr
icit
y
co
s
t a
n
d
p
r
ices o
f
f
er
ed
b
y
r
etailer
s
f
o
r
ex
i
s
te
d
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
es.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
co
g
n
itiv
e
r
ad
io
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
w
i
th
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t o
f
m
icr
o
ce
ll
w
as d
i
s
cu
s
s
ed
.
E
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
t p
o
w
er
allo
ca
t
io
n
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ie
s
w
er
e
d
is
cu
s
s
e
d
b
y
ad
j
u
s
ti
n
g
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t o
f
e
lectr
icit
y
o
f
m
ac
r
o
an
d
m
icr
o
ce
lls
.
I
t
w
as a
l
s
o
s
h
o
w
n
th
at,
i
n
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
p
r
ice
p
r
o
b
lem
a
n
d
o
p
ti
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
all
o
ca
tio
n
w
a
s
p
o
s
s
ib
le
w
i
th
t
h
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
s
m
ar
t g
r
id
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
eq
u
illi
b
r
iu
m
co
n
d
itio
n
to
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
,
an
iter
ati
v
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
w
as p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
Fin
al
l
y
,
it
w
as
s
h
o
w
n
th
a
t th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
e
th
o
d
w
as
m
u
c
h
e
f
f
ic
ie
n
t
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t to
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
an
d
to
tal
ele
ctr
ical
co
s
t.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
H.
Zh
a
n
g
,
A
.
G
lad
isc
h
,
M
.
P
ick
a
v
e
t,
Z.
T
a
o
,
a
n
d
W
.
M
o
h
r
,
“
En
e
rg
y
Eff
ici
e
n
c
y
in
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
”
IEE
E
Co
mm
u
n
.
M
a
g
a
zin
e
,
Vo
l.
4
8
,
No
.
8
,
p
p
.
4
8
–
4
9
,
No
v
.
2
0
1
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
2
5
2
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8776
IJ
-
I
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T
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l.
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ap
r
il
20
1
6
:
45
–
5
0
50
[2
]
R.
X
ie,
F
.
R.
Yu
,
H.
Ji,
a
n
d
Y.
L
i,
“
En
e
rg
y
-
E
ff
icie
n
t
Re
so
u
rc
e
A
ll
o
c
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
He
tero
g
e
n
e
o
u
s
Co
g
n
it
iv
e
Ra
d
io
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
w
it
h
F
e
m
to
c
e
ll
s
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
W
ire
les
s Co
mm
u
n
.
,
Vo
l.
1
1
,
No
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
3
9
1
0
–
3
9
2
0
,
No
v
.
2
0
1
2
.
[3
]
S
e
e
taia
h
Kilaru
,
Y
a
sh
iw
in
i
p
ra
sa
d
,
K
S
a
i
k
iran
a
n
d
N
V
S
a
ra
th
c
h
a
n
d
ra
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
h
e
tero
g
e
n
io
u
s
n
e
tw
o
rk
s”
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
A
p
p
l
ied
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Re
se
a
rc
h
,
Vo
l.
9
,
N
o
.
1
7
,
p
p
.
4
2
0
1
-
4
2
0
8
[4
]
S
.
Bu
,
F
.
R.
Y
u
,
Y.
Ca
i,
a
n
d
P
.
L
iu
,
“
W
h
e
n
th
e
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
M
e
e
ts
En
e
rg
y
e
ff
icie
n
t
Co
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
ti
o
n
s:
G
re
e
n
W
irele
ss
Ce
ll
u
lar
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s
P
o
we
re
d
b
y
th
e
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
W
ire
les
s
Co
mm
u
n
.
,
V
o
l
.
1
1
,
No
.
8
,
p
p
.
3
0
1
4
–
3
0
2
4
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
1
2
[5
]
J.
Ho
a
d
ley
a
n
d
P
.
M
a
v
e
d
d
a
t,
“
E
n
ab
lin
g
S
m
all
C
ell
Dep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
w
it
h
He
tNe
t,
”
IEE
E
W
ire
les
s
Co
mm
u
n
.
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
–
5
,
A
p
r.
2
0
1
2
.
[6
]
D.
F
u
d
e
n
b
e
rg
,
J.
T
iro
le,
“
G
a
m
e
Th
e
o
ry
”
,
Ca
m
b
rid
g
e
,
M
A
,
US
A
:
M
IT
P
re
ss
,
1
9
9
3
.
[7
]
D.
P
.
P
a
lo
m
a
r,
M
.
Ch
ian
g
,
“
A
tu
to
rial
o
n
d
e
c
o
m
p
o
siti
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
s
f
o
r
n
e
t
w
o
rk
u
ti
li
ty
m
a
x
i
m
iza
ti
o
n
,
”
IEE
E
J
.
S
e
l.
Are
a
s Co
mm
u
n
.
,
v
o
l
.
2
4
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
4
3
9
–
1
4
5
1
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
0
6.
[8
]
S
.
Bo
y
d
a
n
d
L
.
V
a
n
d
e
n
b
e
rg
h
e
,
C
o
n
v
e
x
Op
ti
miza
t
io
n
.
Ca
m
b
rid
g
e
,
U.K.:
Ca
m
b
rid
g
e
Un
iv
.
P
re
ss
,
2
0
0
4
.
[9
]
A
.
Led
v
in
a
a
n
d
R.
S
irca
r,
“
Olig
o
p
o
ly
g
a
m
e
s
u
n
d
e
r
a
sy
m
m
e
tri
c
c
o
sts
a
n
d
a
n
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
t
o
e
n
e
r
g
y
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
,
”
M
a
th
.
Fi
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
Ec
o
n
.
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
6
1
–
2
9
3
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
1
2
.
“
F
u
rth
e
r
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
ts
f
o
r
E
-
UT
R
A
p
h
y
sic
a
l
la
y
e
r
a
sp
e
c
ts,
”
3
rd
Ge
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
P
a
rtn
e
rs
h
ip
P
r
o
jec
t,
S
o
p
h
ia
-
A
n
ti
p
o
li
s,
F
r
a
n
c
e
,
T
e
c
h
.
Re
p
.
3
G
P
P
T
S
3
6
.
8
1
4
V9
.
0
.
0
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
1
0
.
[1
0
]
[1
0
]
S
.
B
u
,
F
.
R.
Y
u
,
Y.
Ca
i,
a
n
d
P
.
L
iu
,
“
W
h
e
n
t
h
e
sm
a
rt
g
ri
d
m
e
e
ts
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
ff
ici
e
n
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s:
G
re
e
n
w
irele
ss
c
e
ll
u
lar
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
p
o
w
e
r
e
d
b
y
th
e
sm
a
rt
g
rid
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
W
ire
les
s
Co
mm
u
n
.
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
3
0
1
4
–
3
0
2
4
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
1
2
.
[1
1
]
Y.
Na
ra
h
a
ri,
D.
G
a
r
g
,
R.
N
a
ra
y
a
n
a
m
,
a
n
d
H.
P
ra
k
a
sh
,
Ga
me
T
h
e
o
re
ti
c
Pro
b
lem
s
in
Ne
two
rk
Eco
n
o
mic
s
a
n
d
M
e
c
h
a
n
ism De
sig
n
S
o
l
u
ti
o
n
s
.
L
o
n
d
o
n
,
U
.
K.:
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r
-
V
e
rlag
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
2
]
B.
W
a
n
g
,
Z.
Ha
n
,
a
n
d
K.
J.
R.
L
iu
,
“
Distrib
u
ted
re
lay
se
l
e
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
tro
l
f
o
r
m
u
lt
iu
se
r
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
u
sin
g
S
tac
k
e
lb
e
rg
g
a
m
e
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
M
o
b
il
e
Co
mp
u
t.
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
9
7
5
–
9
9
0
,
J
u
l
.
2
0
0
9
.
[1
3
]
X
.
Ka
n
g
,
Y.
L
ian
g
,
a
n
d
H.
K.
G
a
r
g
,
“
Distrib
u
ted
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
tro
l
f
o
r
sp
e
c
tru
m
-
sh
a
rin
g
fe
m
to
c
e
ll
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
u
sin
g
S
tac
k
e
lb
e
rg
g
a
m
e
,
”
in
Pro
c
.
IEE
E
ICC
,
Ky
o
to
,
Ja
p
a
n
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
5.
[1
4
]
T
.
Zh
a
n
g
a
n
d
D.
H.
K.
T
sa
n
g
,
“
Op
ti
m
a
l
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
se
n
sin
g
sc
h
e
d
u
li
n
g
f
o
r
e
n
e
rg
y
-
e
ff
icie
n
t
c
o
g
n
it
iv
e
ra
d
io
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,” in
Pro
c
.
IEE
E
INFOC
OM
,
S
h
a
n
g
h
a
i,
C
h
in
a
,
A
p
r.
2
0
1
1
,
p
p
.
2
7
2
3
–
2
7
3
1
.
[1
5
]
Z.
Ha
sa
n
,
G
.
Ba
n
sa
l,
E.
Ho
ss
a
in
,
a
n
d
V
.
K.
B
h
a
rg
a
v
a
,
“
En
e
rg
y
-
e
ff
icie
n
t
p
o
w
e
r
a
ll
o
c
a
ti
o
n
in
OFDM
-
b
a
se
d
c
o
g
n
it
iv
e
ra
d
io
sy
ste
m
s:
A
ris
k
-
re
tu
rn
m
o
d
e
l,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
W
ire
les
s Co
mm
u
n
.
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
6
0
7
8
–
6
0
8
8
,
De
c
.
2
0
0
9
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
S
e
e
ta
iah
Kilaru
f
in
ish
e
d
h
is
Do
c
to
r
o
f
P
h
il
o
so
p
h
y
in
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
He
w
o
rk
e
d
f
o
r
CIS
CO n
e
tw
o
rk
a
s a
sp
o
n
so
re
d
p
ro
jec
t
f
e
ll
o
w
.
His res
e
a
rc
h
in
tere
st i
n
c
lu
d
e
s Co
g
n
it
iv
e
Ra
d
io
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,
M
a
ss
iv
e
M
IM
O,
F
e
m
t
o
c
e
ll
s
a
n
d
Ce
ll
u
lar
&
M
o
b
il
e
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s.
Cu
rre
n
t
ly
,
h
e
is
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
(De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
&
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
)
i
n
S
ri
V
e
n
k
a
tes
wa
ra
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Co
ll
e
g
e
,
T
e
l
a
n
g
a
n
a
,
IND
I
A
.
A
d
it
h
y
a
G
a
li
is
a
n
Un
d
e
rg
ra
d
u
a
te
stu
d
e
n
t
in
El
e
c
tr
o
n
ics
&
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
d
e
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
in
S
BIT
,
Kh
a
m
m
a
m
.
His
re
s
e
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s
Co
g
n
it
iv
e
Ra
d
io
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,
Dig
it
a
l
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s an
d
S
ig
n
a
l
P
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.