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nte
rna
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io
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l
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o
urna
l
of
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m
a
t
ics
a
nd
Co
mm
u
n
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n
T
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
(
I
J
-
I
CT
)
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
8
,
pp.
11
1
~
11
6
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8776
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
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JI
C
T
A
State
of
Art
on
Energ
y
Efficie
nt
M
ultipath
Ro
utin
g
In
Wireless
Se
nso
r
Netw
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Sw
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ha
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De
p
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rtme
n
t
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Co
m
p
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ter
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c
ien
c
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&
En
g
in
e
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rin
g
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Ja
y
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Un
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In
f
o
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a
k
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W
irele
ss
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
is
th
e
c
o
m
b
in
a
ti
o
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of
se
n
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r
n
o
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s
w
h
e
re
se
n
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r
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o
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e
s
a
re
d
istri
b
u
ted
a
ll
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v
e
r
t
h
e
n
e
tw
o
rk
.
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h
e
re
a
re
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m
e
c
h
a
ll
e
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g
e
s
th
a
t
c
o
m
e
in
to
th
e
w
irele
ss
se
n
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r
n
e
tw
o
rk
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c
o
n
tex
t
to
e
n
e
rg
y
e
ff
icie
n
c
y
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n
e
tw
o
rk
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fe
ti
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e
,
sto
ra
g
e
a
n
d
b
a
tt
e
r
y
b
a
c
k
u
p
.
T
h
e
m
o
st
im
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o
rtan
t
fe
a
tu
re
of
a
ro
u
ti
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g
p
r
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c
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in
o
r
d
e
r
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ff
icie
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t
f
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,
is
t
h
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e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
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su
m
p
ti
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a
n
d
t
h
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e
x
ten
sio
n
of
th
e
n
e
tw
o
rk
’s
li
f
e
ti
m
e
.
In
th
is
p
a
p
e
r,
we
h
a
v
e
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
d
v
a
rio
u
s
ro
u
ti
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
f
o
r
W
S
N
th
a
t
in
c
re
a
se
s
th
e
n
e
tw
o
rk
li
f
e
ti
m
e
a
n
d
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
E
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
t
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
Net
w
o
r
k
l
i
f
eti
m
e
W
ir
eless
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2018
In
stit
u
te
of
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
All
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
S
w
ed
ik
a
S
h
ar
m
a
,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t
of
C
o
m
p
u
ter
Scie
n
ce
&
E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
J
ay
p
ee
Un
iv
er
s
it
y
of
I
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
W
ak
n
a
g
h
at,
I
n
d
ia
.
E
m
ail:
s
w
ed
ik
a.
s
h
ar
m
a@
g
m
ai
l.c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
A
b
as
ic
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
of
co
m
p
u
ter
n
et
w
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r
k
s
is
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
in
o
r
d
er
to
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
th
e
v
al
u
es
of
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ec
u
r
it
y
.
In
th
i
s
s
ec
ti
o
n
,
we
w
il
l
co
v
er
s
o
m
e
of
t
h
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
of
co
m
p
u
ter
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
,
th
e
n
m
o
v
e
on
to
an
o
v
er
v
ie
w
of
s
o
m
e
p
o
p
u
lar
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
A
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ef
in
ed
as
an
y
s
et
of
in
ter
li
n
k
in
g
li
n
es
r
ese
m
b
li
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w
o
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k
of
n
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es
an
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ter
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n
n
ec
ted
s
y
s
te
m
,
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
of
all
ian
ce
s
.
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h
is
m
e
an
s
th
at
it
s
u
i
ts
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r
p
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ell:
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m
p
u
ter
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et
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k
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u
s
t
a
s
y
s
te
m
of
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ter
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n
n
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ted
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m
p
u
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s
.
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ir
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s
en
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et
w
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ar
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b
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m
i
n
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r
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ar
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it
s
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th
s
e
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s
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p
r
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s
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in
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d
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s
s
n
et
w
o
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k
i
n
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
y
c
an
au
to
m
atica
l
l
y
co
llect
th
e
d
ata
an
d
r
ep
o
r
t
th
e
q
u
an
titi
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s
to
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e
s
i
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k
.
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ec
e
n
tl
y
,
m
an
y
w
ir
ele
s
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
esig
n
ed
an
d
d
ep
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
k
in
d
s
of
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
An
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
m
a
n
y
W
SN
o
p
er
atio
n
m
o
d
els
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
av
er
a
g
e
ac
ce
s
s
s
ch
ed
u
li
n
g
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
u
s
io
n
,
b
ea
m
-
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
,
tar
g
et
tr
ac
k
in
g
,
etc.
W
SNs
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
a
w
i
d
e
r
an
g
e
of
p
o
ten
tial
ap
p
licat
io
n
s
to
g
et
h
er
w
it
h
m
ilit
ar
y
,
m
ed
ical
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
an
d
r
o
b
o
tic
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
w
h
ic
h
ex
p
lai
n
s
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
at
ten
t
io
n
d
r
a
w
n
by
t
h
es
e
t
y
p
es
of
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
in
r
esear
c
h
f
ie
ld
.
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n
ce
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
ar
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u
s
u
all
y
b
atter
y
p
o
w
er
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,
co
n
s
er
v
in
g
t
h
eir
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n
er
g
y
an
d
p
r
o
lo
n
g
in
g
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
l
if
e
ti
m
e
ar
e
p
r
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m
e
g
o
als
w
h
ile
d
esig
n
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
f
o
r
th
o
s
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
T
h
er
e
is
v
er
y
les
s
s
u
b
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
u
s
ed
in
W
SN.
W
SN
co
n
tain
s
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
of
n
o
d
es
w
h
ich
m
a
y
v
ar
y
f
r
o
m
f
e
w
th
o
u
s
an
d
s
to
o
b
tain
th
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
e.
W
SN
is
ac
tu
all
y
a
t
y
p
e
of
ap
p
licatio
n
-
o
r
ien
ted
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
w
h
ic
h
in
tu
r
n
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
t
h
e
s
i
n
g
le
d
esire
co
n
n
ec
te
d
w
i
th
s
e
v
er
al
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
n
ee
d
s
to
be
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
by
s
i
m
p
l
y
n
et
w
o
r
k
lik
e
it
is
e
n
er
g
y
s
a
v
i
n
g
,
s
i
m
p
l
if
y
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
r
o
to
co
l,
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
a
n
d
au
t
o
n
o
m
y
.
W
S
Ns
ca
n
be
u
s
ed
f
o
r
a
n
u
m
b
er
of
ap
p
licatio
n
s
r
ea
ch
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
s
u
r
v
eill
an
ce
&
a
t
m
o
s
p
h
er
e
m
o
n
i
to
r
in
g
to
h
ea
lt
h
ca
r
e
an
d
m
ilit
ar
y
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
Sev
er
al
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
n
ee
d
th
at
s
e
n
s
o
r
k
n
o
b
s
s
h
o
u
ld
be
lef
t
u
n
atte
n
d
ed
f
o
r
a
lo
n
g
p
er
io
d
of
ti
m
e
d
u
e
to
co
s
t
i
m
p
l
icatio
n
s
or
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
ac
ce
s
s
to
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
ar
ea
.
On
e
of
t
h
e
r
o
u
t
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
w
h
ic
h
is
q
u
ite
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
t
is
P
E
GASI
S
p
r
o
to
co
l.
It
ch
o
o
s
es
an
alter
n
ativ
e
p
at
h
in
W
SN
s
.
It
f
o
r
m
s
a
ch
a
in
t
h
a
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8776
IJ
-
I
C
T
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
1
8
:
1
1
1
–
1
1
6
112
m
ak
e
s
th
e
p
ath
m
o
r
e
ev
e
n
-
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
an
d
th
e
to
tal
s
q
u
ar
e
of
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
d
is
tan
ce
m
u
c
h
less
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
in
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cti
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
f
ac
to
r
h
as
b
ee
n
ta
k
e
n
i
n
to
ex
p
lan
atio
n
,
w
h
ic
h
ca
r
r
ies
ab
o
u
t
a
b
alan
ce
of
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
n
o
d
es.
In
ea
c
h
r
o
u
n
d
of
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
e
n
er
g
y
of
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e,
a
lead
er
is
s
elec
ted
to
d
i
r
ec
tl
y
co
m
m
u
n
icate
w
i
th
t
h
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
is
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
t
h
r
ee
s
ec
tio
n
s
:
I
n
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
in
s
ec
tio
n
1,
f
o
llo
w
ed
by
r
elate
d
w
o
r
k
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
,
f
i
n
all
y
r
esu
lts
a
n
d
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
alo
n
g
w
it
h
f
u
t
u
r
e
w
o
r
k
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
3.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
In
th
i
s
s
ec
tio
n
,
b
ased
on
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
p
ar
am
eter
s
l
ik
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er
g
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n
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u
m
p
t
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,
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er
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g
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d
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r
o
u
g
h
p
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t,
we
h
a
v
e
s
ea
r
ch
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e
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ar
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ases
li
k
e
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e,
AC
M
Di
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o
r
e
r
esear
c
h
d
atab
ases
.
Af
ter
m
a
n
u
al
r
e
v
ie
w
of
e
ac
h
p
ap
er
,
we
h
a
v
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
ele
v
a
n
t
p
ap
er
s
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
a
n
al
y
s
is
d
u
r
in
g
o
u
r
r
elate
d
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
p
a
p
er
s
ar
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
b
elo
w
in
d
etail.
In
[
1
]
B
a
r
o
o
ah
et
a
l.
d
escr
ib
ed
th
at,
a
w
ir
eles
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
ca
n
g
et
s
ep
ar
ated
in
t
o
m
u
ltip
le
co
n
n
ec
ted
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
ail
u
r
e
of
s
o
m
e
of
its
n
o
d
es,
w
h
ic
h
w
a
s
ca
lled
a
“
c
u
t”.
In
t
h
eir
p
ap
er
s
,
th
e
y
h
av
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
of
d
etec
ti
n
g
c
u
t
s
by
t
h
e
r
e
m
ai
n
in
g
n
o
d
es
of
a
w
ir
ele
s
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
pr
o
p
o
s
ed
an
alg
o
r
it
h
m
th
at
a
ll
o
w
s
e
v
er
y
k
n
o
b
to
d
etec
t
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
co
n
n
ec
ti
v
it
y
to
a
s
p
ec
ial
l
y
d
esi
g
n
a
ted
n
o
d
e
h
as
b
ee
n
lo
s
t,
a
n
d
o
n
e
or
m
o
r
e
n
o
d
es
(
th
at
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
s
p
ec
ial
n
o
d
e
af
ter
th
e
cu
t)
to
d
etec
t
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
of
th
e
cu
t.
T
h
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
w
a
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
a
n
d
as
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
:
ev
er
y
n
o
d
e
n
e
ed
s
to
co
m
m
u
n
ica
te
w
it
h
o
n
l
y
t
h
o
s
e
n
o
d
es
t
h
at
a
r
e
w
it
h
i
n
its
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
an
g
e.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
d
ep
en
d
s
on
th
e
iter
ati
v
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
of
a
f
icti
t
io
u
s
“
ele
ctr
ical
p
o
ten
tial”
of
th
e
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
r
ate
of
th
e
u
n
d
er
l
y
in
g
iter
ati
v
e
s
ch
e
m
e
is
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
of
th
e
s
ize
an
d
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
of
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
In
[
2
]
Kad
i
et
al
.
d
escr
ib
ed
t
h
e
w
ir
eless
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
(
W
SNs
)
ar
e
m
ai
n
l
y
u
til
ized
in
m
il
itar
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
d
u
e
to
its
ce
r
tai
n
t
y
a
n
d
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
.
No
w
ad
a
y
s
,
it
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
be
th
e
f
ir
s
t
-
h
an
d
in
m
a
n
y
civ
ilia
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
c
h
as
leak
a
g
e
d
is
co
v
er
y
.
Var
io
u
s
tech
n
ical
i
s
s
u
es,
l
ik
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
r
ad
io
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
m
o
d
els
a
n
d
s
en
s
o
r
s
ar
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
t
y
p
es
of
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
th
eir
p
ap
e
r
.
W
SN
h
as
e
m
er
g
ed
latel
y
as
an
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
f
l
u
id
leak
a
g
e.
T
h
ey
h
av
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
f
o
u
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
f
o
r
leak
s
in
p
ip
elin
e
s
u
s
in
g
w
ir
ele
s
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
(
W
SNs
)
.
In
[
3
]
Kau
r
et
a
l.
d
escr
ib
ed
th
at
in
W
S
Ns
en
er
g
y
w
as
a
s
ca
r
ce
s
t
r
eso
u
r
ce
of
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
an
d
it
d
eter
m
in
e
s
t
h
e
l
if
et
i
m
e
of
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es.
T
h
ese
s
m
al
l
b
atte
r
ies
w
er
e
li
m
i
ted
p
o
w
er
a
n
d
also
m
a
y
n
o
t
ea
s
il
y
r
ec
h
ar
g
ea
b
le
or
r
em
o
v
ab
le.
L
o
n
g
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
d
is
ta
n
c
e
am
id
s
en
s
o
r
s
a
n
d
a
s
in
k
c
an
g
r
ea
tl
y
d
r
ai
n
th
e
en
er
g
y
of
s
en
s
o
r
s
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
li
f
eti
m
e
of
a
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
In
t
h
eir
w
o
r
k
,
t
h
e
y
h
a
v
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
W
SN
s
,
en
er
g
y
w
a
s
a
b
ig
f
ac
to
r
to
be
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
Var
io
u
s
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
e
n
er
g
y
le
v
el
of
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
of
W
SN.
An
d
m
a
k
e
a
r
ev
ie
w
of
s
o
m
e
of
t
h
ese
w
ir
ele
s
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
et
h
o
d
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
u
s
ed
r
ec
en
tl
y
an
d
ar
e
h
elp
f
u
l
in
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
of
w
ir
eles
s
s
en
s
o
r
k
n
o
ts
.
In
[
4
]
Gilb
er
t
et
a
l.
d
escr
ib
e
d
th
e
W
ir
eless
Se
n
s
o
r
Net
w
o
r
k
s
m
a
y
be
u
s
ed
in
th
e
v
ar
iet
y
of
f
ie
ld
s
w
h
ic
h
in
cl
u
d
es
m
i
litar
y
,
h
ea
lt
h
ca
r
e,
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
al,
b
io
lo
g
ical,
h
o
m
e
an
d
o
th
er
p
r
o
f
itab
le
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
W
ith
th
e
h
u
g
e
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t
in
t
h
e
f
ield
of
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
co
m
p
u
ter
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
W
ir
eles
s
Sen
s
o
r
Net
w
o
r
k
s
(
W
SN)
,
w
h
ic
h
w
a
s
co
m
p
o
s
e
d
of
s
e
v
er
al
t
h
o
u
s
an
d
s
of
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
ar
e
ca
p
ab
le
of
s
e
n
s
in
g
,
ac
t
u
atin
g
,
a
n
d
r
ela
y
in
g
th
e
co
llected
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
m
ad
e
r
e
m
ar
k
ab
le
i
m
p
ac
t
ev
er
y
w
h
er
e.
T
h
eir
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
an
o
v
er
v
ie
w
of
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
i
s
s
u
es
in
W
SN
b
ased
ap
p
licatio
n
.
In
[
5
]
B
ee
m
a
et
al
.
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
Hig
h
E
n
er
g
y
Firs
t
(
H
E
F)
s
ch
e
m
e
in
w
h
ich
th
e
n
o
d
e
th
at
w
il
l
h
av
e
a
h
i
g
h
r
esid
u
al
of
e
n
er
g
y
w
il
l
be
ch
o
s
en
to
be
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
an
d
th
e
r
e
m
a
in
i
n
g
n
o
d
es
w
il
l
act
as
r
eg
u
lar
n
o
d
es.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
eir
w
o
r
k
each
an
d
ev
er
y
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
w
il
l
s
en
d
th
e
d
ata
to
clu
s
ter
h
e
ad
w
ith
w
h
ic
h
th
e
n
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
w
il
l
be
f
o
r
w
ar
d
ed
to
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
Fo
llo
w
in
g
m
o
d
u
le
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
in
HE
F
s
c
h
e
m
e:
1.
R
o
u
te
Di
s
co
v
er
y
2.
Net
w
o
r
k
Fo
r
m
atio
n
3.
C
lu
s
ter
Head
Selectio
n
4.
E
n
er
g
y
C
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
Mo
d
elin
g
5.
E
n
er
g
y
E
f
f
icie
n
t
R
o
u
ti
n
g
In
[
6
]
Ma
s
d
ar
i
et
al
.
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
at
m
u
ltip
at
h
r
o
u
t
in
g
m
a
y
be
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
o
n
e
of
t
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
lo
ad
b
alan
cin
g
an
d
q
u
alit
y
of
s
er
v
ice.
T
h
is
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
o
n
e
of
th
e
g
o
o
d
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
of
n
et
w
o
r
k
an
d
as
w
e
ll
p
r
o
v
id
es
r
eliab
le
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
a
v
e
m
ad
e
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
of
th
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
an
d
h
av
e
d
o
n
e
an
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
.
Sev
er
al
p
r
o
to
co
ls
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
th
e
to
tal
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
ed
by
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
by
s
elec
ti
n
g
t
h
e
b
est
p
ath
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
1.
Ma
x
i
m
all
y
R
ad
io
-
Dis
j
o
in
t
M
u
ltip
ath
R
o
u
ti
n
g
(
M
R
2
)
2.
E
n
er
g
y
-
E
f
f
icie
n
t
M
u
ltip
ath
R
o
u
tin
g
P
r
o
to
co
l
3.
E
n
er
g
y
-
E
f
f
icie
n
t
an
d
C
o
llis
io
n
-
A
w
ar
e
Mu
lt
ip
ath
R
o
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
to
co
l
(
E
E
C
A
)
4.
L
o
w
-
I
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
E
n
er
g
y
-
E
f
f
i
cien
t
M
u
ltip
at
h
R
o
u
t
in
g
P
r
o
to
co
l
(
L
I
E
MRO)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
-
I
C
T
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8776
A
S
ta
te
of
A
r
t
on
E
n
erg
y
E
ffici
en
t
Mu
ltip
a
th
R
o
u
tin
g
In
W
ir
e
less
S
en
s
o
r
N
et
w
o
r
ks
(
S
w
ed
ik
a
S
h
a
r
ma
)
113
In
[
7
]
Sh
w
e
et
al
.
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
en
h
an
ce
d
A
d
ap
C
o
d
e.
It
w
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
t
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
c
h
e
m
e
ca
n
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
th
e
s
a
m
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
w
h
ile
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
In
w
ir
eles
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
th
er
e
is
a
m
u
c
h
n
ee
d
to
r
ed
u
ce
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
of
p
ac
k
et
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
p
ac
k
et
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
h
as
m
u
c
h
p
o
w
er
or
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
v
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
of
p
o
w
er
.
In
o
r
d
er
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
it,
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
d
i
n
g
w
as
u
s
ed
as
it
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t.
In
o
r
d
er
to
f
in
d
o
u
t
all
t
h
e
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
s
,
t
h
e
A
d
ap
C
o
d
e
w
as
e
n
h
an
ce
d
by
m
a
k
in
g
u
s
e
of
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
ef
f
icie
n
t
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
d
is
co
v
er
y
p
r
o
to
co
l.
In
[
8
]
Nik
o
lao
s
et
al
.
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
th
at
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
f
ea
t
u
r
e
of
a
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l,
in
o
r
d
er
to
be
ef
f
icien
t
f
o
r
w
ir
eles
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ar
e:
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
of
en
er
g
y
i.e
.
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
of
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
an
d
th
e
o
t
h
er
is
ex
te
n
s
io
n
of
lif
et
i
m
e
of
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
eir
p
ap
er
,
th
e
m
a
in
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
of
t
h
i
s
r
esear
ch
w
a
s
to
d
esig
n
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
ic
ien
t
n
o
d
es
an
d
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
T
ill
n
o
w
m
an
y
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
ici
en
t
p
r
o
to
co
ls
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
w
ir
eles
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
an
d
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
th
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
h
a
v
e
u
s
ed
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
:
1.
Net
w
o
r
k
Stru
c
tu
r
e
2.
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
Mo
d
el
3.
T
o
p
o
lo
g
y
B
ased
4.
R
eliab
le
R
o
u
tin
g
In
[
9
]
I
n
tan
a
g
o
n
w
i
w
at
et
al
.
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
p
ar
ad
ig
m
in
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
ar
e
ca
p
ab
le
of
w
ir
eles
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
a
n
d
co
m
p
u
ta
tio
n
.
T
h
e
p
ar
ad
ig
m
u
s
ed
is
d
ir
ec
ted
-
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
p
ar
ad
ig
m
.
Dir
ec
ted
-
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
s
av
e
s
en
er
g
y
by
o
p
tin
g
g
o
o
d
p
ath
s
an
d
by
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
d
ata
in
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
It
can
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
in
id
ea
lized
tr
ad
itio
n
al
s
ch
e
m
es
li
k
e
in
o
m
n
is
cie
n
t
m
u
lt
icast,
each
s
o
u
r
ce
tr
an
s
m
it
s
its
ev
e
n
i
n
g
al
o
n
g
a
s
h
o
r
test
p
ath
m
u
lticas
t
tr
ee
to
a
ll
s
in
k
s
.
O
m
n
is
cie
n
t
m
u
lt
icast
in
d
icate
s
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
in
an
IP
-
b
ased
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
In
[
1
0
]
B
an
d
y
o
p
ad
h
y
a
y
et
al
.
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
clu
s
te
r
in
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
to
o
r
g
an
ize
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
i
n
to
clu
s
ter
s
.
W
ith
t
h
is
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
co
m
m
u
n
icate
w
i
th
cl
u
s
te
r
h
ea
d
s
an
d
th
e
n
it
f
u
r
t
h
er
co
m
m
u
n
icate
s
t
h
e
to
tal
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
ce
n
ter
.
T
h
en
alg
o
r
ith
m
w
a
s
ex
ten
d
ed
in
to
a
h
ier
ar
ch
y
of
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
w
i
t
h
w
h
ic
h
m
o
r
e
of
th
e
en
er
g
y
w
a
s
b
ein
g
s
a
v
ed
as
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
of
lev
els
w
er
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
f
u
t
u
r
e
w
o
r
k
as
w
ell
in
w
h
ich
th
e
y
p
la
n
to
c
o
n
s
id
er
a
m
ed
iu
m
ac
ce
s
s
p
r
o
to
co
l
an
d
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
r
esear
ch
h
o
w
o
p
ti
m
al
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
ies
w
ill
be
af
f
ec
ted
of
b
ec
o
m
in
g
a
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
an
d
th
e
r
u
n
ti
m
e
of
an
alg
o
r
ith
m
as
w
el
l.
In
[
1
1
]
W
an
g
et
al
.
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
e
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
t
an
d
c
o
llis
io
n
a
w
ar
e
m
u
ltip
at
h
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
f
o
r
w
ir
eles
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
ir
p
ap
er
,
th
i
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
in
d
s
t
w
o
r
o
u
tes
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
co
llis
io
n
f
r
ee
u
s
i
n
g
a
co
n
tr
o
lled
an
d
p
o
w
er
ad
j
u
s
ti
n
g
f
lo
o
d
in
g
.
T
h
e
d
ata
is
th
e
n
tr
an
s
m
i
tted
w
i
th
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
.
T
h
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
ac
t
u
all
y
r
es
u
lted
in
g
o
o
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
tr
an
s
f
e
r
r
in
g
of
d
ata
ef
f
icie
n
tl
y
a
n
d
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
of
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
e
n
er
g
y
.
In
[
1
2
]
Yah
y
a
et
a
l.
d
escr
ib
ed
a
m
u
ltip
at
h
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
w
h
ic
h
is
r
o
b
u
s
t
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
t.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
eir
w
o
r
k
d
o
n
e
,
th
e
tr
a
f
f
ic
allo
ca
tio
n
ca
n
be
ex
a
m
in
ed
in
t
w
o
w
a
y
s
w
it
h
t
h
is
p
r
o
to
co
l;
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
m
et
h
o
d
to
tr
an
s
f
er
t
h
e
d
ata
m
es
s
ag
e
a
s
in
g
le
p
at
h
is
u
s
ed
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
d
is
co
v
er
ed
p
ath
s
an
d
th
e
n
t
h
e
n
e
x
t
alter
n
ati
v
e
p
ath
is
o
p
ted
if
t
h
e
co
s
t
is
u
n
d
er
a
ce
r
tai
n
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
.
In
s
ec
o
n
d
m
et
h
o
d
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
m
es
s
ag
e
is
s
p
lit
in
to
a
n
u
m
b
er
of
s
eg
m
e
n
ts
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
of
eq
u
al
s
ize
an
d
er
r
o
r
c
o
r
r
ec
tio
n
co
d
es
b
ased
on
XOR
ar
e
ad
d
ed
.
To
in
cr
ea
s
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
so
th
at
th
e
p
ac
k
e
t
is
r
ec
ei
v
ed
at
t
h
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
w
it
h
o
u
t
d
ela
y
,
th
e
s
e
g
m
e
n
ts
ar
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
to
m
u
l
tip
le
p
ath
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
a
v
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
th
is
p
r
o
to
co
l
w
it
h
o
th
er
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
lik
e
Dir
ec
ted
Dif
f
u
s
io
n
a
n
d
N
to
1
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
an
d
h
av
e
ev
alu
ated
th
at,
t
h
e
R
E
E
R
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
by
th
e
m
s
a
v
es
m
o
r
e
e
n
er
g
y
,
h
as
l
o
w
av
er
a
g
e
d
ela
y
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
er
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
.
In
[
1
3
]
Vid
h
y
ap
r
i
y
a
et
al
.
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
i
cien
t
ad
ap
tiv
e
p
r
o
to
co
l.
T
h
e
s
ch
e
m
e
of
m
u
ltip
ath
r
o
u
ti
n
g
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
te
s
tr
af
f
ic
a
m
o
n
g
m
u
lt
ip
le
p
ath
s
r
ath
er
th
a
n
r
o
u
ti
n
g
all
th
e
tr
a
f
f
ic
alo
n
g
a
s
in
g
le
p
ath
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
to
co
l
u
s
es
m
u
lti
p
le
p
ath
s
b
et
w
ee
n
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
s
in
k
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
to
co
l
u
s
e
s
les
s
e
n
er
g
y
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
r
eliab
le
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
eir
r
esu
lts
of
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
,
th
i
s
r
o
u
ti
n
g
h
as
h
i
g
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
h
i
g
h
er
n
o
d
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
th
a
n
d
ir
ec
ted
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
as
w
ell
h
a
v
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
on
f
u
tu
r
e
w
o
r
k
lik
e
h
o
w
th
e
d
eliv
er
y
of
p
ac
k
et
s
s
h
o
u
ld
be
g
u
ar
an
teed
in
s
it
u
atio
n
s
w
h
er
e
n
o
n
-
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
an
g
e
e
x
is
t
s
.
In
[
1
4
]
Sh
ar
m
a
et
al
.
h
av
e
ca
t
eg
o
r
ized
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
in
t
h
r
ee
m
ai
n
clas
s
es
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
1.
P
ath
estab
lis
h
m
e
n
t
2.
Net
w
o
r
k
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
3.
P
r
o
to
c
o
l
o
p
e
r
atio
n
P
ath
estab
lis
h
m
e
n
t
ca
n
be
f
u
r
t
h
er
clas
s
i
f
ied
in
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e,
r
ea
ctiv
e
a
n
d
h
y
b
r
id
.
Net
w
o
r
k
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
can
be
f
u
r
t
h
er
cla
s
s
i
f
ied
as
d
ata
ce
n
tr
ic
attr
ib
u
te
b
ased
,
h
ier
ar
ch
i
ca
l
an
d
lo
ca
tio
n
b
ased
.
P
r
o
to
c
o
l
o
p
er
atio
n
can
be
f
u
r
t
h
er
clas
s
if
ied
as
q
u
er
y
,
b
io
-
i
n
s
p
ir
ed
,
n
eg
o
tiat
io
n
,
co
h
er
en
t,
n
o
n
co
h
er
en
t,
QOS,
m
u
lt
ip
ath
an
d
m
o
b
ili
t
y
.
In
[
1
5
]
Ma
n
j
esh
w
ar
et
a
l.
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
h
y
b
r
id
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
(
A
P
T
E
E
N)
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
to
co
l
co
m
b
i
n
e
s
th
e
b
est
f
ea
tu
r
es
of
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
es
in
th
is
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
h
o
w
s
a
p
ictu
r
e
of
n
et
w
o
r
k
at
p
er
io
d
ic
in
ter
v
als
in
a
v
er
y
e
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
t
m
an
n
er
a
n
d
r
ea
ct
to
ti
m
e
cr
it
ical
s
i
tu
at
io
n
s
as
w
el
l.
T
h
e
u
s
er
ca
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8776
IJ
-
I
C
T
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
1
8
:
1
1
1
–
1
1
6
114
r
eq
u
est
p
ast,
p
r
ese
n
t
a
n
d
f
u
tu
r
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
of
t
h
i
s
p
r
o
to
co
l
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ev
al
u
ated
by
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
it
g
iv
e
s
a
g
o
o
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
of
e
n
er
g
y
an
d
lo
n
g
e
v
it
y
of
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
In
[
1
6
]
E
h
s
an
et
a
l.
h
a
v
e
p
r
esen
ted
a
r
ev
ie
w
on
r
esear
ch
ch
al
len
g
es
on
en
er
g
y
-
a
war
e
r
o
u
tin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
W
ir
eles
s
M
u
lti
m
ed
ia
Se
n
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
(
W
MSN)
,
an
d
t
h
e
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
i
s
s
u
e
s
of
each
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
an
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
of
QOS
ar
e
also
li
s
ted
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
1.
L
ate
n
c
y
2.
B
an
d
w
id
t
h
3.
J
itter
4.
R
eliab
ilit
y
In
[
1
7
]
Gan
d
h
a
m
et
al
.
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
t
u
s
a
g
e
of
m
u
ltip
le,
m
o
b
ile
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
li
f
eti
m
e
of
w
ir
el
ess
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
To
d
ete
r
m
in
e
t
h
e
n
e
w
lo
ca
tio
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
,
an
in
te
g
er
li
n
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
is
u
s
ed
.
F
o
r
en
er
g
y
ef
f
ic
ien
t
r
o
u
ti
n
g
d
u
r
in
g
ev
er
y
r
o
u
n
d
,
a
f
lo
w
b
ased
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
u
s
ed
.
So
m
e
m
etr
ics
ar
e
as
w
el
l
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
lis
ted
b
el
o
w
:
1.
T
im
e
u
n
ti
l
th
e
f
ir
s
t
n
o
d
e
d
ies
2.
T
o
tal
n
u
m
b
er
of
m
e
s
s
a
g
es
r
ec
eiv
ed
3.
E
n
er
g
y
s
p
en
t
p
er
r
o
u
n
d
In
[
1
8
]
Yo
u
n
is
et
a
l.
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
clu
s
ter
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
ad
-
h
o
c
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
HE
E
D
s
elec
ts
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
of
n
o
d
e
r
esid
u
a
l
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
es
j
o
in
clu
s
ter
s
s
u
ch
t
h
at
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
co
s
t
is
m
i
n
i
m
i
ze
d
.
It
ex
p
lo
its
t
h
e
a
v
ailab
il
it
y
of
m
u
l
tip
le
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
w
er
le
v
el
s
at
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
w
o
r
k
d
o
n
e
by
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
of
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
e
x
te
n
s
io
n
of
d
u
r
atio
n
of
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
li
f
eti
m
e,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
s
ca
lab
le
d
ata
ag
g
r
eg
a
t
io
n
,
m
o
r
e
f
a
u
lt
to
ler
an
t
a
n
d
g
o
o
d
lo
ad
b
alan
cin
g
.
In
[
1
9
]
L
iu
et
a
l.
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
a
Secu
r
it
y
an
d
E
n
er
g
y
-
e
f
f
icie
n
t
Dis
j
o
in
t
R
o
u
te
(
SEDR)
w
h
ic
h
is
s
ec
r
et
-
s
h
ar
i
n
g
b
ased
m
u
ltip
ath
r
o
u
t
in
g
p
r
o
b
le
m
a
n
d
is
ta
k
en
as
an
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
e
m
a
in
ai
m
is
to
m
ax
i
m
ize
th
e
l
if
e
s
p
an
a
n
d
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ec
u
r
it
y
.
T
h
e
SEDR
s
ch
e
m
e
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
by
th
e
m
to
d
eliv
er
s
l
iced
s
h
ar
es
to
t
h
e
s
i
n
k
n
o
d
e
w
it
h
r
an
d
o
m
ized
d
is
j
o
in
t
m
u
ltip
at
h
r
o
u
tes
by
u
tili
zi
n
g
th
e
a
v
ailab
le
en
er
g
y
of
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es,
s
u
ch
th
at
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ec
u
r
it
y
is
m
ax
i
m
ized
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
li
f
eti
m
e
of
w
ir
ele
s
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
In
[
2
0
]
Ak
y
ild
iz
et
al
.
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
th
e
co
n
ce
p
ts
of
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
f
lex
ib
il
it
y
,
f
a
u
lt
to
ler
an
ce
,
h
ig
h
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
f
id
elit
y
,
lo
w
-
co
s
t
an
d
r
ap
id
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
ar
e
t
h
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
of
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
t
h
at
cr
ea
te
m
an
y
n
e
w
ap
p
licatio
n
ar
ea
s
f
o
r
r
em
o
te
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
n
ee
d
s
to
s
a
tis
f
y
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
t
s
s
u
c
h
as
f
au
lt
to
ler
an
ce
,
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
co
s
t,
h
ar
d
w
ar
e,
to
p
o
lo
g
y
ch
a
n
g
e,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
In
[
2
1
]
Gh
af
f
ar
i
et
a
l.
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
a
n
e
w
r
o
u
ti
n
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
th
at
co
m
b
i
n
e
s
m
u
ltip
at
h
r
o
u
tin
g
w
it
h
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
d
in
g
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
m
,
it
h
elp
s
in
d
ec
r
ea
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
of
r
eq
u
ir
ed
p
at
h
s
a
n
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
in
w
ir
ele
s
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
At
t
h
e
ti
m
e
of
d
is
co
v
er
in
g
r
o
u
te
s
,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
m
e
s
s
a
g
es
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
b
ein
g
ex
c
h
a
n
g
ed
b
et
w
ee
n
n
o
d
es
ar
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
On
th
e
b
asi
s
of
th
e
ir
r
esu
lt
s
it
w
as
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
d
in
g
r
o
u
ti
n
g
is
an
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
t
tec
h
n
iq
u
e.
It
im
p
r
o
v
es
lo
ad
b
al
an
cin
g
a
n
d
en
h
a
n
ce
s
r
eliab
ili
t
y
In
[
2
2
]
Yo
u
n
is
et
al
.
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
ad
-
h
o
c
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
HE
E
D
s
elec
t
s
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
of
n
o
d
e
r
esid
u
a
l
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
es
j
o
in
clu
s
ter
s
s
u
ch
t
h
at
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
co
s
t
is
m
i
n
i
m
i
ze
d
.
It
ex
p
lo
its
t
h
e
a
v
ailab
il
it
y
of
m
u
l
tip
le
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
w
er
le
v
el
s
at
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
of
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
e
x
te
n
s
io
n
of
d
u
r
atio
n
of
n
et
w
o
r
k
li
f
eti
m
e,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
s
ca
lab
le
d
ata
ag
g
r
e
g
atio
n
,
m
o
r
e
f
a
u
lt
to
ler
an
t
an
d
g
o
o
d
lo
ad
b
alan
cin
g
.
In
[
2
3
]
Yah
y
a
et
al
.
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
t
m
u
ltip
at
h
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l.
A
c
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
m
,
R
E
L
AXT
u
tili
ze
s
th
e
r
elax
atio
n
e
f
f
ec
t
of
th
e
b
atter
y
w
h
ic
h
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
th
e
li
f
eti
m
e
of
b
atter
y
an
d
h
en
c
e
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
o
v
er
all
li
f
eti
m
e
of
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Du
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
ath
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
p
h
ase,
to
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
b
est
n
ex
t
h
o
p
,
th
i
s
p
r
o
to
co
l
u
s
es
a
lin
k
co
s
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
th
at
d
ep
en
d
s
on
cu
r
r
en
t
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
,
a
v
ailab
le
b
u
f
f
er
s
ize
an
d
lin
k
q
u
alit
y
.
To
b
alan
ce
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
,
to
in
cr
e
ase
th
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
as
w
el
l
as
m
in
i
m
iz
in
g
p
ac
k
et
en
d
to
en
d
d
elay
,
t
h
is
p
r
o
to
co
l
r
o
u
tes
d
ata
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
l
tip
le
p
ath
s
.
In
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
th
e
o
th
er
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
R
E
L
AX
ac
h
ie
v
es
lo
w
er
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
h
ig
h
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
an
d
lo
n
g
li
f
eti
m
e
of
t
h
e
n
o
d
e.
In
[
2
4
]
Sch
u
r
g
er
s
et
al
.
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
g
u
id
elin
e
th
at
ad
v
o
ca
te
s
a
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
r
eso
u
r
ce
u
ti
lizatio
n
w
h
ic
h
can
be
v
is
u
alize
d
by
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
h
is
to
g
r
a
m
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
a
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
of
n
e
w
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
e
n
h
an
ce
t
h
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
in
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
In
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
p
ac
k
et
s
tr
ea
m
s
ar
e
a
g
g
r
e
g
ated
in
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
w
a
y
w
h
i
ch
r
esu
lts
in
e
n
er
g
y
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
In
s
ec
o
n
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
it
is
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
t
h
at
m
o
r
e
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
r
eso
u
r
ce
u
tili
za
tio
n
can
be
o
b
tain
ed
by
s
h
ap
i
n
g
t
h
e
tr
af
f
ic
f
lo
w
.
T
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
a
r
e
as
w
ell
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
lis
ted
b
elo
w
:
1.
Sto
ch
ast
ic
Sch
e
m
e
2.
E
n
er
g
y
-
b
a
s
ed
Sch
e
m
e
3.
Stre
a
m
-
b
ased
Sch
e
m
e
In
[
2
5
]
Ma
d
an
et
a
l.
d
is
cu
s
s
e
d
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
alg
o
r
it
h
m
to
co
m
p
u
te
an
o
p
ti
m
al
r
o
u
ti
n
g
s
c
h
e
m
e.
W
it
h
th
is
,
it
m
a
x
i
m
izes
th
e
ti
m
e
at
w
h
ich
th
e
f
ir
s
t
n
o
d
e
in
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
d
r
ain
s
o
u
t
of
e
n
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
-
I
C
T
I
SS
N:
2252
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8776
A
S
ta
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of
A
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on
E
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Mu
ltip
a
th
R
o
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In
W
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less
S
en
s
o
r
N
et
w
o
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ks
(
S
w
ed
ik
a
S
h
a
r
ma
)
115
f
o
r
m
u
lated
as
a
li
n
ea
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
p
r
o
b
le
m
a
n
d
s
u
b
g
r
ad
i
en
t
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
s
o
l
v
e
it
in
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
m
an
n
er
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
in
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
g
i
v
e
s
an
o
p
ti
m
al
r
o
u
ti
n
g
s
c
h
e
m
e
an
d
t
h
e
li
f
esp
a
n
of
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
.
In
[
2
6
]
Mu
r
u
g
an
at
h
a
n
et
a
l.
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
ce
n
tr
alize
d
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
ca
lled
B
a
s
e
-
Statio
n
C
o
n
tr
o
lled
D
y
n
a
m
ic
C
l
u
s
ter
i
n
g
P
r
o
to
co
l
(
B
C
DC
P
)
.
T
h
is
d
is
tr
ib
u
tes
th
e
w
asted
e
n
er
g
y
a
m
o
n
g
all
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
in
o
r
d
er
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
li
f
eti
m
e.
It
u
tili
ze
s
th
e
h
ig
h
-
en
er
g
y
b
ase
s
tatio
n
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
m
o
s
t
en
er
g
y
-
in
te
n
s
iv
e
ta
s
k
s
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
v
ar
io
u
s
o
th
er
cl
u
s
ter
i
n
g
b
a
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
es
as
w
ell.
1.
L
o
w
-
E
n
er
g
y
A
d
ap
ti
v
e
C
l
u
s
ter
in
g
Hier
ar
ch
y
(
L
E
AC
H)
2.
L
E
AC
H
ce
n
tr
alize
d
(
L
E
A
C
H
-
C)
3.
P
o
w
er
-
E
f
f
icie
n
t
Gat
h
er
i
n
g
in
Sen
s
o
r
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
S
y
s
te
m
s
(
P
E
GA
SIS)
.
B
ase
-
Stat
io
n
C
o
n
tr
o
lled
D
y
n
a
m
ic
C
lu
s
ter
i
n
g
P
r
o
to
co
l
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
i
th
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
s
ch
e
m
es
an
d
on
th
e
b
asi
s
of
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lts
of
t
h
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
B
C
DC
P
r
ed
u
c
es
o
v
er
all
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
l
if
et
i
m
e.
In
[
2
7
]
T
h
ein
et
al
.
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
e
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
t
c
lu
s
t
er
-
h
ea
d
s
elec
tio
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
ad
ap
tin
g
clu
s
ter
s
a
n
d
r
o
tatin
g
cl
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
p
o
s
itio
n
s
so
t
h
at
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
lo
ad
can
be
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
ted
a
m
o
n
g
all
t
h
e
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
is
an
ex
t
en
s
io
n
to
th
e
L
E
AC
H
’
s
r
an
d
o
m
clu
s
ter
-
h
ea
d
s
elec
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
of
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
t
h
is
m
o
d
el
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
lo
ad
b
alan
cin
g
a
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
li
f
eti
m
e
of
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
In
[
2
8
]
W
ei
et
a
l.
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
clu
s
ter
in
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
,
E
n
er
g
y
-
e
f
f
icie
n
t
C
l
u
s
ter
i
n
g
(
E
C
)
.
It
d
eter
m
i
n
es
s
u
itab
le
c
lu
s
ter
s
izes
w
h
ich
d
ep
en
d
on
th
e
h
o
p
d
is
tan
ce
to
t
h
e
d
ata
s
in
k
.
T
h
is
r
ed
u
ce
s
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
h
a
v
e
ad
d
itio
n
all
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
s
i
m
p
le
en
er
g
y
-
e
f
f
ic
ien
t
m
u
lti
h
o
p
d
ata
co
llectio
n
p
r
o
to
co
l
to
ev
alu
at
e
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
n
e
s
s
of
EC
a
n
d
ca
lcu
late
t
h
e
en
d
-
to
-
e
n
d
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
E
n
er
g
y
ef
f
ic
ien
t
C
l
u
s
ter
i
n
g
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
an
y
d
ata
co
llectio
n
p
r
o
to
co
l
w
h
ich
f
o
cu
s
es
on
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
r
es
u
lts
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
in
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
to
t
h
e
o
th
er
t
w
o
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
HE
E
D
an
d
UC
R
,
EC
ex
te
n
d
s
th
e
li
f
eti
m
e
of
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
ac
h
iev
e
s
en
er
g
y
eq
u
aliza
tio
n
.
In
[
2
9
]
W
ei
Ye
et
al
.
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
e
w
S
-
M
AC
,
a
m
ed
iu
m
ac
ce
s
s
p
r
o
to
co
l
f
o
r
w
ir
el
ess
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
To
r
ed
u
ce
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
n
d
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
elf
–
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
S
-
M
AC
is
u
s
ed
.
In
o
r
d
er
to
r
ed
u
ce
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
of
en
er
g
y
,
th
e
n
o
d
es
o
cc
asio
n
all
y
s
lee
p
an
d
do
n
o
t
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
th
at
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ti
m
e.
W
h
ile
th
e
o
t
h
er
n
o
d
es
ar
e
b
ei
n
g
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
,
it
as
w
ell
s
e
ts
th
e
r
ad
io
to
s
leep
.
S
-
M
AC
as
w
el
l
ap
p
lies
m
es
s
ag
e
p
ass
in
g
so
as
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
ti
m
e
i
n
ter
v
a
l
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
s
t
i
m
u
latio
n
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
T
h
is
p
r
o
to
co
l
h
elp
s
in
co
llis
io
n
a
v
o
id
an
ce
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
g
o
o
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
as
w
e
ll.
T
h
is
p
r
o
to
co
l
g
iv
es
b
etter
r
es
u
lts
an
d
t
h
er
e
is
a
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
w
aste
of
e
n
er
g
y
in
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
to
IEEE
8
0
2
.
1
1
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
by
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
t
h
e
y
an
al
y
ze
d
t
h
at
IEEE
8
0
2
.
1
1
co
n
s
u
m
es
2
-
6
ti
m
es
m
o
r
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
m
p
ar
ati
v
e
l
y
to
S
-
M
AC
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
as
w
e
ll
te
s
t
ed
th
is
p
r
o
to
co
l
by
u
s
i
n
g
it
on
th
e
n
o
d
es
w
it
h
w
h
ich
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
w
er
e
q
u
ite
ef
f
ec
tiv
e.
In
[
3
0
]
J
o
h
n
s
o
n
et
al
.
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
d
u
t
y
-
c
y
cle
p
r
o
to
co
l
w
h
ic
h
m
ee
t
s
t
h
e
d
e
m
a
n
d
i
n
g
en
er
g
y
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
ex
is
tin
g
d
u
t
y
-
c
y
cle
M
A
C
p
r
o
to
co
ls
as
w
ell
li
k
e
S
-
M
A
C
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
p
o
w
er
ef
f
icie
n
t
b
u
t
in
th
is
p
ap
er
,
a
n
e
w
M
AC
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
i.
e.
R
MA
C
.
R
M
AC
ex
p
lo
its
cr
o
s
s
-
la
y
er
r
o
u
tin
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
allo
w
its
co
n
t
r
o
l
f
r
a
m
e
to
s
etu
p
a
m
u
lti
h
o
p
s
ch
ed
u
le
f
o
r
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
of
a
d
ata
f
r
a
m
e.
E
ac
h
n
o
d
e
alo
n
g
th
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
i
ng
p
at
h
t
h
e
n
w
a
k
es
up
at
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t
s
ch
ed
u
led
ti
m
e
to
allo
w
it
to
r
ec
eiv
e
an
d
f
o
r
w
ar
d
th
e
d
ata
f
r
a
m
e.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
eir
p
ap
er
,
th
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
es
u
lts
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
R
M
A
C
h
as
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
en
d
to
en
d
d
eli
v
er
y
laten
c
y
th
an
S
-
M
AC
.
It
h
an
d
les
tr
af
f
ic
co
n
ten
t
io
n
e
f
f
icie
n
tl
y
t
h
a
n
S
-
M
AC
w
i
th
o
u
t
s
ac
r
if
ici
n
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
an
d
en
er
g
y
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
.
3.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
In
w
ir
eless
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
of
e
n
er
g
y
an
d
li
f
eti
m
e
of
th
e
n
o
d
es
ar
e
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
is
s
u
es.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
g
o
al
of
W
S
N
is
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
to
tr
an
s
m
it
t
h
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
s
o
u
r
ce
to
d
esti
n
atio
n
b
u
t
also
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
li
f
eti
m
e
of
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
W
S
N’
s
ar
e
s
u
b
j
ec
t
to
n
o
d
e
f
ail
u
r
es
b
ec
au
s
e
of
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
s
.
Mu
ltip
ath
r
o
u
tin
g
can
r
ed
u
c
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
r
o
u
te
u
p
d
ates,
b
ala
n
ce
tr
af
f
ic
lo
ad
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ate
in
W
SN.
Mu
l
tip
ath
r
o
u
ti
n
g
s
ch
e
m
es
is
an
o
p
ti
m
al
alter
n
at
iv
e
to
m
a
x
i
m
ize
li
f
eti
m
e
of
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
4.
F
UT
UR
E
SCO
P
E
T
h
er
e
ar
e
v
ar
io
u
s
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
in
m
u
l
tip
ath
r
o
u
ti
n
g
w
h
i
ch
ar
e
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
ic
ien
t.
Ma
i
n
l
y
,
we
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
on
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
t
p
r
o
to
co
ls
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
W
SN.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
ch
allen
g
es
in
W
SN
s
u
c
h
as
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
an
d
d
elay
.
Mo
s
t
of
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
ass
u
m
e
th
at
t
h
e
BS
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
ar
e
im
m
o
b
ile.
Ne
w
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
m
u
s
t
be
d
y
n
a
m
ic
an
d
s
h
o
u
ld
be
ab
le
to
a
d
ap
t
to
th
e
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8776
IJ
-
I
C
T
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
1
8
:
1
1
1
–
1
1
6
116
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
P.
Ba
ro
o
a
h
,
H.
Ch
e
n
ji
,
R.
S
to
ler
u
a
n
d
T
.
K.
Na
g
y
,
“
Cu
t
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
in
w
irele
ss
s
e
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,"
IE
EE
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
on
P
a
ra
l
lel
a
n
d
Distri
b
u
ted
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
2
3
,
n
o
.
3,
p
p
.
4
8
3
-
4
9
0
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
]
T.
Ka
d
i,
Z.
T
u
wa
ij
ri
a
n
d
A
.
L
.
O
m
r
a
n
,
"
W
irel
e
ss
s
e
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
f
o
r
lea
k
a
g
e
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
in
u
n
d
e
rg
r
o
u
n
d
p
ip
e
li
n
e
s:
a
su
rv
e
y
p
a
p
e
r,
"
Pro
c
e
d
ia
Co
m
p
u
te
r
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
21,
p
p
.
4
9
1
-
4
9
8
,
2
0
1
3
.
[3
]
K.
Ka
u
r
a
n
d
S.
W
a
ra
ich
,
"
En
e
rg
y
E
ff
icie
n
t
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s
b
a
se
d
on
Clu
ste
rin
g
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s,"
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
of
C
o
mp
u
ter
Ap
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
1
1
9
,
no.
1
1
,
p
p
.
4
4
0
-
4
5
1
,
2
0
1
5
.
[4
]
E.
G
il
b
e
rt,
P.
Ku
m
a
r,
B.
Ka
li
a
p
e
ru
m
a
l,
“
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
Iss
u
e
s
in
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s:
A
S
u
rv
e
y
,
"
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
fI
n
fo
rm
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
2,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
5
3
3
-
5
4
2
,
2
0
1
2
.
[5
]
F.M.
Be
e
m
a
an
d
J.
S
u
th
a
,
“
En
e
rg
y
E
ff
icie
n
t
M
u
lt
ip
a
th
Ro
u
t
in
g
in
W
S
N,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
of
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
t
in
g
,
v
o
l
.
6,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
7
9
1
3
-
7
9
1
6
,
2
0
1
6
.
[6
]
M.
M
a
sd
a
ri
a
n
d
M.
T
a
n
a
b
i,
“
M
u
lt
ip
a
th
Ro
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
in
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s:
A
S
u
rv
e
y
a
n
d
A
n
a
ly
sis,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
of
F
u
t
u
re
Ge
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
Co
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
a
n
d
Ne
two
rk
in
g
,
v
o
l,
6,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
8
1
-
1
9
2
,
2
0
1
3
.
[7
]
H.Y.
S
h
w
e
a
n
d
F.
A
d
a
c
h
i,
“
P
o
w
e
r
Eff
icie
n
t
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
Ne
t
w
o
rk
C
o
d
i
n
g
in
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
r
k
s,”
IEE
E
ICC,
2
0
1
1
.
[8
]
N.A
.
P
a
n
taz
is,
S
.
A
.
Nik
o
li
d
a
k
is
a
n
d
D.D.
V
e
rg
a
d
o
s,
“
E
n
e
rg
y
-
Eff
icie
n
t
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
t
o
c
o
ls
in
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s:
A
S
u
rv
e
y
,
”
IEE
E
COM
M
UNICAT
IONS
S
URVE
Y
S
&
T
UTORIA
L
S
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
2
0
1
3
.
[9
]
C.
In
ta
n
a
g
o
n
w
iwa
t,
R.
G
o
v
in
d
a
n
,
D.
Estri
n
,
J.
He
id
e
m
a
n
a
n
d
F.
S
i
lv
a
,
“
Dire
c
ted
Diff
u
sio
n
f
o
r
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
in
g
.
”
IEE
E
T
RA
NS
ACT
I
ONS
ON
NET
W
ORKING
,
v
o
l.
11,
n
o
.
1,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
0
]
S.
Ba
n
d
y
o
p
a
d
h
y
a
y
a
n
d
E.
J.
Co
y
l
e
,
“
A
n
En
e
rg
y
E
ff
icie
n
t
Hie
ra
r
c
h
ica
l
Clu
ste
rin
g
A
lg
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
IEE
E,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
1
]
Z.
W
a
n
g
,
E.
Bu
l
u
t
a
n
d
B.
K.
S
z
y
m
a
n
sk
i,
“
En
e
rg
y
E
ff
icie
n
t
Co
ll
isi
o
n
A
w
a
r
e
M
u
lt
ip
a
t
h
Ro
u
ti
n
g
f
o
r
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s.”
IEE
E
ICC
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
2
]
B.
Ya
h
y
a
a
n
d
J.B.
Oth
m
a
n
,
“
Ro
b
u
st
a
n
d
E
n
e
rg
y
Eff
icie
n
t
M
u
lt
i
p
a
th
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
IEE
E
GLOBE
COM
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
3
]
R.
Vid
h
y
a
p
ri
y
a
a
n
d
P
.
T
.
V
a
n
a
t
h
i,
“
En
e
rg
y
E
ff
icie
n
t
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
M
u
lt
ip
a
th
Ro
u
ti
n
g
f
o
r
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s.
”
IAE
NG
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
of
Co
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
4
]
P.
S
h
a
rm
a
a
n
d
I.
Ka
u
r,
“
A
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
S
tu
d
y
on
En
e
rg
y
E
f
f
i
c
ien
t
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
ro
t
o
c
o
ls
in
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
IJ
S
CI
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
of
Co
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
Iss
u
e
s,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
4,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
5
]
A.
M
a
n
jes
h
w
a
r
a
n
d
D.P
.
A
g
ra
w
a
l,
“
A
P
T
EE
N:
A
H
y
b
rid
P
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
Ef
f
icie
n
t
Ro
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
Co
m
p
re
h
e
n
siv
e
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
Re
tri
e
v
a
l
in
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,
”
IEE
E,
2
0
0
2
.
[1
6
]
S.
Eh
sa
n
a
n
d
B.
Ha
m
d
a
o
u
i
“A
S
u
rv
e
y
on
En
e
rg
y
-
E
ff
icie
n
t
Ro
u
ti
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
w
it
h
QOS
A
ss
u
ra
n
c
e
s
f
o
r
W
irele
s
s
M
u
lt
im
e
d
ia
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
I
EE
E
COM
M
UNICAT
IONS
S
URVE
Y
S
&
T
UTORIA
L
S
,
v
o
l.
1
4
,
n
o
.
2,
p
p
.
4
8
0
-
4
8
9
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
7
]
S
.
R.
G
a
n
d
h
a
m
,
M.
Da
w
a
n
d
e
,
R.
P
ra
k
a
sh
a
n
d
S.
V
e
n
k
a
tes
a
n
,
“
En
e
rg
y
E
ff
icie
n
t
S
c
h
e
m
e
s
f
o
r
W
irel
e
ss
S
e
n
so
rNe
tw
o
rk
s
w
it
h
M
u
lt
ip
le
M
o
b
il
e
Ba
se
S
tati
o
n
s,”
IE
EE
GLOB
ECOM
,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
8
]
O.
Yo
u
n
is,
O.
a
n
d
S.
F
a
h
m
y
,
“
HEED:
A
H
y
b
rid
,
En
e
rg
y
-
E
ff
ici
e
n
t,
Distrib
u
ted
Clu
ste
ri
n
g
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
f
o
r
Ad
Ho
c
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
IEE
E
T
RA
N
S
ACT
IONS
ON
M
OBIL
E
COM
PU
T
ING
,
v
o
l.
3,
no.
4,
2
0
0
4
.
[1
9
]
A.
L
iu
,
C.
Zh
a
n
g
,
Z.
Ch
e
n
a
n
d
X.
S
h
e
n
,
“
S
e
c
u
re
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
-
E
ff
ic
ien
t
Disjo
in
t
M
u
lt
i
p
a
th
Ro
u
ti
n
g
fo
r
W
S
N,”
IEE
E
T
RA
NS
AC
T
IONS
ONVEHICULA
R
T
ECHNOLOGY
,
v
o
l
.
6
1
,
n
o
.
7,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
0
]
I.
F
.
A
k
y
il
d
iz,
W.
S
u
,
Y.
S
a
n
k
a
r
a
su
b
ra
m
a
n
ia
m
a
n
d
E.
Ca
y
irci,
“
Wi
re
les
s
s
e
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s:
a
su
rv
e
y
,
”
El
se
v
e
ir
,
pp.
393
–
4
2
2
,
2
0
0
2
.
.
[2
1
]
A.
G
h
a
ff
a
ri
a
n
d
S.
Ba
b
a
z
a
d
e
h
,
“
M
u
lt
i
-
P
a
t
h
Ro
u
ti
n
g
Ba
se
d
on
Ne
tw
o
rk
Co
d
in
g
in
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
W
o
rld
Ap
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l.
2
1
,
no.
1
1
,
pp.
1
6
5
7
-
1
6
6
3
,
2
0
1
3
.
.
[2
2
]
O.
Yo
u
n
is
a
n
d
S.
F
a
h
m
y
,
“
HEED
:
A
H
y
b
rid
,
En
e
rg
y
-
E
ff
icie
n
t,
Distrib
u
te
d
Cl
u
ste
rin
g
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
f
o
r
Ad
Ho
c
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
IEE
E
T
RA
N
S
ACT
IO
NS
ON
M
OBIL
E
COM
PUT
ING
,
v
o
l.
3,
n
o
.
4,
2
0
0
4
.
[2
3
]
B.
Ya
h
y
a
a
n
d
J.B.
Oth
m
a
n
,
“
REL
A
X
:
An
En
e
rg
y
E
ff
icie
n
t
M
u
lt
i
p
a
th
R
o
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
IEE
E
ICC
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
4
]
C.
S
c
h
u
rg
e
rs
a
n
d
M
.
B
.
S
riv
a
sta
v
a
,
“
En
e
rg
y
E
ff
icie
n
t
Ro
u
ti
n
g
in
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
IE
EE
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
2
0
0
1
.
[2
5
]
R.
M
a
d
a
n
a
n
d
S.
L
a
ll
,
“
Distrib
u
te
d
A
lg
o
rit
h
m
s
f
o
r
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
L
i
fe
ti
m
e
Ro
u
ti
n
g
in
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,
”
IEE
E
COM
M
UNICAT
IONS
S
OCIET
Y
GLOBE
COM
,
2
0
0
4
.
[2
6
]
S
.
D.
M
u
ru
g
a
n
a
t
h
a
n
,
S.
Da
n
iel,
R.
Bh
a
sin
a
n
d
A
.
O.
F
a
p
o
ju
w
o
,
“A
Ce
n
tralize
d
En
e
rg
y
-
E
ff
icie
n
t
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
to
c
o
l
f
o
r
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s,”
IEE
E
RA
DIO
COM
M
UNICAT
IONS
,
2
0
0
5
.
[2
7
]
M
.
C.
T
h
e
in
a
n
d
T.
T
h
e
in
,
“
An
En
e
rg
y
E
ff
icie
n
t
Clu
ste
r
-
He
a
d
S
e
lec
ti
o
n
fo
r
W
ire
les
s
S
e
n
s
o
r
N
e
two
rk
s
,”
IEE
E
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
on
In
tell
ig
e
n
t
S
y
ste
m
s,
M
o
d
e
ll
i
n
g
a
n
d
S
i
m
u
latio
n
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
8
]
D.
W
e
i,
Y.
Jin
,
S.
V
u
ra
l,
R.
T
a
f
a
z
o
ll
i
a
n
d
K.
M
o
e
ss
n
e
r,
“
A
n
E
n
e
rg
y
-
E
ff
icie
n
t
Clu
ste
rin
g
S
o
l
u
ti
o
n
f
o
r
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
IEE
E
T
RA
N
S
ACT
IONS
ON
W
IRE
L
E
S
S
COM
M
UNICAT
IONS
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
no.
1
1
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
9
]
Y.
W
e
i,
J.
He
id
e
m
a
n
n
a
n
d
D.
E
strin
,
‘‘A
n
E
n
e
rg
y
-
E
ff
icie
n
t
M
AC
P
ro
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,’
IEE
E
INFOCOM
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
0
]
S.
Du
,
A
.
K.
S
a
h
a
a
n
d
D
.
B.
Jo
h
n
s
o
n
,
“
RM
A
C:
A
Ro
u
ti
n
g
-
En
h
a
n
c
e
d
Du
ty
-
C
y
c
le
M
A
C
P
ro
to
c
o
l
f
o
r
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s.”
IEE
E
INFOCOM
,
2
0
0
7
.
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