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1
2
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In
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h
m
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rti
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g
h
t
ω
∈
[1
,
0
]
h
a
s
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e
n
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tro
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d
to
p
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rk
u
p
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a
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a
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m
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ly
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1
0
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1
6
m
e
ters
d
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t
h
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h
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h
e
b
u
b
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wh
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re
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re
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ted
a
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n
c
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th
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d
m
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p
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to
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.
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n
h
a
n
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d
wh
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le
o
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h
m
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is t
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n
d
a
rd
IEE
E
5
7
b
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s
s
y
ste
m
s
a
n
d
p
o
we
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ss
re
d
u
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d
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y
.
K
ey
w
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d
s
:
Op
tim
al
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
T
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lo
s
s
W
h
ale
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
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n
a
c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
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CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
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n
se
.
C
o
r
r
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s
p
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A
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r
:
L
en
in
Kan
ag
asab
ai
,
Dep
ar
tm
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t o
f
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,
Pra
s
ad
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Po
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i Sid
d
h
ar
th
a
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
C
h
alasan
i N
ag
ar
,
Kan
u
r
u
,
Vijay
awa
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a,
An
d
h
r
a
Pra
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5
2
0
0
0
7
,
I
n
d
ia
.
E
m
ail:
g
k
len
in
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
t
h
is
wo
r
k
m
i
n
im
iz
ati
o
n
o
f
r
e
al
p
o
we
r
l
o
s
s
is
k
e
y
g
o
al
.
A
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
co
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
t
ec
h
n
i
q
u
es
h
as
b
e
en
al
r
e
a
d
y
s
o
l
v
e
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
[
1
-
6
]
b
u
t m
a
n
y
te
c
h
n
iq
u
es u
n
d
e
r
we
n
t
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
it
y
i
n
m
an
a
g
i
n
g
t
h
e
in
-
e
q
u
alit
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co
n
s
t
r
a
in
ts
.
Su
b
s
e
q
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e
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t
ly
e
v
o
l
u
ti
o
n
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y
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n
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q
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es
[7
-
1
5
]
h
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s
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O
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Al
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t
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n
t
ex
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d
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s
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d
.
Ali
k
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Pa
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Swa
r
m
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p
ti
m
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al
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m
,
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g
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t;
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∈
[
1
,
0
]
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
i
n
t
o
wh
al
e
o
p
ti
m
iz
ati
o
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g
o
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th
m
t
o
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en
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n
d
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h
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n
ce
d
wh
ale
o
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m
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g
o
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it
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ted
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a
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it
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m
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v
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s
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b
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s
s
h
as
b
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n
r
e
d
u
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d
p
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f
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y
.
2.
P
RO
B
L
E
M
F
O
R
M
U
L
AT
I
O
N
R
ed
u
ct
io
n
r
ea
l
p
o
we
r
l
o
s
s
is
t
h
e
k
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y
g
o
a
l
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f
th
is
w
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k
an
d
it
h
as
b
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n
w
r
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e
n
as
f
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ll
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ws:
F
=
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L
=
∑
g
k
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∈
Nbr
(
V
i
2
+
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j
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−
2
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θ
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1
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F
=
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×
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(
2
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I
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C
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T
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h
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l
,
Vo
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9
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No
.
1,
Ap
r
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20
20
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19
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2
3
20
Vol
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q
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P
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=
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+
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(
4
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C
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s
tr
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ts
(
I
n
e
q
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ty
)
P
g
s
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ack
m
i
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≤
P
g
s
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ac
k
≤
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s
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5
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3.
E
NH
ANC
E
D
WH
A
L
E
O
P
T
I
M
I
Z
A
T
I
O
N
A
L
G
O
RI
T
H
Pro
je
cte
d
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
h
as
b
ee
n
m
o
d
el
le
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
B
u
b
b
l
e
-
n
e
t
h
u
n
t
in
g
s
t
r
at
e
g
y
o
f
w
h
ale
.
No
r
m
all
y
b
u
b
b
l
es
f
o
r
m
a
‘
9
-
s
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a
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p
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’
t
h
r
o
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g
h
t
h
at
w
h
al
e
en
ci
r
cl
e
th
e
p
r
e
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
h
u
n
ti
n
g
.
W
h
ales
n
o
r
m
all
y
m
o
v
e
10
-
1
6
m
et
er
s
d
o
wn
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h
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s
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t
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n
th
r
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h
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b
u
b
b
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wh
i
ch
c
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e
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d
ar
ti
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ly
i
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s
p
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s
h
a
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it
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p
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a
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s
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t
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1
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1
3
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Dim
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⃗
will
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m
[
-
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.
Mo
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;
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(
t
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1
5
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(
1
5
)
d
es
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t
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e
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h
m
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h
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d
as,
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(
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{
Y
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⃗
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⃗
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⃗
⃗
⃗
if
p
<
0
.
50
M
⃗
⃗
⃗
′
∗
e
bt
∗
cos
(
2π
l
)
+
Y
⃗
⃗
∗
(
t
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if
p
≥
0
.
50
(
1
6
)
Pre
y
e
x
p
l
o
r
ati
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n
;
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⃗
⃗
f
o
r
p
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y
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x
p
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n
a
n
d
v
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wi
ll
b
e
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1
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o
r
l
ess
th
a
n
-
1
.
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it
h
r
e
f
e
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n
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I
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E
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RE
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NC
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S
[1
]
K.
Y.
Lee
“
F
u
e
l
-
c
o
st
m
in
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a
ti
o
n
fo
r
b
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t
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v
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p
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is
p
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s,”
Pro
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n
e
ra
ti
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T
ra
n
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Distrib
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C
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1
3
1
,
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p
.
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p
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[2
]
N.
I.
De
e
b
,
“
An
e
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tec
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q
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2
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9
8
.
[3
]
S
h
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lt
s,
R.
R.
;
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T.
,
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ti
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p
.
3
9
7
–
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0
5
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1
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8
2
.
[4
]
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.
G
ra
n
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le.
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m
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s,”
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E
T
ra
n
s
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Po
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ste
m
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vol
.
9
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.
1
,
p
p
.
1
3
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6
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9
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.
[5
]
N.
G
ru
d
in
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n
,
“
Re
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ti
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sin
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[6
]
T.
Da
s
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d
R.
Ro
y
,
"
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m
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s (E
DCT)
,
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o
lk
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ta,
p
p
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1
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0
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.
[7
]
Y.
Zh
a
n
g
,
C.
C
h
e
n
a
n
d
C.
Lee
,
"
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m
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ter
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a
ti
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ra
ti
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tro
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,
p
p
.
1
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.
[8
]
Ro
y
,
P
ro
v
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s
Ku
m
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n
d
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sa
n
t
a
Du
tt
a
.
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tch
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p
t
.
"
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ti
m
a
l
P
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r F
lo
w
Us
i
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g
Evo
lu
ti
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a
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y
Al
g
o
rit
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ms
.
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o
b
a
l
,
p
p
.
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-
64
,
2
0
1
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.
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]
C
h
r
i
st
i
a
n
B
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n
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.
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j
o
s
,
S
é
b
a
st
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Le
D
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g
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b
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l
,
“
Ti
g
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t
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c
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re
lax
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is
p
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tch
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lem
”
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
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n
s
o
n
Po
we
r S
y
ste
ms
,
2
0
1
9
.
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0
]
D
.
P
ra
sa
d
a
n
d
V
.
M
u
k
h
e
rjee
,
"
S
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lu
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f
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p
ti
m
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Re
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ti
v
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P
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tch
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b
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Alg
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rit
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m
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c
o
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p
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ra
ti
n
g
F
ACTS
De
v
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s,
"
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J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
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l.
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,
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o
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1
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p
p
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4
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.
[1
1
]
TM
A
l
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AF
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ra
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im,
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M
o
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a
mm
e
d
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r
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r
t
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a
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l.
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o
.
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p
.
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3
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0
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2
]
R
.
Kish
a
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a
h
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te,
Him
m
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.
,
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tch
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,"
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ter
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M
a
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Res
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p
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3
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Ya
lçın
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E,
Tap
lam
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c
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,
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A
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Ch
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4
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.
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T.
,
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5
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Taw
fiq
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.
Alj
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F
.
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