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rm
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ics a
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Co
m
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J
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14
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2
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25
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p
p
.
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lt
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v
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fr
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m
1
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c
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:
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a
m
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a
n
d
st
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tell
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g
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T
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e
se
stra
teg
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ffe
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ro
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ra
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s.
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rriers
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a
s
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lo
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u
lt
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ra
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c
e
s
c
o
m
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li
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a
te
imp
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n
tatio
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.
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h
is
re
v
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u
n
d
e
rsc
o
re
s
th
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imp
o
rtan
c
e
o
f
a
d
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stru
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ti
o
n
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l
a
p
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s
to
t
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e
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d
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o
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t
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ld
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in
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o
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t
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d
ig
it
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l
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tera
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y
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a
p
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c
a
ll
s
fo
r
su
sta
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e
d
e
ffo
r
t
s
to
a
d
d
re
ss
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se
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n
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d
s,
p
ro
v
id
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tec
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n
ica
l
su
p
p
o
rt,
a
n
d
e
n
su
re
in
c
l
u
siv
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ty
,
e
sp
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c
ially
fo
r
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late
d
i
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d
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u
a
ls,
to
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x
imiz
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e
ffe
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ss
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n
d
s
u
sta
in
a
b
il
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o
f
t
h
e
se
stra
teg
ies
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
ld
er
ly
d
ig
ital liter
ac
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I
n
ter
g
en
e
r
atio
n
al
lear
n
i
n
g
L
ea
r
n
in
g
Old
er
ad
u
lts
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
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c
c
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a
rticle
u
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e
CC B
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C
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p
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A
uth
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r
:
Nah
d
atu
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k
m
a
Ah
m
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C
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p
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Scien
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Stu
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C
o
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C
o
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I
n
f
o
r
m
atics a
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d
Ma
th
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Un
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p
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s
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.
m
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1.
I
NT
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D
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Acc
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d
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g
t
o
th
e
W
o
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ld
Hea
lt
h
Or
g
an
izatio
n
(
W
HO)
[
1
]
,
it
is
p
r
o
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th
at
b
y
2
0
3
0
,
1
in
6
p
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m
a
r
k
s
a
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ican
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ed
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ate.
Fact
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r
s
s
u
ch
as
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ed
life
ex
p
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tan
c
y
a
n
d
d
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lin
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ir
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h
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ib
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ted
to
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,
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p
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cieties
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n
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m
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s
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HO
f
u
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m
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at
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o
p
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ly
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s
u
r
g
e
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th
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ly
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p
u
latio
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i
g
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u
r
g
en
t
n
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d
f
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o
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ar
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ar
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an
d
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ca
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T
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g
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f
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it
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g
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al
is
s
u
e
th
at
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f
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ts
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o
th
d
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v
elo
p
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d
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
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n
atio
n
s
.
Ma
lay
s
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f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
h
as
its
o
wn
d
ef
i
n
itio
n
o
f
“
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ly
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”
ca
teg
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in
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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:
2
2
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I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
529
-
539
530
6
0
an
d
ab
o
v
e
in
th
is
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
e
Dep
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
Statis
tics
Ma
la
y
s
ia
[
2
]
p
r
ed
icted
th
at
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
wo
u
ld
b
ec
o
m
e
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m
ir
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r
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g
lo
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al
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n
d
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n
d
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s
ab
o
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t
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w
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eq
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to
a
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d
s
o
f
th
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ag
in
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citizen
s
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As
d
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ap
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tr
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s
f
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m
s
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ld
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ly
f
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allen
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av
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atin
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d
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tech
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y
.
D
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
wh
ic
h
C
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ja
et
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[
3
]
d
escr
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e
as
ess
en
tial
in
to
d
ay
’
s
wo
r
l
d
,
i
s
n
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lo
n
g
e
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s
t
a
s
k
ill
b
u
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a
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ec
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ity
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iv
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tech
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o
w
p
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m
ea
tes ev
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asp
ec
t
o
f
d
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f
r
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co
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m
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to
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s
s
in
g
ess
en
tial ser
v
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L
o
B
u
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[
4
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co
n
d
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a
s
tu
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th
at
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tifie
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ty
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a
d
u
lts
.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
ess
en
tial
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
s
u
c
h
as
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
s
tay
in
g
co
n
n
ec
te
d
with
lo
v
ed
o
n
es,
o
r
g
an
izin
g
task
s
,
leis
u
r
e
ac
tiv
ities
lik
e
g
am
es
o
r
r
ea
d
in
g
,
m
an
ag
in
g
p
h
o
to
s
an
d
m
e
m
o
r
ies
,
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
to
o
ls
lik
e
ca
len
d
ar
s
,
an
d
ess
en
tial
task
s
s
u
ch
a
s
m
an
a
g
in
g
f
in
an
c
es
an
d
h
ea
lth
.
Ma
n
y
o
f
t
h
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
aim
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
life
f
o
r
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
,
m
ak
in
g
d
ay
-
to
-
d
a
y
task
s
ea
s
ier
an
d
allo
win
g
th
e
m
to
s
tay
en
g
ag
ed
with
s
o
ciety
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
m
ess
ag
in
g
ap
p
s
h
elp
th
em
m
ain
tain
s
o
cial
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
,
wh
ile
m
o
b
ile
b
an
k
in
g
en
ab
les
th
em
to
m
an
ag
e
t
h
eir
f
in
an
ce
s
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
tly
.
T
h
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ca
n
b
e
ac
ce
s
s
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
d
ev
ices,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
es,
tab
lets
,
an
d
c
o
m
p
u
te
r
s
,
w
h
ich
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
in
cr
e
asin
g
ly
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
l
y
f
o
r
o
ld
er
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
d
esp
ite
th
ese
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
,
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
o
f
ten
s
tr
u
g
g
le
with
ad
ap
tin
g
to
r
ap
i
d
ly
ev
o
lv
in
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies.
C
za
ja
et
a
l.
[
3
]
ex
p
lain
th
at
wh
ile
th
ese
d
ev
ices
o
f
f
er
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
b
e
n
ef
its
,
th
ey
ar
e
als
o
co
n
s
tan
tly
ch
a
n
g
in
g
,
wh
ich
m
ak
es
it
d
if
f
icu
lt
f
o
r
o
ld
e
r
in
d
iv
id
u
als,
wh
o
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
as
tech
-
s
av
v
y
,
to
k
ee
p
u
p
.
T
h
is
is
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
ed
b
y
th
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
th
e
eld
er
ly
o
f
ten
g
r
ew
u
p
in
a
wo
r
ld
th
at
o
p
er
ate
d
at
a
s
lo
wer
p
ac
e
an
d
was
m
o
r
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
o
n
a
p
er
s
o
n
al
lev
el,
as
n
o
ted
b
y
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
[
5
]
-
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
f
ast
-
p
ac
ed
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
co
m
b
i
n
ed
with
c
o
m
p
lex
in
ter
f
ac
es
a
n
d
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
t
u
p
d
ates,
cr
ea
tes
a
d
i
g
ital
d
iv
id
e.
Ma
n
y
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
f
ee
l
in
co
m
p
ete
n
t
in
u
s
i
n
g
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
o
f
ten
s
ee
k
ass
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
s
to
b
r
id
g
e
th
e
g
a
p
.
Stu
d
ies
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ty
p
ically
c
o
m
es
f
r
o
m
f
a
m
ily
m
em
b
er
s
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
,
th
o
u
g
h
n
o
n
-
f
am
ily
m
em
b
e
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
v
o
l
u
n
teer
s
o
r
p
ee
r
s
,
ca
n
also
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
al
u
ab
le
ass
is
tan
ce
[
4
]
,
[
10
]
-
[1
4
].
On
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
o
f
t
h
is
d
ig
ital
d
iv
id
e
is
th
at
s
o
m
e
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
d
i
g
ital
ex
clu
s
io
n
.
As
r
elian
ce
o
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
g
r
o
ws
in
cr
itical
s
ec
to
r
s
lik
e
h
e
alth
ca
r
e,
ac
ce
s
s
to
h
ea
lth
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
an
d
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
th
o
s
e
with
o
u
t
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
o
r
ac
c
ess
ar
e
lef
t
b
e
h
in
d
.
T
h
is
ex
clu
s
io
n
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
as
th
e
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
s
y
s
tem
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
s
h
if
t
s
to
war
d
s
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
f
o
r
s
er
v
ices
lik
e
telem
ed
icin
e,
o
n
lin
e
h
ea
lth
r
e
co
r
d
s
,
an
d
e
-
p
r
escr
ip
tio
n
s
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic
f
u
r
th
er
in
ten
s
if
ied
th
is
is
s
u
e,
as
m
an
y
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
wer
e
f
o
r
ce
d
to
r
ely
o
n
d
ig
it
al
to
o
ls
f
o
r
ess
en
tial
s
er
v
ices
an
d
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
p
an
d
em
ic
ex
ac
er
b
ated
s
o
cial
is
o
latio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
eld
er
ly
,
d
u
e
t
o
lo
ck
d
o
wn
s
an
d
s
o
cial
d
is
tan
cin
g
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
As
in
-
p
er
s
o
n
g
ath
er
in
g
s
wer
e
lim
ited
,
d
ig
ital
ap
p
licatio
n
s
lik
e
v
id
eo
ca
lls
an
d
m
ess
ag
in
g
ap
p
s
b
ec
am
e
life
lin
es
f
o
r
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
to
s
tay
co
n
n
ec
ted
with
f
am
ily
an
d
f
r
ie
n
d
s
.
Un
f
o
r
tu
n
atel
y
,
th
o
s
e
wh
o
la
ck
ed
d
i
g
ital
s
k
ills
f
o
u
n
d
th
e
m
s
elv
es
ev
en
m
o
r
e
is
o
lated
,
wh
ich
n
e
g
ativ
ely
im
p
ac
ted
th
eir
m
en
tal
a
n
d
e
m
o
tio
n
al
well
-
b
ein
g
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
is
s
itu
atio
n
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
f
o
r
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
,
as
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
in
d
is
p
e
n
s
ab
le
f
o
r
m
ain
tain
in
g
s
o
cial
ties
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
in
g
ess
en
tial
s
er
v
ices.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
er
e
is
g
r
o
win
g
in
ter
est
in
h
o
w
in
ter
g
e
n
er
atio
n
al
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
ca
n
h
elp
o
ld
e
r
a
d
u
lts
ad
ap
t
to
th
e
d
ig
ital
wo
r
ld
.
I
n
ter
g
en
er
atio
n
a
l
lear
n
in
g
,
wh
er
e
y
o
u
n
g
e
r
in
d
iv
id
u
als
teac
h
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
h
o
w
to
u
s
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
h
as
p
r
o
v
en
to
b
e
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
way
to
b
r
id
g
e
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
al
d
iv
id
e
an
d
r
e
d
u
c
e
th
e
d
ig
ital liter
ac
y
g
a
p
[
8
]
-
[1
4
]
,
[
1
6
]
-
[2
1
].
T
h
is
s
co
p
in
g
r
ev
iew
s
ee
k
s
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
an
d
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
th
e
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
r
ec
en
t
is
s
u
es
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
ex
is
tin
g
r
esear
ch
r
elate
d
to
teac
h
i
n
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
to
th
e
eld
er
l
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
g
e
n
er
atio
n
a
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
I
n
ter
g
en
e
r
ati
o
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
v
o
lv
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
in
d
iv
id
u
als
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
en
t
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
o
f
ten
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
an
d
y
o
u
n
g
er
g
en
e
r
atio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
r
y
o
u
n
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als.
T
h
ese
s
tr
ateg
ies
n
o
t
o
n
ly
p
r
o
v
id
e
o
l
d
er
ad
u
lts
with
p
r
ac
tical
s
k
ills
to
n
av
ig
ate
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
b
u
t
also
f
o
s
ter
m
u
tu
al
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
in
ter
g
en
er
atio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
o
f
f
er
s
s
ev
er
al
b
en
ef
its
,
in
clu
d
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
an
d
in
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
f
o
ld
er
a
d
u
lts
in
u
s
in
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
s
tr
en
g
th
en
i
n
g
s
o
cial
b
o
n
d
s
b
etwe
en
y
o
u
n
g
e
r
an
d
o
ld
er
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
ese
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
l
o
n
eli
n
ess
an
d
s
o
cial
is
o
latio
n
f
o
r
th
e
eld
er
ly
wh
ile
o
f
f
er
in
g
y
o
u
n
g
p
e
o
p
le
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
d
ev
elo
p
teac
h
in
g
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
r
ev
iew
aim
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
o
v
e
r
v
iew
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
,
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
f
ac
ed
,
an
d
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es
ac
h
i
ev
ed
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
am
o
n
g
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
g
en
er
atio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
.
B
y
s
y
n
t
h
esizin
g
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
v
ar
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies,
th
is
r
ev
iew
will
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
n
h
o
w
t
o
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ly
s
u
p
p
o
r
t t
h
e
ag
in
g
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
ad
a
p
tin
g
to
t
h
e
d
ig
ital a
g
e
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
co
p
in
g
r
ev
iew
s
ee
k
s
to
ex
p
l
o
r
e
r
ec
en
t
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
d
esig
n
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
eld
er
ly
’
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
with
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
g
en
er
atio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
e
r
ev
iew
f
o
llo
ws
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
B
r
id
g
in
g
g
e
n
era
tio
n
s
:
a
s
co
p
i
n
g
r
ev
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o
f te
a
ch
in
g
tec
h
n
o
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o
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th
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eld
erly
… (
N
a
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d
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t
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l A
kma
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ma
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)
531
f
r
am
ewo
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k
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tlin
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b
y
Ar
k
s
ey
an
d
O
’
Ma
lley
[
2
2
]
,
wh
ic
h
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
f
iv
e
k
ey
s
tag
es
:
i)
id
en
tif
y
in
g
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
,
ii)
f
in
d
in
g
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elev
an
t
s
tu
d
ies,
iii)
s
elec
tin
g
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
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ticles,
iv
)
ch
ar
tin
g
th
e
d
ata,
an
d
v
)
s
u
m
m
ar
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g
th
e
co
llected
in
f
o
r
m
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n
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B
y
f
o
llo
win
g
t
h
is
p
r
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ce
s
s
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
t
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n
c
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b
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th
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to
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h
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liter
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ly
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f
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if
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u
r
e
1
p
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u
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ap
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clea
r
o
b
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elig
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cr
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[
2
3
]
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T
o
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tag
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PC
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titu
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(
J
B
I
)
[2
4
]
.
T
h
is
f
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2
5
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As
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ata
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[
2
6
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,
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I
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N
:
2
2
5
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I
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t J I
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f
&
C
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T
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n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
529
-
539
532
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
g
o
al
o
f
t
h
is
s
co
p
in
g
r
ev
iew
is
to
id
e
n
tify
in
ter
g
en
er
atio
n
al
in
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
al
s
tr
a
teg
ies
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
ec
e
n
tly
u
s
ed
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
el
d
er
ly
u
s
er
s
’
ab
ilit
y
to
en
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ag
e
with
tech
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ies.
Ad
d
itio
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ally
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e
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x
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e
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s
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e
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aised
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p
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s
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ies r
eg
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d
in
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
in
ter
g
en
e
r
atio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
in
teac
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in
g
tech
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o
l
o
g
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t
o
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e
r
ly
.
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h
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
g
u
id
in
g
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
as
f
o
llo
ws:
i)
w
h
at
a
r
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
ter
g
en
er
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n
al
teac
h
in
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et
h
o
d
s
c
u
r
r
en
tly
u
s
ed
to
h
elp
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ly
lear
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tech
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lo
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y
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d
ii)
w
h
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ch
al
len
g
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av
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b
ee
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
in
p
r
ev
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u
s
s
tu
d
ies
r
eg
ar
d
in
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th
e
im
p
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tatio
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o
f
th
ese
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ter
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al
teac
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tr
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B
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n
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th
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q
u
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s
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th
e
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tu
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y
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ile
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ld
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atu
r
e
b
y
id
en
tif
y
in
g
k
ey
s
ea
r
ch
ter
m
s
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
ese
ter
m
s
ar
e
ca
r
ef
u
l
ly
ch
o
s
en
u
s
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ated
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ad
v
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d
s
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ch
ca
p
ab
ilit
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2
8
]
-
[3
0
].
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ab
le
1
.
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[
2
4
]
.
T
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cr
o
s
s
-
ch
ec
k
i
n
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
all
in
f
l
u
en
tial
f
ac
to
r
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
[
3
1
]
.
I
n
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia,
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
,
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
n
a
r
r
o
w
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
am
o
n
g
th
e
s
elec
ted
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
4
]
.
Du
p
licate
ar
ticles,
wh
ich
m
ay
ap
p
ea
r
wh
en
u
s
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
d
atab
ases
,
ar
e
r
em
o
v
ed
to
a
v
o
id
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
d
ata.
T
ab
le
2
.
I
n
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
clu
s
i
o
n
cr
iter
ia
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
I
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
Ex
c
l
u
si
o
n
P
u
b
l
i
s
h
y
e
a
r
s
2
0
1
9
u
n
t
i
l
2
0
2
4
Le
ss
t
h
a
n
2
0
1
9
D
o
c
u
me
n
t
t
y
p
e
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
B
o
o
k
,
C
h
a
p
t
e
r
i
n
b
o
o
k
,
B
o
o
k
s
e
r
i
e
s
,
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
,
R
e
v
i
e
w
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
En
g
l
i
sh
N
o
n
-
E
n
g
l
i
sh
A
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
/
F
o
c
u
s
I
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s,
I
n
t
e
r
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
f
o
r
e
l
d
e
r
l
y
O
t
h
e
r
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
t
o
o
-
me
d
i
c
a
l
c
e
n
t
e
r
e
d
,
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
,
i
n
t
e
r
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
f
o
r
y
o
u
n
g
e
r
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
d
e
si
g
n
,
n
o
t
u
si
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
s a
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
t
o
o
l
T
h
is
r
ev
iew
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
ar
ticle
s
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
etwe
en
2
0
1
9
an
d
2
0
2
4
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
i
n
clu
s
io
n
o
f
r
ec
e
n
t
an
d
r
elev
a
n
t
d
ata.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
wh
ich
b
e
g
an
in
De
ce
m
b
er
2
0
2
3
t
o
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
4
,
a
d
h
er
es
to
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
s
u
g
g
ested
b
y
Hig
g
in
s
an
d
Dee
k
s
[
3
1
]
to
m
in
im
iz
e
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
o
v
er
l
ap
.
Ok
o
li
[
2
7
]
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
is
m
eth
o
d
o
f
d
eter
m
in
in
g
p
u
b
licatio
n
d
ates
f
o
l
lo
win
g
th
e
s
tar
t
o
f
th
e
s
ea
r
c
h
.
T
o
m
ai
n
tain
th
e
in
teg
r
ity
o
f
th
e
r
ev
iew,
o
n
l
y
E
n
g
lis
h
-
lan
g
u
ag
e
ar
ticles
an
d
th
o
s
e
class
if
ied
as
“
ar
ticles
”
ar
e
in
clu
d
ed
.
T
h
is
d
ec
is
io
n
is
in
ten
d
ed
t
o
p
r
ev
en
t
is
s
u
es
lik
e
m
is
tr
an
s
latio
n
an
d
m
is
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
[
3
0
]
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
p
h
ase,
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
f
o
cu
s
o
n
in
ter
g
e
n
er
atio
n
al
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
teac
h
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
th
e
eld
er
ly
ar
e
ass
ess
ed
b
as
ed
o
n
th
eir
titl
es
an
d
a
b
s
tr
ac
ts
,
with
ir
r
elev
a
n
t
ar
ticles
ex
clu
d
e
d
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
elec
ted
ar
ticles
ar
e
th
en
o
r
g
an
ize
d
a
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
d
ata
ar
e
an
al
y
ze
d
to
id
en
tify
th
e
s
tr
ateg
ies an
d
ch
allen
g
es d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
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o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
B
r
id
g
in
g
g
e
n
era
tio
n
s
:
a
s
co
p
i
n
g
r
ev
iew
o
f te
a
ch
in
g
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
to
th
e
eld
erly
… (
N
a
h
d
a
t
u
l A
kma
A
h
ma
d
)
533
3.
RE
S
U
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
id
en
tifie
d
1
7
r
el
ev
an
t
ar
ticles
f
r
o
m
th
e
W
o
r
ld
o
f
Scien
ce
,
Sco
p
u
s
an
d
Go
o
g
l
e
Sch
o
lar
d
atab
ases
.
T
h
e
in
ter
g
en
er
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
in
g
eld
e
r
ly
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
was
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
in
1
1
c
o
u
n
t
r
ies
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
t
o
tal
o
f
1
7
s
elec
ted
ar
ticles,
th
r
ee
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
th
e
Un
ited
State
s
an
d
C
h
in
a;
Sp
ain
,
C
an
ad
a
a
n
d
Ko
r
ea
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
ted
two
s
tu
d
ies
ea
ch
;
wh
ile
o
n
e
s
tu
d
y
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m
e
f
r
o
m
B
r
az
il,
Sp
ain
,
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ah
r
ain
,
UK,
T
aiwa
n
,
Ko
r
e
a,
J
ap
an
an
d
New
Z
ea
lan
d
.
O
u
t
o
f
th
e
1
7
s
elec
ted
ar
ticles,
s
ev
en
p
ap
er
was
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
2
0
2
3
,
s
ix
wer
e
p
u
b
l
is
h
ed
in
2
0
2
2
,
two
p
ap
e
r
s
wer
e
f
r
o
m
2
0
2
1
,
o
n
e
p
ap
er
wer
e
f
r
o
m
2
0
2
0
,
an
d
o
n
e
p
ap
er
wer
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
2
0
1
9
.
T
h
e
ag
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
th
e
r
es
p
o
n
d
e
n
ts
f
o
r
all
1
7
s
tu
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ies
f
ell
b
etw
ee
n
5
4
a
n
d
9
0
y
ea
r
s
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
t
h
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
co
n
d
u
cted
,
s
ix
th
e
m
es
wer
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
.
T
h
e
th
em
es
c
o
n
s
is
t
o
f
:
r
e
v
er
s
e
m
en
to
r
i
n
g
,
v
ir
tu
al
lea
r
n
in
g
,
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
i
n
g
,
f
am
il
y
in
ter
g
e
n
er
atio
n
al,
g
am
e
p
lay
lear
n
in
g
a
n
d
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
y
p
es o
f
i
n
ter
g
en
e
r
a
tio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies em
p
l
o
y
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t c
o
u
n
tr
ie
s
3
.
1
.
Rev
er
s
e
m
ent
o
ring
T
h
e
two
s
tu
d
ies,
th
e
UR
I
en
g
ag
in
g
g
en
er
atio
n
s
p
r
o
g
r
am
:
cy
b
er
-
s
en
io
r
s
an
d
th
e
UR
I
eGe
n
cy
b
er
-
s
en
io
r
s
p
r
o
g
r
am
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
r
e
v
er
s
e
m
en
to
r
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
in
ter
g
en
er
atio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
B
o
th
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
co
n
n
ec
t
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
to
en
h
an
ce
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
am
o
n
g
th
e
eld
er
ly
wh
ile
also
f
o
s
ter
in
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
es
in
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
war
d
a
g
in
g
.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tu
d
y
[1
2
]
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
lay
ed
a
k
ey
r
o
le
in
teac
h
in
g
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
h
o
w
to
u
s
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
wh
ich
in
v
o
lv
ed
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
s
u
ch
as
a
f
lex
ib
le
tr
ial
p
er
io
d
t
o
id
en
tif
y
th
e
b
est
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
tr
ai
n
in
g
s
ess
io
n
s
to
p
r
ep
ar
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
o
r
m
en
to
r
in
g
,
an
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
e
r
s
o
n
alize
d
teac
h
in
g
m
o
d
u
les
to
ca
ter
to
th
e
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
n
ee
d
s
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
also
em
p
h
asized
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ac
cu
r
at
e
d
o
cu
m
en
tatio
n
a
n
d
r
ef
lectio
n
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
th
eir
m
en
to
r
in
g
,
as we
ll a
s
ac
tiv
e
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t f
r
o
m
co
m
m
u
n
ity
p
ar
tn
er
s
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
s
m
o
o
th
o
p
e
r
atio
n
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tu
d
y
[1
1
]
u
s
ed
a
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
d
esig
n
t
o
f
u
r
th
e
r
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
r
ev
e
r
s
e
m
en
to
r
in
g
o
n
d
i
g
ital
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
an
d
s
o
cial
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
I
t
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
o
l
d
er
a
d
u
lts
wh
o
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
in
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
an
d
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
ag
e,
alo
n
g
s
id
e
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
lo
n
el
in
ess
an
d
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
v
o
lu
n
teer
in
g
.
R
ev
er
s
e
m
en
t
o
r
in
g
was
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
th
is
co
n
tex
t
b
ec
au
s
e
it
p
r
o
v
id
ed
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
,
o
n
e
-
on
-
o
n
e
s
ess
io
n
s
tailo
r
ed
to
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
e
ed
s
an
d
in
ter
ests
o
f
th
e
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
d
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
r
e
v
er
s
e
m
en
to
r
i
n
g
in
b
r
ea
k
in
g
d
o
wn
b
ar
r
ier
s
t
o
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
e
am
o
n
g
o
ld
e
r
ad
u
lts
,
s
u
ch
as
p
er
ce
iv
ed
l
ac
k
o
f
b
e
n
ef
it
o
r
f
ea
r
o
f
n
e
w
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Key
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
529
-
539
534
s
tr
ateg
ies
ac
r
o
s
s
b
o
th
s
tu
d
ies
in
clu
d
ed
p
e
r
s
o
n
aliza
tio
n
,
w
h
er
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ad
ju
s
ted
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
b
ased
o
n
p
ar
ticip
an
t
n
ee
d
s
;
tr
ain
in
g
a
n
d
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
wer
e
well
-
eq
u
ip
p
ed
f
o
r
th
eir
m
en
to
r
in
g
r
o
les;
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
n
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
n
ec
ess
ar
y
m
ater
ials
an
d
g
u
id
an
ce
;
co
m
m
u
n
ity
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
i
p
s
,
wh
ich
h
el
p
ed
in
r
ec
r
u
itin
g
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
an
d
o
f
f
er
in
g
lo
g
is
tical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t;
an
d
r
ef
lectio
n
an
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
allo
win
g
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
T
h
ese
s
tr
ateg
ies
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
h
o
w
r
e
v
er
s
e
m
en
to
r
in
g
ca
n
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
lev
er
a
g
e
th
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
o
f
y
o
u
n
g
er
g
en
e
r
atio
n
s
to
b
en
ef
it
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
,
en
h
a
n
cin
g
t
h
eir
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
s
o
cial
en
g
ag
em
en
t.
3
.
2
.
Virt
ua
l
lea
rning
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
f
r
o
m
all
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
v
i
r
tu
al
lear
n
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
h
el
p
in
g
o
l
d
er
ad
u
lts
b
r
id
g
e
th
e
d
ig
ital d
iv
id
e
an
d
en
c
o
u
r
ag
e
in
ter
g
e
n
er
atio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
.
I
n
th
e
FIL
Pro
jec
t in
r
u
r
al
C
h
in
a
[
9
]
,
r
em
o
v
in
g
b
ar
r
ier
s
b
ased
o
n
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el
o
r
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
m
ad
e
d
ig
ital
ed
u
ca
tio
n
m
o
r
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
to
o
ld
e
r
a
d
u
lts
.
B
y
allo
win
g
t
h
em
to
lear
n
alo
n
g
s
id
e
th
ei
r
g
r
an
d
ch
ild
r
en
,
th
e
p
r
o
ject
p
r
o
v
id
ed
a
f
lex
ib
le
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
th
at
also
p
r
o
v
e
d
to
b
e
c
o
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e,
as
it
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
o
n
ly
b
asic
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ices lik
e
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es o
r
c
o
m
p
u
ter
s
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
Play
f
u
l L
iv
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
in
B
r
az
il
[1
7
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
en
g
ag
in
g
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
o
s
e
with
co
g
n
itiv
e
im
p
air
m
en
ts
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
clu
s
iv
e
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
s
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
ac
tiv
ities
l
ik
e
d
an
cin
g
an
d
clo
w
n
in
g
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
co
u
r
ag
ed
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
ey
o
n
d
tr
ad
itio
n
al
s
p
ee
ch
an
d
h
elp
ed
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
b
u
ild
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
.
W
h
ile
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
h
o
wed
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
r
em
o
te
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
,
it
also
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
n
e
ed
f
o
r
in
-
p
er
s
o
n
d
ig
ital
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
th
o
s
e
lack
i
n
g
f
am
ily
o
r
s
o
cial
n
etwo
r
k
ass
is
tan
ce
.
B
o
th
s
tu
d
ies
em
p
h
asize
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
i
n
ter
g
en
e
r
atio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
.
I
n
t
h
e
FIL
p
r
o
ject,
g
r
a
n
d
ch
ild
r
en
teac
h
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
to
th
eir
g
r
an
d
p
ar
e
n
ts
,
cr
ea
tin
g
a
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
Play
f
u
l
L
iv
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
u
s
es
cr
ea
tiv
e
ac
tiv
ities
to
f
o
s
ter
m
u
tu
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
g
en
e
r
atio
n
s
.
E
m
p
o
wer
in
g
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
to
ch
o
o
s
e
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
p
ath
s
an
d
en
g
ag
e
in
m
e
a
n
i
n
g
f
u
l
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
es
b
o
o
s
t
s
t
h
e
i
r
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
s
e
n
s
e
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
.
T
h
e
s
e
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
s
u
g
g
es
t
t
h
a
t
u
s
i
n
g
c
r
e
a
ti
v
e
a
n
d
a
r
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
ct
i
v
i
ti
e
s
ca
n
b
e
a
n
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
w
a
y
t
o
e
n
g
a
g
e
o
l
d
e
r
a
d
u
l
t
s
,
m
a
k
i
n
g
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
ti
o
n
e
a
s
i
e
r
a
n
d
p
r
o
m
o
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
r
w
e
ll
-
b
e
i
n
g
.
B
y
f
o
c
u
s
i
n
g
o
n
i
n
c
l
u
s
i
v
it
y
,
e
m
p
o
w
e
r
m
e
n
t
,
a
n
d
t
a
i
l
o
r
e
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
,
r
e
v
e
r
s
e
m
e
n
t
o
r
i
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
v
i
r
t
u
a
l
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
c
a
n
s
i
g
n
i
f
ic
a
n
t
ly
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
t
h
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
r
i
en
c
e
a
n
d
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
i
n
cl
u
s
i
o
n
f
o
r
o
ld
e
r
a
d
u
l
t
s
.
C
h
o
wd
h
u
r
y
et
a
l.
[
3
2
]
,
th
e
f
o
c
u
s
was o
n
u
s
in
g
co
-
lis
ten
in
g
t
o
m
u
s
ic
as a
way
to
en
h
an
ce
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
g
r
an
d
p
ar
en
ts
an
d
th
ei
r
teen
ag
e
g
r
a
n
d
ch
ild
r
en
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
b
u
ilt o
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
wo
r
k
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
s
h
ar
ed
ac
tiv
ities
lik
e
co
-
lis
ten
in
g
ca
n
s
tr
en
g
th
en
f
am
ily
b
o
n
d
s
.
Par
ti
cip
an
t
s
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
en
jo
y
ed
p
r
iv
ate,
o
n
e
-
on
-
o
n
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
f
ac
ilit
ated
b
y
a
p
r
iv
ate
DJ
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
p
r
o
b
e
,
wh
ich
allo
wed
f
o
r
s
lo
w
in
ter
ac
tio
n
an
d
d
ee
p
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
s
.
Desp
ite
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ical
ch
allen
g
es,
s
u
ch
as
is
s
u
es
with
v
id
eo
co
n
f
er
en
ci
n
g
a
n
d
m
u
s
ic
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
th
e
d
y
ad
s
u
s
ed
th
eir
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
ac
h
o
th
er
an
d
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
ter
est
in
lear
n
in
g
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
to
g
eth
er
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
f
u
tu
r
e
o
n
lin
e
s
y
s
tem
s
s
h
o
u
ld
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
f
e
atu
r
es
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
lo
w
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
an
ticip
atio
n
,
an
d
u
s
er
co
n
tr
o
l to
en
h
a
n
ce
in
ter
g
en
er
atio
n
al
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
h
e
n
e
x
t
s
tu
d
y
b
y
[1
1
]
f
o
cu
s
e
d
o
n
in
teg
r
atin
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
in
ter
g
e
n
er
atio
n
al
ac
tiv
ities
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
u
s
in
g
VR
an
d
tan
g
ib
le
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
es
(
T
UI
s
)
to
m
ak
e
lear
n
in
g
m
o
r
e
en
g
ag
i
n
g
f
o
r
b
o
th
o
l
d
er
an
d
y
o
u
n
g
er
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
a
VR
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
with
p
r
in
cip
les
em
p
h
asizin
g
s
im
p
licity
,
in
tu
itiv
e
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
an
d
en
g
a
g
in
g
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
.
R
esu
lt
s
f
r
o
m
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
an
d
in
ter
v
iews
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
en
co
u
r
a
g
ed
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
g
en
er
atio
n
s
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ated
p
o
s
itiv
e
em
o
tio
n
al
ex
ch
a
n
g
es.
Old
er
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
m
o
r
e
willin
g
to
em
b
r
ac
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
wh
en
i
t
was
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
f
am
iliar
th
em
es
f
r
o
m
th
eir
o
wn
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
at
VR
an
d
T
UI
s
co
u
ld
b
r
id
g
e
t
h
e
g
en
er
atio
n
al
g
ap
,
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
u
tu
al
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
,
an
d
en
h
an
ce
th
e
o
v
er
all
lear
n
i
n
g
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
.
Ov
er
all,
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
in
te
g
r
atin
g
cr
ea
tiv
e
,
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
to
in
ter
g
en
e
r
atio
n
al
ac
tiv
ities
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
er
en
t
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
B
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
b
ar
r
ie
r
s
an
d
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
elem
e
n
ts
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
p
lan
n
in
g
,
s
u
r
p
r
is
e,
an
d
s
im
p
licity
,
v
ir
tu
al
lear
n
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
an
d
l
ea
r
n
in
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
ac
r
o
s
s
g
en
er
atio
n
s
[
3
3
].
T
h
e
SIM
UL
p
r
o
ject
[1
6
]
in
v
o
l
v
es y
o
u
n
g
a
n
d
o
ld
e
r
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
wo
r
k
in
g
to
g
eth
e
r
o
n
a
s
h
ar
ed
p
r
o
ject.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
v
i
d
eo
co
n
f
er
en
c
e
f
o
r
m
at
d
i
d
n
’
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
b
r
id
g
e
th
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
al
g
ap
,
l
ea
d
in
g
to
s
ep
ar
at
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
r
ath
er
th
a
n
a
u
n
i
f
ied
t
ea
m
.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
p
r
o
je
cts,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
ests
cr
ea
tin
g
v
ir
t
u
al
s
p
ac
es
f
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
al
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
s
ess
io
n
s
,
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
f
o
r
m
al
m
ee
tin
g
r
o
o
m
s
.
I
t
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
m
ee
tin
g
s
b
u
t
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
es
th
at
v
ir
tu
al
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
en
h
an
ce
d
b
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
I
C
T
p
r
o
f
icie
n
cy
a
n
d
tech
n
ical
is
s
u
es.
R
ec
r
u
itin
g
a
b
alan
ce
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
o
ld
e
r
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
m
o
n
ito
r
’
s
r
o
le
i
n
s
ess
io
n
f
ac
ilit
atio
n
ar
e
also
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
.
T
h
ese
a
d
ju
s
tm
en
ts
aim
to
b
etter
r
ep
licate
th
e
b
en
e
f
its
o
f
in
-
p
er
s
o
n
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
in
a
v
ir
tu
al
s
ettin
g
.
3
.
3
Co
lla
bo
r
a
t
iv
e
lea
rning
T
h
e
p
r
o
ject
[
2
1
]
r
ev
ea
led
k
ey
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
in
te
r
g
en
er
atio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
h
i
g
h
lig
h
tin
g
h
o
w
m
u
s
ic
b
r
id
g
ed
th
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
al
g
ap
a
n
d
f
ac
ilit
ated
m
e
an
in
g
f
u
l
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
.
Similar
f
in
d
in
g
s
em
p
h
asize
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
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&
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T
ec
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l
I
SS
N:
2252
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8
7
7
6
B
r
id
g
in
g
g
e
n
era
tio
n
s
:
a
s
co
p
i
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g
r
ev
iew
o
f te
a
ch
in
g
tec
h
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o
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to
th
e
eld
erly
… (
N
a
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d
a
t
u
l A
kma
A
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)
535
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
s
h
ar
e
d
ac
t
iv
ities
,
s
u
ch
as
d
ig
ital
g
a
m
es
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
s
ess
io
n
s
,
in
f
o
s
ter
i
n
g
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
m
u
t
u
al
r
esp
ec
t
b
etwe
en
g
en
er
atio
n
s
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
Alt
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
a
d
o
lescen
t
m
u
s
ic
ian
s
in
itiall
y
f
elt
in
tim
id
ated
b
y
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatin
g
with
o
ld
er
a
d
u
lts
ex
p
er
ie
n
cin
g
co
g
n
itiv
e
d
ec
lin
e,
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
f
am
iliar
m
u
s
ical
s
elec
tio
n
s
cr
ea
ted
a
s
h
ar
e
d
c
u
ltu
r
al
g
r
o
u
n
d
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
s
h
a
r
ed
i
n
ter
ests
,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
u
s
ic
an
d
d
ig
ital
g
am
es,
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
g
en
e
r
atio
n
al
s
ter
eo
t
y
p
es
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
o
cial
b
o
n
d
in
g
[
3
6
]
.
Desp
ite
tech
n
ical
ch
allen
g
es,
s
u
c
h
as
laten
cy
o
n
Z
o
o
m
,
b
o
th
g
en
er
atio
n
s
ad
ap
ted
,
with
th
e
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
’
en
th
u
s
iasm
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e
th
at
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
ed
th
e
a
d
o
le
s
ce
n
ts
[
3
7
].
3
.
4
.
F
a
m
ily
inte
rg
ener
a
t
io
n
a
l a
ct
iv
it
ies
Activ
ity
-
b
ased
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
,
lik
e
y
o
g
a
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
s
in
g
i
n
g
,
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
tal
well
-
b
ein
g
am
o
n
g
o
l
d
er
ad
u
lts
,
th
o
u
g
h
c
u
ltu
r
al
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
[
3
8
]
.
A
s
tu
d
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
I
C
T
s
k
ills
with
in
ter
g
en
er
atio
n
al
m
en
to
r
s
h
ip
r
e
v
ea
led
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
an
d
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
[
39
]
.
Pro
g
r
am
s
lik
e
Dig
ital
B
u
d
d
ie
s
,
wh
er
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
g
u
id
e
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
,
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
i
n
ter
g
en
e
r
atio
n
al
d
ig
ital
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
Similar
ly
,
VR
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
th
at
en
g
ag
e
b
o
th
g
en
er
atio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
VR
C
HI
VE
p
ilo
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
r
ea
lity
to
f
o
s
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
lo
n
elin
ess
[
8
]
.
I
n
B
ah
r
ain
,
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
ex
p
r
ess
ed
ea
g
e
r
n
ess
to
d
ev
e
lo
p
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
with
tailo
r
ed
I
C
T
tr
ain
in
g
th
at
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
th
e
ir
life
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
an
d
c
o
n
tex
ts
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
o
t
h
er
f
in
d
in
g
s
th
at
d
ig
ital in
clu
s
io
n
ca
n
m
itig
ate
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
is
o
latio
n
[
4
2
].
3
.
5
.
G
a
m
e
pla
y
lea
rning
R
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
th
at
g
am
es
f
ac
ilit
at
e
in
ter
g
en
er
atio
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
with
y
o
u
n
g
er
p
ar
tn
er
s
o
f
ten
ass
is
tin
g
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
in
n
av
i
g
atin
g
d
ig
ital
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
Gam
es
ar
e
p
ar
tic
u
lar
ly
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
life
r
ev
iew
ac
tiv
ities
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
d
y
n
am
ic
a
n
d
en
j
o
y
ab
l
e
m
ed
iu
m
f
o
r
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
atio
n
s
an
d
s
elf
-
r
e
f
lectio
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
tr
ad
itio
n
al
in
ter
v
iews
[
4
5
]
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
em
p
h
asize
th
at
g
am
e
d
esig
n
m
u
s
t
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
ag
e
-
r
elate
d
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
co
g
n
iti
v
e
ch
allen
g
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
ey
esig
h
t,
m
em
o
r
y
,
an
d
m
o
to
r
s
k
ills
[
4
6
]
,
[
4
7
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
ae
s
th
etics th
at
ev
o
k
e
n
o
s
talg
ia
an
d
c
h
allen
g
e
c
an
en
h
a
n
ce
en
g
a
g
em
en
t a
m
o
n
g
o
ld
er
a
d
u
lts
[
4
8
].
3
.
6
.
St
o
ry
t
elling
Dig
ital
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
h
as
em
er
g
ed
as
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
m
eth
o
d
to
e
n
h
an
ce
s
o
cial
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
a
m
o
n
g
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
with
m
ild
co
g
n
itiv
e
im
p
air
m
en
t
(
MCI)
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
s
tu
d
ies
wh
er
e
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
en
ab
led
u
s
er
s
to
s
h
ar
e
s
to
r
ies
an
d
p
r
eser
v
e
m
em
o
r
ies
[
49
]
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
in
in
ter
g
en
er
atio
n
al
p
r
o
jects
p
r
o
m
o
tes
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
i
n
g
an
d
s
elf
-
wo
r
t
h
am
o
n
g
eld
e
r
ly
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
p
o
ten
tial
ch
allen
g
es
re
lated
to
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
e
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
.
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
s
ix
in
ter
g
e
n
er
atio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
wh
ich
ar
e
r
ev
er
s
e
m
e
n
to
r
in
g
,
v
ir
t
u
al
lear
n
in
g
,
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
i
n
g
,
f
am
ily
in
ter
g
en
er
atio
n
al
ac
tiv
ities
,
g
am
e
p
lay
lear
n
in
g
,
an
d
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
o
f
f
er
d
i
v
er
s
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
en
h
a
n
cin
g
d
ig
i
tal
liter
ac
y
an
d
s
o
cial
en
g
a
g
e
m
en
t
ac
r
o
s
s
g
en
er
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
T
a
b
le
3
s
h
o
ws th
e
s
u
m
m
ar
izatio
n
o
f
in
ter
g
en
er
atio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies s
tr
en
g
th
’
s
an
d
c
h
allen
g
es f
r
o
m
th
e
r
ev
iewe
d
s
tu
d
ies.
T
ab
le
3
.
Su
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
in
ter
g
en
er
atio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies s
tr
en
g
th
’
s
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
S
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
s
C
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
R
e
v
e
r
se
m
e
n
t
o
r
i
n
g
P
r
o
mo
t
e
s
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
a
n
d
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
a
g
i
n
g
v
i
e
w
s
S
u
st
a
i
n
i
n
g
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
-
i
n
t
e
n
s
i
v
e
t
r
a
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n
i
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g
V
i
r
t
u
a
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l
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l
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R
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a
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p
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t
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d
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s
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p
r
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g
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ical
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in
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elian
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o
n
s
tr
o
n
g
f
am
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r
s
o
cial
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etwo
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s
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Old
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lts
with
o
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t
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ce
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s
to
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ch
s
u
p
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t
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y
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tem
s
m
ay
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it
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ic
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lt
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ar
ticip
ate,
lead
in
g
to
p
o
ten
tial
s
o
cial
ex
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s
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n
.
M
o
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eo
v
e
r
,
th
e
d
i
g
ital
d
iv
id
e
m
ay
ex
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ce
r
b
ate
e
x
is
tin
g
in
eq
u
alities
,
as
ac
ce
s
s
to
n
ec
ess
ar
y
tech
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o
lo
g
y
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d
in
ter
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
ca
n
b
e
a
b
ar
r
ier
.
C
o
llab
o
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ativ
e
lear
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g
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
h
ar
ed
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ter
ests
,
s
u
ch
as
m
u
s
ic,
o
f
f
er
s
a
r
ich
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o
r
m
f
o
r
b
u
ild
in
g
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ter
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b
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d
s
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W
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ile
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p
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o
g
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s
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ca
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co
m
m
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s
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ly
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ch
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Dig
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ay
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m
e
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h
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eity
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m
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ctu
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am
ics
th
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ally
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ltu
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if
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er
en
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s
an
d
d
is
p
ar
ities
in
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
ca
n
f
u
r
th
er
co
m
p
licate
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e
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
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ess
o
f
t
h
ese
p
r
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g
r
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s
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
cu
ltu
r
ally
s
en
s
itiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
[
50
]
.
Gam
e
p
la
y
l
ea
r
n
in
g
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
n
o
v
el
way
to
en
g
ag
e
o
l
d
er
ad
u
lts
co
g
n
i
tiv
ely
an
d
s
o
cially
.
Desp
ite
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
ce
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
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an
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co
g
n
itiv
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ag
e
m
en
t,
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
ac
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s
s
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o
f
g
am
es
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o
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d
u
lts
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ai
n
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ig
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if
ican
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o
b
s
tacle
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ad
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lts
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ay
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in
d
g
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es
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to
o
s
im
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lis
tic
o
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er
ly
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m
p
lex
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r
eq
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ir
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g
a
b
alan
ce
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etwe
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en
g
ag
em
en
t
an
d
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
to
m
ak
e
th
is
s
tr
ateg
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v
iab
le
ac
r
o
s
s
a
b
r
o
ad
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
L
astl
y
,
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
as
an
in
t
er
g
en
er
atio
n
al
to
o
l,
p
a
r
ticu
la
r
ly
am
o
n
g
o
ld
e
r
ad
u
lts
with
MCI
,
i
s
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
s
o
ci
al
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
p
r
iv
ac
y
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
r
elate
d
to
d
ig
ital
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
esp
ec
ially
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
ata
s
h
ar
e
d
in
r
e
m
in
is
ce
n
ce
ac
tiv
ities
,
p
r
esen
t
a
cr
itical
is
s
u
e
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
es
ca
r
e
f
u
l
c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
ese
p
latf
o
r
m
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
ad
ap
tab
le
to
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ettin
g
s
,
wh
eth
er
in
h
o
m
es,
ca
r
e
f
ac
ilit
ies,
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
ity
ce
n
ter
s
,
to
en
s
u
r
e
b
r
o
ad
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
.
W
h
ile
a
ll
th
ese
s
tr
ateg
ies
s
h
o
wca
s
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
way
s
to
f
o
s
ter
in
ter
g
en
er
atio
n
al
l
ea
r
n
in
g
an
d
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
th
ey
also
b
r
in
g
to
lig
h
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
allen
g
es.
T
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
th
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
in
g
es
o
n
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
u
s
er
n
ee
d
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
in
cl
u
s
iv
ity
f
o
r
is
o
lated
in
d
iv
id
u
als,
a
n
d
ad
ap
tin
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t
f
o
r
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
d
i
v
er
s
ity
.
W
ith
o
u
t
th
ese
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
,
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
im
p
ac
t
an
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
o
f
th
ese
in
ter
g
en
er
atio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies m
ay
r
em
ain
lim
ited
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
t
h
e
r
e
v
iewe
d
i
n
ter
g
en
er
atio
n
al
lear
n
i
n
g
s
tr
at
eg
ies
in
clu
d
es
r
ev
e
r
s
e
m
en
to
r
in
g
,
v
ir
t
u
al
lear
n
in
g
,
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
i
n
g
,
f
am
ily
in
ter
g
en
er
atio
n
al
a
ctiv
ities
,
g
am
e
p
lay
lear
n
in
g
,
an
d
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
in
wh
ich
ea
ch
o
f
f
e
r
v
al
u
ab
le
m
e
th
o
d
s
f
o
r
b
r
id
g
in
g
g
en
er
atio
n
al
d
iv
id
es
an
d
e
n
h
an
cin
g
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
.
R
ev
er
s
e
m
en
to
r
in
g
a
n
d
v
i
r
tu
al
lear
n
in
g
lev
er
ag
e
th
e
e
x
p
er
tis
e
o
f
y
o
u
n
g
er
g
en
er
atio
n
s
to
aid
o
ld
e
r
ad
u
lts
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
eir
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
an
d
s
o
cial
en
g
a
g
em
en
t.
C
o
lla
b
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
an
d
f
am
il
y
in
ter
g
e
n
er
atio
n
al
Activ
ities
em
p
h
asize
s
h
ar
ed
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
an
d
f
am
ily
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
in
g
b
o
n
d
s
an
d
en
h
an
cin
g
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
Gam
e
p
la
y
lea
r
n
in
g
p
r
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v
id
es
in
ter
ac
tiv
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n
d
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[
1
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W
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H
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t
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O
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n
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z
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t
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T.
N
.
F
r
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R
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M
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8
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A
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M
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.
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P
.
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J
.
J.
D
e
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[
3
2
]
N
.
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h
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C
.
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E.
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,
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M
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[
3
3
]
J.
P
.
S
m
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t
h
a
n
d
T.
R
.
Le
e
,
“
B
r
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:
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o
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.
[
3
4
]
C
.
B
l
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sc
h
k
e
,
M
.
F
r
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d
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l
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o
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M
.
M
u
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,
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A
g
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,
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