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rm
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t
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m
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J
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CT
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Vo
l.
9
,
No
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3
,
Dec
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er
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0
2
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,
p
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.
17
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I
SS
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.
p
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171
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R
ev
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an
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ted
Feb
2
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2
0
20
In
th
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o
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th
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y
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a
s
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o
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e
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r
se
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ra
l
p
u
r
p
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se
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in
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g
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ria,
g
a
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k
a
g
e
h
a
s
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a
u
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ra
l
d
a
m
a
g
e
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in
o
u
r
h
o
m
e
s,
Lab
o
ra
to
ries
a
m
o
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g
o
th
e
rs.
in
sta
ll
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
g
a
s
lea
k
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g
e
d
e
tec
ti
o
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d
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ice
wa
s
g
l
o
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a
ll
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i
n
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ire
d
t
o
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li
m
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te
a
c
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id
e
n
ts
re
late
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t
o
g
a
s
lea
k
a
g
e
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p
re
se
n
t
a
n
a
lt
e
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a
ti
v
e
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
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l
o
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ice
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ti
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ll
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e
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t
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o
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o
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g
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k
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g
e
s
a
n
d
a
ls
o
m
o
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it
o
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te
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p
e
ra
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re
.
Th
e
sy
ste
m
d
e
tec
ts
th
e
lea
k
a
g
e
o
f
th
e
LP
G
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q
u
e
fied
P
e
tr
o
leu
m
G
a
s
)
u
sin
g
a
g
a
s
se
n
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th
e
n
tri
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d
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h
e
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o
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l
sy
ste
m
re
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se
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e
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o
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sy
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m
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o
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h
o
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e
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tratio
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th
e
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ir
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x
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e
e
d
s
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rt
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in
lev
e
l.
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e
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rm
a
n
c
e
o
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g
a
s
se
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Q5
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n
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Q6
)
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tes
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r
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g
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e
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isio
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,
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e
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o
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e
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ica
to
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b
u
z
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r
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CD
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d
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se
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Ce
lsiu
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P
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re
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e
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o
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th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
sy
ste
m
,
wh
ich
wa
s
a
sc
e
rtain
e
d
th
a
t
th
is
sy
ste
m
si
g
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
ly
in
c
re
a
se
s
th
e
c
h
a
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
e
fficie
n
c
y
o
f
e
li
m
in
a
ti
n
g
g
a
s
lea
k
a
g
e
re
late
d
a
c
c
id
e
n
t.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Gas le
ak
ag
e
GSM
L
C
D
L
PG
MQ
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ab
u
b
ak
ar
Yak
u
b
Nasir,
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
C
o
m
p
u
ter
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
Ab
u
b
ak
ar
T
af
awa
B
alew
a
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
P.M
.
B
0
2
4
8
,
B
au
ch
i,
Nig
e
r
ia.
E
m
ail: a
y
n
asir@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
No
wad
ay
s
,
in
Af
r
ica
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
k
er
o
s
en
e
s
to
v
e
an
d
/o
r
elec
t
r
ic
co
o
k
er
is
r
ap
id
ly
r
e
p
lace
d
b
y
th
e
g
as
co
o
k
er
wh
ich
is
ab
u
n
d
a
n
t
an
d
m
o
r
e
co
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
d
o
m
esti
c
u
s
e.
Gas
is
also
u
s
ed
in
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ies f
o
r
v
ar
i
o
u
s
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
s
also
u
s
ed
in
s
o
m
e
v
eh
icles a
s
a
f
u
el
d
u
e
to
h
ik
i
n
g
p
r
ices o
f
d
iesel o
r
p
etr
o
l [
1
]
.
L
PG
ar
e
u
s
u
ally
s
to
r
ed
in
a
co
m
p
r
ess
ed
air
tig
h
t
s
teel
v
ess
el
s
th
at
ar
e
m
ea
n
t
to
b
e
at
r
o
o
m
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
[
2
]
,
o
r
ev
en
less
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
ex
p
lo
s
io
n
.
So
m
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
m
en
tio
n
ed
th
at
L
PG
leak
ag
e
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
n
ce
r
n
i
s
s
u
es
th
ese
d
ay
s
.
Sev
er
al
r
ep
o
r
ts
s
h
o
w
th
a
t
s
o
m
e
f
ir
e
in
cid
en
ce
s
c
o
u
ld
h
av
e
b
ee
n
av
o
id
ed
in
th
e
p
ast
if
g
as
leak
ag
es
we
r
e
d
etec
ted
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
th
e
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
wo
r
ld
’
s
wo
r
s
t
g
as
ac
cid
en
t
at
B
h
o
p
al
g
as
tr
ag
ed
y
in
I
n
d
ia
t
h
at
h
ap
p
en
e
d
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
g
as
leak
a
g
es
[
3
].
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
g
o
in
g
b
y
t
h
e
g
r
o
wi
n
g
lev
el
o
f
p
atr
o
n
a
g
e
o
f
L
PG
f
o
r
d
o
m
esti
c
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
it
b
ec
o
m
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
co
m
e
u
p
wi
th
an
alter
n
ativ
e
s
af
ety
m
ea
s
u
r
es
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
ca
ter
in
g
th
e
o
u
t
b
r
ea
k
o
f
f
ir
e
ac
cid
en
t
th
at
m
ay
b
e
as
a
r
e
s
u
lt
o
f
leak
ag
es
[
4
]
.
I
t
was
d
etailed
b
ef
o
r
e
t
h
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
d
o
m
esti
c
g
as
d
et
ec
to
r
s
in
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
o
f
9
0
s
,
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ch
em
ically
in
f
u
s
ed
p
ap
e
r
th
at
ch
an
g
es
co
lo
u
r
u
n
d
er
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
o
f
g
as
was
ap
p
r
ec
iat
ed
to
d
etec
t
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
L
PG
[
5
]
.
Qu
ite
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
20
20
:
17
1
–
17
8
172
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
g
as
leak
ag
es
s
y
s
tem
s
wer
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
af
ter
th
e
em
er
g
e
n
ce
o
f
elec
t
r
o
n
ic
g
as
d
etec
to
r
s
.
Als
o
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
ev
o
lv
e
m
en
t
o
f
5
G
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
in
2
0
1
8
[
6
]
V.
R
.
Na
g
an
d
M.
Sar
v
ag
y
a
m
en
tio
n
ed
th
at
d
u
al
b
a
n
d
p
r
in
ted
s
lo
t
a
n
ten
n
a
th
at
c
an
g
r
ea
tl
y
ass
is
t
in
r
ea
lizin
g
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
t
i
n
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
wir
eles
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
c
o
u
ld
aid
i
n
d
etec
tin
g
an
d
aler
tin
g
d
a
n
g
er
b
ef
o
r
e
t
h
ey
o
cc
u
r
[7
-
9
]
.
No
tific
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
is
an
o
th
er
f
o
r
m
o
f
aler
t;
th
is
p
r
o
c
ess
wil
l
allo
w
h
o
m
e
o
wn
er
s
to
r
ec
eiv
e
m
ess
ag
es
b
ef
o
r
e
d
an
g
er
s
o
cc
u
r
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
[
1
1
]
,
th
ey
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ar
ch
ite
ctu
r
e
o
f
an
aler
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
th
at
ca
n
ca
ter
f
o
r
th
e
s
etb
ac
k
s
o
f
web
s
ite,
b
u
lletin
b
o
ar
d
s
an
d
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia.
Hen
c
e,
it
b
ec
o
m
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
d
esig
n
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
ca
n
d
etec
t a
n
d
aler
t
o
wn
er
s
f
o
r
q
u
i
ck
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
b
ef
o
r
e
h
a
r
m
tr
an
s
p
ir
e.
2.
P
RE
VIOU
S WO
RK
Saf
ety
s
y
s
tem
is
ess
en
tial;
i
t
ac
ts
as
a
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
e
ag
ain
s
t
h
ar
m
o
r
d
am
ag
e
.
Sm
o
k
e
an
d
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
f
ir
e
alar
m
a
n
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
e
r
ed
as
c
o
u
n
ter
m
ea
s
u
r
es
f
o
r
f
ir
e
in
cid
en
t.
Air
co
n
tam
in
ated
with
h
ar
m
f
u
l g
a
s
es u
s
u
ally
o
x
id
es o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
,
n
itro
g
en
a
n
d
s
u
lp
h
u
r
co
u
l
d
en
d
an
g
er
liv
in
g
b
ein
g
s
an
d
o
r
g
a
n
is
m
s
s
u
ch
as
d
if
f
icu
lty
in
b
r
ea
th
in
g
,
s
tr
ess
,
s
k
in
d
is
o
r
d
er
an
d
o
f
te
n
en
d
u
p
in
f
ir
e
in
cid
en
ce
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
it
is
p
er
tin
en
t
to
ca
r
ter
f
o
r
th
e
ca
u
s
es
o
f
air
p
o
llu
tio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
it
ca
u
s
es
s
o
m
e
h
ar
m
s
.
S
o
m
an
y
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
wer
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
eir
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
,
r
a
n
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
h
u
m
a
n
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
u
s
in
g
b
io
s
en
s
o
r
s
[
12
]
,
T
em
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
h
u
m
id
ity
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
at
b
io
-
e
n
er
g
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
1
3
]
,
s
u
s
p
icio
u
s
h
u
m
an
ac
tiv
ities
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
[
14
]
an
d
[
1
5
]
f
o
r
Gas
leak
ag
e
d
etec
tio
n
u
s
in
g
L
ab
VI
E
W
d
is
p
lay
.
I
n
2
0
1
9
,
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
d
etec
tin
g
air
p
o
llu
tio
n
u
s
in
g
im
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
was
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
[
16
]
u
s
in
g
in
f
r
a
r
ed
im
ag
e
.
T
em
p
er
atu
r
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
co
m
m
o
n
in
alm
o
s
t a
ll f
ield
s
an
d
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
eir
im
p
o
r
t
an
ce
.
An
au
to
m
atic
m
u
lti
ap
p
lian
ce
s
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
v
alu
e
was
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
17
]
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
h
elp
s
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
r
elian
ce
o
n
h
u
m
an
o
p
e
r
ato
r
in
war
e
h
o
u
s
e
s
,
in
d
u
s
tr
ies,
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
etc.
I
n
[
1
8
]
,
A
.
A.
Asra
f
R
o
s
lan
a
n
d
R
.
B
ah
ar
o
m
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
g
as
leak
ag
e,
f
i
r
e
an
d
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
f
ailu
r
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
,
it
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
GSM
m
o
d
u
le
an
d
Ar
d
u
in
o
UNO
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
o
m
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
lik
e
s
m
o
k
e
an
d
g
as
d
etec
to
r
s
th
at
s
en
d
a
n
o
tifi
ca
tio
n
in
f
o
r
m
SMS
with
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
an
d
p
ar
ticu
la
r
in
cid
en
t,
th
is
co
u
ld
b
e
q
u
ick
l
y
r
esp
o
n
d
e
d
to
b
ef
o
r
e
an
y
d
is
aster
o
cc
u
r
,
b
u
t o
u
r
s
y
s
tem
d
etec
t
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
g
as
an
d
th
e
le
v
el
o
f
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
s
en
d
SMS
im
m
ed
iately
wh
en
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
e
x
ce
ed
s
o
m
e
ce
r
tain
lev
el.
As
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
s
u
d
d
e
n
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
w
it
n
ess
e
d
i
n
co
m
m
u
n
ic
ati
o
n
s
ec
t
o
r
in
m
o
s
t
o
f
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
co
u
n
t
r
ies
,
G
SM
-
B
ase
d
g
as
m
o
n
it
o
r
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
h
as
r
ec
ei
v
e
d
h
u
g
e
in
te
r
est
.
A
m
ic
r
o
c
o
n
tr
o
l
le
r
b
ase
d
g
as
le
ak
a
g
e
d
et
ec
to
r
s
y
s
t
em
was
d
esi
g
n
e
d
in
[
1
9
]
,
a
f
t
er
MQ
5
s
en
s
es
t
h
e
p
r
es
e
n
c
es
o
f
t
h
e
g
ases
,
a
n
SM
S
will
b
e
s
en
t
t
o
t
h
e
o
w
n
e
r
’
s
p
h
o
n
e
v
i
a
GSM
m
o
d
u
le
co
n
t
r
o
ll
ed
b
y
th
e
b
r
a
in
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
t
em
(
PIC
1
6
F8
7
7
)
,
b
u
t
ala
r
m
u
s
i
n
g
b
u
z
ze
r
will
b
e
a
cti
v
a
te
d
as
a
th
ir
d
p
ar
ty
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
tal
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
Als
o
,
a
n
o
t
h
e
r
GS
M
-
B
ased
g
as
d
e
tec
t
o
r
s
y
s
te
m
w
as
d
e
v
el
o
p
e
d
i
n
[
2
0
]
,
t
h
is
p
o
s
s
ess
b
et
te
r
a
cc
u
r
ac
y
th
a
n
[
1
9
]
b
u
t
it
r
eq
u
i
r
es
a
n
e
x
te
r
n
a
l
p
r
e
-
co
n
t
r
o
l
in
t
er
v
en
ti
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
,
u
s
es
MQ
-
6
g
as
s
e
n
s
o
r
w
ith
AT
8
9
C
5
1
m
ic
r
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
lle
r
.
Si
m
i
la
r
l
y
,
an
o
t
h
er
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
in
g
DS
1
8
B
2
0
te
m
p
e
r
a
tu
r
e
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
u
n
it
,
h
u
m
i
d
it
y
s
e
n
s
in
g
u
s
i
n
g
d
b
1
7
1
an
d
c
ar
b
o
n
d
i
o
x
id
e
u
s
i
n
g
b
-
5
3
0
u
n
it
was
d
e
v
el
o
p
ed
[
2
1
]
,
th
e
b
r
a
in
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
was
th
e
STC
8
9
C
5
1
R
C
m
i
c
r
o
co
n
t
r
o
lle
r
u
n
it
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
was
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
b
u
t
a
li
ttl
e
b
it
e
x
p
e
n
s
i
v
e
a
n
d
co
m
p
le
x
.
An
I
o
T
b
as
ed
h
o
u
s
e
s
e
c
u
r
it
y
s
y
s
te
m
was
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
in
[
2
2
]
,
t
h
is
s
y
s
t
em
h
as
t
h
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
s
e
n
s
e
a
n
d
d
ete
ct
g
as,
m
o
ti
o
n
,
te
m
p
e
r
at
u
r
e
a
n
d
h
u
m
i
d
it
y
u
s
in
g
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
an
d
R
as
p
b
e
r
r
y
Pi
a
n
d
it
h
as
a
n
a
b
il
it
y
t
o
s
e
n
d
m
ess
a
g
es
t
o
t
h
e
h
o
u
s
e
o
w
n
e
r
i
n
ca
s
e
o
f
an
y
s
u
s
p
ici
o
u
s
a
ct
,
b
u
t
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
e
r
v
o
m
o
t
o
r
t
h
at
m
o
v
es
t
h
e
ca
m
e
r
a
f
o
r
m
o
ti
o
n
c
a
p
t
u
r
e
m
a
y
a
d
d
u
n
n
e
ce
s
s
a
r
y
c
o
s
t
an
d
s
o
u
r
c
e
o
f
er
r
o
r
to
t
h
e
d
ev
ic
e.
A
n
o
th
er
I
o
T
b
as
ed
s
y
s
te
m
w
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
i
n
[
2
3
]
,
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
em
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
an
d
s
e
n
s
o
r
u
n
i
ts
f
o
r
m
an
a
g
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
ec
ei
v
e
d
d
at
a
.
T
h
e
N
o
d
eM
C
U
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
k
it
w
as
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
as
th
e
c
o
r
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
u
n
i
t,
t
h
is
s
y
s
t
em
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
g
as
a
n
d
tem
p
e
r
at
u
r
e
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
a
n
d
a
b
u
z
ze
r
was
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
ale
r
t
in
g
t
h
e
h
o
u
s
e
o
c
cu
p
a
n
t
i
n
ca
s
e
o
f
d
an
g
er
is
s
u
es,
b
u
t
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
N
o
d
eM
C
U
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
k
i
t
as
c
o
r
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
u
n
it
m
ay
a
d
d
co
s
t
t
o
th
e
s
y
s
t
em
.
A
n
o
t
h
e
r
d
ev
ice
t
h
at
h
as
th
e
ab
i
lit
y
t
o
m
a
k
e
t
h
r
ee
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
ac
ti
o
n
s
w
h
e
n
L
PG
g
as
was
d
ete
cte
d
was
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
[
2
4
]
,
i
t
ale
r
t
t
h
e
o
wn
er
b
y
m
a
k
i
n
g
s
o
u
n
d
as
a
n
o
ti
f
ic
ati
o
n
f
o
r
q
u
ic
k
ac
t
io
n
,
s
e
n
d
a
n
S
MS
t
o
a
p
h
o
n
e
a
n
d
f
i
n
al
ly
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
d
is
p
la
y
o
n
a
s
cr
ee
n
.
Des
p
i
te
b
ei
n
g
co
s
t
ef
f
e
cti
v
e;
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
n
o
t
d
e
te
ct
te
m
p
e
r
at
u
r
e
w
h
ic
h
is
v
i
tal
w
h
en
it
c
o
m
es
to
f
i
r
e
d
is
as
te
r
c
o
n
t
r
o
l.
T
h
is
p
r
o
j
e
ct
is
b
u
ilt
o
n
GS
M
b
ase
d
m
o
n
i
to
r
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
t
h
a
t
u
t
iliz
es
t
h
e
ef
f
e
cti
v
e
s
em
i
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
g
as
s
e
n
s
o
r
(
M
Q
-
6
)
,
it
h
as
th
e
ca
p
a
cit
y
t
o
s
en
s
e
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
n
a
tu
r
al
g
ases
n
o
t
o
n
ly
b
u
ta
n
e
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
a
n
e
u
s
i
n
g
ti
n
d
i
o
x
i
d
e
(
S
n
O
2
)
.
T
h
e
G
SM
m
o
d
u
l
e
t
h
a
t r
e
q
u
ir
es o
n
e
SI
M
c
ar
d
f
r
o
m
a
n
y
n
et
wo
r
k
,
t
h
is
will
b
e
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
s
e
n
d
i
n
g
m
ess
a
g
es
t
o
t
h
e
u
s
e
r
’
s
ce
ll
p
h
o
n
e
af
te
r
a
g
as
l
ea
k
a
g
e
d
ete
cte
d
b
y
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
.
T
h
e
b
asic
h
u
m
i
d
i
ty
an
d
d
i
g
it
al
t
em
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
D
HT
2
2
m
e
as
u
r
es
t
h
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
ai
r
a
n
d
p
ass
es
th
e
d
i
g
i
tal
s
i
g
n
a
l
to
th
e
U
NO
Ar
d
u
i
n
o
d
a
ta
p
in
,
it
r
e
q
u
i
r
es
n
o
a
n
a
lo
g
i
n
p
u
t
.
T
h
is
m
a
k
es
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
c
o
s
t
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e,
e
f
f
ici
e
n
t
a
n
d
a
ls
o
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
all
y
f
r
i
en
d
l
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
A
r
d
u
in
o
b
a
s
ed
g
a
s
lea
k
a
g
e
co
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
temp
era
tu
r
e
mo
n
ito
r
in
g
s
ystem
(
A
b
u
b
a
k
a
r
Ya
ku
b
N
a
s
ir
)
173
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
B
lo
c
k
dia
g
ra
m
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
g
as lea
k
ag
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
s
y
s
tem
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
3
.
2
.
MQ
-
6
G
a
s
s
ens
o
r
T
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
s
a
class
o
f
g
as
leak
ag
e
s
en
s
o
r
wh
ich
is
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
d
f
r
o
m
a
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
m
ater
i
al
with
tin
d
io
x
id
e
(
Sn
O
2
)
as
th
e
s
en
s
itiv
e
p
ar
t
.
I
n
clea
n
air
,
it
h
as
a
v
er
y
lo
w
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
.
I
t
h
as
s
en
s
itiv
ity
to
p
r
o
p
a
n
e,
b
u
tan
e
a
n
d
o
th
er
n
atu
r
al
g
ases
with
lo
w
s
en
s
itiv
ity
to
alco
h
o
l
a
n
d
cig
ar
ette
s
m
o
k
e.
Als
o
,
th
is
ty
p
e
o
f
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
c
o
m
b
u
s
tib
le
g
ases
s
u
ch
as m
eth
an
e.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
MQ
-
6
Gas sen
s
o
r
T
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
h
as
a
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
r
an
g
e
o
f
3
0
0
-
1
0
0
0
p
p
m
with
f
ast
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e.
T
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
h
as
s
ix
(
6
)
p
in
s
.
Fo
u
r
(
4
)
p
in
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
ig
n
als
f
etch
in
g
an
d
th
e
o
th
er
two
(
2
)
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
h
ea
tin
g
cu
r
r
en
t.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws th
e
ty
p
ical
s
en
s
itiv
ity
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
ti
cs o
f
th
is
ty
p
e
o
f
g
as sen
s
o
r
(
MQ
-
6
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Sen
s
itiv
ity
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
o
f
th
e
MQ
-
6
g
as sen
s
o
r
f
o
r
s
ev
er
al
g
ases
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
20
20
:
17
1
–
17
8
174
3
.
3
.
G
SM
re
ce
iv
er
T
h
e
Ar
d
u
in
o
UNO
m
icr
o
co
n
t
r
o
ller
h
ar
d
war
e
was
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ed
to
s
en
d
to
th
e
u
s
er
SMS
n
o
tific
atio
n
v
ia
th
e
GSM
m
o
d
u
le
(
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
)
wh
en
ev
e
r
g
as
leak
ag
es
ar
e
d
etec
ted
b
y
th
e
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
.
T
h
e
GSM
m
o
d
u
le
u
s
es
a
s
in
g
le
SIM
ca
r
d
wh
ich
co
n
n
ec
ts
to
an
y
av
ail
ab
le
n
etwo
r
k
(
d
e
p
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
th
e
u
s
er
d
ec
id
es
to
u
s
e)
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
le
h
as
u
n
iq
u
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
n
u
m
b
er
s
u
ch
as
t
h
o
s
e
u
s
ed
in
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
es
an
d
wo
r
k
o
n
1
2
V
DC
s
u
p
p
ly
.
B
o
th
SMS
an
d
v
o
ice
m
ess
ag
es
ca
n
b
e
s
en
t
v
ia
th
is
m
o
d
u
le
wh
ich
ar
e
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
s
av
ed
o
n
t
h
e
m
em
o
r
y
s
p
ac
e
o
f
th
e
m
icr
o
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
wo
r
k
s
in
s
u
ch
a
way
th
at
m
u
ltip
le
n
o
tifi
ca
tio
n
s
(
in
eith
e
r
SMS o
r
v
o
ice
m
ess
ag
es)
ca
n
b
e
s
en
d
to
p
o
lice,
f
ir
e
m
en
o
r
th
e
u
s
er
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
GSM
m
o
d
u
le
3
.
4
.
DH
T
2
2
t
e
m
pera
t
ure
s
ens
o
r
T
h
is
is
a
d
ig
ital
ty
p
e
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
b
o
th
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
h
u
m
id
ity
(
s
ee
Fig
u
r
e
5
)
.
I
t
u
s
es a
th
er
m
is
to
r
an
d
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
h
u
m
id
ity
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
air
an
d
g
iv
es o
u
t d
i
g
ital sig
n
als th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
ata
p
in
.
T
h
is
s
en
s
o
r
d
o
es
n
’
t r
eq
u
ir
e
an
y
an
alo
g
in
p
u
t
p
i
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
DHT
2
2
T
em
p
er
atu
r
e
s
en
s
o
r
3
.
5
.
DC
m
o
t
o
r
DC
m
o
to
r
is
th
e
ac
tu
atin
g
d
e
v
ice
u
s
ed
in
th
is
wo
r
k
to
ac
c
ess
th
e
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e.
I
t
is
a
r
o
tar
y
ty
p
e
elec
tr
ical
m
ac
h
in
e
t
h
at
r
ec
ei
v
es
a
lo
w
p
o
wer
elec
tr
ical
s
ig
n
al
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
ec
h
an
ical
m
o
tio
n
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
o
t
he
r
to
o
b
tai
n
a
g
u
id
e
d
d
e
cisi
o
n
,
two
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
s
o
f
th
e
g
as
leak
ag
e
a
n
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
wer
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
s
wer
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
ea
ch
s
etu
p
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
u
s
ed
an
d
s
u
g
g
est
wh
at
s
y
s
tem
is
b
est
f
o
r
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
e
e
x
p
e
r
im
en
t
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
On
e
o
f
th
e
v
e
r
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
[
2
5
]
u
s
es
MQ
-
6
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
wh
ile
th
e
n
ewe
r
s
y
s
te
m
u
tili
ze
s
MQ
-
5
.
I
n
m
an
y
s
im
ilar
p
r
o
jects
f
o
r
g
a
s
leak
ag
e
d
etec
tio
n
,
th
e
MQ
-
s
er
ies
s
en
s
o
r
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
tr
i
ed
s
ep
ar
ately
wit
h
d
if
f
er
en
t m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
etu
p
lik
e
in
[
6
]
t
h
ey
ex
p
lain
ed
t
h
e
s
tr
en
g
th
an
d
wea
k
n
ess
o
f
th
e
MQ
-
2
s
en
s
o
r
wh
e
n
s
tr
etch
to
lim
it.
M
ea
n
wh
ile
in
[
2
6
]
MQ
-
9
was
u
s
ed
to
test
L
PG
leak
ag
e,
d
r
awin
g
atten
s
io
n
to
d
etec
tio
n
tim
e
an
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
th
e
g
as,
t
h
e
p
r
o
ject
u
s
es o
n
ly
alar
m
as t
h
e
m
ea
n
s
o
f
aler
t.
I
n
o
u
r
wo
r
k
we
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
th
r
ee
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
an
d
o
n
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
d
ev
ices
wh
ile
u
tili
zin
g
tw
o
d
if
f
ir
en
t
s
en
s
o
r
ty
p
es,
we
aim
to
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
tim
e
d
etec
tio
n
with
r
esp
e
ct
to
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
f
in
ally
to
th
e
d
elay
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
A
r
d
u
in
o
b
a
s
ed
g
a
s
lea
k
a
g
e
co
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
temp
era
tu
r
e
mo
n
ito
r
in
g
s
ystem
(
A
b
u
b
a
k
a
r
Ya
ku
b
N
a
s
ir
)
175
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
as
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
g
r
ap
h
s
(
Fig
u
r
e
6
)
b
elo
w.
T
h
e
ev
al
u
atio
n
b
e
g
in
s
in
a
ch
em
ical
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
wh
er
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
h
ea
tin
g
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
Pro
p
an
e
Gas
C
y
lin
d
er
,
th
is
s
er
v
e
as
o
u
r
test
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
s
y
s
t
em
s
wer
e
test
ed
b
y
b
r
i
n
g
in
g
a
p
r
o
p
an
e
g
as
cy
lin
d
er
clo
s
e
to
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
a
n
d
co
n
tin
u
e
t
o
v
a
r
y
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
wh
ile
d
ata
ar
e
b
ein
g
co
llected
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
tim
e
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
.
T
h
e
tim
e
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
wer
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
s
to
p
watc
h
an
d
m
eter
r
u
le
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
d
a
ta
f
o
r
th
e
tim
e
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
u
n
it
wer
e
also
o
b
s
er
v
ed
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
to
p
W
atch
an
d
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
as
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
g
r
ap
h
b
elo
w.
T
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
d
ete
cts
th
e
L
PG
g
as
an
d
s
en
d
s
a
s
ig
n
al
to
th
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
it
th
en
an
aly
s
es
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
al
.
Af
ter
th
at,
th
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
en
d
s
an
ac
tiv
e
s
ig
n
al
to
o
th
er
ex
ter
n
ally
co
n
n
ec
ted
d
e
v
ices,
a
s
a
r
esu
lt,
a
b
u
zz
er
r
in
g
s
wh
ich
in
d
icate
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
t
h
e
g
as.
Simu
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
th
e
DC
m
o
to
r
o
p
e
n
s
th
e
v
en
tilatio
n
win
d
o
ws
an
d
th
e
GSM
m
o
d
u
le
s
en
d
an
SMS
t
o
a
d
esig
n
ated
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
e.
Als
o
,
wh
en
a
h
ig
h
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
is
d
etec
ted
u
s
in
g
th
e
DHT
2
2
,
it
s
en
d
s
an
ac
tiv
e
s
ig
n
al
to
th
e
m
ic
r
o
co
n
tr
o
lle
r
an
d
a
m
ess
ag
e
is
d
is
p
lay
ed
o
n
th
e
L
C
D
s
cr
ee
n
s
h
o
win
g
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
ea
d
in
g
.
Up
o
n
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
w
h
en
th
e
r
eset
b
u
tto
n
is
p
r
ess
ed
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
r
ef
r
esh
es i
ts
elf
an
d
wh
o
le
s
y
s
tem
r
eg
ain
s
a
p
o
s
itio
n
we
r
ef
e
r
as th
e
in
iti
al
s
tate.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
g
r
a
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h
o
f
Gas A
lar
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n
r
esp
o
n
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e,
SMS a
ler
t r
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s
e
an
d
v
en
tilatio
n
co
n
tr
o
l r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Ou
t
p
u
t m
ess
ag
e
r
ec
e
iv
ed
o
v
e
r
a
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
test
tim
e.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Ti
m
e
(
s)
D
i
stan
c
e
(c
m
)
A
l
ar
m
/
de
t
e
ct
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on
T
i
m
e
C
ont
r
ol
Re
s
po
ns
e
T
i
m
e
S
M
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Re
s
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i
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e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
20
20
:
17
1
–
17
8
176
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
was
te
s
ted
f
o
r
2
0
m
in
u
tes
as
s
h
o
wn
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
an
d
also
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
ay
s
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
test
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
o
b
tain
d
n
ea
r
a
cc
u
r
ate
tim
in
g
th
e
team
u
s
e
d
if
f
er
en
t sto
p
watc
h
to
m
o
n
ito
r
th
e
Alar
m
/d
etec
tio
n
tim
e,
th
e
C
o
n
tr
o
l
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e
an
d
th
e
SMS
aler
t
tim
e
o
v
er
th
e
v
ar
y
i
n
g
d
is
tan
ce
u
s
e.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
o
n
ly
en
tity
th
at
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
is
th
e
Alar
m
/d
etec
tio
n
t
im
e,
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
ac
tiv
ely
r
e
ly
o
n
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
s
ig
n
al
as
in
d
icate
d
in
th
e
g
r
ap
h
(
Fig
u
r
e
6)
.
A
Sig
n
if
ica
n
t
d
elay
was
s
ee
n
f
o
r
th
e
SM
S
aler
t
tim
e
wh
ile
d
if
f
icu
lties
wer
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
b
etwe
en
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
tim
e
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e,
as
in
m
an
y
ca
s
es
th
e
r
elay
is
tr
ig
g
er
ed
with
in
s
ec
o
n
d
s
o
f
d
etec
tio
n
ti
m
e.
T
h
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
was
also
n
o
ticed
with
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
y
s
tem
s
etu
p
as
th
e
o
n
ly
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
was
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
b
u
t
in
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
,
in
o
t
h
er
t
o
g
et
a
b
etter
ju
d
g
em
en
t,
a
co
m
p
lete
s
etu
p
ch
an
g
e
will
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
.
D
u
e
to
s
im
ilar
ities
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
in
t
h
e
r
ea
d
in
g
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
s
y
tem
s
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
s
y
s
tem
was
r
eso
lv
ed
to
b
e
d
is
p
lace
d
as
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
g
r
ap
h
(
Fig
u
r
e
6
)
.
I
n
th
e
g
r
a
p
h
it
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
t
h
at
th
e
in
s
tab
ilit
y
ar
is
es
m
o
s
t
ly
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
SMS
aler
t
tim
e
b
u
t
o
v
e
r
all,
th
e
tim
e
in
ter
v
al
is
ac
ce
p
tab
ly
f
ast.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
g
as
leak
ag
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
in
ex
is
tan
ce
to
d
ay
an
d
ea
c
h
ad
d
r
ess
o
r
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
way
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
t
o
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
p
r
o
b
l
em
.
I
n
o
t
h
er
to
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
is
lo
n
g
d
is
tu
r
b
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
,
a
ca
r
ef
u
l
an
aly
s
is
w
as
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
t
o
id
e
n
tify
t
h
e
li
ttle
g
r
ay
ar
ea
i
n
th
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
l
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
s
.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
a
n
d
o
n
e
co
n
tr
o
l
d
ev
ice
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ated
e
n
ab
le
it
t
o
a
d
d
r
ess
th
e
d
elay
i
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e
b
y
au
to
m
atic
q
u
ick
air
co
n
tr
o
l
b
e
f
o
r
e
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
o
f
a
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
esp
ite
b
ein
g
ale
r
ted
u
s
i
n
g
SMS.
T
h
is
id
ea
r
ed
u
ce
s
h
ea
v
ily
th
e
r
elian
ce
o
n
th
e
ac
tio
n
o
f
a
p
er
s
o
n
al
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
win
d
o
w
o
f
o
p
p
u
r
tu
n
u
ty
to
av
e
r
t
d
is
aster
.
I
n
m
a
n
y
s
im
ila
r
d
esi
g
n
s
li
k
e
o
u
r
s
;
Des
p
it
e
b
e
in
g
c
o
s
t
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e;
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
n
o
t
d
esig
n
t
o
r
e
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
co
n
c
e
n
tr
ati
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
g
as
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
ai
r
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
t
em
a
n
d
t
h
a
t
is
wh
at
o
u
r
s
y
s
te
m
s
u
c
ce
s
s
f
u
l
y
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
te
d
w
it
h
g
o
o
d
r
es
p
o
n
s
e
tim
e
o
f
t
h
e
v
e
n
ti
lat
o
r
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
je
ct
is
b
u
i
lt
o
n
GS
M
b
as
ed
m
o
n
it
o
r
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
em
th
at
u
t
ili
ze
s
t
h
e
ef
f
e
cti
v
e
s
em
ic
o
n
d
u
ct
o
r
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
(
MQ
-
6
)
,
it
h
as
t
h
e
c
a
p
a
c
ity
to
s
e
n
s
e
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
n
at
u
r
al
g
a
s
es
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
b
u
ta
n
e
an
d
p
r
o
p
a
n
e
u
s
i
n
g
ti
n
d
i
o
x
i
d
e
(
S
n
O
2
).
M
ai
n
l
y
t
h
is
d
e
v
ic
e
is
d
esi
g
n
t
o
a
le
r
t
w
it
h
a
s
o
u
n
d
,
SMS
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
d
is
p
la
y
o
n
a
s
c
r
e
e
n
an
d
f
in
al
y
c
o
n
tr
o
l
a
v
e
n
t
ila
to
r
.
I
t
r
e
q
u
ir
es
n
o
an
al
o
g
i
n
p
u
t
,
w
h
i
c
h
m
a
k
es
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
c
o
s
t
ef
f
e
cti
v
e
,
e
f
f
ic
ie
n
t
a
n
d
als
o
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
all
y
f
r
ie
n
d
l
y
.
I
n
o
u
r
wo
r
k
we
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
tim
e
o
f
g
as
d
etec
tio
n
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
th
e
d
el
ay
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
,
at
th
e
en
d
o
u
r
d
esig
n
s
h
o
ws
an
ac
ce
p
tab
le
ef
f
icien
cy
.
I
n
o
u
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
wo
r
k
,
we
aim
to
ca
lib
r
at
e
th
e
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
f
o
r
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
as
to
b
e
s
en
s
ed
b
y
tr
ain
in
g
in
s
tead
o
f
th
e
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
g
ases
it sen
s
es.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
w
o
r
k
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
t
h
e
Dep
ar
tm
e
n
t
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
t
er
an
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
A
b
u
b
a
k
a
r
T
a
f
aw
a
B
alew
a
Un
iv
e
r
s
it
y
(
A
T
B
U)
.
T
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
a
ls
o
t
h
a
n
k
th
e
C
h
e
m
ic
al
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
L
a
b
o
r
at
o
r
y
o
f
A
T
B
U.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
M
u
ll
e
r,
C
.
,
&
Ya
n
,
H
.
,
"
H
o
u
se
h
o
l
d
fu
e
l
u
se
in
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
c
o
u
n
tri
e
s:
Re
v
iew
o
f
th
e
o
ry
a
n
d
e
v
id
e
n
c
e
,"
E
n
e
rg
y
Eco
n
o
m
ics
,
v
o
l
.
7
0
,
p
p
.
4
2
9
-
4
3
9
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
]
S
.
S
.
Bi
n
ti
S
a
rn
i
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Li
q
u
e
fied
p
e
tro
leu
m
g
a
s
m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
a
n
d
lea
k
a
g
e
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
u
sin
g
n
o
d
e
m
c
u
ES
P
8
2
6
6
a
n
d
wi
-
fi
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
"
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
(IJ
EE
CS
)
,
v
o
l.
17
,
n
o
.
1
,
v
o
l.
1
6
6
-
1
7
4
,
2
0
2
0
.
[3
]
Be
h
e
sh
ti
,
M
.
H.,
De
h
g
h
a
n
,
S
.
F
.
,
Ha
ji
z
a
d
e
h
,
R.
,
Ja
fa
ri,
S
.
M
.
,
&
Ko
o
h
p
a
e
i,
A.
,
"
M
o
d
e
ll
in
g
th
e
Co
n
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
s
o
f
Ex
p
l
o
sio
n
,
F
ire
a
n
d
G
a
s
Lea
k
a
g
e
in
D
o
m
e
stic
Cy
li
n
d
e
rs
Co
n
tain
i
n
g
LP
G
,"
An
n
a
ls
o
f
M
e
d
ic
a
l
a
n
d
He
a
lt
h
S
c
ien
c
e
s
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
2
0
1
8
.
[4
]
Da
lab
a
,
M
.
,
Aliri
g
ia,
R
.
,
M
e
se
n
b
rin
g
,
E.
,
Co
f
fe
y
,
E.
,
Bro
w
n
,
Z.
,
Ha
n
n
ig
a
n
,
M
.
,
.
.
.
&
Dic
k
i
n
so
n
,
K.
L.
,
"
Li
q
u
ifi
e
d
P
e
tro
leu
m
G
a
s
(LP
G
)
S
u
p
p
l
y
a
n
d
De
m
a
n
d
fo
r
Co
o
k
i
n
g
i
n
No
rt
h
e
rn
G
h
a
n
a
,"
Eco
He
a
lt
h
,
v
o
l.
15
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
7
1
6
-
7
2
8
,
2
0
1
8
.
[5
]
Nu
g
a
,
O.
O.,
Am
u
sa
,
K.
A.
,
&
Ola
n
ip
e
k
u
n
,
A.
J.
,
"
G
S
M
-
Ba
se
d
G
a
s
Lea
k
a
g
e
De
tec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Ale
rt
S
y
ste
m
,"
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
E
lec
tro
n
ic De
p
a
rt
me
n
t
,
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Fe
d
e
ra
l
Un
ive
rs
it
y
o
f
Ag
ric
u
lt
u
re
,
A
b
e
o
k
u
ta
,
2
0
1
7
.
[6
]
Vib
h
a
R.
N.,
M
rin
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B
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RAP
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g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.