I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
5
,
p
p
.
322
~
3
3
5
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijaas
.
v
14
.
i
2
.
pp
322
-
3
3
5
322
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
a
a
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Techno
-
econ
o
mic
ana
ly
sis
and o
ptimiza
tion o
f
so
la
r
energy
sy
stems: a ca
se st
udy
at Ar
-
Ra
niry
St
a
te
Is
la
mic
Uni
v
ersity
F
a
hm
y
Rina
nd
a
Sa
pu
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ri,
Rica
rdo
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inels
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d Sa
lehud
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in,
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uh
a
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y:
R
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Oct
16
,
2
0
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4
R
ev
is
ed
Feb
19
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
Mar
28
,
2
0
2
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Th
is
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se
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tal
imp
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ts
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p
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lar
e
n
e
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y
p
o
ten
ti
a
l
th
ro
u
g
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v
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riab
les
su
c
h
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s
lo
c
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l
m
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teo
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g
ica
l
c
o
n
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it
io
n
s,
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a
n
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o
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,
t
il
t
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n
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les
,
a
n
d
s
y
ste
m
e
fficie
n
c
ies
.
Util
izin
g
P
VSy
st
s
o
ftwa
re
fo
r
si
m
u
latio
n
s,
th
e
r
e
se
a
rc
h
e
v
a
lu
a
tes
tec
h
n
ica
l
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
,
li
fe
c
y
c
le
c
o
sts,
a
n
d
c
a
rb
o
n
d
io
x
id
e
(CO₂
)
e
m
issio
n
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
s.
Th
e
re
su
lt
s
in
d
ica
te
th
a
t
th
e
so
lar
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
(
PV
)
s
y
ste
m
c
a
n
g
e
n
e
ra
te
2
5
1
,
2
1
4
k
Wh
a
n
n
u
a
ll
y
wh
il
e
re
d
u
c
in
g
CO₂
e
m
issio
n
s
b
y
1
7
3
,
0
9
5
k
g
.
Eco
n
o
m
ica
ll
y
,
t
h
e
in
v
e
stm
e
n
t
is
d
e
e
m
e
d
fe
a
sib
le,
with
a
p
a
y
b
a
c
k
p
e
rio
d
o
f
7
.
8
y
e
a
rs,
a
lo
we
r
c
o
st
o
f
e
n
e
rg
y
(LCOE)
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
to
S
tate
El
e
c
tr
icity
C
o
m
p
a
n
y
(
PL
N
)
tariffs,
a
p
o
siti
v
e
n
e
t
p
re
se
n
t
v
a
l
u
e
(NPV),
a
n
d
a
h
ig
h
i
n
tern
a
l
ra
te o
f
re
t
u
rn
(IRR).
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
re
a
re
m
in
o
r
lo
ss
e
s
in
th
e
rm
a
l
a
n
d
m
o
d
u
le
q
u
a
li
ty
,
th
e
sy
ste
m
re
m
a
in
s
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
.
Th
is
stu
d
y
c
o
n
tri
b
u
tes
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
ly
to
su
sta
i
n
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
p
o
li
c
ies
in
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
s
fu
rth
e
r
l
o
n
g
-
term
p
e
r
fo
rm
a
n
c
e
m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
a
n
d
e
x
p
lo
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
a
d
d
it
io
n
a
l
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
o
n
c
a
m
p
u
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
ar
b
o
n
d
io
x
id
e
em
is
s
i
on
Pay
b
ac
k
p
er
i
o
d
PVSy
s
t so
f
twar
e
R
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
So
lar
en
er
g
y
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Fah
m
y
R
in
an
d
a
Sap
u
t
r
i
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
Ph
y
s
ics,
Facu
lty
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
an
d
I
n
f
o
r
m
atics
Un
iv
er
s
itas
Mu
ltime
d
ia
Nu
s
an
tar
a
Scien
tia
B
o
u
lev
ar
d
St.
,
C
u
r
u
g
San
g
er
en
g
,
Kela
p
a
Du
a,
T
a
n
g
er
an
g
Dis
tr
ict
,
B
an
ten
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
E
m
ail: f
ah
m
y
.
r
i
n
an
d
a@
u
m
n
.
a
c.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
g
l
o
b
al
ch
allen
g
es
r
elate
d
to
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
a
n
d
d
ep
e
n
d
en
ce
o
n
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
[
1
]
,
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
ly
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
,
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
to
p
p
r
io
r
ity
[
2
]
.
So
lar
e
n
er
g
y
o
f
f
er
s
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
p
o
ten
tial
as
a
clea
n
a
n
d
s
u
s
tai
n
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
tr
o
p
ical
r
eg
io
n
s
lik
e
I
n
d
o
n
esia
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
Ad
v
an
ce
d
s
im
u
latio
n
to
o
ls
s
u
ch
as
PVSy
s
t,
wid
ely
ad
o
p
ted
g
lo
b
ally
,
ar
e
n
o
w
in
cr
e
asin
g
ly
ap
p
lied
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
s
tailo
r
ed
to
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
'
s
tr
o
p
ical
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
[
5
]
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
is
em
er
g
in
g
as
a
cr
itical
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
in
s
m
ar
t
e
n
er
g
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
lo
ca
lized
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
I
n
d
o
n
esia'
s
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
ec
to
r
.
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
lo
ca
ted
alo
n
g
th
e
eq
u
ato
r
,
b
en
ef
its
f
r
o
m
o
p
tim
a
l
s
u
n
lig
h
t
in
ten
s
ity
y
ea
r
-
r
o
u
n
d
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
Data
f
r
o
m
th
e
Natio
n
al
E
n
er
g
y
C
o
u
n
cil
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
av
er
a
g
es
4
.
8
k
W
h
/m
²/
d
ay
,
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
to
1
1
2
,
0
0
0
GW
p
[
8
]
,
wh
ich
is
ten
tim
es
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
co
u
n
tr
ies
lik
e
Ger
m
an
y
an
d
E
u
r
o
p
e
[
9
]
.
T
h
is
p
o
ten
tial
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
tr
o
n
g
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
n
atio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
T
h
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
h
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
its
co
m
m
itm
en
t
to
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
Nat
io
n
al
E
n
er
g
y
Po
licy
an
d
th
e
Gen
e
r
al
Natio
n
al
E
n
er
g
y
Plan
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
Nat
io
n
al
E
n
er
g
y
Po
licy
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Tech
n
o
-
ec
o
n
o
mic
a
n
a
lysi
s
a
n
d
o
p
timiz
a
tio
n
o
f so
la
r
en
erg
y
s
ystems
:
a
ca
s
e
…
(
F
a
h
my
R
i
n
a
n
d
a
S
a
p
u
tr
i)
323
s
ets
an
am
b
itio
u
s
tar
g
et
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
n
e
w
an
d
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
to
2
3
%
o
f
th
e
n
atio
n
al
en
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g
y
m
ix
b
y
2
0
2
5
,
with
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
o
al
o
f
6
.
5
GW
f
o
r
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
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Ho
wev
er
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y
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h
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en
d
o
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th
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r
r
en
t in
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talled
ca
p
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f
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o
lar
p
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la
n
ts
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as o
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ly
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ea
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ed
1
8
1
.
2
MW,
f
a
r
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
et
tar
g
et
[
1
1
]
.
Un
iv
er
s
ity
b
u
ild
i
n
g
s
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
with
u
s
ag
e
p
atter
n
s
t
h
at
v
ar
y
b
ased
o
n
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
'
s
f
o
cu
s
an
d
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
.
E
lectr
icity
,
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
,
p
o
wer
s
h
ea
tin
g
,
co
o
lin
g
,
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies,
lig
h
tin
g
,
elev
at
o
r
s
,
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
[
1
3
]
.
Ar
-
R
an
ir
y
State
I
s
lam
ic
Un
iv
er
s
ity
(
UI
N
Ar
-
R
an
ir
y
)
'
s
Facu
lty
o
f
T
ar
b
iy
a
h
an
d
Keg
u
r
u
an
b
u
il
d
in
g
is
o
n
e
r
elev
a
n
t
ex
am
p
le
as
it
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
r
ee
m
ain
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
s
: m
u
ltime
d
ia,
n
etwo
r
k
c
o
m
p
u
ter
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
a
n
d
s
o
f
twar
e
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
.
T
h
ese
th
r
ee
f
ield
s
r
eq
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ig
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o
f
co
m
p
u
ter
lab
s
,
n
etwo
r
k
h
a
r
d
war
e,
a
n
d
o
th
er
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ices.
T
h
e
la
r
g
e
en
er
g
y
d
em
an
d
m
ak
es
th
e
Fa
cu
lty
o
f
T
ar
b
iy
ah
a
n
d
Keg
u
r
u
an
b
u
ild
in
g
an
id
ea
l
ca
n
d
id
ate
f
o
r
a
s
tu
d
y
o
n
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
a
n
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
.
Sev
e
r
al
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
u
s
ed
PVSy
s
t
f
o
r
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
d
esig
n
a
n
aly
s
is
,
s
o
m
e
o
f
wh
ich
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
co
astal
ar
ea
s
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
,
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
b
u
ild
in
g
s
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
in
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
T
ar
b
iy
ah
an
d
Keg
u
r
u
an
b
u
ild
in
g
s
er
v
e
s
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
f
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
cy
b
u
t
also
as
an
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
t
o
o
l,
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
lectu
r
e
r
s
.
W
ith
its
h
ig
h
en
er
g
y
n
ee
d
s
an
d
f
o
cu
s
o
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
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te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
th
e
b
u
ild
in
g
is
an
id
ea
l
s
ite
f
o
r
s
tu
d
y
in
g
s
o
lar
p
o
we
r
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
d
esp
ite
I
n
d
o
n
esia'
s
v
ast
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
p
o
ten
tial,
its
ap
p
licatio
n
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
b
u
ild
in
g
s
r
em
ain
s
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
.
T
h
e
la
ck
o
f
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tailo
r
ed
to
l
o
ca
l
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
p
a
n
el
o
r
ie
n
tatio
n
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
,
f
u
r
t
h
er
h
in
d
er
s
its
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
ar
e
ex
p
ec
te
d
to
o
f
f
er
p
r
ac
tical
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
b
u
ild
in
g
an
d
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
er
v
in
g
as
a
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
o
th
er
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
n
atio
n
ally
an
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
ally
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
will e
m
p
lo
y
an
o
p
tim
izatio
n
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
to
m
ax
im
ize
t
h
e
ef
f
ici
en
cy
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
p
lan
t
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
at
UI
N
Ar
-
R
an
ir
y
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
r
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
T
ar
b
iy
ah
an
d
Keg
u
r
u
an
b
u
ild
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
in
c
lu
d
es
tech
n
ical,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic,
an
d
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
tal
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
p
lan
t
s
y
s
tem
,
tak
in
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
v
ar
iab
les
s
u
ch
as
s
o
lar
p
an
el
o
r
ien
tatio
n
,
tilt
an
g
le,
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
l
o
ca
l
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Simu
latio
n
s
will
b
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
u
s
in
g
PVSy
s
t
s
o
f
twar
e,
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
s
im
u
latio
n
to
o
l
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
a
n
d
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
p
la
n
t sy
s
tem
s
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
an
d
d
esig
n
o
f
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
u
s
in
g
s
o
f
twar
e
s
u
ch
as
MA
T
L
AB
an
d
PVs
y
s
t.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
L
i
n
elso
n
et
a
l
.
[
1
8
]
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
an
AI
-
b
ased
s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
er
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
/
Simu
lin
k
to
o
p
tim
ize
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
el
o
r
ien
tatio
n
b
y
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
in
te
g
r
al
-
d
e
r
iv
ativ
e
(
PID
)
co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
m
in
im
al
er
r
o
r
.
T
h
ey
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
tr
ac
k
s
th
e
s
u
n
f
r
o
m
s
u
n
r
is
e
to
s
u
n
s
et,
m
ax
im
izin
g
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
an
d
r
esettin
g
th
e
p
an
el
p
o
s
itio
n
f
o
r
th
e
n
ex
t
d
a
y
.
I
s
lam
[
1
9
]
d
es
ig
n
ed
an
d
ev
alu
ated
a
3
k
W
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
r
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o
f
t
o
p
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV
)
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
r
esid
en
tial
u
s
e
in
T
etu
lia,
Pan
ch
ag
r
ah
,
an
d
B
an
g
lad
esh
,
u
s
in
g
PVs
y
s
t
s
o
f
twar
e.
T
h
e
y
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
g
en
er
ates
4
,
1
7
2
k
W
h
/y
ea
r
o
f
AC
en
er
g
y
,
s
u
p
p
l
y
in
g
1
,
8
7
1
k
W
h
/y
ea
r
o
f
s
u
r
p
l
u
s
en
er
g
y
t
o
th
e
g
r
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d
an
d
p
r
e
d
ictin
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p
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wer
o
u
tag
es
with
b
ac
k
u
p
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
b
y
Du
h
is
et
a
l
.
[
2
0
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
r
o
o
f
al
b
ed
o
o
n
P
V
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
u
s
in
g
m
o
d
el
in
g
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
t
o
ass
ess
s
o
lar
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
o
n
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
co
n
cr
ete
tiles
with
ad
ju
s
tab
le
alb
ed
o
lev
els.
T
h
ey
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
alb
ed
o
f
r
o
m
0
.
2
5
to
0
.
7
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
e
n
h
a
n
ce
s
y
ea
r
ly
s
o
lar
PV
p
o
we
r
g
en
er
atio
n
,
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
a
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
at
Al
-
Mu
s
s
aib
T
ec
h
n
ical
C
o
lleg
e
u
s
in
g
PVs
y
s
t
s
o
f
twar
e.
Similar
l
y
,
L
o
r
en
t
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
ev
al
u
ated
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
i
n
s
tallin
g
a
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
in
a
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
p
ar
k
in
g
ar
ea
with
a
PVs
y
s
t
s
im
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ev
alu
at
es
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ili
ty
o
f
a
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
in
Un
iv
er
s
ita
s
Mu
ltime
d
ia
Nu
s
an
tar
a
(
UM
N
)
'
s
b
ac
k
p
ar
k
in
g
ar
ea
,
s
h
o
win
g
it
ca
n
g
en
er
ate
2
2
4
MWh
an
n
u
ally
,
m
ee
t
2
0
%
o
f
en
er
g
y
n
ee
d
s
,
an
d
r
ed
u
c
e
2
,
7
7
5
.
5
1
3
t
o
n
s
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
d
io
x
id
e
(
C
O₂
)
,
with
a
n
e
t
p
r
esen
t
v
alu
e
(
NPV
)
o
f
R
p
.
4
.
3
8
b
illi
o
n
a
n
d
an
in
ter
n
al
r
ate
o
f
r
et
u
r
n
(
I
R
R
)
o
f
3
4
.
2
8
%.
Ma
n
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
u
s
e
PVSy
s
t to
d
o
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
.
PVSy
s
t
h
as
b
ee
n
u
tili
ze
d
to
ass
ess
PV
p
o
ten
tial
in
v
ar
io
u
s
r
eg
io
n
s
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
,
i
n
th
e
d
esig
n
a
n
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
aly
s
is
o
f
b
o
th
g
r
i
d
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
an
d
s
t
an
d
alo
n
e
PV
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
[
2
4
]
as
well
a
s
in
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
s
h
ad
in
g
ev
en
ts
o
n
s
o
lar
p
an
els
[
2
5
]
.
R
esear
ch
o
n
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
te
m
s
h
as
u
tili
ze
d
to
o
ls
lik
e
P
VSy
s
t
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
p
o
te
n
tial,
d
esig
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
an
aly
zin
g
s
h
a
d
in
g
ef
f
ec
ts
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
lim
ited
s
tu
d
ies
ad
d
r
ess
tr
o
p
ical
r
e
g
io
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
l
o
ca
l
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ica
l
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
d
esig
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
b
r
id
g
es
th
e
g
ap
b
y
o
p
tim
izin
g
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
at
UI
N
Ar
-
R
an
i
r
y
in
Ace
h
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
u
s
in
g
tech
n
ical
s
im
u
latio
n
s
an
d
e
co
n
o
m
ic
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
a
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
p
r
esen
ted
,
d
etailin
g
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
to
o
ls
an
d
tech
n
i
q
u
e
s
,
d
ata
co
llectio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
,
an
d
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
to
ev
alu
ate
an
d
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
im
p
lem
en
ta
t
io
n
o
f
a
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
at
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
5
:
3
2
2
-
335
324
UI
N
Ar
-
R
an
ir
y
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
Facu
lty
o
f
T
ar
b
iy
a
h
an
d
K
eg
u
r
u
a
n
b
u
ild
in
g
.
T
o
ac
h
ie
v
e
th
is
,
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
m
eth
o
d
b
ased
o
n
s
im
u
latio
n
i
s
ad
o
p
ted
,
wh
ich
f
ac
ilit
ates
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
e
co
n
o
m
ic
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
ac
ts
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
f
lo
w
o
f
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
f
lo
wch
ar
t
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
wh
ich
o
u
tli
n
es th
e
s
tep
-
by
-
s
tep
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Flo
wch
ar
t
o
f
r
esear
c
h
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
a
pp
ro
a
ch
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
l
o
y
s
a
q
u
an
t
itativ
e
m
eth
o
d
b
ased
o
n
s
im
u
latio
n
to
ev
alu
ate
a
n
d
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
a
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
o
b
ject
lo
ca
tio
n
is
in
th
e
UI
N
Ar
-
R
an
ir
y
,
esp
ec
ially
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
T
a
r
b
iy
ah
an
d
Keg
u
r
u
an
b
u
ild
in
g
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
allo
ws
f
o
r
an
i
n
-
de
p
t
h
an
aly
s
is
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
wh
ile
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
p
r
ac
tical
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
2
.
2
.
T
o
o
ls
a
nd
t
ec
hn
iqu
es
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
u
tili
ze
s
th
e
PVSy
s
t
s
o
f
twar
e
f
o
r
s
im
u
latio
n
a
n
d
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
.
PVSy
s
t
i
s
a
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
th
e
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Ge
n
ev
a
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
es
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
to
o
ls
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
an
d
an
aly
zin
g
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
h
e
s
o
f
twar
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
o
f
g
r
id
-
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
s
y
s
tem
s
,
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
u
m
p
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
DC
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
p
u
b
lic
t
r
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
PVSy
s
t
is
also
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
with
an
ex
ten
s
iv
e
m
eteo
r
o
l
o
g
i
ca
l
d
atab
ase
an
d
PV
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
d
ata,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
s
o
u
r
ce
s
lik
e
Me
te
o
No
r
m
V7
.
1
,
NASA
'
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
y
an
d
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
(
NASA
-
SSE
)
,
an
d
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
(
PVGI
S
)
.
2
.
3
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n
T
h
e
in
itial
s
tag
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
l
v
ed
th
e
co
llectio
n
o
f
m
eteo
r
o
l
o
g
ical
d
ata
an
d
tech
n
ical
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
.
Glo
b
al
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
(
GHI
)
d
ata
was
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
Gl
o
b
al
So
lar
Atlas
web
s
ite
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
in
te
n
s
ity
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
at
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
ite.
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
latitu
d
e
an
d
lo
n
g
itu
d
e
co
o
r
d
in
ates
was
also
tak
en
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
ite.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
clo
s
est
lo
ca
tio
n
to
th
e
s
u
b
s
tati
o
n
f
o
r
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
in
s
tallati
o
n
was
ascer
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
Geo
-
en
er
g
y
p
o
r
tal.
Data
o
n
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
an
d
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
ar
ea
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
els we
r
e
o
b
tain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
Go
o
g
le
E
ar
th
Pro
ap
p
licatio
n
.
S
tart
En
d
De
fin
e
Re
se
a
rc
h
Ob
jec
ti
v
e
A
d
o
p
t
Qu
a
n
t
itativ
e
Si
m
u
la
ti
o
n
-
B
a
s
e
d
Ap
p
ro
a
c
h
Da
ta Co
ll
e
c
ti
o
n
S
imu
late
with
P
Vs
y
st
An
a
ly
z
e
S
imu
lati
o
n
Re
su
lt
s
Im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
Re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
ti
o
n
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Tech
n
o
-
ec
o
n
o
mic
a
n
a
lysi
s
a
n
d
o
p
timiz
a
tio
n
o
f so
la
r
en
erg
y
s
ystems
:
a
ca
s
e
…
(
F
a
h
my
R
i
n
a
n
d
a
S
a
p
u
tr
i)
325
2
.
4
.
Sim
ula
t
e
wit
h P
VSy
s
t
Usi
n
g
th
e
co
llected
d
ata,
s
im
u
latio
n
s
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
in
P
VSy
s
t
to
m
o
d
el
th
e
s
o
lar
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
tem
's
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Par
am
eter
s
s
u
c
h
as
p
an
el
o
r
ien
tatio
n
,
tilt
an
g
le,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
wer
e
o
p
tim
ized
to
m
ax
im
ize
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
aim
ed
to
id
en
tify
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
icien
t
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
wh
ile
m
in
im
izin
g
c
o
s
ts
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
ac
ts
.
S
im
u
latio
n
u
s
in
g
s
o
f
twar
e
is
also
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
ac
tu
al
in
s
tallatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
[
2
]
.
2
.
5
.
Ana
ly
ze
s
im
ula
t
io
n r
esu
lt
s
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
o
u
tp
u
ts
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
to
ass
ess
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
v
ia
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
.
Key
m
etr
ics
in
clu
d
e
d
en
e
r
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
ca
p
ac
ity
,
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
r
atio
,
life
cy
cle
co
s
ts
,
an
d
th
e
p
a
y
b
ac
k
p
er
io
d
o
f
th
e
in
v
estme
n
t.
T
h
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
a
n
aly
s
is
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
q
u
an
tify
in
g
CO₂
e
m
is
s
io
n
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
attr
ib
u
tab
le
to
th
e
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
.
2
.
6
.
I
m
ple
m
ent
a
t
io
n
re
co
mm
enda
t
io
ns
B
ased
o
n
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
an
d
an
aly
s
is
,
p
r
ac
tical
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
wer
e
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
to
g
u
id
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
ed
o
p
tim
izin
g
t
h
e
tilt
an
g
le,
p
an
el
o
r
ien
tatio
n
,
a
n
d
e
n
er
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
em
en
t
s
tr
ateg
ies.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
p
o
licy
im
p
lic
atio
n
s
to
en
co
u
r
ag
e
b
r
o
ad
e
r
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
l
e
en
er
g
y
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
es
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
n
d
er
lin
e
th
e
p
o
ten
tial o
f
s
im
u
latio
n
-
b
as
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es in
d
esig
n
in
g
e
f
f
icien
t a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
we
p
r
esen
t
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
im
u
l
atio
n
an
d
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
T
ar
b
iy
a
h
an
d
Keg
u
r
u
an
at
UI
N
Ar
-
R
an
ir
y
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
i
m
p
lem
en
ted
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
,
d
etail
in
g
its
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
,
g
r
i
d
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
es,
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
v
iab
ilit
y
.
E
ac
h
s
ec
tio
n
will
d
elv
e
in
to
im
p
o
r
tan
t
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
PV
p
an
el
tilt
an
d
az
im
u
th
,
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
an
d
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
e
f
f
icien
cy
.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
ly
,
we
will
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
f
in
an
cial
i
m
p
licatio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
t
h
e
in
itial
in
v
estme
n
t
an
d
p
ay
b
ac
k
p
er
io
d
,
wh
ile
also
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
b
en
e
f
its
d
er
iv
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
C
O₂
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
.
3
.
1
.
G
eo
g
r
a
ph
ica
l
po
s
it
io
n a
djustm
ent
o
f
P
V
t
ilt
a
nd
a
zim
uth
T
h
e
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
a
n
ar
ea
g
r
ea
tly
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
az
im
u
t
h
d
ir
ec
t
io
n
an
d
tilt
an
g
le
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els,
s
o
th
e
s
ettin
g
o
f
th
ese
two
p
a
r
am
eter
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
a
d
ju
s
ted
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
r
ea
ch
lo
ca
tio
n
.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
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g
e
o
g
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a
p
h
ical
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aly
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is
o
f
th
e
UI
N
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R
an
ir
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esp
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ially
t
h
e
Facu
lt
y
o
f
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ar
b
iy
ah
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p
elm
a
Dar
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Sy
iah
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ala
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d
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ict,
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an
d
a
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h
C
ity
as
a
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im
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ject
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th
e
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o
wer
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esig
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ch
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h
e
b
u
ild
in
g
is
lo
ca
ted
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
with
in
th
e
Asi
an
r
eg
io
n
at
g
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g
r
ap
h
ical
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o
o
r
d
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ates
5
.
5
7
9
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N
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d
9
5
.
3
6
8
0
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,
with
an
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o
f
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eter
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o
v
e
s
ea
lev
el
as
s
h
o
wn
in
t
h
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
m
ap
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
s
ite
is
in
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
s
tan
d
ar
d
tim
e
z
o
n
e
(
UT
C
+7
)
,
with
a
tim
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
f
0
h
o
u
r
3
9
m
in
u
tes
b
etwe
en
lo
ca
l
tim
e
an
d
s
o
lar
tim
e.
T
h
e
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
d
ata
u
s
ed
in
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
PV
d
esig
n
o
n
th
is
b
u
ild
in
g
was
im
p
o
r
te
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
Me
teo
s
o
u
r
ce
,
w
h
ich
allo
wed
f
o
r
an
in
-
d
e
p
th
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
th
e
s
ite.
T
h
e
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
co
o
r
d
i
n
ates
an
d
altitu
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
Facu
lty
o
f
T
ar
b
i
y
ah
an
d
Keg
u
r
u
a
n
b
u
ild
in
g
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
ac
cu
r
ate
b
asis
f
o
r
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
at
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
tilt
an
d
o
r
ien
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els
ca
n
b
e
ad
ju
s
ted
to
m
ax
im
ize
th
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
,
tak
in
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
s
o
lar
tim
e
an
d
p
o
s
itio
n
at
th
is
lo
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
e
v
alu
atio
n
u
s
in
g
PVSy
s
t
s
o
f
twar
e
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
th
e
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
ed
with
a
f
ix
ed
tilt
ed
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lan
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
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,
a
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o
f
3
0
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,
an
d
an
az
im
u
th
o
f
0
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f
ac
in
g
s
o
u
th
)
,
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
g
lo
b
al
r
a
d
iatio
n
at
t
h
e
co
llecto
r
p
la
n
e
o
f
1
7
3
7
k
W
h
/m
²
p
er
y
ea
r
.
T
h
e
s
o
lar
p
a
n
el
o
r
ien
tatio
n
with
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o
f
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0
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d
an
az
im
u
th
o
f
0
°
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ch
o
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en
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
a
co
m
m
o
n
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
i
n
tr
o
p
ical
r
eg
io
n
s
s
u
ch
as
I
n
d
o
n
esia
to
m
ax
im
ize
th
e
a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
.
B
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
th
e
tr
a
n
s
p
o
s
itio
n
f
ac
to
r
v
al
u
e
o
f
0
.
9
5
in
d
icate
s
th
at
a
b
o
u
t
9
5
%
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
r
ad
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n
r
ea
ch
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n
g
th
e
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th
'
s
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u
r
f
ac
e
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s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
ca
p
tu
r
ed
b
y
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e
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o
lar
p
an
el.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
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e
is
a
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
o
f
5
.
3
%
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m
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ar
e
d
to
th
e
o
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al
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n
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itio
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s
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ich
ca
n
b
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
v
ar
io
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s
f
ac
to
r
s
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ch
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tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
s
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g
,
o
r
m
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le
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eg
r
ad
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n
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n
eth
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e
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al
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iatio
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e
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els
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ar
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ich
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u
ite
a
h
ig
h
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al
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e
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icate
s
th
e
g
r
ea
t
en
er
g
y
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
th
e
s
ite.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
8
1
4
I
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v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
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2
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J
u
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2
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2
5
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2
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335
326
Fig
u
r
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2
.
I
n
ter
ac
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m
a
p
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ie
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PVSy
s
t
Fig
u
r
e
3
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Field
PV
o
r
ien
tatio
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p
ar
am
eter
3
.
2
.
G
rid
s
y
s
t
em
T
h
e
s
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lar
p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
at
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
T
a
r
b
iy
ah
a
n
d
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u
r
u
an
UI
N
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R
an
ir
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b
u
ild
in
g
is
d
esig
n
e
d
with
ca
r
ef
u
l
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ic
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
co
m
p
o
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e
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y
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te
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e
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iew
ca
n
b
e
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he
F
a
c
ult
y
o
f
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a
r
biyah
a
nd
Ke
gur
ua
n
buil
ding,
U
I
N
Ar
-
R
a
nir
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
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8
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1
4
Tech
n
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a
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a
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p
timiz
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4
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p
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ich
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f
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er
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io
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ef
f
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c
y
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
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4
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f
th
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m
o
d
u
les
r
ep
r
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ts
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p
t
to
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e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
y
s
tem
ca
p
ac
ity
,
with
ea
ch
m
o
d
u
le'
s
p
ea
k
p
o
wer
o
f
5
0
0
W
p
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
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d
test
c
o
n
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itio
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s
(
STC),
r
esu
ltin
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in
a
to
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s
y
s
tem
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k
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wer
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f
1
7
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k
W
p
.
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is
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e
ca
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ed
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ee
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ee
d
s
o
f
th
e
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lty
o
f
T
ar
b
iy
ah
a
n
d
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u
r
u
a
n
b
u
ild
i
n
g
UI
N
Ar
-
R
an
ir
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Sy
s
tem
o
v
er
v
iew
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
2
0
s
tr
in
g
s
,
with
ea
ch
s
tr
in
g
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
1
7
m
o
d
u
les
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies.
T
h
is
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
was
ch
o
s
en
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
c
o
m
p
atib
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y
with
th
e
v
o
ltag
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a
n
d
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r
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en
t
ch
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r
ac
t
er
is
tics
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
u
s
ed
as
well
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to
m
ain
tain
o
v
er
all
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y
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tem
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
T
h
is
ar
r
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g
e
m
en
t
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o
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tim
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er
g
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u
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t
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ile
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tain
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s
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tem
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tab
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an
d
r
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n
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er
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io
u
s
o
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atio
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l
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itio
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s
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
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g
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lin
e
d
iag
r
a
m
Th
e
s
y
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tem
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eq
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ip
p
ed
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el
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n
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r
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ak
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th
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th
e
r
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g
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t
ch
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o
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th
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tem
.
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h
e
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o
m
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i
n
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o
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lar
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o
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d
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at
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as
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r
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ec
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lar
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g
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tech
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n
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.
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e
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s
e
o
f
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o
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o
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les
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ter
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
5
:
3
2
2
-
335
328
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
es,
s
u
c
h
as
5
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,
wh
ich
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e
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m
m
o
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d
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tr
o
p
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ate.
C
o
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al
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to
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o
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t
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t in
s
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tem
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er
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ce
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as th
ey
ca
n
af
f
ec
t e
f
f
i
cien
cy
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t.
3.
3
.
L
o
s
s
es
I
n
an
aly
zi
n
g
th
e
lo
s
s
es
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
at
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
T
ar
b
iy
ah
an
d
Keg
u
r
u
an
UI
N
Ar
-
R
an
ir
y
b
u
ild
in
g
,
v
ar
io
u
s
lo
s
s
f
ac
to
r
s
n
ee
d
to
b
e
tak
en
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
to
g
et
a
n
ac
c
u
r
ate
p
ictu
r
e
o
f
th
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
r
m
al
lo
s
s
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
ac
to
r
s
,
wh
ich
is
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
m
o
d
u
le
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
d
u
e
to
s
o
lar
r
a
d
iatio
n
.
B
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
6
,
th
is
th
er
m
al
lo
s
s
f
ac
to
r
in
v
o
lv
es
a
r
ad
iatio
n
-
r
elate
d
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
co
e
f
f
icien
t
(
Uc)
o
f
2
9
.
0
W
/m
²K,
wh
ile
th
e
win
d
-
r
elate
d
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
(
Uv
)
is
0
.
0
W
/m
²K/m
/s
.
T
h
ese
co
ef
f
icien
ts
a
r
e
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
p
o
wer
d
r
o
p
d
u
e
to
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
w
h
ich
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
o
v
er
all
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el.
T
h
e
lo
s
s
es
in
th
e
DC
ca
b
les
ar
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
elec
tr
ical
r
esis
tan
ce
in
th
e
ca
b
les
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
th
e
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
les.
W
ith
a
to
tal
ar
r
a
y
r
e
s
is
tan
ce
o
f
3
6
m
Ω
,
th
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
th
at
o
cc
u
r
s
u
n
d
er
STC
is
1
.
5
%.
T
h
e
lo
n
g
er
an
d
s
m
aller
th
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
ca
b
le,
th
e
g
r
ea
te
r
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
th
at
o
cc
u
r
.
M
o
d
u
le
q
u
ali
ty
lo
s
s
es
ar
e
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
im
p
er
f
ec
tio
n
s
in
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
s
,
s
u
ch
as
m
an
u
f
a
ctu
r
in
g
d
e
f
e
cts
o
r
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
b
etwe
en
m
o
d
u
les,
with
lo
s
s
es
r
ea
ch
in
g
-
0
.
8
%.
T
h
ese
lo
s
s
es
ar
e
d
if
f
icu
lt
t
o
av
o
i
d
co
m
p
letely
as th
ey
ar
e
r
elate
d
to
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
q
u
ali
ty
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
les.
Mo
d
u
le
m
is
m
atch
lo
s
s
es
o
cc
u
r
wh
en
th
er
e
a
r
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
in
elec
tr
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
b
etwe
en
m
o
d
u
les
in
a
s
tr
in
g
,
with
lo
s
s
es
r
ea
ch
in
g
2
.
0
%
at
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
i
n
t
(
MPP)
.
T
h
is
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
th
e
to
tal
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
Strin
g
m
is
m
atch
lo
s
s
es,
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
cu
r
r
en
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
tr
in
g
s
,
r
esu
lt
in
a
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
o
f
0
.
1
%.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
im
b
alan
ce
o
n
ea
ch
s
tr
in
g
c
an
af
f
ec
t
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
in
cid
e
n
ce
an
g
le
m
o
d
if
ie
r
(
I
AM
)
lo
s
s
f
ac
to
r
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
th
e
in
cid
en
t
an
g
le
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
th
at
is
n
o
t
p
er
p
en
d
icu
lar
to
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
T
h
e
I
AM
p
r
o
f
ile
u
s
ed
s
h
o
ws
th
at
at
0
°
an
d
2
5
°
in
cid
en
t
an
g
les,
th
e
I
AM
v
alu
e
is
1
.
0
0
0
,
wh
ile
at
4
5
°
in
cid
en
t
an
g
le,
th
e
I
AM
v
alu
e
d
r
o
p
s
to
0
.
9
9
5
,
a
n
d
at
9
0
°
in
cid
e
n
t
a
n
g
le,
th
e
I
AM
v
alu
e
r
ea
ch
es
0
.
0
0
0
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
lar
g
er
th
e
an
g
le
o
f
in
cid
en
ce
,
th
e
s
m
aller
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
b
e
d
b
y
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll,
s
o
th
e
p
o
we
r
g
en
er
ated
is
also
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
T
h
e
lo
s
s
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
d
esig
n
ed
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
lo
s
s
d
iag
r
am
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
g
u
id
e
to
th
e
f
a
cto
r
s
th
at
af
f
ec
t
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
to
tal
g
lo
b
al
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
r
a
d
iatio
n
r
ec
eiv
e
d
is
1
8
3
4
k
W
h
/m
²,
wh
ile
th
e
r
ad
iatio
n
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
y
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
co
llecto
r
s
o
n
an
a
r
ea
o
f
8
0
7
m
²
is
1
6
8
1
k
W
h
/m
².
W
ith
a
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
at
STC o
f
2
1
.
1
0
%,
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
en
er
g
y
t
h
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
u
n
d
er
id
ea
l c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
is
2
8
6
,
2
6
2
k
W
h
.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
lo
s
s
es
af
f
ec
ted
th
e
f
i
n
al
en
er
g
y
y
ield
.
L
o
s
s
es
d
u
e
to
n
o
n
-
o
p
ti
m
al
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
lev
els
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
6
.
2
2
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
.
T
h
er
m
al
lo
s
s
es
d
u
e
to
s
o
lar
p
an
el
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
a
cc
o
u
n
ted
f
o
r
2
.
3
1
%,
wh
ile
lo
s
s
es
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
m
o
d
u
le
q
u
ality
am
o
u
n
te
d
to
0
.
5
8
%.
T
h
e
l
o
s
s
es
d
u
e
to
th
e
m
is
m
atch
b
etwe
en
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
an
d
th
e
s
tr
in
g
,
wh
ic
h
i
n
clu
d
es
th
e
m
is
m
atch
o
f
elec
tr
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
6
.
9
7
%.
Af
ter
ac
c
o
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
th
ese
lo
s
s
es,
th
e
av
ailab
le
en
er
g
y
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
2
5
8
,
6
2
1
k
W
h
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
lo
s
s
es
in
th
e
in
v
er
ter
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
i
n
v
er
ter
e
f
f
icien
cy
wh
ich
is
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
n
o
m
in
al
p
o
wer
,
m
ax
im
u
m
i
n
p
u
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t,
an
d
n
o
m
in
al
p
o
wer
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
,
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
lo
s
s
es
to
2
.
0
2
%.
T
h
ese
lo
s
s
es
also
in
clu
d
e
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
lo
s
s
d
u
e
to
o
h
m
ic
r
esis
tan
ce
in
th
e
ca
b
les,
wh
ich
ca
u
s
es
th
e
a
v
ailab
le
en
er
g
y
at
th
e
in
v
er
ter
o
u
t
p
u
t to
b
e
2
5
1
,
2
1
4
k
W
h
.
T
h
is
en
er
g
y
is
th
en
tr
an
s
m
itted
to
th
e
g
r
i
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Ar
r
ay
lo
s
s
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
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l Sci
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N:
2252
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8
8
1
4
Tech
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p
timiz
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tio
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:
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F
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329
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
L
o
s
s
d
iag
r
am
3.
4
.
M
a
in
re
s
ults
T
h
e
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
p
lan
t
s
y
s
tem
at
th
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Facu
lty
o
f
T
ar
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iy
ah
an
d
Keg
u
r
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R
an
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in
g
s
h
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ws
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ig
n
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ican
t
p
er
f
o
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an
n
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al
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r
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h
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g
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o
r
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4
7
8
k
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h
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W
p
p
e
r
y
ea
r
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wh
ile
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
r
atio
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PR
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o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
r
ea
ch
ed
8
5
.
8
9
%.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
PR
r
ef
lects
th
e
s
y
s
tem
's
o
p
tim
al
ef
f
icien
cy
in
co
n
v
er
tin
g
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
in
to
elec
tr
icity
th
at
is
tr
an
s
m
itted
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
in
itial
in
v
estme
n
t
r
eq
u
i
r
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o
r
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h
e
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n
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o
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th
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o
lar
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y
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tem
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o
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ted
to
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DR
9
7
7
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2
8
0
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7
0
0
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with
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
s
t
o
f
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DR
5
,
7
4
9
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p
.
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ite
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eq
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ir
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g
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ig
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itial
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n
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al
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atin
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t
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o
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4
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6
6
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0
7
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ated
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a
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i
o
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o
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7
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8
y
ea
r
s
,
i
n
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icate
th
at
th
e
s
y
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tem
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o
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o
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tial
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etu
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o
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n
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T
h
e
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s
t
o
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e
n
er
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n
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ated
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r
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m
th
is
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o
lar
p
o
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lan
t
is
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lcu
lated
at
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DR
7
2
5
/k
W
h
,
wh
ich
is
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o
n
o
m
ically
co
m
p
etitiv
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
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n
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en
tio
n
al
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tr
icity
tar
if
f
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
State
E
lectr
icity
C
o
m
p
an
y
(
P
LN
)
.
Mo
n
th
ly
o
p
er
atio
n
al
d
ata
s
h
o
wed
th
at
t
h
e
an
n
u
al
g
lo
b
al
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
r
ea
ch
e
d
1
,
8
3
4
.
4
k
W
h
/m
²,
with
a
d
if
f
u
s
e
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
o
f
8
8
1
.
2
1
k
W
h
/m
².
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
a
m
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
was
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
at
2
7
.
5
0
°C
.
T
h
e
g
lo
b
al
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
at
th
e
co
l
lecto
r
p
lan
e
r
ea
ch
e
d
1
,
7
2
0
.
4
k
W
h
/m
²,
wh
ile
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ir
r
a
d
iatio
n
a
f
ter
c
o
r
r
ec
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
an
g
le
o
f
ar
r
i
v
a
l
an
d
s
h
a
d
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g
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to
r
was
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8
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.
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k
W
h
/m
².
T
h
e
ef
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ec
tiv
e
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er
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y
g
en
e
r
ated
at
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u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
ar
r
a
y
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r
ec
o
r
d
ed
at
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6
,
4
4
4
k
W
h
,
a
n
d
th
e
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er
g
y
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eliv
er
e
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to
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id
r
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ch
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d
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k
W
h
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
o
p
er
atin
g
at
a
h
ig
h
ef
f
ici
en
cy
,
as
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
m
o
n
th
ly
PR
b
etwe
en
8
5
an
d
8
7
%
.
3.
5
.
Co
s
t
o
f
s
y
s
t
em
I
n
a
n
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
at
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
T
a
r
b
iy
ah
a
n
d
Keg
u
r
u
an
UI
N
Ar
-
R
an
ir
y
b
u
i
ld
in
g
,
th
e
to
tal
in
s
tallatio
n
co
s
t
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
r
ea
ch
ed
I
DR
9
7
7
,
2
8
0
,
7
0
0
b
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
is
co
s
t
in
cl
u
d
e
s
v
ar
io
u
s
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
with
L
o
n
g
i
So
la
r
L
R
5
-
6
6
HI
H
-
5
0
0
M
G2
s
o
lar
p
a
n
els
as
th
e
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t,
with
3
4
0
u
n
its
r
eq
u
ir
i
n
g
a
to
tal
co
s
t
o
f
I
DR
1
6
1
,
8
1
1
,
2
0
0
.
I
n
a
d
d
iti
o
n
,
t
h
e
c
o
s
t
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
Su
n
g
r
o
w
SG5
0
-
C
X
in
v
er
ter
s
o
f
wh
ich
3
u
n
its
am
o
u
n
te
d
to
I
DR
5
2
,
4
2
3
,
5
0
0
,
an
d
v
ar
io
u
s
ad
d
itio
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
in
clu
d
in
g
ca
b
les,
co
m
b
i
n
er
b
o
x
es,
as
well
as
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
ad
d
ed
to
t
h
e
to
tal
in
s
tallatio
n
co
s
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
5
:
3
2
2
-
335
330
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
C
o
s
t o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
T
h
e
an
n
u
al
o
p
er
atin
g
co
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
m
a
in
ten
an
ce
,
in
v
e
r
ter
r
ep
lace
m
e
n
t,
r
ep
air
,
clea
n
in
g
,
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
f
u
n
d
s
,
a
m
o
u
n
ts
to
I
DR
1
1
1
,
4
5
4
,
1
0
0
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
an
an
n
u
al
in
f
latio
n
o
f
5
%,
th
e
an
n
u
al
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
t
is
ca
lcu
lated
to
b
e
I
DR
1
8
4
,
2
6
6
,
8
0
7
.
7
6
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
is
p
r
o
jecte
d
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
2
5
1
,
2
1
4
k
W
h
o
f
en
er
g
y
p
er
y
ea
r
.
B
as
ed
o
n
th
e
to
tal
in
s
tallatio
n
co
s
t
an
d
an
n
u
al
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
c
o
s
t,
th
e
lev
eli
ze
d
co
s
t
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
(
L
C
OE
)
o
f
th
is
s
y
s
tem
is
I
DR
7
2
5
.
0
0
p
e
r
k
W
h
.
3.
6
.
F
ina
ncia
l
a
na
l
y
s
is
T
h
e
f
in
a
n
c
ial
an
al
y
s
is
s
u
ch
as
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
s
tated
th
at
th
e
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
in
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
T
a
r
b
iy
ah
an
d
Keg
u
r
u
an
UI
N
Ar
-
R
an
ir
y
b
u
ild
in
g
was
co
n
d
u
cted
with
a
s
i
m
u
latio
n
p
er
i
o
d
o
f
2
0
y
ea
r
s
s
tar
tin
g
in
2
0
2
5
.
T
h
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
p
a
r
am
eter
s
u
s
ed
in
c
lu
d
e
in
f
latio
n
r
ate,
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r
o
d
u
ctio
n
v
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iatio
n
ca
u
s
ed
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y
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y
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ag
i
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g
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d
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n
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r
ate,
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ch
at
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%
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er
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r
.
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h
e
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aly
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is
also
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n
s
id
er
ed
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n
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c
o
m
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o
f
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%,
a
n
ad
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itio
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co
m
e
tax
o
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as we
ll a
s
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iv
id
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n
d
s
o
f
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f
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m
e
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e
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er
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ted
.
Dep
r
ec
iab
le
ass
ets,
in
clu
d
in
g
L
o
n
g
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So
lar
L
R
5
-
6
6
H
I
H
-
5
0
0
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G2
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o
lar
p
a
n
els,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
an
d
Su
n
g
r
o
w
SG5
0
-
C
X
in
v
er
ter
s
,
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
tr
aig
h
t
-
lin
e
d
ep
r
ec
iatio
n
m
et
h
o
d
o
v
e
r
2
0
y
ea
r
s
,
with
an
esti
m
ated
s
alv
ag
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
ze
r
o
.
T
h
e
to
tal
d
ep
r
ec
ia
b
le
ass
et
v
alu
e
r
ea
ch
ed
I
DR
7
2
4
,
4
2
8
,
5
8
0
.
Pr
o
ject
f
in
an
cin
g
in
v
o
lv
es
o
wn
f
u
n
d
s
o
f
I
DR
1
0
0
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
an
d
s
u
b
s
id
ies
o
f
I
DR
3
0
0
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
.
R
ev
en
u
e
f
r
o
m
elec
tr
icity
s
ales
is
s
et
b
ased
o
n
a
f
ee
d
-
in
tar
if
f
o
f
I
DR
1
,
0
0
0
.
0
0
p
er
k
W
h
,
with
a
2
0
-
y
ea
r
tar
if
f
g
u
ar
an
tee
an
d
an
an
n
u
al
tar
if
f
v
a
r
iatio
n
o
f
5
%.
Af
ter
th
e
g
u
ar
an
tee
p
er
io
d
,
th
e
f
eed
-
in
tar
if
f
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
b
y
1
0
%
p
er
y
ea
r
.
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
p
ay
b
ac
k
p
e
r
io
d
f
o
r
th
is
s
y
s
te
m
is
7
.
8
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
e
NPV
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ject
r
ea
ch
ed
I
DR
3
,
8
2
8
,
3
4
3
,
1
1
4
.
5
4
,
with
an
I
R
R
o
f
6
9
.
0
3
%
an
d
a
r
etu
r
n
o
n
in
v
estme
n
t
(
R
OI
)
o
f
5
6
5
.
3
%.
T
o
tal
d
iv
id
en
d
s
p
aid
ar
e
esti
m
ated
at
I
DR
3
,
9
2
9
,
4
3
2
,
2
1
6
.
1
1
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
in
v
est
m
en
t
in
a
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
tec
h
n
ical
b
en
e
f
its
b
u
t
also
o
f
f
e
r
s
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
r
etu
r
n
s
in
th
e
lo
n
g
ter
m
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
f
i
n
an
cial
v
iab
il
ity
o
f
th
is
p
r
o
je
ct.
T
h
e
d
etailed
f
in
an
cial
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
at
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
T
ar
b
iy
ah
a
n
d
Keg
u
r
u
an
UI
N
Ar
-
R
an
ir
y
b
u
ild
i
n
g
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
T
h
e
ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
in
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
y
ea
r
,
d
esp
ite
n
o
r
ev
en
u
e
f
r
o
m
elec
tr
icity
s
ales
an
d
a
n
in
itial
in
v
es
tm
en
t
co
s
t
o
f
I
DR
1
0
0
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
,
th
er
e
w
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
n
et
lo
s
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
o
v
er
tim
e,
r
ev
en
u
e
f
r
o
m
elec
tr
icity
s
ales
in
cr
ea
s
ed
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
,
with
an
n
u
al
n
et
p
r
o
f
it
also
s
ee
in
g
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
in
cr
ea
s
e.
B
y
y
ea
r
2
0
,
a
n
n
u
al
r
ev
en
u
e
r
ea
ch
ed
I
DR
1
,
5
0
4
,
1
2
1
,
4
9
3
with
a
n
et
p
r
o
f
it
o
f
I
DR
1
,
0
4
4
,
5
4
3
,
3
6
8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Tech
n
o
-
ec
o
n
o
mic
a
n
a
lysi
s
a
n
d
o
p
timiz
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tio
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f so
la
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en
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ystems
:
a
ca
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…
(
F
a
h
my
R
i
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a
n
d
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a
p
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tr
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331
T
o
tal
cu
m
u
lativ
e
n
et
p
r
o
f
it
o
v
er
th
e
2
0
-
y
ea
r
p
e
r
io
d
r
ea
ch
e
d
I
DR
7
,
8
5
8
,
8
6
4
,
4
3
2
,
an
d
to
tal
d
iv
id
en
d
s
p
aid
wer
e
I
DR
3
,
9
2
9
,
4
3
2
,
2
1
6
,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
a
n
ac
cu
m
u
lat
ed
n
et
p
r
o
f
it
o
f
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o
f
th
e
in
itial
in
v
estme
n
t
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s
t.
C
u
m
u
lativ
e
o
p
e
r
atin
g
c
o
s
ts
an
d
d
ep
r
ec
iatio
n
r
ea
c
h
e
d
I
DR
3
,
6
8
5
,
3
3
6
,
1
5
5
,
with
t
ax
es
p
aid
r
ea
c
h
in
g
I
DR
1
,
2
5
9
,
0
1
8
,
0
9
2
.
T
h
is
an
al
y
s
is
r
ef
lects
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
in
v
esti
n
g
in
a
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
r
en
ewa
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le
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er
g
y
,
d
eliv
er
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n
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
esu
lts
in
ter
m
s
o
f
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n
et
p
r
o
f
it
an
d
r
etu
r
n
o
n
in
v
estme
n
t.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Fin
an
cial
a
n
aly
s
is
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Fin
an
cial
an
aly
s
is
d
etailed
ec
o
n
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ic
r
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lt (
k
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.