I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
5
,
p
p
.
394
~
4
0
5
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijaas
.
v
14
.
i
2
.
pp
394
-
4
0
5
394
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Energ
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tion o
f
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sp. using
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ticle
his
to
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y:
R
ec
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ed
Oct
2
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2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
Feb
6
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2
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5
Acc
ep
ted
Ap
r
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2
0
2
5
Th
e
in
c
re
a
sin
g
ly
li
m
it
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d
s
u
p
p
ly
o
f
fo
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fu
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q
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b
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fu
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a
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rc
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n
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c
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o
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p
sis
sp
.
is
a
m
icro
a
lg
a
e
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e
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ies
c
o
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tain
i
n
g
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li
p
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ten
t
o
f
b
e
twe
e
n
1
2
a
n
d
5
3
%
,
w
h
ich
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
v
e
rted
to
b
io
f
u
e
l
a
s
a
n
a
lt
e
rn
a
ti
v
e
so
u
rc
e
o
f
fo
ss
il
fu
e
ls
th
ro
u
g
h
a
tran
se
ste
rifi
c
a
ti
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
ss
.
Up
to
t
h
is
d
a
te,
t
h
e
li
tera
tu
re
h
a
s
re
p
o
rted
n
o
stu
d
ies
o
n
b
io
d
ies
e
l
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
fro
m
Na
n
n
o
c
h
l
o
ro
p
sis
sp
.
v
ia
d
i
re
c
t
tran
se
ste
rifi
c
a
ti
o
n
with
c
a
taly
st
u
sin
g
h
y
d
ro
d
y
n
a
m
ic
c
a
v
it
a
ti
o
n
.
Th
e
d
i
re
c
t
tran
se
ste
rifi
c
a
ti
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
ss
in
tro
d
u
c
e
d
7
.
5
g
o
f
m
icro
a
lg
a
e
,
4
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l
o
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m
e
th
a
n
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l
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g
o
f
so
d
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m
h
y
d
ro
x
id
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i
n
to
th
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sa
m
p
le
c
h
a
m
b
e
r.
Th
e
se
m
ix
t
u
re
s
we
re
p
a
ss
e
d
with
in
th
e
c
a
v
it
a
ti
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si
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g
a
p
re
ss
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re
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riv
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a
n
d
t
ra
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rm
e
d
i
n
to
fa
tt
y
a
c
id
m
e
th
y
l
e
ste
r
(
F
AME
).
T
h
e
c
a
taly
ti
c
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
a
m
ic
c
a
v
it
a
ti
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
p
ro
d
u
c
e
s
a
h
ig
h
e
r
e
x
trac
t
y
ield
t
h
a
n
th
e
stirri
n
g
o
n
e
.
Re
g
a
rd
in
g
t
h
e
F
AME
c
o
m
p
o
siti
o
n
,
th
e
c
a
taly
ti
c
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
a
m
ic
c
a
v
it
a
ti
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
is
d
o
m
in
a
ted
b
y
sa
tu
ra
ted
fa
tt
y
a
c
id
(
p
a
lmiti
c
),
wh
il
e
t
h
e
stirr
in
g
c
a
ta
ly
ti
c
m
e
th
o
d
is
d
o
m
in
a
ted
b
y
m
o
n
o
u
n
sa
tu
ra
ted
fa
tt
y
a
c
id
(o
leic
).
T
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
a
m
ic
c
a
v
it
a
ti
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
a
l
o
we
r
a
v
e
ra
g
e
d
e
g
re
e
o
f
u
n
sa
tu
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
sh
o
rter ch
a
i
n
len
g
th
th
a
n
th
e
stirr
i
n
g
c
a
taly
t
ic m
e
th
o
d
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Alter
n
ativ
e
f
u
el
B
io
d
iesel
Dir
ec
t tr
an
s
ester
if
icatio
n
E
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
p
r
o
ce
s
s
Hy
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
R
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ma
r
to
m
o
Sety
awa
n
Ma
s
ter
o
f
C
h
em
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
Stu
d
y
Pr
o
g
r
am
,
Facu
lty
o
f
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Un
iv
er
s
itas
Ah
m
ad
Dah
lan
J
l.
J
en
d
.
Ah
m
ad
Yan
i,
B
an
g
u
n
tap
an
,
B
an
tu
l,
Yo
g
y
ak
ar
ta
5
5
1
6
6
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail: m
ar
to
m
o
@
ch
e.
u
a
d
.
ac
.
i
d
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
r
ap
id
g
r
o
wth
o
f
th
e
g
l
o
b
a
l
p
o
p
u
latio
n
i
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
h
a
s
led
to
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
f
u
el
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
E
v
er
y
n
atio
n
r
e
q
u
ir
e
s
th
e
en
er
g
y
to
p
r
o
s
p
er
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
is
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els
s
u
ch
as
p
etr
o
leu
m
,
co
a
l,
an
d
n
at
u
r
al
g
as.
T
h
e
in
cr
e
asin
g
en
er
g
y
d
em
a
n
d
h
as
r
e
s
u
lted
in
a
g
r
ea
ter
r
elian
ce
o
n
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els.
Fo
s
s
il
f
u
els
s
u
p
p
ly
8
0
%
o
f
t
h
e
wo
r
ld
'
s
en
er
g
y
n
ee
d
s
.
Fo
s
s
il
f
u
els
ar
e
n
o
n
-
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
ei
r
n
atu
r
al
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
f
in
ite
an
d
ar
e
r
ap
i
d
ly
d
ep
leted
d
u
e
to
u
n
c
o
n
tr
o
lled
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
[
4
]
–
[
6
]
.
T
h
at'
s
wh
y
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
f
o
r
alter
n
ativ
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
will
b
e
cr
u
cial
in
th
e
co
m
in
g
y
ea
r
s
[
3
]
.
R
en
ewa
b
le
f
u
els ar
e
an
alter
n
a
tiv
e
to
s
u
b
s
titu
te
lim
ited
p
r
im
a
r
y
f
u
el
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
7
]
.
Ma
n
y
asp
ec
ts
o
f
d
aily
life
d
ep
en
d
o
n
f
u
el,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
o
f
p
eo
p
le
an
d
g
o
o
d
s
.
Ma
s
s
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
es
d
iesel
f
u
el,
b
u
t
a
b
len
d
o
f
b
io
d
iesel
an
d
d
iesel
is
b
ec
o
m
in
g
m
o
r
e
p
r
ev
ale
n
t.
B
io
d
iesel
is
a
r
en
ewa
b
le
f
u
el
th
at
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
lip
id
s
f
o
u
n
d
in
m
icr
o
alg
a
e.
Mic
r
o
alg
a
is
an
alter
n
ativ
e
to
s
witch
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
el
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
Mic
r
o
alg
ae
ar
e
u
n
icellu
la
r
o
r
m
u
lti
-
ce
llu
lar
m
icr
o
o
r
g
an
is
m
s
th
at
liv
e
in
r
e
s
tr
i
cted
aq
u
atic
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
ar
e
m
ajo
r
o
x
y
g
en
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
s
,
th
e
y
ac
co
u
n
t f
o
r
4
0
% o
f
th
e
o
x
y
g
e
n
s
u
p
p
ly
i
n
o
u
r
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
,
an
d
th
eir
ec
o
lo
g
ical
r
o
les ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
[
1
0
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
E
n
erg
y
efficien
t d
ir
ec
t tra
n
s
es
teri
fica
tio
n
o
f Na
n
n
o
ch
lo
r
o
p
s
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s
p
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u
s
in
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yd
r
o
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y
n
a
mic
…
(
Jira
n
N
ir
ma
la
s
a
r
i)
395
Mic
r
o
alg
ae
ar
e
v
er
y
s
im
p
le
p
l
an
ts
th
at
d
o
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
r
o
o
ts
,
s
tem
s
,
an
d
leav
es
b
u
t
h
a
v
e
ch
l
o
r
o
p
h
y
ll
an
d
ca
n
g
r
o
w
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s
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wate
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e
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wate
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Mo
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e
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4
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p
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h
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ate.
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o
alg
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s
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p
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d
s
,
m
ain
ly
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e
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o
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o
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in
s
,
lip
id
s
,
an
d
ca
r
b
o
h
y
d
r
ates
[
1
1
]
.
Sev
er
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m
icr
o
alg
ae
s
p
ec
ies
c
o
u
ld
b
e
u
tili
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d
as
f
ee
d
s
to
ck
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o
r
b
io
d
iesel
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ec
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s
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c
o
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tain
a
s
ig
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ican
t
am
o
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t
o
f
lip
id
s
[
1
2
]
,
o
n
e
o
f
wh
ich
is
th
e
Nan
n
o
ch
lo
r
o
p
s
is
s
p
.
,
wh
o
s
e
lip
id
co
n
ten
t r
an
g
e
s
f
r
o
m
1
2
to
5
3
% o
f
th
e
m
icr
o
al
g
ae
'
s
d
r
y
weig
h
t
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
Mic
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o
alg
ae
lip
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d
s
co
n
tain
tr
ig
ly
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id
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wh
ich
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iesel
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m
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m
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s
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with
1
4
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o
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ato
m
s
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
b
ein
g
r
ich
in
b
i
o
ac
tiv
e
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
,
m
icr
o
alg
ae
o
f
f
e
r
s
ev
er
al
o
th
e
r
b
en
ef
its
th
at
m
a
k
e
th
em
h
ig
h
l
y
v
e
r
s
atile:
i
)
th
ey
g
r
o
w
in
wate
r
,
wh
ich
h
elp
s
co
n
s
er
v
e
lan
d
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
an
d
allev
iates
lan
d
p
r
ess
u
r
e
,
ii
)
m
icr
o
alg
ae
g
r
o
w
an
d
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ce
f
aster
th
an
m
a
n
y
o
th
er
p
lan
ts
an
d
c
an
th
r
iv
e
in
m
o
r
e
ex
tr
em
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
iii
)
in
ag
r
i
cu
ltu
r
e,
th
ey
ca
n
en
h
a
n
ce
s
o
il f
er
tili
ty
b
y
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
n
u
tr
ien
t
cy
clin
g
,
p
o
s
itiv
ely
im
p
ac
tin
g
p
lan
t
g
r
o
wth
,
a
n
d
i
v
)
m
icr
o
alg
ae
also
h
elp
m
itig
ate
g
lo
b
al
war
m
in
g
b
y
ab
s
o
r
b
in
g
ca
r
b
o
n
d
io
x
id
e
d
u
r
in
g
p
h
o
to
s
y
n
th
esis
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
b
e
y
o
n
d
o
il,
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
b
io
-
o
il
f
r
o
m
m
icr
o
al
g
ae
b
io
m
ass
waste
ad
d
s
v
alu
e
as
a
n
en
e
r
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
[
1
6
]
–
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
g
en
e
r
al,
m
icr
o
alg
ae
h
o
ld
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
o
m
is
e
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
g
r
o
wth
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
.
Ma
k
in
g
b
io
d
iesel
f
r
o
m
m
icr
o
alg
ae
in
v
o
lv
es
s
ev
er
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
n
am
ely
cu
ltiv
atio
n
,
h
ar
v
e
s
tin
g
,
lip
id
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
,
a
n
d
tr
an
s
-
ester
if
icatio
n
r
ea
ctio
n
s
;
am
o
n
g
m
an
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
lip
id
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
en
e
r
g
y
-
in
ten
s
iv
e
s
tep
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tep
m
ak
es
b
io
d
iesel
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
r
o
m
m
icr
o
alg
ae
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
u
n
v
ia
b
le.
Var
io
u
s
lip
id
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
en
er
g
y
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
:
m
ec
h
an
ical
s
tirr
in
g
,
s
u
p
er
cr
itical
m
eth
an
o
l,
m
icr
o
wav
e
h
ea
tin
g
,
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
,
an
d
u
ltra
s
o
n
ic
ca
v
i
tatio
n
.
Am
o
n
g
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
,
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
it
atio
n
(
HC
)
is
an
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
th
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
2
0
]
.
Hy
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
b
io
f
u
el
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
wastewate
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
A
f
u
r
th
er
b
en
ef
it
o
f
u
s
in
g
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
th
at
it
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
i
x
two
im
m
is
cib
le
liq
u
id
s
with
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
v
is
co
s
ity
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
[
2
3
]
.
Hy
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
lu
id
f
lo
win
g
p
ast
a
r
estrict
io
n
,
ex
p
an
d
i
n
g
,
an
d
th
e
n
b
u
r
s
tin
g
o
f
ca
v
ities
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
lip
id
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
p
r
o
c
ess
with
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
en
er
g
y
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
s
o
th
at
th
ey
ar
e
lo
wer
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
T
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
e
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
th
e
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
an
d
tr
an
s
ester
if
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
o
f
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
ar
e
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
i
n
o
n
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
(
in
-
s
itu
/d
ir
ec
t
tr
a
n
s
ester
if
icatio
n
)
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
tr
a
n
s
ester
if
icatio
n
ca
n
b
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
with
o
r
with
o
u
t
a
ca
taly
s
t
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
ester
if
icatio
n
r
ea
ctio
n
u
s
es
a
c
ataly
s
t
to
s
p
ee
d
u
p
th
e
r
ea
ctio
n
b
y
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
th
e
a
ctiv
atio
n
en
er
g
y
[
2
8
]
.
C
ataly
ze
d
in
-
s
itu
tr
an
s
ester
if
icatio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
in
v
esti
g
ated
b
y
s
ev
er
al
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
.
I
n
-
s
itu
tr
an
s
ester
if
icatio
n
with
C
aO/Hy
d
r
o
talcite
ca
taly
s
t
o
n
N
an
n
o
ch
l
o
r
o
p
s
is
s
p
.
Usi
n
g
th
e
m
icr
o
wav
e
-
ass
is
ted
m
eth
o
d
with
a
b
i
o
m
ass
an
d
m
eth
an
o
l
r
atio
o
f
1
:1
0
,
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
a
y
ield
o
f
1
7
.
8
%
[
2
9
]
.
I
n
-
s
itu
tr
an
s
ester
if
icatio
n
with
H
2
SO
4
ca
taly
s
t
o
n
C
h
lo
r
ella
s
p
.
Usi
n
g
a
b
atch
r
ea
ct
o
r
with
a
m
eth
a
n
o
l
an
d
b
i
o
m
ass
r
atio
o
f
3
:
1
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
a
y
ield
o
f
9
6
%
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
is
s
till
litt
le
r
esear
ch
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
b
io
d
iesel
v
ia
d
ir
ec
t
tr
an
s
ester
if
icatio
n
b
ased
o
n
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
a
m
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
with
o
u
t
a
c
ataly
s
t.
So
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
n
ew
m
eth
o
d
o
f
ca
taly
tic
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
i
n
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
tr
an
s
ester
if
icatio
n
o
f
Nan
n
o
c
h
lo
r
o
p
s
is
s
p
.
m
icr
o
a
lg
ae
b
ased
o
n
th
e
b
io
d
iesel
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
r
ea
ctio
n
r
ate
an
d
its
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
,
b
y
co
m
p
a
r
in
g
it with
th
e
ca
tal
y
tic
s
tirr
in
g
(
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
s
tirr
in
g
)
m
eth
o
d
.
2.
M
AT
E
R
I
AL
A
ND
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
M
a
t
er
ia
l
As
r
ec
eiv
ed
d
r
y
Nan
n
o
ch
lo
r
o
p
s
is
s
p
.
m
icr
o
alg
ae
in
p
o
w
d
er
f
o
r
m
with
a
lip
id
c
o
n
ten
t
o
f
1
6
%
g
/g
d
r
y
weig
h
t.
I
t
was
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
B
r
ac
k
is
h
W
ater
C
u
lt
iv
atio
n
C
en
ter
Sit
u
b
o
n
d
o
,
E
a
s
t
J
av
a,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
N
-
h
ex
an
e
tech
n
ical
g
r
a
d
e
(
d
e
n
s
ity
0
.
6
6
k
g
/cc
an
d
n
o
r
m
al
b
o
ilin
g
p
o
in
t
=
6
8
°
C
)
.
Me
th
a
n
o
l
tech
n
ical
g
r
ad
e
(
d
en
s
ity
0
.
7
9
1
k
g
/cc
a
n
d
n
o
r
m
al
b
o
ilin
g
p
o
in
t
=6
4
.
7
°
C
)
a
n
d
s
o
d
iu
m
h
y
d
r
o
x
i
d
e
(
NaO
H)
o
f
an
al
y
tical
g
r
a
d
e
wer
e
p
r
o
c
u
r
ed
f
r
o
m
C
V
Gen
er
a
L
ab
o
r
a.
All
ch
em
icals
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
with
o
u
t
an
y
f
u
r
th
er
tr
ea
tm
en
t
o
r
p
u
r
if
icatio
n
.
2
.
2
.
B
io
dies
el
pro
du
ct
io
n f
ro
m
ca
t
a
ly
t
ic
direct
t
ra
ns
este
rif
ica
t
io
n pro
ce
s
s
es us
ing
s
t
i
rr
ing
m
et
ho
d
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
d
ir
ec
t
tr
an
s
ester
if
icatio
n
o
f
7
.
5
g
o
f
d
r
y
m
icr
o
alg
ae
with
a
s
o
lv
en
t
m
ix
tu
r
e
o
f
4
0
m
l
m
eth
an
o
l
,
9
0
m
l
n
-
h
ex
a
n
e,
an
d
0
.
0
1
5
g
N
aOH
in
an
E
r
len
m
ey
er
with
v
ar
y
in
g
tim
es
o
f
3
0
,
6
0
,
9
0
,
an
d
1
2
0
m
in
u
tes
.
Af
ter
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
t
r
an
s
ester
if
icatio
n
,
t
h
e
liq
u
id
a
n
d
th
e
s
o
lid
wer
e
s
ep
ar
ated
b
y
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
an
d
ce
n
t
r
if
u
g
atio
n
.
C
en
tr
if
u
g
atio
n
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
at
2
,
0
0
0
r
p
m
f
o
r
5
m
in
u
te
s
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
all
th
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
icr
o
alg
ae
ar
e
tak
e
n
,
t
h
e
m
ic
r
o
alg
ae
s
o
lid
s
ar
e
wash
e
d
u
s
in
g
m
et
h
an
o
l
an
d
n
-
h
ex
an
e,
an
d
th
e
wash
in
g
r
esu
lt
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
ce
n
tr
if
u
g
atio
n
r
esu
lt
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
T
h
e
liq
u
id
p
h
ase
o
b
tain
ed
was sep
ar
ated
b
y
s
o
l
v
en
t e
v
ap
o
r
atio
n
at
6
8
°C
u
n
ti
l a
co
n
s
tan
t w
eig
h
t r
esu
lt wa
s
o
b
tain
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
5
:
3
9
4
-
405
396
2
.
3
.
B
io
dies
el
pro
du
ct
io
n f
ro
m
ca
t
a
ly
t
ic
direct
t
ra
ns
este
rif
ica
t
io
n pro
ce
s
s
us
ing
hy
dr
o
dy
na
m
ic
ca
v
it
a
t
i
o
n m
et
ho
d
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
a
n
ex
tr
ac
t
o
r
r
ea
cto
r
with
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
it
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
ea
cto
r
was p
air
ed
with
a
co
m
p
r
ess
ed
air
s
y
s
tem
to
f
lo
w
th
e
s
am
p
le
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
ca
v
itatio
n
g
en
er
ato
r
.
T
h
e
d
ir
ec
t
tr
an
s
ester
if
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
wa
s
co
n
d
u
cte
d
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y
in
tr
o
d
u
ci
n
g
7
.
5
g
o
f
m
icr
o
alg
ae
,
4
0
m
l
o
f
m
eth
an
o
l,
9
0
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l
o
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ex
an
e,
a
n
d
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.
0
1
5
g
NaO
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in
to
th
e
s
am
p
le
ch
am
b
e
r
.
T
h
e
m
ix
tu
r
e
was
th
e
n
p
u
t
in
to
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e
ca
v
itatio
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s
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g
a
p
r
ess
u
r
e
d
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iv
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with
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ar
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n
g
r
ep
etitio
n
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o
f
1
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2
,
3
,
an
d
4
tim
es.
E
ac
h
r
ep
etitio
n
ass
u
m
es
th
at
th
e
ca
v
itatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
tim
e
is
1
m
in
u
te.
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h
e
liq
u
id
(
ex
tr
ac
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an
d
th
e
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o
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p
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ase
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o
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m
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
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ess
wer
e
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ep
ar
ated
u
s
in
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ce
n
tr
if
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g
atio
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at
2
,
0
0
0
r
p
m
f
o
r
5
m
in
u
te
s
.
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o
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
e
co
m
p
lete
ex
tr
ac
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f
r
o
m
th
e
m
icr
o
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ae
,
th
e
m
icr
o
alg
ae
d
e
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r
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s
in
g
m
eth
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o
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d
n
-
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a
n
e
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an
d
t
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en
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e
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g
s
o
lu
tio
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ed
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o
th
e
ex
tr
ac
t.
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h
e
liq
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ase
(
ex
tr
ac
t)
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e
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was
s
ep
ar
ated
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y
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ap
o
r
atin
g
th
e
s
o
lv
e
n
t
at
a
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
f
68
°C
u
n
til a
co
n
s
tan
t w
eig
h
t
was o
b
tain
ed
.
An
im
a
g
e
o
f
th
e
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t is illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
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u
r
e
1
.
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q
u
ip
m
e
n
t set u
p
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
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v
itatio
n
p
r
o
c
ess
2
.
4
.
B
io
dies
el
a
na
ly
s
is
G
a
s
c
h
r
o
m
a
t
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
-
m
a
s
s
s
p
e
c
t
r
o
m
e
t
r
y
(
GC
-
MS
)
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
w
a
s
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
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n
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m
i
c
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l
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o
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p
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i
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f
t
h
e
b
i
o
d
i
e
s
e
l
.
G
C
-
M
S
(
Q
P
2
0
1
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E
,
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h
i
m
a
d
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u
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i
t
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a
n
R
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%
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i
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-
9
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m
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t
h
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l
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x
a
n
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s
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o
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d
)
a
n
d
q
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a
d
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a
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r
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t
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n
i
m
p
a
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m
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o
f
7
0
e
V
w
a
s
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
t
h
i
s
a
n
a
l
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s
i
s
.
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h
e
m
S
t
a
t
i
o
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o
f
t
w
a
r
e
w
a
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s
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d
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o
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e
c
e
i
v
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n
d
p
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a
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a
.
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i
f
y
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n
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d
a
t
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b
a
s
e
[
3
1
]
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Yield c
o
m
po
s
it
io
n a
na
ly
s
is
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
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e
GC
-
M
S
ch
r
o
m
ato
g
r
am
o
f
th
e
ex
t
r
ac
ted
lip
id
f
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m
Nan
n
o
ch
l
o
r
o
p
s
is
s
p
.
m
icr
o
alg
ae
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ca
taly
tic
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
i
tatio
n
m
eth
o
d
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
at
r
ea
ctio
n
tim
es
o
f
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
:
1
.
Co
m
p
re
ss
o
r
2
.
M
a
n
o
m
e
ter
3
.
S
a
m
p
le ch
a
m
b
e
r
4
.
He
a
ter
5
.
T
h
e
rm
o
m
e
ter
6
.
Air
stirrer
7
.
Ve
n
t
u
ri
8
.
Ra
w p
r
o
d
u
c
t
c
h
a
m
b
e
r
9
.
S
e
d
ime
n
tato
r
1
0
.
S
e
d
ime
n
tat
o
r
1
1
.
Dist
il
lato
r
k1
-
k
3
:
v
a
lv
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
E
n
erg
y
efficien
t d
ir
ec
t tra
n
s
es
teri
fica
tio
n
o
f Na
n
n
o
ch
lo
r
o
p
s
is
s
p
.
u
s
in
g
h
yd
r
o
d
y
n
a
mic
…
(
Jira
n
N
ir
ma
la
s
a
r
i)
397
1
m
in
u
te
(
Fig
u
r
e
2
(a
)
)
,
2
m
in
u
tes
(
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
)
,
3
m
in
u
tes
(
Fig
u
r
e
2
(c
)
)
,
a
n
d
4
m
in
u
tes
(
Fig
u
r
e
2
(d
)
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
at
m
o
s
t
ex
tr
ac
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
h
av
e
alm
o
s
t
th
e
s
am
e
ch
r
o
m
ato
g
r
am
p
l
o
ts
an
d
ar
e
i
n
th
e
r
eten
tio
n
tim
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
2
0
-
2
7
m
in
u
tes
f
o
r
all
tim
e
v
a
r
iab
le
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
r
e
v
ea
ls
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
h
ex
ad
ec
a
n
o
ic
ac
id
,
2
-
h
y
d
r
o
x
y
-
1
,
an
d
3
-
p
r
o
p
an
ed
iy
l
ester
(
d
ig
ly
c
er
id
e)
as
t
h
e
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
t
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t.
Stear
ic
an
d
p
alm
itic
ac
id
s
ar
e
th
e
p
r
e
d
o
m
in
a
n
t
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
am
o
n
g
th
e
f
atty
ac
id
s
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
m
et
h
y
l
1
0
-
o
ctad
ec
an
o
ate
is
th
e
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
f
atty
ac
id
m
eth
y
l
ester
.
Me
a
n
wh
ile,
th
e
s
tirr
in
g
tr
an
s
-
ester
if
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
with
o
u
t
ca
v
itatio
n
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
a
m
ics
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
m
ec
h
an
ical
s
tirr
er
elec
tr
icity
u
s
in
g
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
tim
e
as
th
e
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
h
r
o
m
ato
g
r
am
s
o
f
t
h
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
lip
i
d
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
at
r
ea
ctio
n
tim
es o
f
(
a)
1
m
in
u
te
,
(
b
)
2
m
in
u
tes
,
(
c)
3
m
in
u
tes
,
a
n
d
(
d
)
4
m
i
n
u
tes
u
s
in
g
th
e
ca
taly
tic
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
m
eth
o
d
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
GC
-
M
S
ch
r
o
m
ato
g
r
am
o
f
th
e
ex
t
r
ac
ted
lip
id
f
r
o
m
Nan
n
o
ch
l
o
r
o
p
s
is
s
p
.
m
icr
o
alg
ae
ex
tr
ac
ts
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
tirr
in
g
m
eth
o
d
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
r
ea
ctio
n
tim
es
o
f
3
0
m
in
u
tes
(
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a)
)
,
6
0
m
in
u
tes
(
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
)
,
9
0
m
in
u
tes
(
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
c)
)
,
an
d
1
2
0
m
i
n
u
tes
(
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
d
)
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
at
m
o
s
t
ex
tr
ac
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
h
av
e
alm
o
s
t
th
e
s
am
e
ch
r
o
m
ato
g
r
am
p
l
o
ts
an
d
ar
e
i
n
th
e
r
eten
tio
n
tim
es
r
an
g
in
g
b
etwe
en
2
0
an
d
2
7
m
in
u
tes
f
o
r
a
ll
tim
e
v
ar
iab
les.
I
t
is
n
o
ted
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
3
th
at
s
ev
er
al
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
s
ap
p
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r
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
am
o
u
n
ts
,
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am
ely
m
eth
y
l
p
alm
itate
a
n
d
m
eth
y
l
1
0
-
o
ctad
ec
an
o
ic
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
eth
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l e
s
ter
g
r
o
u
p
as we
ll
as p
alm
itic a
cid
,
o
leic
ac
id
,
s
t
ea
r
ic
ac
id
,
an
d
h
y
p
o
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e
n
ic
ac
id
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
atty
ac
id
g
r
o
u
p
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
5
:
3
9
4
-
405
398
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
h
r
o
m
ato
g
r
am
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
lip
i
d
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t r
ea
ctio
n
tim
es o
f
(
a)
30
m
in
u
tes
,
(
b
)
60
m
in
u
tes
,
(
c)
90
m
in
u
tes
,
an
d
(
d
)
1
2
0
m
i
n
u
tes u
s
in
g
th
e
s
tirr
in
g
m
eth
o
d
3
.
2
.
Co
m
pa
riso
n o
f
direct
t
r
a
ns
este
rif
ica
t
io
n t
im
e
Dir
ec
t
tr
an
s
ester
if
icatio
n
in
clu
d
es
two
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
n
am
ely
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
an
d
tr
an
s
ester
if
icatio
n
r
ea
ctio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
y
ield
ca
n
b
e
d
e
ter
m
in
ed
b
y
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
to
t
al
weig
h
t
o
f
th
e
lip
i
d
an
d
b
io
d
iesel
m
ix
tu
r
e
tak
e
n
f
r
o
m
d
r
ied
m
icr
o
alg
ae
,
wh
ile
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
t
r
an
s
ester
if
i
ca
tio
n
r
ea
ctio
n
wer
e
id
e
n
tifie
d
b
y
a
n
aly
s
is
u
s
in
g
GC
-
MS.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
i
r
ec
t
tr
an
s
ester
if
icatio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
tim
e
to
o
b
tain
eq
u
iv
alen
t
y
ield
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ef
f
e
ct
o
f
tim
e
o
n
e
x
tr
ac
t
y
ield
u
s
in
g
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
tim
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
e
y
ield
o
f
ex
tr
ac
t
o
b
tain
ed
.
T
h
e
lo
n
g
er
th
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
tim
e,
th
e
m
o
r
e
y
ield
will
b
e
o
b
tain
e
d
,
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
y
ield
o
f
1
1
.
7
3
%
at
4
m
in
u
tes
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
r
ea
ctio
n
tim
e
o
n
th
e
y
ield
o
f
ex
tr
ac
t
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
s
tirr
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
I
t
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
lo
n
g
e
r
th
e
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
t
im
e,
th
e
m
o
r
e
y
ield
it
will
g
et,
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
y
ield
at
1
2
0
m
in
u
tes
at
1
0
.
6
0
%.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
lo
n
g
er
t
h
e
tim
e,
th
e
g
r
ea
te
r
th
e
c
h
an
ce
f
o
r
co
llis
io
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
r
ea
cta
n
t
m
o
lecu
les,
th
u
s
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
p
r
o
d
u
c
ed
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
tr
an
s
ester
if
icatio
n
r
ea
ctio
n
is
r
ev
er
s
ib
le,
th
er
e
is
an
o
p
tim
u
m
tim
e
at
wh
ich
th
e
h
ig
h
est
y
ield
is
ac
h
iev
ed
[
3
4
]
–
[
3
7
]
.
E
f
a
v
i
et
a
l.
[
3
8
]
i
n
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
tim
e
o
n
th
e
y
ield
an
d
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
C
itru
llu
s
v
u
lg
ar
is
s
ee
d
s
,
with
v
ar
y
i
n
g
tim
es o
f
9
0
,
1
2
0
,
an
d
1
5
0
,
r
esu
ltin
g
i
n
a
n
o
p
tim
u
m
ex
t
r
ac
tio
n
tim
e
o
f
1
2
0
m
in
u
tes
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
Fig
u
r
es
4
(
a
)
an
d
4
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
s
in
g
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
is
m
u
ch
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
th
an
th
e
s
tirr
in
g
m
eth
o
d
,
a
n
d
it n
ee
d
s
th
e
lo
we
s
t e
n
er
g
y
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
[
3
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
E
n
erg
y
efficien
t d
ir
ec
t tra
n
s
es
teri
fica
tio
n
o
f Na
n
n
o
ch
lo
r
o
p
s
is
s
p
.
u
s
in
g
h
yd
r
o
d
y
n
a
mic
…
(
Jira
n
N
ir
ma
la
s
a
r
i)
399
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
ex
t
r
ac
tio
n
tim
e
o
n
th
e
y
ield
o
f
th
e
ex
t
r
ac
ted
lip
id
o
f
Nan
n
o
ch
lo
r
o
p
s
is
s
p
.
m
icr
o
alg
ae
of
(
a)
ca
taly
tic
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
m
eth
o
d
an
d
(
b
)
ca
taly
tic
s
tirr
in
g
m
eth
o
d
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
e
x
tr
ac
ted
lip
id
o
f
Nan
n
o
ch
l
o
r
o
p
s
is
s
p
.
m
icr
o
alg
a
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
ca
taly
tic
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
m
eth
o
d
an
d
th
e
s
tirr
in
g
m
eth
o
d
.
E
x
t
r
ac
t
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
f
r
o
m
Nan
n
o
ch
lo
r
o
p
s
is
s
p
.
m
icr
o
alg
ae
ca
n
b
e
s
ep
ar
ated
in
to
th
r
ee
ca
teg
o
r
ie
s
:
f
atty
ac
id
m
eth
y
l
ester
(
FAME
)
,
n
o
n
-
ester
if
ied
f
atty
ac
i
d
(
NE
FA)
,
an
d
g
ly
ce
r
id
e.
I
t
is
n
o
ted
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a)
th
at
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
FAME
an
d
g
ly
ce
r
id
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
as
tim
e
in
cr
ea
s
es.
I
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
ti
m
e
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
NE
FA
in
th
e
m
icr
o
alg
ae
e
x
tr
ac
t.
T
h
e
d
ec
r
e
ase
in
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
g
ly
ce
r
id
e
(
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
tr
ig
ly
ce
r
id
e,
d
i
g
ly
ce
r
id
e,
an
d
m
o
n
o
g
l
y
ce
r
id
e)
i
n
d
icate
s
a
tr
an
s
ester
if
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
at
co
n
v
er
ts
g
ly
ce
r
i
d
e
in
to
FA
ME
an
d
g
ly
ce
r
o
l.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
NE
FA
co
n
ten
t
as
tim
e
in
cr
ea
s
es
m
ay
o
cc
u
r
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
r
ee
f
atty
ac
id
(
FF
A)
co
n
ten
t
in
m
icr
o
alg
ae
o
r
t
h
e
g
ly
ce
r
id
e
h
y
d
r
o
ly
s
is
r
ea
ctio
n
th
at
co
n
v
er
ts
g
ly
ce
r
id
e
to
f
att
y
ac
id
an
d
g
ly
ce
r
o
l.
L
af
o
n
t
et
a
l
.
[
40]
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
t
r
ig
ly
ce
r
id
es
h
y
d
r
o
ly
s
is
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
f
atty
a
cid
s
f
r
o
m
m
ilk
as
p
r
ec
u
r
s
o
r
s
to
f
o
r
m
d
ee
p
e
u
te
ctic
s
o
lv
en
ts
.
Fro
m
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
in
cr
e
asin
g
th
e
r
ea
ctio
n
(
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
)
tim
e
f
r
o
m
3
0
to
1
2
0
m
in
u
tes
ca
u
s
es
a
d
ec
r
e
ase
in
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
NE
FA
an
d
g
ly
ce
r
id
e,
w
h
ile
FAME
f
lu
ctu
ates
with
th
e
o
p
tim
u
m
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
at
9
0
m
in
u
tes.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
Fig
u
r
es
5
(
a
)
an
d
5
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
a
h
ig
h
er
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
FAME
an
d
a
lo
wer
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
o
f
g
ly
ce
r
id
e.
T
h
is
illu
s
tr
ates
th
at
t
h
e
s
tirr
in
g
ca
taly
tic
m
eth
o
d
with
a
lo
n
g
er
tim
e
s
h
o
ws
a
m
o
r
e
ex
ce
llen
t
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
g
ly
ce
r
id
e
to
FAM
E
th
an
th
e
ca
taly
tic
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
m
et
h
o
d
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
tim
e
h
as
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
th
e
tr
an
s
ester
if
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
f
we
lo
o
k
at
t
h
e
p
er
c
en
tag
e
o
f
NE
FA,
t
h
e
s
tirr
in
g
ca
taly
tic
m
eth
o
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
h
ig
h
er
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
NE
FA,
b
u
t
th
e
lo
n
g
e
r
th
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
tim
e,
t
h
e
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
NE
FA
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
t
h
e
ca
taly
tic
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
m
eth
o
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
NE
FA
in
cr
ea
s
es
with
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
ti
m
e.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
ca
taly
tic
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
m
eth
o
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
m
o
r
e
g
ly
ce
r
id
es th
an
t
h
e
s
tirr
in
g
ca
t
aly
tic
m
eth
o
d
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
ex
tr
ac
ted
lip
id
f
r
o
m
Nan
n
o
ch
l
o
r
o
p
s
is
s
p
.
m
icr
o
alg
ae
of
(
a)
c
ataly
tic
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
m
eth
o
d
an
d
(
b
)
ca
taly
tic
s
tirr
in
g
m
eth
o
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
5
:
3
9
4
-
405
400
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
g
ly
ce
r
id
e
o
f
Na
n
n
o
c
h
lo
r
o
p
s
is
s
p
.
m
icr
o
alg
ae
e
x
tr
ac
t.
Gly
ce
r
id
es
ca
n
b
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
m
o
n
o
g
ly
ce
r
id
es,
d
ig
ly
ce
r
id
es,
an
d
t
r
ig
ly
ce
r
id
es.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
at
tr
ig
ly
ce
r
id
e
d
o
es
n
o
t
ap
p
ea
r
in
th
e
s
tirr
in
g
ca
taly
tic
m
eth
o
d
(
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
)
,
lik
ewise,
d
ig
ly
ce
r
id
e
ap
p
ea
r
s
in
th
e
s
tirr
in
g
ca
taly
tic
m
eth
o
d
i
n
lo
wer
a
m
o
u
n
ts
th
a
n
in
th
e
ca
taly
tic
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
a
m
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
m
eth
o
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a
)
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
ca
taly
tic
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
m
eth
o
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
h
ig
h
er
d
ig
ly
ce
r
id
e
(
1
9
.
8
-
3
0
.
6
5
)
an
d
lo
wer
m
o
n
o
g
l
y
ce
r
id
e
t
h
an
t
h
e
s
tirr
in
g
ca
taly
tic
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
is
in
d
ic
ates
th
at
tim
e
h
as
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
o
f
tr
ig
ly
ce
r
id
es
in
to
FAME
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
g
l
y
ce
r
id
e
o
f
ex
tr
ac
ted
li
p
id
o
f
(
a
)
ca
taly
tic
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
it
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
an
d
(
b
)
ca
taly
tic
s
tirr
in
g
m
eth
o
d
3
.
3
.
F
a
t
t
y
a
cid m
e
t
hy
l e
s
t
er
dis
t
rib
utio
n
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
FAME
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
e
x
tr
ac
ted
lip
id
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tirr
in
g
m
eth
o
d
.
T
ab
l
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
FAME
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
b
io
d
iesel
f
r
o
m
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
m
eth
o
d
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
T
ab
les
1
an
d
2
th
at
ester
if
icatio
n
o
f
Na
n
n
o
ch
l
o
r
o
p
s
is
s
p
.
m
icr
o
alg
ae
v
ia
s
tirr
in
g
an
d
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
f
atty
ac
id
m
eth
y
l
ester
with
c
h
ain
len
g
th
C
1
0
-
C
2
0
.
C
o
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
th
e
ch
ain
len
g
th
,
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
t
FAME
in
th
e
s
tirr
in
g
m
eth
o
d
is
C
1
6
:0
an
d
C
1
8
:1
,
wh
ile
in
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itati
on
m
eth
o
d
,
a
r
e
C
1
2
:0
,
C
1
6
:0
,
a
n
d
C
2
0
:0
f
o
r
th
e
tim
e
o
f
1
m
i
n
u
te
,
C
1
2
:0
an
d
C
1
6
:0
f
o
r
th
e
tim
e
o
f
2
m
in
u
tes
,
an
d
C
1
6
:0
f
o
r
th
e
tim
e
o
f
3
an
d
4
m
i
n
u
tes
.
Of
th
ese
FAME
,
C
1
8
:1
(
m
eth
y
l
o
leate
)
is
d
o
m
i
n
an
t
in
th
e
s
tirr
in
g
m
eth
o
d
,
wh
ile
C
1
6
:0
(
m
eth
y
l
p
alm
itate)
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
t
in
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
m
eth
o
d
.
Oleic
is
a
m
o
n
o
u
n
s
atu
r
ated
f
a
tty
ac
id
b
en
ef
icial
to
o
x
id
atio
n
s
tab
ilit
y
,
wh
ile
p
alm
itic
is
a
s
atu
r
ated
f
atty
ac
id
n
o
t
ad
v
is
ed
f
o
r
u
s
e
as
f
u
el
i
n
co
ld
clim
ates
[
4
1
]
.
T
a
b
les
1
an
d
2
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
C
1
6
:0
(
m
eth
y
l
p
alm
itate)
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
b
o
th
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
T
ab
les
1
an
d
2
also
s
h
o
w
th
a
t
C
1
8
:3
(
m
eth
y
l
lin
o
leate
)
ap
p
ea
r
s
in
th
e
s
tirr
in
g
m
eth
o
d
an
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
ap
p
ea
r
in
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
m
eth
o
d
.
B
ased
o
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
E
N
1
4
2
1
4
2
2
,
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
allo
wab
le
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
C
1
8
:3
(
m
eth
y
l
lin
o
len
ate)
is
1
2
%
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
m
eth
y
l
lin
o
leate
co
n
ten
t
in
cr
ea
s
es u
n
s
atu
r
atio
n
,
lead
in
g
to
p
o
o
r
o
x
id
ativ
e
s
tab
ilit
y
[
4
3
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
FAME
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
lip
i
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
m
eth
o
d
M
e
t
h
y
l
e
s
t
e
r
M
o
l
e
c
u
l
a
r
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
M
o
l
e
c
u
l
a
r
w
e
i
g
h
t
M
o
l
e
c
u
l
a
r
f
o
r
mu
l
a
Ex
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
t
i
me
(
m
i
n
u
t
e
s
)
1
2
3
4
La
u
r
a
t
e
1
2
:
0
2
1
4
C
13
H
26
O
2
4
.
9
2
1
.
9
5
-
-
M
y
r
i
st
a
t
e
1
4
:
0
2
4
2
C
15
H
30
O
2
1
.
9
2
1
.
2
0
-
0
.
6
8
P
a
l
mi
t
a
t
e
1
6
:
0
2
7
0
C
17
H
34
O
2
2
.
1
4
1
.
8
0
1
.
5
4
3
.
6
8
O
l
e
a
t
e
1
8
:
1
2
9
6
C
19
H
36
O
2
0
.
7
2
-
0
.
6
3
-
Li
n
o
l
e
n
a
t
e
1
8
:
3
2
9
2
C
19
H
32
O
2
-
-
-
-
S
t
e
a
r
a
t
e
1
8
:
0
2
9
8
C
19
H
3
8
O
2
-
0
.
9
7
-
1
.
3
9
A
r
a
c
h
a
t
e
2
0
:
0
3
2
6
C
21
H
42
O
2
2
.
9
6
-
-
-
1
2
.
6
6
5
.
9
2
2
.
1
7
5
.
7
5
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
E
n
erg
y
efficien
t d
ir
ec
t tra
n
s
es
teri
fica
tio
n
o
f Na
n
n
o
ch
lo
r
o
p
s
is
s
p
.
u
s
in
g
h
yd
r
o
d
y
n
a
mic
…
(
Jira
n
N
ir
ma
la
s
a
r
i)
401
T
ab
le
2
.
FAME
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
lip
i
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
t
ir
r
in
g
m
eth
o
d
M
e
t
h
y
l
e
s
t
e
r
M
o
l
e
c
u
l
a
r
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
M
o
l
e
c
u
l
a
r
w
e
i
g
h
t
M
o
l
e
c
u
l
a
r
f
o
r
mu
l
a
Ex
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
t
i
me
(
m
i
n
u
t
e
s
)
30
60
90
1
2
0
La
u
r
a
t
e
1
2
:
0
2
1
4
C
13
H
26
O
2
0
.
3
6
-
-
-
M
y
r
i
st
a
t
e
1
4
:
0
2
4
2
C
15
H
30
O
2
1
.
5
0
0
.
3
9
-
-
P
a
l
mi
t
a
t
e
1
6
:
0
2
7
0
C
17
H
34
O
2
1
2
.
4
1
9
.
5
7
9
.
3
0
6
.
6
2
O
l
e
a
t
e
1
8
:
1
2
9
6
C
19
H
36
O
2
1
4
.
3
4
9
.
7
6
9
.
4
2
9
.
1
0
Li
n
o
l
e
n
a
t
e
1
8
:
3
2
9
2
C
19
H
32
O
2
3
.
4
1
3
.
9
4
1
6
.
4
3
-
S
t
e
a
r
a
t
e
1
8
:
0
2
9
8
C
19
H
38
O
2
2
.
6
3
1
.
6
8
1
.
7
5
-
A
r
a
c
h
a
t
e
2
0
:
0
3
2
6
C
21
H
42
O
2
0
.
9
5
0
.
9
2
1
.
0
5
1
.
1
2
No
tab
ly
,
th
e
FAME
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
ese
two
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
d
if
f
e
r
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
u
s
ef
u
l
t
o
c
r
ea
te
h
is
to
g
r
a
m
s
th
at
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
FAME
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
ese
two
m
eth
o
d
s
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
ch
ain
len
g
th
an
d
th
e
d
e
g
r
ee
o
f
u
n
s
atu
r
atio
n
,
s
in
ce
th
ese
two
h
av
e
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
b
io
d
iesel,
s
u
ch
as
s
ap
o
n
if
icati
o
n
n
u
m
b
er
(
SN)
,
io
d
in
e
v
alu
e
(
I
V)
,
ce
tan
e
n
u
m
b
er
(
C
N)
,
an
d
h
ig
h
er
h
ea
ti
n
g
v
alu
e
(
HHV)
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
FAME
ca
n
b
e
s
ep
ar
ated
in
to
t
h
r
ee
g
r
o
u
p
s
s
h
o
r
t
-
c
h
ain
FA
ME
f
r
o
m
C
1
0
-
C
1
4
,
m
ed
iu
m
-
ch
ai
n
FAME
f
r
o
m
C
1
6
-
C
1
8
,
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ch
ain
FAME
h
ig
h
e
r
th
an
C
1
8
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
as
t,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
u
n
s
atu
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
f
atty
ac
id
th
at
co
m
p
o
s
es
th
e
e
s
ter
,
FAME
ca
n
b
e
s
ep
ar
ated
in
to
th
r
ee
g
r
o
u
p
s
:
s
atu
r
ated
f
atty
ac
id
(
SF
A)
,
m
o
n
o
u
n
s
atu
r
ated
f
atty
ac
id
(
MU
FA)
,
an
d
p
o
ly
u
n
s
atu
r
ated
f
atty
ac
id
(
PUFA).
Usi
n
g
T
ab
les 1
an
d
2
,
th
e
h
is
to
g
r
am
s
in
Fig
u
r
es 7
an
d
8
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
Fig
u
r
es
7
a
n
d
8
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
FAME
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
two
m
eth
o
d
s
ac
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
th
e
ch
ain
len
g
th
an
d
th
e
d
e
g
r
ee
o
f
u
n
s
atu
r
ati
o
n
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fro
m
Fig
u
r
e
7
,
it
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
m
e
d
iu
m
-
ch
ain
FAME
is
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
t.
T
h
e
ca
taly
tic
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
(
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
a)
)
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
lo
wer
p
er
c
en
tag
e
o
f
m
ed
iu
m
-
ch
ain
FAME
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
th
e
s
tirr
in
g
ca
taly
tic
m
eth
o
d
(
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
)
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
th
e
ca
taly
tic
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
m
eth
o
d
(
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
a)
)
p
r
o
d
u
c
es
h
ig
h
er
s
h
o
r
t
-
ch
ain
FA
ME
.
T
h
e
ca
taly
tic
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
a
n
d
th
e
s
tirr
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
an
av
e
r
ag
e
ch
ai
n
len
g
th
o
f
1
.
0
2
a
n
d
5
.
0
6
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
t
ca
n
also
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
s
8
(
a)
an
d
8
(
b
)
th
at
th
e
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
t
FAME
f
o
r
b
o
th
m
eth
o
d
s
is
SF
A.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
f
o
r
th
e
ca
taly
tic
s
tirr
in
g
m
eth
o
d
(
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
b
)
)
,
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
m
o
n
o
u
n
s
atu
r
ated
f
atty
ac
id
(
MU
FA)
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
.
T
h
e
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
p
o
ly
u
n
s
atu
r
ated
f
atty
ac
id
(
PUFA)
in
b
o
th
m
eth
o
d
s
is
s
m
all,
u
n
d
er
1
0
%,
ex
ce
p
t
f
o
r
th
e
c
ataly
tic
s
tirr
in
g
m
eth
o
d
(
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
b
)
)
at
r
ea
ctio
n
tim
es
o
f
9
0
m
in
u
tes,
wh
ich
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
1
6
.
4
3
%
PUFA
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
lin
o
len
ic
(
C
1
8
:3
)
.
T
h
e
ca
taly
tic
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
a
m
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
m
eth
o
d
is
d
o
m
in
ated
b
y
s
atu
r
atio
n
f
atty
ac
id
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
ca
taly
tic
s
tirr
in
g
m
eth
o
d
h
as
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
s
atu
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
ca
taly
tic
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
a
m
ic
ca
v
it
atio
n
an
d
t
h
e
s
tirr
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
av
er
a
g
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
u
n
s
atu
r
atio
n
o
f
0
.
0
0
3
4
an
d
0
.
2
8
4
9
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
th
e
ca
taly
tic
s
tirr
in
g
m
eth
o
d
h
as
a
h
ig
h
er
av
er
a
g
e
ch
ain
len
g
th
an
d
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
s
at
u
r
atio
n
th
a
n
th
e
ca
taly
tic
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
a
m
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
m
eth
o
d
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
ch
ain
len
g
th
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
FAME
o
f
t
h
e
ex
tr
a
cted
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id
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r
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m
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n
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ch
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r
o
p
s
is
s
p
.
m
icr
o
alg
ae
o
f
(
a)
t
h
e
ca
taly
tic
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y
d
r
o
d
y
n
a
m
ic
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v
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n
m
eth
o
d
an
d
(
b
)
th
e
ca
taly
tic
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tirr
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g
m
eth
o
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
5
:
3
9
4
-
405
402
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
e
d
e
g
r
ee
o
f
u
n
s
atu
r
atio
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
FAME
o
f
th
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
lip
id
f
r
o
m
Nan
n
o
ch
lo
r
o
p
s
is
s
p
.
m
icr
o
alg
ae
o
f
(
a)
t
h
e
ca
taly
tic
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y
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o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
m
eth
o
d
an
d
(
b
)
th
e
ca
taly
tic
s
tirr
in
g
m
eth
o
d
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Dir
ec
t
tr
an
s
ester
if
icatio
n
o
f
Nan
n
o
ch
l
o
r
o
p
s
is
s
p
.
m
ic
r
o
alg
ae
u
s
in
g
th
e
ca
taly
tic
s
tirr
in
g
m
eth
o
d
a
n
d
ca
taly
tic
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
a
m
ic
ca
v
it
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
.
Dir
ec
t
tr
an
s
ester
if
icatio
n
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
ex
t
r
ac
tio
n
an
d
tr
an
s
ester
if
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n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es si
m
u
l
tan
eo
u
s
ly
f
o
r
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
es
s
.
L
o
n
g
er
r
ea
ctio
n
tim
es
r
esu
lt
in
h
ig
h
er
y
ield
s
i
n
th
e
ca
taly
tic
s
tirr
in
g
m
eth
o
d
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
y
ield
o
b
tai
n
ed
f
r
o
m
ca
taly
tic
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
also
in
cr
ea
s
es,
alo
n
g
with
th
e
tim
e
.
T
h
e
ca
taly
tic
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
m
eth
o
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
y
ield
o
f
ex
tr
a
ct
th
at
is
s
lig
h
tly
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
th
e
s
tirr
in
g
ca
taly
tic
m
eth
o
d
an
d
ta
k
es
a
m
u
ch
s
h
o
r
ter
tim
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
lo
wer
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
F
AM
E
.
FAME
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
ca
taly
tic
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
m
et
h
o
d
is
d
o
m
i
n
ated
b
y
s
atu
r
ate
d
f
atty
ac
id
(
p
alm
itic)
,
wh
ile
FAME
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
tirr
in
g
ca
taly
tic
m
eth
o
d
is
d
o
m
in
ated
b
y
m
o
n
o
u
n
s
atu
r
ated
f
atty
ac
id
(
o
leic)
.
T
h
e
ca
taly
tic
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
m
et
h
o
d
h
as
a
lo
wer
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
u
n
s
atu
r
atio
n
an
d
av
er
ag
e
c
h
ain
len
g
th
th
an
th
e
ca
taly
tic
s
tirr
in
g
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
s
tirr
in
g
ca
taly
tic
m
eth
o
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
b
etter
t
h
an
th
e
ca
tal
y
tic
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
v
itatio
n
m
eth
o
d
b
ec
au
s
e
it
co
n
tain
s
a
h
i
g
h
er
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
m
o
n
o
s
atu
r
ate
d
f
atty
ac
id
(
o
leic
ac
id
)
in
th
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
FAME
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
s
in
ce
r
ely
a
p
p
r
ec
iate
th
e
r
esear
c
h
f
u
n
d
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
ec
ei
v
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
“
Dir
e
cto
r
ate
o
f
R
esear
ch
,
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
an
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ity
Ser
v
ice
Mi
n
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
c
atio
n
,
C
u
ltu
r
e,
R
esear
ch
,
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
”
in
th
e
s
ch
em
e
P
en
elitia
n
Tes
is
Ma
g
is
te
r
(
PTM
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F
is
c
al
Yea
r
2
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2
3
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m
b
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h
is
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was
co
n
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u
cte
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with
f
u
n
d
in
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
"Dir
ec
to
r
ate
o
f
R
esear
ch
,
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
C
o
m
m
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n
ity
Ser
v
ice
Min
is
tr
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o
f
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d
u
ca
tio
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,
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ltu
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e
,
R
esear
ch
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n
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
"
in
th
e
Ma
s
ter
'
s
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h
esi
s
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PTM
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em
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m
b
e
r
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.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
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NS ST
A
T
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M
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N
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h
is
jo
u
r
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al
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s
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C
o
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to
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o
les
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ax
o
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C
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ed
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ize
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iv
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al
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th
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th
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r
s
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ip
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u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
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llab
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Na
m
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Aut
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✓
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Ma
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Siti
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J
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Dh
ias C
ah
y
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Hak
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✓
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
E
n
erg
y
efficien
t d
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ec
t tra
n
s
es
teri
fica
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p
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p
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s
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n
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ma
la
s
a
r
i)
403
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
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t
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:
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est.
DATA AV
AI
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AB
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L
I
T
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T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
s
u
p
p
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e
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eq
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est
f
r
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th
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th
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,
[
MS]
.
T
h
e
d
ata,
wh
ich
co
n
tain
in
f
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m
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th
at
co
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m
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is
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p
r
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ac
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o
f
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esear
c
h
p
ar
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ts
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e
n
o
t p
u
b
licly
a
v
ailab
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d
u
e
to
ce
r
tain
r
estrictio
n
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
S
.
Ja
i
n
a
n
d
M
.
P
.
S
h
a
r
m
a
,
“
P
r
o
s
p
e
c
t
s
o
f
b
i
o
d
i
e
s
e
l
f
r
o
m
j
a
t
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o
p
h
a
i
n
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n
d
i
a
:
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r
e
v
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,
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e
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a
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a
n
d
S
u
st
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a
b
l
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En
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v
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s
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.
1
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j
.
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.
[
2
]
M
.
A
s
i
f
a
n
d
T
.
M
u
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r
,
“
E
n
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,
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m
a
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.
[
3
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A
.
A
g
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r
w
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,
“
M
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o
a
l
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a
e
:
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O
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.
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v
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[
4
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A
.
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mi
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a
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P
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Ma
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1
8
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A
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