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Adv
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406
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I
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Ap
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8
8
1
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b
lu
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
ass
em
b
lin
g
s
u
ch
L
E
D
f
ix
tu
r
es
in
v
o
l
v
es
a
r
elat
iv
ely
co
m
p
lex
d
esig
n
a
n
d
in
s
tallatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
-
co
n
v
er
ted
wh
ite
L
E
D
(
p
c
-
W
L
E
D)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
was
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
,
ty
p
ically
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
eith
er
wa
r
m
o
r
c
o
o
l
wh
ite
lig
h
t
[
1
1
]
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
d
ata
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
pc
-
W
L
E
Ds
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
p
ea
k
in
th
e
b
l
u
e
r
eg
io
n
(
4
5
0
n
m
)
co
m
b
in
ed
with
a
n
o
r
a
n
g
e
-
r
ed
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
(
6
0
0
n
m
)
,
r
esu
ltin
g
i
n
wh
ite
lig
h
t
em
is
s
io
n
as
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a)
.
A
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
[
6
]
u
tili
ze
d
p
c
-
W
L
E
Ds
em
itti
n
g
wh
ite
lig
h
t
with
in
th
e
4
0
0
-
7
0
0
n
m
wav
elen
g
th
r
an
g
e
as
a
s
u
b
s
titu
te
f
o
r
co
m
b
in
in
g
r
e
d
a
n
d
b
lu
e
lig
h
tin
g
in
lettu
ce
cu
ltiv
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
b
r
o
ad
-
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
wh
ite
lig
h
t
f
r
o
m
p
c
-
W
L
E
Ds
co
u
ld
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
p
r
o
m
o
te
p
la
n
t
g
r
o
wth
an
d
o
f
f
er
g
r
ea
ter
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
r
ed
-
b
l
u
e
L
E
D
lig
h
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
h
o
r
ticu
l
tu
r
e.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
p
c
-
W
L
E
Ds
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
h
i
g
h
-
q
u
ality
w
h
ite
lig
h
t
w
h
ich
is
b
en
ef
icial
f
o
r
b
o
th
h
u
m
a
n
v
is
i
o
n
an
d
p
lan
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
1
2
]
.
C
u
r
r
en
tly
,
th
e
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
-
c
o
n
v
e
r
ted
wh
ite
L
E
D
(
p
c
-
W
L
E
D)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
lig
h
t
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
th
at
clo
s
ely
m
im
ics
th
e
n
atu
r
al
s
u
n
lig
h
t
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
.
T
h
e
n
atu
r
al
-
wh
ite
pc
-
W
L
E
D
(
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D)
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
clo
s
ely
m
im
ics
th
e
n
atu
r
al
s
u
n
lig
h
t
o
v
e
r
4
0
0
-
7
0
0
n
m
,
d
eliv
er
in
g
th
e
p
h
o
to
s
y
n
t
h
etic
p
h
o
to
n
f
lu
x
d
en
s
ity
(
PP
FD)
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
to
n
atu
r
al
lig
h
t
an
d
c
o
v
er
in
g
t
h
e
en
tire
p
h
o
to
s
y
n
t
h
etica
lly
ac
tiv
e
r
a
d
iatio
n
(
PAR
)
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
(
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
)
.
T
h
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
was
f
ir
s
t
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
Nak
ajim
a
et
a
l
.
[
1
3
]
i
n
2
0
1
4
.
Z
h
en
g
et
a
l
.
[
1
4
]
ap
p
lied
th
is
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
t
h
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
s
o
lar
s
im
u
lato
r
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
d
ev
ices.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
r
e
h
a
v
e
n
o
t
b
ee
n
r
e
p
o
r
ts
o
f
th
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
lem
en
tal
lig
h
tin
g
in
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
cu
ltiv
at
io
n
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
af
o
r
e
m
en
tio
n
e
d
r
atio
n
ale
an
d
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
wer
e
m
o
tiv
ated
to
f
u
r
th
er
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
is
to
p
ic
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esear
ch
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
r
esear
ch
q
u
es
tio
n
is
“Wi
ll
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
lan
t
y
ield
an
d
g
r
o
wth
c
o
m
p
a
r
ed
to
R
-
B
L
E
D
in
in
d
o
o
r
cu
ltiv
a
tio
n
?”
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
q
u
esti
o
n
is
“Wh
ich
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
b
etwe
en
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
o
r
R
-
B
L
E
D
p
r
o
v
id
es
b
etter
av
er
a
g
e
p
lan
t
g
r
o
wth
p
er
u
n
it
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
?”
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
aim
ed
to
co
n
d
u
ct
a
n
ex
p
er
im
en
t
co
m
p
a
r
in
g
th
e
g
r
o
wth
an
d
y
ield
o
f
a
s
am
p
le
p
lan
t
g
r
o
w
n
u
n
d
er
R
-
B
lig
h
t
with
an
R
:B
r
atio
o
f
3
.
2
4
to
t
h
at
o
f
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D,
b
o
th
with
th
e
s
am
e
PP
FD
in
th
e
PAR
r
an
g
e.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
w
ill
r
ep
o
r
t
o
n
th
e
av
e
r
ag
e
p
lan
t
g
r
o
wth
p
er
u
n
it
o
f
en
er
g
y
[
7
]
,
[
1
5
]
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
L
E
D
lig
h
t so
u
r
ce
s
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
2
0
0
µm
o
l m
-
2
s
-
1
o
f
(
a)
c
o
o
l w
h
ite
an
d
war
m
wh
ite
L
E
Ds
[
1
1
]
an
d
(
b
)
n
at
u
r
al
-
s
u
n
-
wh
ite
L
E
Ds an
d
s
o
lar
n
atu
r
al
lig
h
t
(
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t)
2.
M
AT
E
R
I
AL
S
AND
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
L
ig
ht
s
o
urce
s
T
wo
ty
p
es
o
f
L
E
D
lam
p
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t:
i
)
R
-
B
L
E
D
lu
m
in
air
e
an
d
ii
)
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
lu
m
in
air
e.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
o
llo
wed
a
p
o
s
ttes
t
-
o
n
ly
d
esig
n
wi
th
two
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
E
ac
h
g
r
o
u
p
r
ec
eiv
ed
th
e
s
am
e
PP
FD
o
f
2
0
0
±
1
0
µm
o
l
m
⁻²
s
⁻¹,
with
a
lig
h
tin
g
p
er
i
o
d
o
f
1
6
h
o
u
r
s
p
er
d
a
y
.
T
h
e
p
la
n
ts
wer
e
h
ar
v
ested
af
ter
s
ee
d
in
g
f
o
u
r
w
ee
k
s
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
y
s
tem
d
etails we
r
e
as f
o
llo
ws:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
5
:
4
0
6
-
415
408
2
.
1
.
1
.
R
-
B
L
E
D
lum
ina
ire
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
u
s
ed
a
co
m
m
er
cial
ty
p
e
o
f
R
-
B
L
E
D
g
r
o
win
g
lig
h
t
m
o
d
el
L
Z
-
Z
W
D
(
G
u
an
g
d
o
n
g
,
C
h
in
a)
as
a
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
(
4
3
0
~4
5
0
,
6
2
0
~6
3
0
,
6
5
0
~
6
7
0
n
m
)
.
T
h
at
was
a
to
tal
o
f
6
0
L
E
Ds,
3
watts
ea
ch
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
L
E
D
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
s
p
ec
tr
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
h
e
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
ar
ea
was
2
1
×3
1
cm
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
R
-
B
L
E
D
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a)
(
d
o
t lin
e
)
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
R
-
B
L
E
D
was 1
0
7
.
1
8
W
.
2
.
1
.
2
.
ns
W
-
pcL
E
D
lum
ina
ire
T
h
is
ex
p
er
im
en
t
u
s
ed
a
c
u
s
to
m
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
th
at
in
clu
d
ed
t
h
e
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
(LC
-
3
FE5
0
4
-
G2
4
)
3
V
300
m
A
o
f
6
0
u
n
its
(
L
C
FOC
US,
C
h
in
a)
.
I
t
co
n
n
ec
ted
6
cir
cu
its
in
s
er
ies
with
1
0
L
E
Ds
an
d
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
ea
c
h
cir
cu
it
in
p
ar
allel.
T
h
e
L
E
Ds we
r
e
m
o
u
n
ted
o
n
a
h
ea
t
s
in
k
with
a
f
o
r
ce
d
-
air
-
c
o
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
lig
h
tin
g
ar
ea
was
1
7
×3
4
c
m
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
lig
h
t
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a
)
(
b
lack
lin
e
)
.
T
h
e
s
o
lar
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
(
d
u
al
lin
es)
is
d
is
p
lay
ed
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
th
is
lam
p
was
8
2
.
5
0
W
.
T
h
e
s
o
lar
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
was
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
in
No
n
th
ab
u
r
i,
T
h
ailan
d
,
o
n
Au
g
u
s
t
1
2
,
2
0
2
2
,
at
1
0
:
0
0
AM
.
T
h
e
lu
m
in
air
es
o
f
th
e
R
-
B
L
E
D
an
d
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
a
r
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
,
le
f
t a
n
d
r
i
g
h
t,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
L
E
D
lig
h
t so
u
r
ce
s
a
n
d
s
p
ec
tr
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
of
(
a)
s
p
ec
tr
al
PP
FD c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
R
-
B
L
E
D,
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D,
an
d
s
o
lar
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
at
2
0
0
µm
o
l m
⁻²
s
⁻¹
an
d
(
b
)
R
-
B
L
E
D
an
d
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
lu
m
i
n
air
es
2
.
2
.
P
l
a
nt
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
p
lan
t
u
s
ed
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
s
wee
t
b
asil
(
Ocimu
m
b
a
s
ilicu
m
L.
)
,
with
f
i
v
e
s
am
p
les
ass
ig
n
ed
to
ea
ch
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
e
p
lan
ts
wer
e
cu
ltiv
ated
u
s
in
g
a
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
n
ic
d
ee
p
-
wate
r
cu
lt
u
r
e
(
DW
C
)
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
s
wee
t
b
asil
s
ee
d
s
wer
e
s
o
u
r
ce
d
f
r
o
m
C
h
ia
T
ai
C
o
.
,
L
td
,
T
h
ailan
d
.
Sweet
b
asil
wa
s
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
th
is
ex
p
er
im
en
t
d
u
e
to
its
g
lo
b
al
p
o
p
u
lar
ity
,
h
ig
h
h
ar
v
est
in
d
e
x
,
ea
s
e
o
f
cu
ltiv
atio
n
,
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
to
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
n
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
h
ig
h
p
r
o
f
itab
ilit
y
m
ar
g
in
[
1
6
]
.
2
.
3
.
M
ea
s
urem
ent
s
a
nd
s
t
a
t
is
t
ic
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
n
p
lan
t
g
r
o
wth
wer
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
o
f
th
is
s
y
s
tem
r
ev
ea
led
its
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
it
p
r
esen
ted
th
e
lig
h
t
q
u
alit
y
,
p
lan
t
y
ield
,
an
d
g
r
o
wth
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tic
s
.
2
.
3
.
1
.
L
ig
ht
qu
a
lity
,
pla
nt
y
ie
ld,
a
nd
g
ro
wt
h c
ha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ic
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
m
et
h
o
d
was
a
p
o
s
t
-
test
-
o
n
ly
d
esig
n
.
T
h
er
e
wer
e
two
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
E
ac
h
g
r
o
u
p
h
ad
th
e
s
am
e
PP
FD,
wh
ich
is
2
0
0
±
1
0
µm
o
l
m
-
2
s
-
1
.
T
h
e
li
g
h
tin
g
p
e
r
io
d
was
1
6
h
d
-
1
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
t
was
m
ad
e
in
th
e
lab
o
r
at
o
r
y
with
T
=2
7
±
2
°
C
,
R
H=
6
0
±
1
0
%.
T
h
e
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
tim
e
was
4
wee
k
s
af
ter
t
r
an
s
p
lan
ts
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
(
SP
D)
,
PP
FD,
an
d
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
es
o
f
b
lu
e,
g
r
ee
n
,
r
e
d
,
an
d
f
a
r
-
r
ed
lig
h
t,
alo
n
g
with
th
e
r
ed
-
to
-
b
lu
e
lig
h
t
r
atio
(
R
:
B
)
,
wer
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
an
d
an
al
y
z
ed
u
s
in
g
a
lig
h
tin
g
p
ass
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tr
o
r
ad
io
m
eter
(
Asen
s
etek
,
T
aiwa
n
)
.
T
h
e
f
o
l
lo
win
g
p
lan
t
g
r
o
wth
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
wer
e
also
ass
ess
ed
:
leaf
n
u
m
b
er
(
L
N)
,
s
tem
d
iam
eter
(
SD)
,
p
lan
t
h
eig
h
t
(
PH)
,
r
o
o
t
f
r
esh
weig
h
t
(
R
F
W
)
,
an
d
p
lan
t
f
r
esh
weig
h
t
(
PF
W
)
.
Gr
o
wth
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
wer
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
wee
k
ly
f
r
o
m
f
iv
e
s
am
p
le
p
lan
ts
in
ea
ch
g
r
o
u
p
(
n
=5
)
.
At
th
e
en
d
o
f
th
e
f
o
u
r
th
wee
k
(
th
e
2
8
th
d
a
y
)
,
PF
W
(
with
o
u
t
r
o
o
ts
)
an
d
R
FW
wer
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
a
d
ig
ital
b
alan
ce
.
T
h
e
s
tem
d
iam
eter
was m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
a
d
ig
ital
v
er
n
ier
ca
lip
er
.
0
1
2
3
4
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
8
0
0
P
P
FD
(µ
m
o
l
m
-
2
s
-
1
nm
-
1
)
w
av
el
eng
t
h(
nm
)
ns
W
-
p
c
L
E
D200
R
-
B
_L
E
D200
s
olar
P
P
F
D2
00
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
I
mp
a
ct
o
f n
a
tu
r
a
l
-
w
h
ite
a
n
d
r
ed
-
b
lu
e
lig
h
t
-
emittin
g
d
io
d
e
lig
h
tin
g
o
n
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
n
ic
… (
C
h
a
i
ya
n
t B
o
o
n
mee
)
409
2
.
3
.
2
.
Av
er
a
g
e
g
ro
wt
h per
u
nit
o
f
ener
g
y
T
h
e
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
was
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
k
W
h
m
eter
t
h
at
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
in
k
il
o
watt
-
h
o
u
r
s
(
k
W
h
)
p
e
r
cr
o
p
.
T
h
e
k
W
h
p
er
cr
o
p
was
th
en
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
av
er
ag
e
p
lan
t
g
r
o
wth
p
er
k
W
h
in
g
r
am
s
p
er
s
q
u
ar
e
m
eter
p
e
r
k
W
h
(
g
m
⁻²
k
W
h
⁻¹)
.
T
h
is
u
n
it
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
t
o
tal
PF
W
(
g
)
in
a
g
iv
en
cu
ltiv
atio
n
ar
ea
(
m
²)
p
e
r
u
n
it
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
(
k
W
h
)
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
cu
ltiv
atio
n
ar
ea
f
o
r
ea
ch
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
was e
q
u
al,
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
0
.
1
4
m
²
(
0
.
4
×
0
.
3
5
m
)
.
2
.
3
.
3
.
Sta
t
is
t
ica
l a
na
ly
s
is
Plan
t
s
am
p
les
wi
ll
b
e
co
llecte
d
f
r
o
m
f
iv
e
p
lan
ts
in
ea
ch
g
r
o
u
p
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
L
N,
SD,
PH,
R
F
W
,
an
d
PF
W
.
Sig
n
i
f
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
will
b
e
an
al
y
ze
d
u
s
in
g
a
t
-
test
(
p
=
0
.
0
5
)
.
I
B
M
SP
SS
Statis
ti
cs
s
o
f
twar
e
will
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
th
e
an
aly
s
is
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
lig
h
t so
u
r
ce
is
a
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
in
in
d
o
o
r
p
lan
t c
u
ltiv
atio
n
.
In
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
lig
h
t
-
q
u
ality
g
r
o
wth
an
d
y
ield
o
f
s
wee
t
b
asil
.
I
t
s
h
o
wed
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
d
ata
u
n
d
er
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
lig
h
t so
u
r
ce
.
3
.
1
.
Ana
ly
s
is
o
f
t
he
lig
ht
qu
a
lity
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
T
ab
le
1
,
th
e
t
o
tal
PP
FD
in
th
e
4
0
0
-
7
0
0
n
m
r
an
g
e
o
f
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
is
eq
u
al
to
th
at
o
f
R
-
B
L
E
D,
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
2
0
0
±
1
0
µm
o
l
m
⁻²
s
⁻¹.
T
h
e
PP
FD
o
f
r
e
d
(
R
)
an
d
b
lu
e
(
B
)
lig
h
t
e
m
itted
b
y
th
e
R
-
B
L
E
D
is
1
5
8
an
d
1
2
5
%
h
ig
h
er
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
PP
FD
o
f
f
ar
-
r
e
d
(
FR
)
an
d
g
r
ee
n
(
G)
lig
h
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
R
-
B
L
E
D
is
1
5
.
4
2
an
d
1
4
.
0
9
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
lo
wer
th
an
th
at
of
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D.
T
h
e
R
:B
r
atio
f
o
r
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
is
2
.
5
6
,
wh
er
ea
s
th
at
o
f
R
-
B
L
E
D
is
3
.
2
4
,
b
o
th
o
f
wh
ich
ar
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
in
d
o
o
r
p
lan
t
cu
ltiv
atio
n
o
r
p
lan
t
f
ac
t
o
r
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
0
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
R
:FR
r
atio
f
o
r
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
is
3
.
1
9
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lo
wer
th
a
n
th
e
R
-
B
L
E
D'
s
r
atio
o
f
3
5
.
2
1
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
lig
h
tin
g
is
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
en
h
an
ce
p
lan
t
y
ield
[
1
7
]
,
a
s
its
r
elativ
ely
lo
wer
FR
-
B
lu
e
r
atio
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
b
en
ef
ici
al
f
o
r
p
lan
t
g
r
o
wth
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
R
-
B
L
E
Ds.
L
astl
y
,
th
e
d
aily
lig
h
t
in
teg
r
al
(
DL
I
)
[
1
8
]
was
“th
e
d
aily
ac
cu
m
u
lated
p
h
o
to
s
y
n
th
etica
lly
av
ailab
le
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
h
o
to
n
s
d
eliv
er
ed
to
a
g
i
v
en
a
r
ea
o
v
er
t
h
e
co
u
r
s
e
o
f
o
n
e
d
a
y
.
”
T
h
e
DL
I
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
L
E
D
lu
m
in
ai
r
es
was
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
7
m
o
l
m
⁻²
d
⁻¹
(
T
ab
le
1
)
,
w
h
ich
was
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
ly
h
i
g
h
a
n
d
alig
n
s
with
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
d
th
at
b
o
th
ty
p
es
o
f
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
DL
I
v
alu
es
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
p
lan
t
g
r
o
wth
co
n
s
is
ten
t w
ith
th
e
DL
I
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
u
tlin
ed
b
y
Fau
s
t a
n
d
L
o
g
an
[
1
8
]
an
d
D
o
u
et
a
l
.
[
1
9
]
.
I
n
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
,
b
o
th
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
an
d
R
-
B
L
E
D
lig
h
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
lig
h
t
in
ten
s
ity
an
d
DL
I
f
o
r
p
lan
t
g
r
o
wth
.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
PP
F
D
wer
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
b
etwe
en
th
ese
two
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
ex
h
ib
ited
h
ig
h
er
P
PF
D
v
alu
es
f
o
r
FR
an
d
g
r
ee
n
(
G)
lig
h
t
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
R
-
B
L
E
D.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
wh
i
le
th
e
R
-
B
L
E
D
h
ad
a
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
tly
h
ig
h
e
r
PP
FD
f
o
r
r
e
d
(
R
)
l
ig
h
t,
it r
e
v
ea
led
co
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
lo
wer
PP
FD v
alu
es f
o
r
g
r
ee
n
a
n
d
FR
lig
h
t.
T
ab
le
1
.
Me
asu
r
em
e
n
t a
n
d
ca
lcu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
lig
h
t
q
u
ality
o
f
n
s
W
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p
cL
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an
d
R
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B
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E
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P
a
r
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me
t
e
r
n
sW
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p
c
LED
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ED
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n
i
t
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4
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m)
3
5
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1
9
4
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.
0
3
µ
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l
m
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s
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1
G
(
5
0
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0
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n
m)
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6
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0
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R
(
6
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0
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1
9
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R
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7
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2
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3
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P
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7
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m)
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9
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7
5
1
9
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7
7
To
t
a
l
(
4
0
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8
0
0
n
m)
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0
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2
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1
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1
3
To
t
a
l
1
0
0
.
0
0
1
0
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.
0
0
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r
a
c
t
i
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n
(
%)
B
1
5
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6
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8
9
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3
1
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7
1
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9
9
R
4
0
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0
8
7
0
.
9
3
FR
1
2
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5
6
2
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1
6
R
:
B
r
a
t
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o
2
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5
6
3
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2
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l
m
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2
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a
t
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1
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1
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1
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1
7
.
0
0
3
.
2
.
G
ro
wt
h a
nd
y
ield o
f
t
he
s
wee
t
ba
s
il
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
in
v
o
lv
ed
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
r
o
wth
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
it
ex
p
lain
ed
th
e
g
r
o
wth
a
n
d
y
ield
o
f
s
wee
t
b
as
il
an
d
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
.
I
t
d
is
cu
s
s
es
an
d
d
is
p
lay
s
t
h
e
b
asil
tr
ee
s
th
at
g
r
ew
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
lig
h
t so
u
r
ce
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
5
:
4
0
6
-
415
410
3
.
2
.
1
.
G
ro
wt
h a
nd
dev
elo
pm
ent
I
n
th
is
ex
p
er
im
en
t,
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
b
asil
in
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
was
n
o
r
m
al.
T
h
e
PH
cu
r
v
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
ed
to
t
h
e
ty
p
ical
g
r
o
wth
cu
r
v
e
o
f
p
lan
ts
(
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a)
)
.
T
h
e
g
r
o
wth
an
d
h
eig
h
t
o
f
th
e
b
asil
g
r
ad
u
ally
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
i
r
s
t w
ee
k
to
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
wee
k
,
with
b
o
th
L
N
(
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
)
,
an
d
SD (
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
c)
)
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
s
am
e
tr
en
d
.
T
h
is
g
r
o
wth
h
ad
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
in
th
e
th
i
r
d
an
d
th
e
f
o
u
r
t
h
wee
k
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
th
at,
af
ter
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
wee
k
,
th
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
s
wee
t
b
asil
in
ter
m
s
o
f
P
H
an
d
SD
u
n
d
er
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
th
at
u
n
d
e
r
R
-
B
L
E
D,
s
h
o
win
g
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
at
p
<0
.
0
5
.
T
h
e
L
N
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
two
wee
k
s
s
h
o
wed
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
(
p
<0
.
0
5
)
b
etwe
en
b
o
th
tr
ea
t
m
en
ts
an
d
af
te
r
war
d
,
th
e
L
N
o
f
s
wee
t
b
asil
u
n
d
er
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
ten
d
ed
to
b
e
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
e
o
n
e
u
n
d
er
R
-
B
L
E
D.
T
h
e
s
tatis
t
ically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
y
c
o
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
PH,
L
N,
an
d
SD
b
etwe
en
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
an
d
R
-
B
L
E
D
(
R
:B
3
.
2
4
)
,
with
p
<
0
.
0
5
an
d
n
=5
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Gr
o
wth
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
th
e
s
wee
t b
asil
o
v
er
4
wee
k
s
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
of
(
a
)
PH v
s
tim
e
,
(
b
)
L
N
v
s
tim
e
,
a
n
d
(
c
)
SD v
s
tim
e
3
.
2
.
2
.
Yield o
f
t
he
s
wee
t
ba
s
il
At
th
e
en
d
o
f
th
e
f
o
u
r
th
wee
k
(
th
e
28
t
h
d
ay
)
,
th
e
s
wee
t
b
asil
u
n
d
er
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
an
av
er
ag
e
leaf
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
9
5
.
0
0
±
9
.
3
8
,
wh
ich
,
alth
o
u
g
h
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
e
8
1
.
0
0
±
1
1
.
7
leav
es
o
b
s
er
v
ed
u
n
d
er
R
-
B
L
E
D,
was
n
o
t
a
s
tatis
tically
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
(
T
ab
le
2
)
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
p
lan
t
h
eig
h
t
u
n
d
er
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
(
4
4
.
3
0
±
1
.
5
1
cm
)
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
an
th
at
u
n
d
e
r
R
-
B
L
E
D
(
3
5
.
8
8
±
4
.
0
5
cm
)
at
p
<0
.
0
5
.
T
h
es
e
r
esu
lts
wer
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
[
1
9
]
,
wh
ic
h
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
g
r
ee
n
b
asil
g
r
o
wn
u
n
d
er
a
R
4
0
G1
5
B
3
2
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
(
with
a
PP
FD
n
ea
r
ly
id
en
tical
to
th
at
o
f
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D)
ac
h
iev
ed
g
r
ea
ter
p
la
n
t
h
eig
h
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
p
la
n
t
g
r
o
wn
u
n
d
er
an
R
:B
r
atio
o
f
3
.
1
7
(
R
7
6
B
2
4
)
.
T
h
e
SD
o
f
s
wee
t
b
asil
u
n
d
e
r
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
(
6
.
6
8
±
0
.
2
1
m
m
)
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
e
r
th
a
n
u
n
d
er
R
-
B
L
E
D
(
4
.
6
6
±
0
.
8
8
m
m
)
at
p
<
0
.
0
5
.
T
h
e
y
ield
o
f
s
wee
t
b
asil
was
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
PF
W
(
g
)
.
PF
W
wer
e
co
llec
ted
ex
clu
d
in
g
th
e
r
o
o
ts
f
r
o
m
s
wee
t
b
asil
in
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
5
p
la
n
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
th
e
PF
W
o
f
s
wee
t
b
asil
u
n
d
er
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
(
3
4
.
2
0
±
6
.
1
2
g
)
was
h
ig
h
e
r
th
an
th
e
PF
W
u
n
d
er
R
-
B
L
E
D
(
2
3
.
0
2
±
5
.
2
6
g
)
with
a
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
at
p
<
0
.
0
5
.
Fo
r
R
FW
,
th
e
an
aly
s
is
r
esu
lt
s
s
h
o
wed
n
o
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
e
R
FW
o
f
th
e
p
lan
ts
u
n
d
er
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
was a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
ately
3
0
% h
ea
v
ie
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
I
mp
a
ct
o
f n
a
tu
r
a
l
-
w
h
ite
a
n
d
r
ed
-
b
lu
e
lig
h
t
-
emittin
g
d
io
d
e
lig
h
tin
g
o
n
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
n
ic
… (
C
h
a
i
ya
n
t B
o
o
n
mee
)
411
T
ab
le
2
.
Statis
tical
an
aly
s
is
o
f
L
N,
PH,
SD,
PF
W
,
an
d
R
FW
o
f
th
e
s
wee
t b
asil
o
n
th
e
2
8
th
d
ay
LN
PH
PFW
R
F
W
S
D
(
l
e
a
f
)
(
c
m)
(
g
)
(
g
)
(
mm
)
n
sW
-
p
c
LED
9
5
.
0
0
±
9
.
3
8
4
4
.
3
0
±
1
.
5
1
3
4
.
2
0
±
6
.
1
2
1
3
.
2
4
±
1
.
5
3
6
.
6
8
±
0
.
2
1
R
-
B
L
ED
8
1
.
0
0
±
1
1
.
7
3
5
.
8
8
±
4
.
0
5
2
3
.
0
2
±
5
.
2
6
1
0
.
0
6
±
3
.
5
6
4
.
6
6
±
0
.
8
8
t
-
t
e
s
t
ns
0
.
0
0
7
0
.
0
1
5
ns
0
.
0
0
6
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
d
i
f
f
e
re
n
c
e
(
p
<
0
.
0
5
)
,
n
s i
s
n
o
t
a
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
(p
≥
0
.
0
5
)
.
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
e
r
r
o
r
:
LN
=
6
.
7
3
,
P
H
=
8
.
4
2
,
P
F
W
=
3
.
6
1
,
R
F
W
=
1
.
7
3
,
a
n
d
S
D
=
0
.
4
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
illu
s
tr
ate
s
th
e
g
r
o
w
th
,
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
,
a
n
d
y
ield
o
f
th
e
s
wee
t
b
asil
in
b
o
th
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
p
lan
ts
u
n
d
er
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
lig
h
tin
g
,
at
2
0
0
±
1
0
µ
m
o
l
m
⁻²
s
⁻¹
wi
th
a
1
6
/8
lig
h
t/d
ar
k
p
h
o
to
p
er
io
d
,
m
an
if
ested
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
g
r
ea
t
er
p
lan
t
h
eig
h
t,
s
t
em
d
iam
et
er
,
an
d
p
lan
t
f
r
esh
weig
h
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
lan
ts
g
r
o
wn
u
n
d
er
R
-
B
L
E
D
lig
h
tin
g
u
n
d
er
id
en
tical
lig
h
t
in
ten
s
ity
,
p
h
o
to
p
er
io
d
,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
p
<0
.
0
5
)
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
t
h
e
s
tem
,
leaf
,
an
d
r
o
o
t
c
h
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
,
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
4
(
a)
-
4
(
e)
f
o
r
ea
c
h
p
lan
t n
u
m
b
er
,
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
b
s
tan
tiate
th
ese
s
tatis
tical
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
I
n
g
e
n
er
al,
PF
W
s
h
o
wed
a
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
with
PH
an
d
SD
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
PF
W
u
n
d
er
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ea
v
ier
th
an
u
n
d
er
th
e
R
-
B
L
E
D.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
er
p
h
o
to
n
f
lu
x
o
f
FR
f
r
o
m
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D,
was
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
6
.
4
8
tim
es
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
an
th
at
o
f
th
e
R
-
B
L
E
D
(
T
a
b
le
1
)
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
was
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
7
]
a
n
d
[
2
0
]
,
wh
ich
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
th
e
R
-
B
li
g
h
t
with
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
FR
b
o
o
s
ted
lettu
ce
leaf
f
r
esh
weig
h
t
b
y
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
3
0
%
.
I
t
also
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
by
[
2
1
]
,
wh
ic
h
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
L
E
Ds
with
wav
elen
g
th
s
o
f
6
1
0
-
7
2
0
n
m
(
R
an
d
FR
)
in
cr
ea
s
ed
l
ea
f
n
u
m
b
er
an
d
s
ize,
wh
ile
FR
in
th
e
7
2
0
-
8
0
0
n
m
r
an
g
e
in
d
u
ce
d
s
tem
el
o
n
g
ati
o
n
in
s
wee
t
b
asil
p
lan
ts
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
g
r
ee
n
lig
h
t
em
itted
b
y
th
e
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D,
with
its
h
i
g
h
er
G
PP
FD,
m
ay
also
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
PF
W
o
f
s
wee
t
b
asil
,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
r
e
p
o
r
t
b
y
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
wer
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
[
1
7
]
,
wh
ich
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
FR
lig
h
t
o
n
th
e
y
ield
o
f
f
o
u
r
lettu
ce
s
p
ec
ies
an
d
also
alig
n
ed
with
t
h
e
r
ep
o
r
t
b
y
[
2
3
]
on
th
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
t
h
e
FR
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
n
th
e
y
ield
o
f
b
o
th
s
wee
t b
asil
an
d
h
o
l
y
b
asil
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
(
e)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
wee
t b
asil
u
n
d
er
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
an
d
R
-
B
L
E
D
(
R
: B 3
.
2
4
)
o
n
th
e
2
8
th
d
ay
o
f
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
t (
n
=1
0
)
of
(
a)
p
lan
t n
u
m
b
er
1
,
(
b
)
p
la
n
t n
u
m
b
er
2
,
(
c)
p
lan
t n
u
m
b
er
3
,
(
d
)
p
lan
t
n
u
m
b
er
4
,
a
n
d
(
e
)
p
lan
t
n
u
m
b
er
5
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
5
:
4
0
6
-
415
412
3
.
2
.
3
.
Av
er
a
g
e
g
ro
wt
h per
u
nit
o
f
ener
g
y
Af
ter
2
8
d
ay
s
,
th
e
d
ata
wer
e
c
o
llected
o
n
s
ev
er
al
k
e
y
p
a
r
am
eter
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
to
tal
PF
W
,
to
tal
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
av
er
a
g
e
n
et
g
r
o
wth
(
g
m
⁻²)
,
an
d
av
er
a
g
e
g
r
o
wth
p
er
u
n
it
o
f
en
er
g
y
.
T
a
b
le
3
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
s
b
o
th
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
an
d
ca
lcu
lated
v
alu
es f
o
r
th
ese
p
ar
am
eter
s
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
two
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
n
et
g
r
o
wth
o
f
th
e
s
wee
t
b
asil
u
n
d
er
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
co
n
d
itio
n
s
was
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
,
2
2
1
g
m
⁻²,
wh
e
r
ea
s
it
u
n
d
er
R
-
B
L
E
D
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
R
:B
3
.
2
4
)
was
ap
p
r
o
x
im
a
tely
5
3
6
.
4
3
g
m
⁻².
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
n
et
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
tr
ea
tm
en
t
was
ab
o
u
t
3
6
.
9
6
k
W
h
,
in
c
o
n
tr
ast
to
4
8
.
0
2
k
W
h
f
o
r
th
e
R
-
B
L
E
D
tr
ea
tm
en
t.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
n
o
t
o
n
ly
en
h
a
n
ce
d
b
io
m
ass
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
b
u
t
also
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
its
p
o
te
n
tial a
d
v
an
t
ag
es f
o
r
in
d
o
o
r
h
o
r
ticu
ltu
r
al
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
th
at
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
,
f
r
o
m
el
ec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
to
lig
h
t
a
n
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
f
r
o
m
lig
h
t
t
o
p
lan
t y
ield
(
g
)
,
d
if
f
er
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
two
L
E
D
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
s
wee
t
b
asil
g
r
o
wn
u
n
d
er
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
ex
h
ib
ited
an
av
er
ag
e
n
et
g
r
o
wth
th
at
was
2
2
7
%
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
at
u
n
d
er
R
-
B
L
E
D.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
g
r
o
wth
p
e
r
u
n
it
o
f
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
th
e
s
wee
t
b
asil
u
n
d
er
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
was
3
3
.
0
5
g
m
⁻²
k
W
h
⁻¹,
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
2
9
5
%
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
th
e
1
1
.
1
7
g
m
⁻²
k
W
h
⁻¹
o
b
s
er
v
ed
with
R
-
B
L
E
D
(
R
:B
3
.
2
4
)
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
r
esu
lts
r
ep
o
r
t
ed
b
y
[
7
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
co
n
s
u
m
e
d
2
3
%
less
elec
tr
icity
th
an
R
-
B
L
E
D
(
R
:B
3
.
2
4
)
wh
ile
it wa
s
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
2
2
7
% h
ig
h
er
y
ield
s
o
f
s
wee
t b
asi
l.
Usi
n
g
L
E
Ds
as
a
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
f
o
r
in
d
o
o
r
cu
ltiv
atio
n
was
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
s
in
m
o
d
er
n
ag
r
icu
lt
u
r
e
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
Ho
r
ticu
ltu
r
al
L
E
Ds
ex
h
ib
ited
h
ig
h
er
en
er
g
y
ef
f
ic
ien
cy
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
f
lu
o
r
escen
t
lam
p
s
,
with
an
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
1
7
%
[
2
4
]
,
an
d
t
h
ey
wer
e
7
0
%
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
th
an
h
ig
h
-
in
ten
s
ity
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
(
H
I
D)
lam
p
s
[
2
5
]
.
L
E
D
d
id
n
o
t
o
n
ly
r
e
d
u
ce
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
lig
h
t
b
u
lb
s
b
u
t
it
also
p
r
o
v
id
ed
h
i
g
h
er
p
lan
t
y
ield
s
p
er
u
n
it
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
th
a
n
f
lu
o
r
escen
t
an
d
HI
D
lig
h
ts
[
2
4
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
wh
ite
L
E
Ds
(
W
L
E
Ds)
wit
h
a
PP
FD
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
im
ilar
to
th
at
o
f
n
atu
r
al
s
u
n
lig
h
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tl
y
en
h
an
ce
d
th
e
y
ield
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
n
ic
s
wee
t
b
asil
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
g
r
ea
ter
c
o
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
av
er
ag
e
g
r
o
wth
p
er
u
n
it o
f
en
er
g
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
R
-
B
L
E
D
(
R
:B
3
.
2
4
)
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Net
en
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
lig
h
t so
u
r
ce
,
PF
W
,
an
d
av
er
a
g
e
g
r
o
wth
p
e
r
u
n
it
o
f
en
er
g
y
LED
t
y
p
e
N
e
t
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
su
mp
t
i
o
n
(
k
W
h
)
To
t
a
l
P
F
W
(
g
)
A
r
e
a
(m
2
)
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
n
e
t
g
r
o
w
t
h
(
g
m
-
2
)
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
g
r
o
w
t
h
p
e
r
u
n
i
t
o
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
(
g
m
-
2
k
W
h
-
1
)
n
sW
-
p
c
LED
3
6
.
9
6
1
7
1
.
0
0
0
.
1
4
1
,
2
2
1
.
0
0
3
3
.
0
5
R
-
B
L
ED
4
8
.
0
2
7
5
.
1
0
0
.
1
4
5
3
6
.
4
3
1
1
.
1
7
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
lig
h
tin
g
,
wh
ic
h
clo
s
ely
m
im
ic
k
ed
th
e
n
atu
r
a
l
s
u
n
lig
h
t
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
a
n
ce
d
th
e
g
r
o
wth
a
n
d
y
ield
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
n
ic
s
wee
t
b
asil
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
R
-
B
L
E
D
lig
h
tin
g
.
Desp
ite
c
o
m
p
ar
ab
le
PP
FD
lev
els
wi
th
in
th
e
PAR
r
an
g
e,
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
d
eliv
er
ed
n
o
tab
ly
h
ig
h
er
lev
els
o
f
f
a
r
-
r
e
d
a
n
d
g
r
ee
n
lig
h
t,
lead
i
n
g
to
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
in
p
lan
t
h
ei
g
h
t,
s
tem
d
iam
eter
,
an
d
p
lan
t
f
r
esh
weig
h
t.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
s
wee
t
b
asil
g
r
o
wn
u
n
d
er
n
s
W
-
p
cL
E
D
ac
h
iev
ed
an
av
er
a
g
e
n
et
g
r
o
wth
o
f
1
,
2
2
1
g
m
⁻²
,
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
2
2
7
%
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
th
at
o
b
s
er
v
ed
u
n
d
e
r
R
-
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F
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DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
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Y
T
h
e
au
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s
co
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y
ar
e
av
ailab
le
with
in
th
e
ar
ticle.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
D
.
M
a
n
d
a
l
a
n
d
L
a
l
r
i
n
c
h
h
a
n
i
,
“
Li
g
h
t
e
mi
t
t
i
n
g
d
i
o
d
e
a
n
d
i
t
s
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
p
r
e
a
n
d
p
o
s
t
h
a
r
v
e
st
h
o
r
t
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
:
a
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
C
r
o
p
Re
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
5
6
,
n
o
.
6
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
1
8
3
0
/
2
4
5
4
-
1
7
6
1
.
2
0
2
1
.
0
6
1
.
[
2
]
N
.
W
a
t
j
a
n
a
t
e
p
i
n
,
C
.
B
o
o
n
me
e
,
a
n
d
P
.
K
i
a
t
s
o
o
k
k
a
n
a
t
o
r
n
,
“
S
e
mi
-
p
l
a
n
t
f
a
c
t
o
r
y
a
r
t
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f
i
c
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a
l
l
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g
h
t
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g
a
n
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c
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t
a
b
l
e
s u
si
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g
NB
-
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o
T
,
”
i
n
2
0
2
3
2
0
t
h
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
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n
e
e
r
i
n
g
/
El
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s,
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r,
T
e
l
e
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o
m
m
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n
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a
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o
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s
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n
d
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n
f
o
rm
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t
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o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
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o
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y
(
E
C
T
I
-
C
O
N
)
,
I
EEE,
p
p
.
1
–
4
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
E
C
TI
-
C
O
N
5
8
2
5
5
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
0
1
5
3
2
5
2
.
[
3
]
C
.
B
o
o
n
me
e
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
D
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
p
l
a
n
t
f
a
c
t
o
r
y
w
i
t
h
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
l
i
g
h
t
,
”
I
AE
S
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Art
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
9
7
4
–
3
9
8
6
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
a
i
.
v
1
3
.
i
4
.
p
p
3
9
7
4
-
3
9
8
6
.
[
4
]
N
.
W
a
t
j
a
n
a
t
e
p
i
n
,
H
.
C
h
u
n
g
,
a
n
d
C
.
R
u
a
n
g
p
a
t
t
a
n
a
w
i
w
a
t
,
“
M
o
r
p
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
o
f
t
o
m
a
t
o
s
e
e
d
l
i
n
g
u
n
d
e
r
t
w
o
p
e
r
i
o
d
s
o
f
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
r
e
d
a
n
d
b
l
u
e
p
h
o
t
o
n
f
l
u
x
r
a
t
i
o
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
a
n
d
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
2
2
–
2
7
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
1
8
3
3
/
i
j
a
a
s.
2
0
1
8
.
1
0
.
0
0
4
.
[
5
]
H.
-
Y
.
C
h
u
n
g
,
M
.
-
Y
.
C
h
a
n
g
,
C
.
-
C
.
W
u
,
a
n
d
W
.
F
a
n
g
,
“
Q
u
a
n
t
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
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c
l
i
g
h
t
r
e
c
i
p
e
s
f
o
r
r
e
d
l
e
a
f
l
e
t
t
u
c
e
c
u
l
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
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.
(El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
)
d
e
g
re
e
s
fro
m
Ra
jam
a
n
g
a
la
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
IS
AN
,
Kh
o
n
k
a
e
n
Ca
m
p
u
s,
Th
a
il
a
n
d
i
n
2
0
1
2
,
a
n
d
M
.
S
.
Tec
h
.
E
d
(
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
)
d
e
g
re
e
s
fro
m
Ki
n
g
M
o
n
g
k
u
t'
s
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
No
rt
h
Ba
n
g
k
o
k
,
Th
a
il
a
n
d
in
2
0
1
7
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
l
u
d
e
I
o
T
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
sm
a
rt
fa
rm
in
g
,
in
t
e
ll
ig
e
n
t
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
y
ste
m
s
,
a
n
d
a
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
wip
a
d
a
.
w@
rm
u
tsb
.
a
c
.
th
.
Pa
tc
h
a
r
a
n
a
n
S
r
it
a
n
a
u
th
a
ik
o
r
n
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
B.
E
n
g
.
(El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
)
d
e
g
re
e
fro
m
Kh
o
n
Ka
e
n
U
n
iv
e
rsi
ty
,
Th
a
il
a
n
d
in
1
9
9
8
,
a
n
d
M
.
E
n
g
.
(
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
)
d
e
g
re
e
fro
m
Kin
g
M
o
n
g
k
u
t’s
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Th
o
n
b
u
ri,
Th
a
il
a
n
d
i
n
2
0
0
4
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
c
o
n
tro
l
sy
ste
m
s
,
a
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
,
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
,
a
n
d
LE
D s
o
lar sim
u
lat
o
r
s
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
p
a
tch
a
ra
n
a
n
.
s@
rm
u
tsb
.
a
c
.
th
.
Pa
ib
o
o
n
K
ia
ts
o
o
k
k
a
n
a
t
o
r
n
re
c
e
iv
e
d
t
h
e
B.
S
.
Tec
h
.
E
d
.
a
n
d
B
.
E
n
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
s
fro
m
Ra
jam
a
n
g
a
la
In
stit
u
te
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Th
a
il
a
n
d
i
n
1
9
9
8
a
n
d
2
0
0
2
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
,
a
n
d
th
e
M
.
En
g
.
a
n
d
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
s
fr
o
m
Ch
u
lalo
n
g
k
o
rn
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
Ba
n
g
k
o
k
,
Th
a
il
a
n
d
in
2
0
0
5
a
n
d
2
0
1
2
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
t
ly
a
n
As
so
c
iate
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
in
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
t
Ra
jam
a
n
g
a
la
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
S
u
v
a
rn
a
b
h
u
m
i
(RM
UTS
B),
Th
a
il
a
n
d
.
His
re
se
a
r
c
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
m
a
tri
x
c
o
n
v
e
rters
a
n
d
p
u
lse
wid
t
h
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(P
WM
)
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
p
a
ib
о
o
n
.
k
@rm
u
tsb
.
а
c
.
th
.
Na
p
a
t
Wa
t
ja
n
a
te
p
in
e
a
rn
e
d
a
B.
S
.
Tec
h
.
Ed
.
(El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
)
d
e
g
re
e
fro
m
Th
a
il
a
n
d
’s In
stit
u
te o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Vo
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
in
1
9
8
5
a
n
d
a
n
M
.
S
.
Tec
h
.
Ed
.
(El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
)
d
e
g
re
e
fro
m
Ki
n
g
M
o
n
g
k
u
t’s
I
n
stit
u
te
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
No
rt
h
Ba
n
g
k
o
k
in
1
9
9
1
.
P
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
d
ri
v
e
s,
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
r
g
y
,
P
V
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
ste
m
s
,
LE
D
so
lar
sim
u
lato
rs,
L
ED
fo
r
h
o
r
ti
c
u
lt
u
re
,
a
n
d
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
re
a
m
o
n
g
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts.
He
wo
n
a
G
o
ld
M
e
d
a
l
a
t
iE
NA
2
0
1
8
f
o
r
h
is
i
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
,
“
P
ro
g
ra
m
m
a
b
le
S
p
e
c
tru
m
LE
D
Li
g
h
t
f
o
r
P
lan
t
Cu
lt
iv
a
ti
o
n
,
”
a
n
d
a
S
il
v
e
r
M
e
d
a
l
a
t
t
h
e
4
5
t
h
G
e
n
e
v
a
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
Ex
h
i
b
it
i
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
“
S
i
x
-
S
p
e
c
tral
LE
D
S
o
lar
S
imu
lato
r.
”
He
h
o
l
d
s
a
p
a
ten
t
a
n
d
a
p
e
tt
y
p
a
ten
t
fo
r
a
to
tal
o
f
f
o
u
r
in
v
e
n
ti
o
n
s.
H
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
v
ia em
a
il
a
t:
wa
t
jan
a
tep
in
.
n
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
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