I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
5
,
p
p
.
469
~
4
8
0
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijaas
.
v
14
.
i
2
.
pp
469
-
4
8
0
469
J
o
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na
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ttp
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k
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t
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ift
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rd
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tri
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ls
with
d
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a
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ti
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c
o
m
p
a
ra
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1
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so
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s
y
ste
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ial
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e
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it
a
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s
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a
n
d
e
n
e
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g
y
sy
ste
m
m
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d
e
li
n
g
fe
a
tu
re
s su
c
h
a
s p
o
we
r
flo
ws
(
PF
s)
,
c
o
n
ti
n
u
a
ti
o
n
PF
,
d
y
n
a
m
ic
a
n
a
l
y
sis,
sh
o
r
t
-
c
ircu
i
t
a
n
a
ly
sis
,
c
o
n
ti
n
g
e
n
c
y
a
n
a
l
y
sis,
tran
sp
o
rtati
o
n
m
o
d
e
l
,
o
p
ti
m
a
l
PF
(
OPF
)
,
m
u
lt
i
-
p
e
ri
o
d
OPF
,
u
n
it
c
o
m
m
it
m
e
n
t
(UC)
,
i
n
v
e
stm
e
n
t
o
p
t
imiz
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
g
ra
p
h
ic
u
se
r
in
terfa
c
e
.
Ba
se
d
o
n
th
e
re
su
lt
s,
th
e
p
a
p
e
r
s
u
g
g
e
sts
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
to
o
l
s
u
se
d
fo
r
a
c
c
o
rd
in
g
p
o
we
r/en
e
rg
y
sy
ste
m
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
b
jec
ti
v
e
:
M
ATP
OWE
R
fo
r
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
a
n
a
ly
sis
a
n
d
P
y
th
o
n
f
o
r
p
o
we
r
s
y
ste
m
a
n
a
ly
sis
(
P
y
P
S
A
)
fo
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
sy
ste
m
a
n
a
ly
sis
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
e
lin
g
E
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
Op
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
Po
wer
s
y
s
tem
mode
lin
g
R
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ph
u
o
n
g
L
e
Ng
o
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
n
er
g
y
an
d
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
,
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
Scien
ce
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
E
n
er
g
y
an
d
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
Vietn
am
Aca
d
em
y
o
f
Scien
ce
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
1
8
Ho
an
g
Qu
o
c
Viet,
Han
o
i,
Vietn
am
E
m
ail:
n
g
o
p
h
u
o
n
g
le@
is
tee.
v
ast.v
n
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
th
e
r
a
p
id
g
r
o
wth
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
lik
e
win
d
an
d
s
o
lar
,
th
e
s
h
if
t
to
war
d
s
elec
tr
if
icatio
n
in
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
y
d
u
e
to
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
d
ec
ar
b
o
n
izatio
n
[
1
]
,
alo
n
g
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e,
h
av
e
p
u
s
h
ed
th
e
d
e
m
an
d
in
a
m
o
r
e
s
o
p
h
is
tica
ted
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
els
with
d
etailed
s
p
atial
an
d
tem
p
o
r
al
d
ata
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
T
r
a
d
itio
n
al
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
elin
g
to
o
ls
,
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
th
ese
tr
en
d
s
,
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
an
a
ly
zin
g
n
etwo
r
k
p
o
we
r
f
lo
ws
(
PF
s
)
at
s
in
g
le
p
o
in
ts
in
tim
e,
wh
ich
is
n
o
lo
n
g
er
s
u
f
f
icien
t
[
4
]
.
Mo
d
er
n
g
r
i
d
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
to
o
ls
th
at
ca
n
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
an
d
in
t
er
m
itten
t
n
atu
r
e
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
th
e
f
lu
c
tu
atin
g
d
em
a
n
d
s
o
f
elec
tr
if
ie
d
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
[
5
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
h
is
to
r
ically
,
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
p
lan
n
in
g
h
as b
ee
n
a
clo
s
ed
-
d
o
o
r
af
f
air
,
with
r
esear
ch
,
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t,
a
n
d
lar
g
e
u
tili
ties
k
ee
p
in
g
th
eir
m
o
d
elin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
u
n
d
er
wr
ap
s
[
6
]
.
T
h
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
5
:
4
6
9
-
480
470
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
o
n
ce
ac
ce
p
ta
b
le
d
u
e
to
th
e
lim
ited
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
l
ay
er
s
in
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
ec
to
r
,
is
n
o
w
ch
an
g
in
g
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
o
p
en
,
r
e
g
u
lated
m
ar
k
ets
a
n
d
t
h
e
u
r
g
en
t
n
e
ed
to
co
m
b
at
clim
ate
ch
a
n
g
e
d
em
an
d
s
a
m
o
r
e
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t a
n
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
en
e
r
g
y
p
lan
n
i
n
g
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
o
p
en
n
ess
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
eli
n
g
h
as
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ied
in
m
a
n
y
r
esear
ch
es
[
5
]
–
[
9
]
a
n
d
s
h
o
ws
s
ev
er
al
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ad
v
an
tag
e
s
.
B
y
m
ak
in
g
c
o
d
e
a
n
d
d
ata
p
u
b
licly
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le,
it
p
r
o
m
o
tes
s
cien
tific
r
ig
o
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
c
y
an
d
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
cib
ilit
y
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
r
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
p
o
licy
m
a
k
er
s
[
8
]
.
T
h
is
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
is
ess
en
tial
in
t
h
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
p
o
li
cy
,
wh
ich
o
f
te
n
f
ac
es
s
tr
o
n
g
p
u
b
lic
o
p
in
io
n
a
n
d
d
eb
ate
[
8
]
.
Op
en
m
o
d
elin
g
ca
n
also
r
ed
u
ce
p
u
b
lic
o
p
p
o
s
itio
n
to
n
ew
p
o
licies
an
d
in
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
e
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
clea
r
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
o
f
th
e
d
e
cisi
o
n
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
1
0
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
b
y
r
e
d
u
cin
g
r
e
d
u
n
d
a
n
t
wo
r
k
an
d
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
o
p
e
n
m
o
d
elin
g
b
o
o
s
ts
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
it
y
am
o
n
g
r
esear
c
h
er
s
,
allo
win
g
th
em
t
o
s
h
ar
e
t
h
e
wo
r
k
lo
ad
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
an
d
m
ain
ta
in
in
g
co
m
p
lex
m
o
d
els
an
d
d
atasets
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
an
k
s
to
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
th
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
o
p
en
d
ata
an
d
o
p
e
n
m
o
d
el
s
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
R
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
th
e
g
ap
s
f
r
o
m
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
ev
alu
atin
g
in
d
iv
id
u
al
to
o
ls
in
is
o
latio
n
,
th
is
wo
r
k
o
f
f
e
r
s
a
n
o
v
elty
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
b
y
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
a
ly
s
is
o
f
to
o
ls
ac
r
o
s
s
p
o
wer
an
d
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
elin
g
d
o
m
ain
s
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
eir
s
tr
en
g
th
s
,
lim
itatio
n
s
,
an
d
ar
ea
s
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
m
an
y
asp
ec
ts
r
elate
d
to
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ics,
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
m
m
its
,
last
u
p
d
ate
tim
e,
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
lan
g
u
ag
e,
an
d
licen
s
es
ar
e
co
n
s
i
d
er
ed
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
tailo
r
ed
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
u
s
er
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
d
ev
elo
p
er
s
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
,
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
ac
t
ical
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
ws.
Sectio
n
2
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ev
alu
atin
g
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
elin
g
to
o
ls
.
Sectio
n
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
e
v
alu
atio
n
,
d
etailin
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
,
a
n
d
u
s
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
to
o
ls
ac
r
o
s
s
b
o
t
h
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
an
d
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
elin
g
d
o
m
ain
s
.
Sectio
n
4
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
all
th
e
to
o
ls
,
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
,
an
d
s
o
m
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
.
Fin
ally
,
s
ec
tio
n
5
co
n
clu
d
es th
e
p
ap
er
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
T
h
is
p
ap
er
u
tili
ze
s
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
to
ass
e
s
s
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
elin
g
to
o
ls
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
b
e
g
in
s
with
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
ie
w
th
at
in
v
esti
g
ates
ex
is
tin
g
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
ese
to
o
ls
,
p
ay
in
g
p
a
r
ticu
lar
atten
tio
n
to
th
e
s
h
if
t
to
war
d
s
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
th
e
p
r
ess
in
g
n
ee
d
f
o
r
d
ec
ar
b
o
n
iz
atio
n
,
an
d
th
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
is
r
ev
iew
also
ex
p
lo
r
ed
p
r
ev
io
u
s
wo
r
k
h
i
g
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
m
o
d
elin
g
,
s
u
ch
as
im
p
r
o
v
ed
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
cy
,
r
ep
r
o
d
u
cib
ilit
y
,
an
d
co
llab
o
r
at
iv
e
p
o
ten
tial.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
ie
w,
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
s
elec
ted
a
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
s
et
o
f
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
c
e
to
o
ls
f
o
r
ev
alu
atio
n
.
T
h
e
to
o
ls
wer
e
c
h
o
s
en
b
ased
o
n
a
v
a
r
iety
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
in
clu
d
in
g
th
eir
p
o
p
u
la
r
ity
,
lev
el
o
f
ac
tiv
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
an
d
d
iv
e
r
s
ity
o
f
m
o
d
elin
g
f
ea
t
u
r
es.
Selectio
n
was
g
u
id
e
d
b
y
citatio
n
m
etr
ics,
ac
tiv
ity
o
n
GitHu
b
,
an
d
a
r
e
v
iew
o
f
ea
c
h
to
o
l'
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
On
ce
s
elec
ted
,
k
ey
d
ata
p
o
in
ts
wer
e
co
llected
f
o
r
ea
ch
to
o
l.
T
h
is
d
ata
i
n
clu
d
ed
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
et
r
ics
lik
e
GitHu
b
s
tar
s
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
n
tr
i
b
u
to
r
s
,
co
m
m
it
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
,
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
lan
g
u
a
g
es
u
s
ed
,
a
n
d
lice
n
s
e
d
etails.
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
was
al
s
o
g
ath
er
e
d
o
n
ea
c
h
to
o
l'
s
m
o
d
elin
g
f
ea
tu
r
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
o
we
r
f
lo
w
ca
p
ab
il
ities
,
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
it
an
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
in
v
estme
n
t
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
p
o
p
u
la
r
ity
was
g
au
g
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
cita
tio
n
in
d
ices
f
r
o
m
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
,
an
d
r
elea
s
e
h
is
to
r
y
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t a
ctiv
it
y
wer
e
tr
ac
k
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
ep
o
s
ito
r
ies lik
e
GitHu
b
.
T
h
e
co
llected
d
ata
was
th
e
n
u
s
ed
to
ca
teg
o
r
ize
th
e
to
o
ls
,
g
r
o
u
p
in
g
th
em
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
eir
p
r
im
a
r
y
f
o
cu
s
: p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
elin
g
to
o
ls
an
d
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
elin
g
to
o
ls
.
Fu
r
th
er
ca
teg
o
r
ies
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
to
o
ls
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
la
n
g
u
ag
e
u
s
ed
(
MA
T
L
AB
,
Py
th
o
n
,
J
u
lia)
an
d
th
e
licen
s
e
ty
p
e.
W
ith
th
e
to
o
ls
ca
teg
o
r
ized
,
a
d
etailed
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
was
co
n
d
u
cted
ac
r
o
s
s
s
ev
er
al
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
eir
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
f
ea
tu
r
es
lik
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
an
aly
s
is
,
co
n
tin
g
en
c
y
an
a
ly
s
is
,
m
u
lti
-
p
er
io
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
an
d
th
e
av
ailab
i
lity
o
f
g
r
ap
h
ical
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
es
(
GUI
s
)
.
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
ac
tiv
ity
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
wer
e
also
ass
ess
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
m
it
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
co
u
n
t.
L
a
s
tly
,
th
e
licen
s
in
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
o
f
ea
ch
t
o
o
l a
n
d
t
h
eir
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
u
s
ag
e
an
d
ad
ap
tatio
n
wer
e
ex
am
in
ed
.
Fin
ally
,
a
p
ar
allel
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
was
m
a
d
e
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
s
elec
ted
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
to
o
ls
an
d
c
o
m
m
er
cial
to
o
ls
s
u
ch
as
PLE
XO
S
an
d
Po
wer
Facto
r
y
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
aim
ed
to
illu
m
in
ate
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
g
ap
s
an
d
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
to
o
ls
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
eir
co
m
m
er
cial
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
ts
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
is
an
aly
s
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
alu
ab
le
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
s
b
etwe
en
co
s
t,
f
l
ex
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
in
b
o
th
ty
p
es o
f
to
o
ls
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
E
nerg
y
m
o
de
lin
g
t
o
o
ls
un
der
re
v
iew
I
t
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
el
an
d
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
el
[
7
]
.
Po
wer
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
elin
g
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
elec
tr
icity
,
o
f
ten
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
in
d
etail
th
e
p
o
wer
g
r
id
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
elec
tr
ical
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
A
r
ev
iew
o
f o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
en
erg
y
s
ystem
mo
d
ellin
g
to
o
ls
(
N
g
u
ye
n
B
in
h
K
h
a
n
h
)
471
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
s
u
ch
as
v
o
ltag
e,
cu
r
r
en
t,
p
o
wer
,
p
h
ase,
an
d
h
a
r
m
o
n
ics.
E
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
ten
s
im
u
lates
en
er
g
y
in
g
e
n
er
al
with
m
an
y
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
en
er
g
y
(
c
o
al,
o
il,
g
as,
an
d
elec
tr
icity
)
an
d
is
o
f
ten
a
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
p
lan
n
in
g
m
o
d
el.
C
u
r
r
en
tly
,
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
n
ee
d
to
r
ed
u
ce
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
in
cr
ea
s
e
clea
n
e
n
er
g
y
,
an
d
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
r
o
le
o
f
elec
tr
ici
ty
,
th
ese
two
ty
p
es
o
f
m
o
d
els
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
l
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
g
ea
ch
o
t
h
er
.
I
n
th
is
ar
ticle,
b
o
th
ty
p
es
will b
e
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
e
l
in
g
.
T
h
e
m
ain
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
t
h
e
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
an
aly
s
is
to
o
ls
co
n
s
id
er
ed
i
n
th
is
p
ap
er
in
clu
d
e
,
i)
PF
:
to
d
eter
m
in
e
v
o
ltag
e,
c
u
r
r
en
t,
a
n
d
p
o
wer
at
n
o
d
es
an
d
o
n
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
es
in
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ar
e
n
o
t
o
v
e
r
lo
ad
e
d
an
d
o
p
er
ate
with
in
allo
wab
le
lim
its
[
1
3
]
;
i
i)
C
o
n
tin
u
atio
n
PF
:
an
aly
ze
s
PF
u
n
d
er
v
ar
ia
b
le
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
to
p
r
ed
ict
cr
itic
al
p
o
in
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
p
ea
k
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
v
o
ltag
e
cu
r
v
e
(
P
-
V
cu
r
v
e)
o
r
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
co
llap
s
e
p
o
in
t
[
1
4
]
;
iii)
Dy
n
am
ic
an
aly
s
is
:
ass
ess
e
s
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
to
m
ain
tain
s
tab
i
lity
af
ter
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
d
is
tu
r
b
an
c
es,
s
u
ch
as
g
en
e
r
ato
r
l
o
s
s
o
r
s
h
o
r
t
c
ir
cu
it;
ass
ess
e
s
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
f
lu
ct
u
atio
n
s
af
ter
t
h
e
d
is
t
u
r
b
an
ce
[
1
5
]
;
iv
)
Sh
o
r
t
-
cir
c
u
it
an
aly
s
is
:
ca
lcu
late
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
d
ete
r
m
in
e
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
f
au
lts
o
n
th
e
elec
tr
ical
s
y
s
tem
,
d
esig
n
an
d
s
elec
t
p
r
o
tectiv
e
d
ev
ices
s
u
ch
as
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
er
s
an
d
r
elay
s
[
1
5
]
;
v
)
Har
m
o
n
ic
an
aly
s
is
:
ev
alu
ates
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
h
a
r
m
o
n
ics
o
n
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ich
a
r
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
p
r
o
tectin
g
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t
an
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
[
1
6
]
;
v
i)
C
o
n
tin
g
e
n
cy
an
aly
s
is
:
s
im
u
lates
an
d
an
aly
ze
s
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
p
o
ten
tial
f
au
lts
o
r
f
ailu
r
es
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
th
e
g
r
i
d
.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
h
elp
s
ass
e
s
s
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
ab
ili
ty
to
with
s
tan
d
f
au
lts
with
o
u
t
ca
u
s
in
g
wid
e
s
p
r
ea
d
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
o
r
p
o
wer
o
u
tag
es
[
1
7
]
;
v
ii)
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
m
o
d
el:
m
o
d
el
o
f
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
in
m
an
y
f
o
r
m
s
s
u
ch
as
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
es,
p
ip
elin
es,
tr
u
c
k
s
,
an
d
s
h
ip
s
;
v
iii)
Op
tim
al
PF
(
OP
F
)
:
o
p
tim
izes
lo
ad
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
am
o
n
g
g
en
er
at
o
r
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
g
en
er
atio
n
co
s
ts
;
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
u
s
u
ally
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
co
s
ts
;
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
o
n
g
en
e
r
atio
n
ca
p
ac
ity
,
s
p
in
n
i
n
g
r
e
s
er
v
es
,
an
d
o
th
er
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
[
1
8
]
;
ix
)
Mu
lti
-
p
er
io
d
OPF:
o
p
tim
izes
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
o
v
er
m
u
ltip
le
tim
e
p
er
io
d
s
(
m
u
lti
-
p
er
io
d
)
,
in
s
tead
o
f
ju
s
t
in
a
s
in
g
le
tim
e
p
e
r
i
o
d
lik
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
OPF
[
1
9
]
;
x
)
Un
it
co
m
m
itm
en
t
(
UC
)
:
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
to
s
tar
t
o
r
s
h
u
t
d
o
wn
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
to
m
e
et
d
em
an
d
at
m
in
im
u
m
co
s
t
[
2
0
]
;
x
i)
I
n
v
estme
n
t
o
p
tim
izatio
n
:
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
allo
ca
tio
n
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
m
ax
im
u
m
r
etu
r
n
s
,
m
i
n
im
ize
r
is
k
s
o
r
b
alan
cin
g
b
o
th
[
2
1
]
;
an
d
x
ii)
All
e
n
er
g
y
s
ec
to
r
:
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
v
a
r
io
u
s
en
er
g
y
s
ec
to
r
s
o
th
er
t
h
an
elec
tr
icity
(
o
il,
g
as,
an
d
co
al)
.
T
h
e
lis
t
o
f
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
elin
g
to
o
ls
s
tu
d
ie
d
in
th
is
p
a
p
er
is
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
T
h
is
lis
t is ce
r
tain
ly
n
o
t e
x
h
au
s
tiv
e,
b
u
t it
is
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
o
f
o
p
e
n
-
s
o
u
r
ce
to
o
ls
f
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
elin
g
,
b
ased
o
n
cr
iter
ia
s
u
ch
as
h
ig
h
citatio
n
co
u
n
t,
a
n
d
ac
tiv
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
lev
el.
T
h
e
lis
t
also
h
as
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
m
o
d
elin
g
f
ea
tu
r
es f
o
r
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
ab
le
1
is
a
r
r
an
g
e
d
r
an
d
o
m
ly
with
o
u
t a
n
y
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
.
T
ab
le
1
.
L
is
t o
f
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
e
n
er
g
y
a
n
d
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
an
aly
s
is
to
o
ls
in
r
ev
iew
N
o
.
To
o
l
F
i
r
st
r
e
l
e
a
se
La
t
e
st
v
e
r
si
o
n
La
t
e
st
r
e
l
e
a
se
d
a
t
e
Ref
e
r
e
n
c
e
1
M
A
TPO
W
ER
1
9
9
7
v
8
.
0
2
0
2
4
-
05
-
17
[
2
2
]
–
[
2
5
]
2
M
O
S
T
2
0
1
3
v
1
.
3
2
0
2
4
-
05
-
16
[
2
3
]
3
P
Y
P
O
W
ER
2
0
1
0
v
5
.
1
.
1
5
2
0
2
1
-
03
-
23
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
6
]
4
p
a
n
d
a
p
o
w
e
r
2
0
1
6
2
.
1
4
.
9
2
0
2
4
-
06
-
26
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
5
P
S
A
T
2
0
0
2
2
.
1
.
1
1
2
0
2
2
-
04
-
04
[
2
9
]
6
P
y
P
S
A
2
0
1
5
0
.
2
1
.
0
2
0
2
3
-
03
-
13
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
7
C
a
l
l
i
o
p
e
2
0
1
4
0
.
6
.
1
0
2
0
2
3
-
01
-
18
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
8
o
e
m
o
f
2
0
1
5
v
0
.
5
.
3
2
0
2
4
-
06
-
25
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
5
]
9
O
S
e
M
O
S
Y
S
2
0
0
9
V
1
.
1
0
2
0
2
3
-
01
-
20
[
3
6
]
,
[
3
7
]
10
u
r
b
s
2
0
1
7
V
1
.
0
.
1
2
0
1
9
-
03
-
13
[
3
8
]
11
G
r
i
d
C
a
l
2
0
1
5
v
5
.
1
.
1
0
2
0
2
4
-
05
-
31
[
3
9
]
12
S
i
e
n
n
a
2
0
1
8
v
4
.
1
.
1
2
0
2
4
-
07
-
03
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
1
]
13
P
o
w
e
r
G
r
i
d
M
o
d
e
l
2
0
2
2
v
1
.
9
.
5
2
0
2
4
-
07
-
10
[
4
2
]
14
P
o
w
e
r
M
o
d
e
l
2
0
1
8
v
0
.
2
1
.
2
2
0
2
4
-
07
-
05
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
4
]
15
EG
R
ET
2
0
1
9
B
e
t
a
2
0
2
3
-
04
-
04
[
4
5
]
,
[
4
6
]
16
G
e
n
X
2
0
2
1
v
0
.
4
.
0
2
0
2
4
-
05
-
07
[
4
7
]
17
LTB
2
0
1
7
v
1
.
6
.
2
2
0
2
2
-
03
-
28
[
4
8
]
,
[
4
9
]
3
.
1
.
1
.
M
AT
P
O
WE
R
a
nd
t
o
o
ls
ba
s
ed
o
n
M
AT
P
O
W
E
R
MA
T
POW
E
R
is
a
p
ac
k
ag
e
o
f
f
r
ee
,
o
p
e
n
-
s
o
u
r
ce
MA
T
L
AB
-
l
an
g
u
ag
e
M
-
f
iles
f
o
r
s
o
lv
in
g
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
s
u
ch
as
PF
,
co
n
tin
u
atio
n
PF
(
C
P
F),
ex
ten
s
ib
le
OPF,
UC
,
an
d
s
to
ch
asti
c,
s
ec
u
r
e
m
u
lti
-
in
ter
v
al
OPF/
UC
[
2
2
]
-
[
2
4
]
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
an
d
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
with
a
v
er
s
atile
an
d
r
eliab
le
t
o
o
ls
et
f
o
r
ac
a
d
em
ic
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tical
a
p
p
l
icatio
n
s
.
MA
T
POW
E
R
was
f
i
r
s
t
r
elea
s
ed
in
1
9
9
7
[
2
2
]
,
b
u
t
it
was
n
o
t
u
n
til
2
0
1
7
th
at
it
was
p
u
t
o
n
Git
H
u
b
[
2
5
]
,
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
i
ts
ac
ce
s
s
ib
il
ity
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t.
MA
T
POW
E
R
o
p
tim
al
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
to
o
l
(
MO
ST
)
[
2
3
]
is
an
ex
ten
d
ed
to
o
lk
it
f
r
o
m
MA
T
P
OW
E
R
,
to
s
o
lv
e
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
f
o
r
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
.
MO
ST
o
f
f
er
s
a
v
er
s
atile
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
ca
p
a
b
le
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
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:
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2
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8
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I
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t J Ad
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Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
5
:
4
6
9
-
480
472
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
a
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
o
p
tim
izatio
n
ch
al
len
g
es.
T
h
ese
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
s
im
p
lifie
d
d
eter
m
in
is
tic
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
is
p
atch
p
r
o
b
lem
s
with
in
a
s
in
g
le
tim
e
p
e
r
io
d
a
n
d
n
eg
lectin
g
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lim
itatio
n
s
,
to
h
ig
h
ly
co
m
p
lex
s
to
ch
asti
c
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
s
.
T
h
e
latter
ca
n
e
n
co
m
p
as
s
s
ec
u
r
ity
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
co
m
b
i
n
ed
UC
an
d
m
u
lti
-
p
er
io
d
OPF
,
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
s
u
ch
as lo
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tin
g
en
cies,
lo
ad
-
f
o
llo
win
g
r
eser
v
es,
g
en
er
ato
r
r
am
p
in
g
c
o
s
ts
an
d
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
f
lex
ib
le
d
em
a
n
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
n
o
n
-
id
ea
l
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
,
an
d
th
e
in
h
er
en
t u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
g
en
e
r
atio
n
[
2
3
]
.
PYPO
W
E
R
[
2
2
]
is
a
p
o
r
t
o
f
MA
T
POW
E
R
,
f
r
o
m
MA
T
L
AB
to
Py
th
o
n
.
PYPO
W
E
R
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
f
u
lly
u
tili
ze
Py
th
o
n
'
s
o
b
ject
-
o
r
ien
te
d
in
ter
f
a
ce
.
I
ts
d
ata
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
u
s
es
o
n
l
y
Nu
m
Py
ar
r
ay
s
,
m
ak
in
g
it
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
to
m
an
ag
e
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
in
th
e
p
o
wer
g
r
id
.
PYPO
W
E
R
cu
r
r
en
tly
o
n
ly
s
o
lv
es
th
e
PF
p
r
o
b
lem
an
d
o
p
tim
izes
th
e
OPF
.
I
t
h
as
n
o
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
t
o
d
ea
l
with
m
u
lti
-
p
er
io
d
OF,
wh
ich
m
a
k
es
it
u
n
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
UC
,
s
to
r
ag
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
o
r
i
n
v
estme
n
t o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
PYPOW
E
R
i
s
n
o
t a
ctiv
ely
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
y
m
o
r
e.
3
.
1
.
2
.
P
o
wer
s
y
s
t
em
a
na
ly
s
is
t
o
o
lbo
x
P
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
an
aly
s
is
to
o
lb
o
x
(
PS
AT
)
[
2
9
]
is
also
a
MA
T
L
AB
to
o
lb
o
x
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
tem
an
aly
s
is
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
.
PS
A
T
was
f
ir
s
t
r
elea
s
ed
in
2
0
0
2
.
Op
er
atio
n
al
ass
ess
m
en
ts
ar
e
f
ac
ilit
a
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
GUI
s
,
an
d
a
Simu
lin
k
-
b
ased
lib
r
ar
y
o
f
f
er
s
an
in
tu
itiv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
p
o
wer
n
etwo
r
k
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
m
ain
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
PS
AT
ar
e
PF
,
co
n
tin
u
atio
n
PF
,
OPF
,
s
m
all
s
ig
n
al
s
tab
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
tim
e
d
o
m
ain
s
im
u
latio
n
[
2
9
]
.
PS
AT
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
as a
f
r
ee
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
to
o
l
,
b
u
t t
h
e
PS
AT
d
o
cu
m
en
tatio
n
is
n
o
t
[
5
0
]
.
3
.
1
.
3
.
P
a
nd
a
po
wer
P
an
d
ap
o
wer
b
u
ild
s
o
n
t
h
e
d
at
a
an
aly
s
is
p
an
d
as
lib
r
ar
y
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
an
d
t
h
e
PS
AT
PYPO
W
E
R
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
in
itial
g
o
al
was
to
d
e
v
e
lo
p
a
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
n
etwo
r
k
ca
lcu
latio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
to
au
t
o
m
ate
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
an
aly
s
is
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
Star
tin
g
as
a
co
n
v
en
ien
t
in
ter
f
ac
e
f
o
r
PYPOW
E
R
,
th
e
s
o
f
twar
e
h
as
m
atu
r
ed
i
n
to
an
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
PS
AT
.
T
h
is
e
v
o
lu
tio
n
i
n
clu
d
es
an
e
x
ten
s
iv
e
lib
r
ar
y
o
f
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
els,
an
en
h
an
ce
d
p
o
wer
f
l
o
w
s
o
lv
er
,
an
d
a
wid
e
ar
r
ay
o
f
ad
d
itio
n
al
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
an
aly
s
is
f
u
n
ctio
n
alities
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
p
an
d
ap
o
wer
n
etwo
r
k
m
o
d
el
r
ep
r
esen
ts
elec
tr
ical
s
y
s
tem
s
u
s
in
g
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
lik
e
lin
es,
two
-
an
d
th
r
ee
-
win
d
in
g
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
,
a
n
d
id
ea
l
s
witch
es.
T
h
ese
elem
en
ts
ar
e
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
th
eir
n
a
m
ep
late
r
atin
g
s
an
d
ar
e
in
ter
n
ally
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
v
alid
ated
eq
u
iv
alen
t
cir
cu
it
m
o
d
els,
en
s
u
r
in
g
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
with
in
d
u
s
tr
y
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
f
twar
e.
T
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
d
ef
in
i
tio
n
r
elies
o
n
tab
u
lar
d
ata
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
b
y
th
e
Py
th
o
n
p
an
d
as
lib
r
ar
y
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
m
an
ip
u
latio
n
o
f
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
p
a
r
am
eter
s
.
I
m
p
le
m
en
ted
in
Py
th
o
n
,
p
an
d
ap
o
wer
o
f
f
er
s
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
an
d
allo
ws
s
ea
m
less
in
teg
r
atio
n
with
ex
te
r
n
al
Py
th
o
n
lib
r
a
r
ies
.
I
ts
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
en
co
m
p
ass
PF
an
aly
s
is
,
OPF
,
s
tate
e
s
tim
atio
n
,
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
it
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
m
o
d
eli
n
g
o
f
s
witch
es
an
d
th
r
ee
-
win
d
in
g
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
.
H
o
wev
er
,
s
im
ilar
t
o
PYPOW
E
R
,
p
an
d
ap
o
wer
c
u
r
r
en
tly
lack
s
n
ativ
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
m
u
lti
-
p
er
io
d
OPF
an
aly
s
is
.
3
.
1
.
4
.
P
y
t
ho
n f
o
r
po
wer
s
y
s
t
em
a
na
ly
s
is
Py
th
o
n
f
o
r
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
an
al
y
s
is
(
Py
PS
A
)
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
Py
P
SA
is
an
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
twar
e
p
ac
k
ag
e
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
a
n
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
p
o
wer
a
n
d
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
t
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
f
u
n
ctio
n
alities
f
o
r
m
o
d
el
in
g
c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
g
en
e
r
ato
r
s
with
UC
,
v
ar
iab
le
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
win
d
an
d
s
o
lar
)
,
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
d
e
v
ic
es,
an
d
in
ter
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
with
o
th
er
en
er
g
y
s
ec
to
r
s
,
an
d
in
teg
r
ated
AC
/DC
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Py
PS
A
is
en
g
in
ee
r
ed
to
h
a
n
d
le
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
n
et
wo
r
k
s
an
d
e
x
ten
s
iv
e
tim
e
-
s
er
ies
d
ata
ef
f
icien
tly
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ject
is
ac
tiv
ely
m
ain
tain
ed
b
y
th
e
De
p
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
Dig
ital
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
E
n
er
g
y
Sy
s
tem
s
at
th
e
T
ec
h
n
ical
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
B
er
li
n
[
3
1
]
.
B
ased
o
n
Py
PS
A,
m
an
y
s
tu
d
ies
ha
ve
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cte
d
,
esp
ec
ially
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
in
E
u
r
o
p
e
[
5
1
]
,
[
5
2
]
.
3
.
1
.
5
.
Ca
llio
pe
C
allio
p
e
is
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
els.
I
ts
p
r
im
ar
y
f
o
cu
s
is
o
n
p
lan
n
in
g
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
at
s
ca
les
r
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
u
r
b
an
d
is
tr
icts
to
en
tire
co
n
tin
en
ts
.
I
n
an
o
p
tio
n
al
o
p
er
atio
n
,
it
ca
n
also
test
a
p
r
e
-
d
ef
in
ed
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
es
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
ed
in
C
allio
p
e
was
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
p
o
wer
n
o
d
es
m
o
d
e
lin
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
[
3
3
]
,
b
u
t
C
allio
p
e
is
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
e
lin
g
to
o
ls
an
d
d
o
es n
o
t p
r
o
v
i
d
e
f
ea
tu
r
es su
ch
as
PF
an
aly
s
is
.
3
.
1
.
6
.
O
pen E
nerg
y
M
o
dellin
g
F
ra
m
ewo
rk
T
h
e
o
p
en
en
er
g
y
m
o
d
ellin
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
(
o
em
o
f
)
[
3
4
]
,
wh
ich
is
a
Py
th
o
n
to
o
lb
o
x
f
o
r
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
mode
lin
g
a
n
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
T
h
e
o
em
o
f
p
r
o
ject
aim
s
to
b
e
a
lo
o
s
e
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
f
r
am
e
f
o
r
to
o
ls
in
th
e
wid
e
f
ield
o
f
(
en
er
g
y
)
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
e
lin
g
.
o
e
m
o
f
i
n
clu
d
es
m
an
y
p
ac
k
ag
es
f
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
e
lin
g
[
3
4
]
,
in
wh
ich
,
o
e
m
o
f
-
s
o
lp
h
is
a
m
o
d
el
g
en
er
at
o
r
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
el
in
g
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
s
(
L
P/MI
L
P)
[
3
5
]
,
o
em
o
f
-
t
h
er
m
al
is
a
to
o
l
to
m
o
d
el
th
er
m
al
en
er
g
y
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
(
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
h
ea
t
p
u
m
p
s
,
co
n
ce
n
tr
atin
g
s
o
lar
p
lan
ts
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
A
r
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473
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.
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.
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Pro
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i
r
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3
6
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I
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h
as
b
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p
l
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ev
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3
.
1
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8
.
Urbs
U
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[
3
8
]
.
3
.
1
.
9
.
G
ridCa
l
Gr
id
C
al
is
a
p
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y
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tem
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l
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n
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im
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latio
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e,
wr
itten
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th
e
Py
th
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p
r
o
g
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am
m
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Gr
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iv
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to
t
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k
ag
es
[
3
9
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.
Gr
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s
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ter
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[
5
3
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3
.
1
.
1
0
.
Sienn
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Sien
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a
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f
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asi
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f
r
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e
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tem
s
[
4
0
]
.
Sien
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m
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[
4
1
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.
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3
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1
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1
1
.
P
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rid
M
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del
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is
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r
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p
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PF
,
s
tate
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tim
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,
s
h
o
r
t c
ir
c
u
it
[
4
2
]
.
3
.
1
.
1
2
.
P
o
wer
M
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dels
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j
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ith
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s
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r
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ly
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b
lem
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
3
.
1
.
1
3
.
E
G
RE
T
E
GR
E
T
is
a
Py
th
o
n
-
b
ased
p
ac
k
ag
e
f
o
r
elec
tr
ical
g
r
id
o
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tim
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tio
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ased
o
n
th
e
Py
o
m
o
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
lan
g
u
ag
e
[
4
5
]
.
I
ts
m
ain
f
ea
tu
r
es
in
clu
d
e
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
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itm
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lem
s
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atch
(
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p
r
o
b
lem
s
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u
ch
as
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ir
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t
cu
r
r
en
t
OPF
an
d
alter
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g
cu
r
r
en
t
OPF
[
4
6
]
.
E
GR
E
T
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
u
ited
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co
m
p
l
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m
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task
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th
at
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eq
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i
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lex
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d
tr
a
n
s
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ar
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y
in
p
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y
s
tem
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aly
s
is
.
3
.
1
.
1
4
.
G
enX
Gen
X
is
a
h
ig
h
ly
co
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ig
u
r
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le,
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p
en
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r
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icity
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eso
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r
ce
ca
p
ac
ity
ex
p
an
s
io
n
m
o
d
el
[
4
7
]
.
Gen
X
is
a
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
lin
ea
r
o
r
m
ix
ed
-
in
teg
er
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n
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o
p
tim
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d
el
d
esig
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to
id
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n
tify
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least
-
co
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t
m
ix
o
f
in
v
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ts
an
d
o
p
er
a
tio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
elec
tr
icity
g
en
er
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n
,
s
to
r
a
g
e,
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
an
d
d
em
a
n
d
-
s
id
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r
eso
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s
.
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t
aim
s
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m
e
et
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tr
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d
em
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n
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m
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t
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to
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o
f
p
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s
tem
o
p
er
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al
co
n
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tr
ain
ts
,
r
eso
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r
ce
av
ailab
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s
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an
d
ex
ter
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ally
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p
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s
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ir
o
n
m
en
tal,
m
ar
k
et
d
esig
n
,
an
d
p
o
licy
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
5
:
4
6
9
-
480
474
Gen
X
ca
n
b
e
tailo
r
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e
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
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n
s
b
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ju
s
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g
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e
m
o
d
el’
s
r
eso
lu
tio
n
an
d
s
co
p
e
in
s
ev
er
al
k
ey
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
th
e
tem
p
o
r
al
r
eso
l
u
tio
n
o
f
tim
e
s
er
ies
in
p
u
ts
lik
e
elec
tr
icity
d
em
an
d
an
d
r
en
ewa
b
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
av
ailab
ilit
y
,
th
e
lev
el
o
f
d
etail
in
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
atio
n
s
in
clu
d
in
g
UC
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
an
d
th
e
g
eo
s
p
atial
r
eso
lu
tio
n
an
d
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
elec
t
r
icity
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
b
o
th
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
an
d
e
m
e
r
g
in
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
as
th
er
m
al
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
,
v
ar
iab
le
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
lik
e
win
d
an
d
s
o
lar
,
r
u
n
-
of
-
r
i
v
er
an
d
r
eser
v
o
ir
-
b
ased
h
y
d
r
o
,
p
u
m
p
ed
-
s
to
r
a
g
e
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
,
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
s
,
d
em
an
d
-
s
id
e
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
d
em
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
an
d
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies in
clu
d
in
g
lo
n
g
-
d
u
r
atio
n
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
[
4
7
]
.
3
.
1
.
1
5
.
CURENT
l
a
rg
e
-
s
ca
le
t
estbed
T
h
e
C
UR
E
NT
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
test
b
ed
(
L
T
B
)
is
a
r
esear
ch
f
ac
ilit
y
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
r
a
p
id
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
in
g
o
f
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
[
4
8
]
.
I
t
is
a
tig
h
tly
in
teg
r
ated
,
cl
o
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
p
latf
o
r
m
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
f
o
u
r
m
ajo
r
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
p
ac
k
ag
es:
ANDE
S
f
o
r
d
y
n
am
ic
s
im
u
l
atio
n
,
AM
S
f
o
r
d
is
p
at
ch
s
im
u
latio
n
,
AGVis
f
o
r
g
r
id
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
,
an
d
DiME
f
o
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
m
ess
ag
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
4
9
]
.
T
h
ese
L
T
B
p
ac
k
ag
es
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
o
r
in
a
f
ed
er
ated
m
an
n
e
r
,
m
a
k
in
g
it
a
v
er
s
atile
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
p
latf
o
r
m
f
o
r
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
r
esear
ch
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
3
.
2
.
Co
m
pa
riso
n o
f
o
pen
-
s
o
urce
perf
o
rm
a
nce
a
nd
cit
a
t
i
o
ns
T
h
e
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
to
o
ls
in
th
e
p
ap
er
ar
e
ev
alu
ated
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
cr
iter
ia:
m
o
d
elin
g
f
ea
tu
r
es,
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ics
,
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
citatio
n
s
.
Mo
d
elin
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ar
e
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
d
escr
ib
ed
in
th
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
ec
tio
n
.
T
y
p
ically
,
ea
ch
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
elin
g
to
o
l
u
s
u
ally
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
em
.
Op
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ics
ar
e
r
etr
iev
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
to
o
lk
it'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
icato
r
s
o
n
Git
H
ub
[
5
4
]
.
C
itatio
n
in
d
ices a
r
e
r
etr
i
ev
ed
f
r
o
m
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
[
5
5
]
.
Op
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
e
tr
ics
o
f
in
ter
est
en
co
m
p
ass
s
e
v
er
al
k
ey
in
d
ices
th
at
h
elp
ev
alu
ate
th
e
p
o
p
u
lar
ity
,
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
ac
tiv
ity
,
an
d
u
s
ab
ilit
y
o
f
a
to
o
l.
On
e
s
u
ch
m
etr
ic
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tar
s
o
n
GitHu
b
,
wh
ich
r
ef
lects
th
e
lev
el
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
in
te
r
est
in
th
e
p
r
o
ject.
An
o
th
er
im
p
o
r
tan
t
m
etr
i
c
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
s
o
n
GitHu
b
,
in
d
i
ca
tin
g
h
o
w
m
an
y
d
e
v
elo
p
er
s
ac
tiv
ely
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
to
o
l’
s
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
c
o
m
m
its
in
th
e
last
m
o
n
th
,
o
r
t
h
e
d
ate
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
r
ec
en
t
c
o
m
m
it
if
n
o
ac
tiv
ity
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
in
t
h
e
p
ast
m
o
n
th
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
to
o
l'
s
o
n
g
o
i
n
g
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
an
d
ac
t
iv
en
ess
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
lan
g
u
ag
e
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
t
o
o
l
an
d
its
ass
o
ciate
d
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
al
s
o
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le.
T
h
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
im
p
ac
t
th
e
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
to
o
l
an
d
th
e
lev
el
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
av
ailab
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
also
lo
o
k
ed
at
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
citatio
n
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
to
o
l.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
citatio
n
s
was r
et
r
iev
ed
f
r
o
m
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
licen
s
e
u
n
d
er
wh
ic
h
th
e
s
o
f
twar
e
is
r
el
ea
s
ed
is
ess
en
tial,
as
it
d
ictates
h
o
w
th
e
to
o
l
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
,
m
o
d
if
ied
,
a
n
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
.
Op
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
licen
s
es
g
en
er
ally
f
all
in
to
th
r
ee
b
r
o
ad
ca
teg
o
r
ies
[
5
6
]
.
Per
m
is
s
iv
e
licen
s
es,
s
u
ch
as
Ma
s
s
ac
h
u
s
ett
s
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
MI
T
)
,
Ap
a
ch
e,
an
d
B
er
k
eley
s
o
f
twar
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
(
B
SD
)
,
a
r
e
f
lex
ib
le
an
d
im
p
o
s
e
m
in
im
al
r
estrictio
n
s
,
allo
win
g
th
e
s
o
f
twar
e
to
b
e
f
r
ee
ly
u
s
ed
,
m
o
d
if
ied
,
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
,
ev
en
in
p
r
o
p
r
ietar
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
C
o
p
y
lef
t
licen
s
es,
s
u
ch
as
Gen
er
al
Pu
b
lic
L
icen
s
e
(
GPL
)
,
L
ess
er
Gen
er
al
Pu
b
lic
L
icen
s
e
(
L
GPL
)
,
an
d
Af
f
er
o
Gen
er
al
Pu
b
lic
L
ice
n
s
e
(
AGPL
)
,
r
eq
u
ir
e
th
at
an
y
d
er
iv
ativ
e
wo
r
k
s
b
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
s
am
e
l
icen
s
e,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
t
h
e
s
o
f
t
war
e
r
em
ain
s
o
p
en
s
o
u
r
ce
.
L
astl
y
,
h
y
b
r
id
licen
s
es
,
lik
e
Mo
zilla
Pu
b
lic
L
icen
s
e
(
MPL
)
,
co
m
b
in
e
elem
e
n
ts
o
f
b
o
th
p
er
m
is
s
iv
e
an
d
co
p
y
lef
t
licen
s
es
to
a
d
d
r
ess
s
p
ec
if
ic
u
s
e
ca
s
es.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
o
p
e
n
-
s
o
u
r
c
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
citatio
n
s
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
2
.
All th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
icato
r
s
wer
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
in
J
u
ly
2
0
2
4
.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
r
e
ar
e
3
m
ain
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
lan
g
u
ag
es:
MA
T
L
AB
,
Py
th
o
n
,
a
n
d
J
u
lia.
MA
T
L
AB
is
a
p
o
p
u
lar
lan
g
u
a
g
e
f
o
r
s
cien
tific
co
m
p
u
tin
g
to
o
ls
in
th
e
2
0
0
0
s
.
T
h
e
d
ep
en
d
e
n
ce
o
n
MA
T
L
AB
,
wh
ich
is
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l
to
o
l
b
u
t
h
ig
h
co
s
t,
lim
its
ac
ce
s
s
to
th
e
to
o
ls
.
In
th
e
2
0
1
0
s
,
Py
th
o
n
-
b
ased
to
o
ls
ar
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
to
r
ep
lace
MA
T
L
A
B
lan
g
u
ag
e
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
m
a
n
y
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
o
f
th
e
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
an
d
co
s
t
[
5
7
]
.
I
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
th
e
J
u
lia
lan
g
u
ag
e
ha
s
r
ec
eiv
ed
m
u
ch
atten
tio
n
f
o
r
a
p
p
licatio
n
in
s
cien
t
if
ic
an
d
tech
n
ical
co
m
p
u
tin
g
d
u
e
to
its
o
p
en
s
o
u
r
ce
,
h
ig
h
-
lev
el,
h
i
g
h
-
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
f
o
r
tech
n
ical
co
m
p
u
tin
g
[
5
8
]
.
MA
T
POW
E
R
,
P
SAT
,
an
d
OSeM
OSY
S
ar
e
th
e
th
r
ee
o
ld
est
to
o
ls
an
d
also
h
av
e
th
e
lar
g
est
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
citatio
n
s
.
MA
T
POW
E
R
in
p
ar
ticu
lar
h
as
m
o
r
e
th
an
7
,
2
0
0
citatio
n
s
s
in
ce
1
9
9
7
,
f
a
r
s
u
r
p
ass
in
g
o
th
er
to
o
ls
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
s
p
ee
d
,
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
ac
tiv
ely
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
o
ls
ar
e
Gr
id
C
al,
Sien
n
a,
an
d
Po
wer
Gr
id
Mo
d
el
with
m
o
n
th
ly
co
m
m
its
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
-
2
5
0
.
Fo
r
th
e
least
ac
tiv
e
ly
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
o
ls
,
th
e
last
u
p
d
ate
m
ay
ev
en
b
e
a
y
ea
r
ag
o
.
PS
AT
alo
n
e
d
o
es
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
co
d
e
o
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ites
lik
e
GitHu
b
,
b
u
t
o
n
l
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
f
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
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A
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f
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ch
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p
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-
s
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ce
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l
ar
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co
m
p
ar
ed
in
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
GUI
is
also
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
e
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
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n
ad
d
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,
s
o
m
e
co
m
m
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cial
to
o
ls
f
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g
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m
o
d
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g
a
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e
also
in
clu
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ed
in
t
h
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co
m
p
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is
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n
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R
eg
ar
d
in
g
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g
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a
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f
a
ce
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ly
a
f
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p
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s
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to
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ls
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e
a
g
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a
p
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in
ter
f
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AT
(
b
ased
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Si
m
u
lin
k
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a
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d
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id
C
al,
wh
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m
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v
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p
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ter
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ab
le
3
.
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m
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aly
s
is
to
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ls
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GUI
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x
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6
P
LEX
O
S
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
5
:
4
6
9
-
480
476
E
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
elin
g
ca
n
b
e
ca
te
g
o
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ized
in
to
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r
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ased
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eir
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r
im
ar
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
g
r
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p
f
o
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u
s
es
o
n
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
elin
g
,
wh
ich
in
v
o
lv
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to
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ls
d
esi
g
n
ed
to
an
aly
ze
an
d
s
im
u
late
th
e
b
eh
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io
r
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f
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tr
ical
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
.
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en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
to
o
ls
in
th
is
ca
teg
o
r
y
in
clu
d
e
MA
T
POW
E
R
,
PYPO
W
E
R
,
p
an
d
ap
o
wer
,
PS
AT
,
Gr
id
C
al,
an
d
Po
wer
G
r
id
Mo
d
el.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
co
m
m
e
r
cial
to
o
ls
wid
ely
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
elin
g
,
s
u
c
h
as
NE
PLAN
,
Po
wer
Facto
r
y
,
Po
wer
W
o
r
ld
,
PS
S/E,
an
d
PS
S/
SIN
C
AL
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
g
r
o
u
p
p
e
r
tain
s
to
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
elin
g
,
wh
ich
ad
d
r
ess
es
b
r
o
ad
er
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
d
y
n
am
ics,
in
clu
d
in
g
g
en
er
atio
n
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
No
tab
le
o
p
e
n
-
s
o
u
r
ce
to
o
ls
in
th
is
ca
teg
o
r
y
in
clu
d
e
Py
PS
A,
C
allio
p
e,
o
em
o
f
,
OSeM
OSY
S,
u
r
b
s
,
Po
w
er
Mo
d
el,
E
GR
E
T
,
Gen
X,
an
d
L
T
B
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
co
m
m
er
cial
to
o
ls
,
PLE
XOS
i
s
a
p
r
o
m
in
en
t
o
p
tio
n
f
o
r
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
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g
.
C
o
m
p
ar
in
g
o
p
en
s
o
u
r
ce
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
er
cial
to
o
ls
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
co
m
m
er
cial
to
o
ls
ar
e
ea
s
ier
to
u
s
e
(
all
h
av
e
g
r
ap
h
ical
in
ter
f
ac
es),
f
u
ll
o
f
f
ea
tu
r
es
,
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
ally
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
.
Ho
wev
er
,
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
to
o
ls
ar
e
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
v
er
y
q
u
ick
ly
b
y
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
an
d
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
g
co
m
m
er
cial
t
o
o
ls
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
OSeM
OSY
S
is
m
atu
r
e
en
o
u
g
h
t
o
b
e
u
s
ed
in
r
eg
i
o
n
al
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
p
lan
n
i
n
g
[
5
9
]
;
GI
Z
(
Deu
ts
ch
e
Gesells
ch
af
t
f
ü
r
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
e
Z
u
s
am
m
en
ar
b
eit)
also
u
s
es
Py
PS
A
f
o
r
m
an
y
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
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n
teg
r
atio
n
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
tr
an
s
itio
n
in
T
h
ailan
d
[
6
0
]
,
Vi
etn
am
[
6
1
]
,
an
d
B
r
az
il
[
6
2
]
.
3
.
4
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
to
o
ls
ar
e
ev
o
lv
in
g
.
Op
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
t
o
o
ls
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
p
o
p
u
l
ar
d
u
e
to
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
,
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
cib
ilit
y
,
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
.
T
h
ey
ch
allen
g
e
th
e
tr
ad
iti
o
n
al
d
o
m
in
a
n
ce
o
f
p
r
o
p
r
ietar
y
to
o
ls
b
y
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
at
n
o
co
s
t.
Py
th
o
n
-
b
ased
to
o
l
s
lik
e
Py
P
SA
an
d
p
an
d
ap
o
wer
ex
h
ib
it
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
u
s
ab
ilit
y
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
wh
ile
J
u
lia
-
b
ased
to
o
ls
s
u
ch
as
Sien
n
a
ar
e
em
er
g
i
n
g
as h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
p
tio
n
s
.
W
ith
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
to
o
ls
ca
n
b
e
ac
tiv
ely
u
n
d
er
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
e
v
itality
o
f
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
co
m
m
u
n
ities
,
as
s
h
o
wn
b
y
m
etr
ics
lik
e
GitHu
b
co
m
m
its
an
d
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
s
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
ts
th
e
to
o
ls
'
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t.
Gr
id
C
al
an
d
Sien
n
a
lead
in
ac
tiv
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
till
m
an
y
g
ap
s
an
d
lim
i
tatio
n
s
o
f
o
p
e
n
-
s
o
u
r
ce
t
o
o
ls
.
Ma
n
y
o
p
e
n
-
s
o
u
r
ce
to
o
ls
lack
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
G
UI
s
,
lim
itin
g
th
eir
a
p
p
ea
l
to
u
s
er
s
u
n
f
am
iliar
with
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
.
So
m
e
to
o
ls
f
o
cu
s
o
n
n
ic
h
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
alitie
s
(
e.
g
.
,
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
en
er
g
y
p
lan
n
in
g
v
s
.
d
etailed
p
o
we
r
f
l
o
w)
with
o
u
t
f
u
lly
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
in
teg
r
ated
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
r
an
s
itio
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
MA
T
L
AB
to
Py
th
o
n
o
r
J
u
lia
in
v
o
lv
es
r
etr
ain
in
g
an
d
o
v
er
co
m
in
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
in
er
tia,
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
lo
n
g
s
tan
d
in
g
u
s
er
s
o
f
MA
T
L
AB
-
b
ased
to
o
ls
lik
e
MA
T
POW
E
R
an
d
PS
AT
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
p
r
e
s
en
ted
,
th
e
p
ap
er
wo
u
ld
lik
e
t
o
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ty
p
es
o
f
u
s
er
s
o
f
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
c
e
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
elin
g
to
o
ls
.
Fo
r
d
ev
elo
p
er
s
,
it
is
s
u
g
g
ested
to
p
r
io
r
itize
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
u
s
er
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
b
y
cr
ea
tin
g
in
tu
itiv
e
g
r
ap
h
ical
in
ter
f
ac
es
o
r
d
ash
b
o
ar
d
s
th
at
en
h
an
ce
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
a
b
r
o
ad
e
r
au
d
ien
ce
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
d
ev
elo
p
er
s
ar
e
e
n
c
o
u
r
ag
e
d
to
ex
p
an
d
to
o
l
f
u
n
c
tio
n
ality
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
teg
r
ated
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
f
ea
tu
r
es,
b
r
i
d
g
in
g
th
e
g
ap
b
etwe
en
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
elin
g
a
n
d
b
r
o
ad
e
r
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Fo
r
r
esea
r
ch
er
s
an
d
p
o
licy
m
a
k
er
s
,
Py
th
o
n
-
b
ased
t
o
o
ls
lik
e
Py
PS
A
ar
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
elin
g
d
u
e
to
th
eir
v
er
s
atility
an
d
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
f
an
ac
ti
v
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
Fo
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
th
at
d
em
a
n
d
h
ig
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
J
u
lia
-
b
ased
to
o
ls
s
u
ch
as
Sien
n
a
ar
e
s
u
g
g
ested
as
a
v
iab
le
alter
n
ativ
e.
Fo
r
in
s
t
itu
tio
n
s
,
it
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
to
o
r
g
a
n
ize
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
f
r
o
m
MA
T
L
AB
-
b
ased
to
o
ls
to
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
.
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
ar
e
also
en
co
u
r
ag
e
d
to
co
llab
o
r
ate
with
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
co
m
m
u
n
ities
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
to
o
l
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t a
lig
n
s
with
r
eg
io
n
al
e
n
er
g
y
p
la
n
n
in
g
n
ee
d
s
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
a
lis
t
o
f
p
o
p
u
lar
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
elin
g
to
o
ls
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ev
i
ewe
d
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
o
n
asp
ec
ts
s
u
ch
a
s
co
d
e
co
m
m
its
,
u
p
d
ates,
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
lan
g
u
ag
es,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
mode
lin
g
f
ea
tu
r
es,
an
d
citatio
n
s
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
to
o
ls
,
MA
T
POW
E
R
h
as
th
e
lo
n
g
est
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
h
is
to
r
y
,
lead
in
g
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
citatio
n
s
,
an
d
is
s
till
ac
tiv
ely
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
MA
T
POW
E
R
lack
s
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
ca
lcu
latin
g
m
u
lti
-
p
e
r
io
d
OPF,
s
in
ce
v
er
s
io
n
6
.
0
th
er
e
h
as
b
ee
n
an
e
x
ten
s
io
n
ca
lle
d
MO
ST
b
ased
o
n
MA
T
POW
E
R
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
t
h
is
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
wea
k
n
ess
o
f
M
AT
POW
E
R
is
its
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
n
MA
T
L
AB
to
o
ls
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e,
s
o
t
h
er
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
lim
itatio
n
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
c
o
s
t
an
d
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
Py
th
o
n
.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
e
Py
th
o
n
-
b
ased
t
o
o
ls
,
Py
PS
A
h
as
th
e
b
est
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
cita
tio
n
m
etr
ics.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
Py
PS
A
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
is
a
ls
o
q
u
ite
lar
g
e,
b
u
t its
f
o
cu
s
s
h
if
ts
to
war
d
s
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
elin
g
,
lack
in
g
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
a
n
aly
ze
d
y
n
am
ic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
an
d
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
f
a
u
lts
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
a
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
J
u
lia
-
b
ased
to
o
ls
th
at
ar
e
also
b
ein
g
ac
tiv
ely
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
,
s
u
ch
as
Sien
n
a,
Po
wer
M
o
d
el,
an
d
Gen
X.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
e
J
u
lia
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
is
s
till
q
u
ite
s
m
all
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
Py
th
o
n
’
s
.
Un
lik
e
co
m
m
e
r
ci
al
to
o
ls
,
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
t
o
o
ls
o
f
ten
d
o
n
o
t
h
av
e
a
g
r
ap
h
ical
i
n
ter
f
ac
e,
w
h
ich
als
o
lim
its
th
eir
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
to
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
I
n
t
h
e
r
e
v
i
ew
lis
t
o
f
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
A
r
ev
iew
o
f o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
en
erg
y
s
ystem
mo
d
ellin
g
to
o
ls
(
N
g
u
ye
n
B
in
h
K
h
a
n
h
)
477
p
a
p
e
r
,
o
n
ly
Gr
i
d
C
al
an
d
PS
AT
h
a
v
e
a
g
r
a
p
h
i
ca
l
i
n
te
r
f
ac
e.
I
n
g
e
n
e
r
a
l,
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
r
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ar
ch
o
b
j
ec
t
iv
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t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
ia
te
to
o
l
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
el
ec
t
ed
.
S
o
m
e
r
e
co
m
m
e
n
d
ati
o
n
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
t
y
p
e
o
f
u
s
er
h
a
v
e
b
e
en
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
in
t
h
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
i
o
n
s
ec
t
io
n
.
F
o
r
t
h
e
tw
o
m
o
s
t f
r
e
q
u
e
n
t
-
u
s
e
as
p
ec
ts
(
p
o
wer
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
al
y
s
is
a
n
d
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
al
y
s
is
)
,
th
e
p
a
p
e
r
s
u
g
g
es
ts
u
s
i
n
g
M
AT
POW
E
R
f
o
r
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
a
ly
s
is
a
n
d
P
y
PS
A
f
o
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
a
n
a
ly
s
is
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
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ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Ng
u
y
en
B
in
h
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h
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Ph
u
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Ng
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[
1
6
]
J.
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[
1
8
]
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9
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,
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