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tralize
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ro
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d
:
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g
e
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on
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tern
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s
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s
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t,
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h
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t
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n
d
e
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se
tu
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o
f
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l
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k
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n
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ir
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ra
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re
so
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-
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stra
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e
d
d
e
v
ice
s.
F
u
rt
h
e
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m
o
re
,
th
e
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
th
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p
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d
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se
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ly
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v
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s
p
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rfo
rm
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n
c
e
p
a
ra
m
e
ters
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in
c
lu
d
i
n
g
CP
U
u
sa
g
e
,
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e
m
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ry
u
sa
g
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,
t
ra
n
sa
c
ti
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ti
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ti
m
e
,
a
n
d
b
l
o
c
k
g
e
n
e
ra
t
io
n
t
ime
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
C
o
n
s
en
s
u
s
I
n
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
L
ea
d
er
elec
tio
n
Sk
ip
lis
t
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Kar
th
ik
a
Vee
r
am
an
i
Sch
o
o
l o
f
C
o
m
p
u
ter
Scien
ce
a
n
d
E
n
g
in
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r
in
g
,
Vello
r
e
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
T
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o
lo
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C
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en
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ai,
T
am
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ad
u
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
k
ar
th
ik
a.
v
@
v
it.a
c.
in
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
is
b
u
ilt
u
p
o
n
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
led
g
er
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
(
DL
T
)
,
wh
ich
s
er
v
es
as
a
d
ec
en
tr
aliz
ed
d
atab
ase
f
o
r
s
h
ar
in
g
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
in
f
o
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m
atio
n
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
t
em
ch
r
o
n
o
l
o
g
ically
ad
d
s
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
to
th
e
DL
T
a
n
d
s
to
r
es
th
em
as
b
lo
c
k
s
with
i
n
th
e
le
d
g
er
.
E
ac
h
b
lo
c
k
in
a
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
r
ef
e
r
s
to
th
e
b
lo
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th
at
p
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ec
ed
es
it,
cr
e
atin
g
an
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
c
h
ain
.
I
n
th
is
c
o
n
tex
t,
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
s
a
r
e
s
to
r
ed
in
b
lo
c
k
s
with
in
th
e
led
g
er
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
d
ata
in
teg
r
ity
,
th
ese
b
l
o
ck
s
ar
e
r
ep
licated
to
p
r
ev
en
t
lo
s
s
d
u
r
in
g
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
er
r
o
r
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
d
ata
with
in
ea
ch
b
lo
ck
is
en
cr
y
p
t
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u
s
in
g
p
r
i
v
ate
k
ey
s
,
m
ak
i
n
g
it
in
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
to
u
n
au
th
o
r
ized
n
o
d
es.
T
h
ese
r
ep
licated
an
d
en
cr
y
p
ted
b
lo
c
k
s
ar
e
th
en
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
am
o
n
g
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
n
o
d
es
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
g
lo
b
e.
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
cr
ea
te
im
m
en
s
e
v
alu
e
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
in
d
u
s
tr
ies.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
a
r
e
p
o
r
t
b
y
th
e
W
o
r
ld
E
co
n
o
m
ic
Fo
r
u
m
,
it
is
esti
m
ated
to
g
e
n
er
ate
1
.
5
tr
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o
n
in
n
ew
v
alu
e
b
y
2
0
3
0
.
W
ith
its
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
g
r
ea
ter
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
cy
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
in
f
in
an
cial
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
,
im
p
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o
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s
u
p
p
ly
ch
ain
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t,
an
d
in
c
r
e
ase
ef
f
icien
cy
i
n
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
[
3
]
–
[
6
]
,
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
is
o
n
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
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I
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tell
I
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N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
Led
g
er o
n
in
tern
et
o
f th
i
n
g
s
:
a
b
lo
ck
ch
a
i
n
fr
a
mewo
r
k
fo
r
r
es
o
u
r
ce
-
co
n
s
tr
a
in
ed
…
(
S
u
r
esh
Ja
g
a
n
a
th
a
n
)
2507
r
is
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
as
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
co
n
tin
u
es
to
e
v
o
lv
e
,
s
o
d
o
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
u
s
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
n
etwo
r
k
[
7
]
.
Al
s
o
,
th
e
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
'
s
d
ata
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
ex
h
ib
its
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
s
im
ilar
to
a
lin
k
ed
lis
t
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
lin
ea
r
g
r
o
wth
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
p
ac
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
e
x
is
tin
g
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
a
n
d
lead
er
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
o
f
ten
im
p
o
s
e
h
ig
h
e
r
tim
e
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
v
e
r
h
ea
d
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
c
h
allen
g
es,
t
h
is
ar
ticle
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
n
ew
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
-
b
ased
lead
er
elec
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
th
at
g
u
ar
a
n
tees
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
att
ain
m
en
t
wh
ile
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
ess
ag
es
ex
ch
an
g
ed
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
a
n
o
v
el
d
ata
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
d
esig
n
e
d
ex
p
licitly
f
o
r
led
g
er
s
to
r
ag
e
to
en
h
an
ce
o
v
er
all
ef
f
icien
cy
h
as
also
b
ee
n
d
esig
n
ed
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t,
th
e
en
tire
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
is
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
with
in
d
o
c
k
er
c
o
n
tain
er
s
.
Do
ck
er
'
s
co
n
tain
er
izatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
1
0
]
s
tr
ea
m
lin
es
th
e
s
etu
p
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
elim
in
atin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
m
ac
h
in
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
.
B
y
le
v
er
ag
in
g
d
o
c
k
er
,
t
h
e
d
e
p
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t a
n
d
c
o
n
v
e
n
ien
t,
f
ac
ili
tatin
g
r
ap
id
s
etu
p
with
o
u
t c
o
m
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
ts
.
B
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
r
elia
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
n
etwo
r
k
,
th
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
h
as
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
to
th
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
a
n
d
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
A
m
o
r
e
s
ec
u
r
e
,
ef
f
icien
t,
an
d
r
eliab
le
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
n
etwo
r
k
c
o
u
ld
p
o
s
itiv
ely
im
p
ac
t
v
ar
io
u
s
in
d
u
s
tr
ies,
cr
ea
te
n
ew
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
b
u
s
in
ess
es
an
d
in
d
iv
id
u
als,
an
d
d
r
iv
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
n
o
v
el
d
ata
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
,
en
ab
li
n
g
f
aster
an
d
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
q
u
er
y
in
g
o
f
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
.
B
y
d
ep
ar
tin
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
a
l
lin
k
ed
lis
t
d
ata
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
f
er
s
a
m
o
r
e
s
tr
ea
m
lin
ed
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
ata
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
r
et
r
iev
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
ed
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
.
A
p
ee
r
-
to
-
p
ee
r
n
etwo
r
k
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
s
ea
m
less
d
ata
s
h
ar
in
g
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
en
ab
lin
g
n
o
d
es
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
b
r
a
n
ch
e
s
to
ex
ch
an
g
e
th
e
s
to
r
e
d
d
ata.
As
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
p
o
s
s
ess
es
a
co
p
y
o
f
th
e
led
g
er
,
d
ata
b
ac
k
u
p
s
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
m
ain
tain
ed
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
d
at
a
av
ailab
ilit
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
ev
en
wh
en
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
o
d
es e
x
p
e
r
ien
ce
d
o
wn
tim
e
w
ith
in
th
e
p
ee
r
-
to
-
p
ee
r
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
is
to
d
esig
n
a
n
ew
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
a
n
o
v
el
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
eth
o
d
th
at
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
s
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
o
v
er
h
ea
d
.
I
n
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
a
n
ew
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
ec
h
an
is
m
tailo
r
ed
to
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
'
s
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
e
x
ec
u
tio
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
o
v
e
r
all
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
t
h
e
p
ap
e
r
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
ws:
s
ec
tio
n
2
f
o
cu
s
s
es
o
n
r
ec
en
t
wo
r
k
s
o
n
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
a
r
ch
itec
tu
r
es
an
d
i
n
ter
n
et
o
f
th
i
n
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
L
e
d
g
er
o
n
i
n
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
(
L
I
o
T
)
is
d
etailed
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
an
d
an
aly
s
es
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
s
ec
tio
n
4
.
Fin
ally
,
s
ec
tio
n
5
co
n
cl
u
d
es th
e
p
ap
er
with
p
o
s
s
ib
le
f
u
tu
r
e
w
o
r
k
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
o
v
er
v
iews
ex
is
tin
g
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
ar
ch
itectu
r
es,
f
u
n
ctio
n
alities
,
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
,
an
d
lim
itatio
n
s
.
I
t
also
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
k
ey
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
B
an
d
ar
a
et
a
l.
[
1
3
]
,
a
n
ew
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
ca
lled
T
ik
ir
i
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
T
ik
ir
i
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
b
e
s
ca
lab
le,
lig
h
tweig
h
t
an
d
o
p
tim
ized
f
o
r
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
I
o
T
d
ev
ices.
Un
lik
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
o
n
o
lith
ic
b
l
o
ck
ch
ain
s
,
T
i
k
ir
i
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
as
a
co
llectio
n
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
m
icr
o
s
er
v
ices.
T
h
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
f
o
u
r
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
er
v
ice
s
:
g
atew
ay
s
er
v
ice,
L
o
k
k
a
s
er
v
ice,
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
er
v
ic
e,
an
d
Kaf
k
a
m
ess
ag
e
b
r
o
k
er
.
T
h
ese
s
er
v
ices
wo
r
k
to
g
eth
er
to
en
s
u
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
s
ec
u
r
it
y
.
T
i
k
ir
i
o
f
f
er
s
h
ig
h
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
co
n
cu
r
r
e
n
t
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
ex
ec
u
tio
n
,
an
d
f
ast s
ea
r
ch
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies u
s
in
g
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
d
atab
ase.
B
an
d
ar
a
et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
a
d
d
r
ess
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
b
l
o
ck
ch
ain
with
b
ig
d
ata.
T
h
ey
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
,
My
s
tik
o
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
Ap
ac
h
e
C
ass
an
d
r
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
d
atab
ase.
My
s
tik
o
p
r
o
v
id
es
h
ig
h
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
b
ig
d
ata
s
to
r
ag
e
,
an
d
s
ca
la
b
ilit
y
,
o
v
er
c
o
m
in
g
t
h
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
tr
ad
itio
n
al
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
s
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
s
to
r
ag
e,
c
h
ain
,
a
n
d
m
in
e
r
s
er
v
ices,
wh
ic
h
co
llectiv
ely
h
an
d
le
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
,
v
er
if
icatio
n
,
an
d
b
lo
ck
cr
ea
tio
n
.
B
an
d
ar
a
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
p
r
esen
t
R
ah
asak
,
a
n
ew
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
s
y
s
tem
th
at
tack
les
s
to
r
ag
e
,
ex
ec
u
tio
n
o
r
d
er
,
an
d
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
s
u
es.
R
ah
asak
u
tili
ze
s
a
"v
alid
ate,
ex
ec
u
te,
g
r
o
u
p
"
b
l
o
ck
ch
ai
n
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
with
Ap
ac
h
e
Kaf
k
a
-
b
ased
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
e
x
ec
u
tio
n
.
I
t
em
p
lo
y
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
an
d
ac
to
r
-
b
ased
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
f
o
r
co
n
cu
r
r
en
t
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
.
Dat
a
r
ep
licatio
n
is
ac
h
iev
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
h
ar
d
in
g
an
d
a
m
icr
o
s
er
v
ice
-
b
ased
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
wh
ich
en
h
an
ce
s
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
.
R
ah
asak
also
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ate
s
f
u
ll
-
tex
t
s
ea
r
ch
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
h
an
d
les
h
ig
h
t
r
an
s
ac
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t u
s
in
g
A
p
ac
h
e
Kaf
k
a
m
ess
ag
e
b
r
o
k
er
a
n
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
s
tr
ea
m
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
.
I
n
an
o
th
e
r
r
esear
ch
[
1
6
]
–
[
1
9
]
a
lig
h
tweig
h
t
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
s
y
s
tem
ca
lled
lig
h
t
ch
ain
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
f
o
r
in
teg
r
atio
n
with
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
(
I
I
o
T
)
.
L
ig
h
t
ch
ain
f
o
cu
s
es o
n
r
eso
u
r
ce
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
p
o
we
r
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
I
I
o
T
d
ev
ices.
I
t
e
m
p
lo
y
s
a
g
r
ee
n
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
e
ch
an
is
m
ca
lled
s
y
n
er
g
is
tic
m
u
ltip
le
p
r
o
o
f
(
SMP)
,
an
d
a
lig
h
tweig
h
t
d
ata
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
ca
lled
lig
h
t
b
lo
ck
to
r
ed
u
c
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
an
d
s
to
r
ag
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
L
ig
h
t
ch
ain
o
f
f
er
s
im
p
r
o
v
ed
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
to
r
ag
e
n
ee
d
s
,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
f
o
r
I
I
o
T
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Z
am
an
i
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
r
ap
id
ch
ain
,
a
s
h
ar
d
i
n
g
-
b
ased
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
to
ad
d
r
e
s
s
s
lo
w
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
an
d
lim
ited
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
.
R
ap
id
c
h
ain
d
iv
id
es
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
in
to
s
m
aller
co
m
m
ittees,
allo
win
g
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o
u
g
h
p
u
t.
I
ts
s
h
ar
d
in
g
-
b
ased
c
o
n
s
e
n
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
ca
n
h
an
d
le
B
y
za
n
tin
e
f
au
lts
an
d
ac
h
iev
es h
ig
h
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t.
An
o
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
1
]
–
[
2
3
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
d
ec
e
n
tr
alize
d
b
l
o
ck
c
h
ain
-
b
ased
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
f
o
r
m
o
b
ile
I
o
T
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
attem
p
ts
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
,
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
cy
wh
i
le
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
o
f
ce
n
tr
alize
d
ar
ch
itectu
r
es.
I
t
tack
les
d
ata
co
llectio
n
,
an
al
y
tics
,
an
d
s
t
o
r
ag
e
c
h
allen
g
es
in
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
I
o
T
d
ev
ices.
T
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
-
c
h
ain
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
o
f
f
er
s
a
lig
h
tweig
h
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
with
r
ed
u
ce
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
w
h
ile
r
etain
in
g
v
ital
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
I
o
T
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
t
en
a
b
les
s
ec
u
r
e
a
n
d
s
ca
lab
le
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
u
n
lo
ck
in
g
th
e
p
o
ten
tial o
f
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
m
o
b
ile
I
o
T
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
ex
p
e
r
im
en
ts
co
n
d
u
cte
d
o
n
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
ar
c
h
itectu
r
es
s
u
ch
as
R
ah
asak
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
Kaf
k
a
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
a
n
d
My
s
tik
o
b
ased
o
n
th
e
Ap
ac
h
e
C
ass
an
d
r
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
d
atab
ase
h
av
e
b
ee
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
to
i
n
cu
r
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
v
er
h
ea
d
.
T
h
is
ca
n
im
p
ac
t
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
esp
e
cially
wh
en
h
a
n
d
lin
g
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
lin
k
ed
lis
t
d
ata
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
at
a
s
to
r
ag
e
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
o
p
tim
al
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
q
u
er
y
in
g
o
f
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
s
,
p
o
ten
tially
lead
in
g
to
s
lo
wer
s
ea
r
ch
o
p
er
a
tio
n
s
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
L
edg
er
o
f
inte
rnet
o
f
t
hi
ng
s
L
I
o
T
is
a
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
th
r
ee
ess
en
tial
lay
er
s
:
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
,
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
lay
er
s
.
T
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
lay
er
estab
lis
h
es
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
am
o
n
g
m
u
ltip
le
n
o
d
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
p
ee
r
-
to
-
p
ee
r
n
etwo
r
k
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e.
E
ac
h
n
o
d
e
u
tili
ze
s
d
o
ck
e
r
,
a
v
er
s
atile
p
latf
o
r
m
f
o
r
d
ep
lo
y
in
g
,
s
h
ip
p
in
g
,
an
d
r
u
n
n
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
with
in
is
o
lated
co
n
tain
er
s
.
T
h
ese
co
n
tain
er
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
lig
h
tweig
h
t
an
d
p
o
r
tab
l
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
th
at
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
ef
f
icien
t
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
I
n
th
e
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
lay
er
,
L
I
o
T
im
p
lem
en
ts
a
u
n
iq
u
e
lead
er
e
lectio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
is
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
elec
ts
a
lead
er
am
o
n
g
th
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
n
o
d
es,
cr
ea
tes
a
n
ew
b
lo
ck
,
an
d
p
r
o
p
ag
ates
it
to
o
th
er
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
la
y
er
also
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
a
n
o
v
el
d
ata
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
to
s
ec
u
r
ely
o
r
g
an
ize
an
d
s
to
r
e
d
ata,
en
s
u
r
in
g
its
in
t
eg
r
ity
a
n
d
tam
p
er
-
p
r
o
o
f
n
atu
r
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
d
ep
icts
th
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
L
I
o
T
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
o
f
L
I
o
T
I
n
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
lay
e
r
o
f
L
I
o
T
,
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
u
s
e
ca
s
e
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
:
th
e
atten
d
an
ce
led
g
er
.
T
h
e
atten
d
a
n
ce
led
g
er
lev
e
r
ag
es
th
e
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
i
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
l
o
wer
lay
e
r
s
to
cr
ea
te
a
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
d
ec
e
n
tr
alize
d
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
tr
ac
k
in
g
atten
d
an
ce
r
ec
o
r
d
s
.
W
ith
L
I
o
T
,
th
e
atten
d
a
n
ce
led
g
er
ap
p
licatio
n
b
en
ef
its
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
h
er
e
n
t
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
s
u
ch
as
im
m
u
tab
ilit
y
,
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
,
an
d
d
ec
en
tr
aliza
tio
n
.
E
ac
h
atten
d
a
n
ce
r
ec
o
r
d
ca
n
b
e
s
ec
u
r
ely
s
to
r
ed
in
a
b
lo
ck
with
in
th
e
b
l
o
ck
ch
ain
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
th
e
d
ata
r
em
ai
n
s
tam
p
er
-
p
r
o
o
f
a
n
d
r
esis
tan
t to
u
n
au
th
o
r
i
ze
d
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
.
E
m
b
ed
d
in
g
L
I
o
T
in
d
o
ck
e
r
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
'
s
p
o
r
tab
ilit
y
.
Do
ck
e
r
allo
ws
L
I
o
T
to
b
e
en
ca
p
s
u
lated
with
in
a
co
n
tain
er
,
in
clu
d
in
g
all
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
d
ep
en
d
en
cies
an
d
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
.
T
h
is
co
n
tain
er
izatio
n
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
all
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
f
o
r
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
L
I
o
T
ar
e
b
u
n
d
led
to
g
eth
er
,
m
ak
in
g
it
ea
s
y
to
d
ep
lo
y
o
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
latf
o
r
m
s
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
W
ith
d
o
c
k
er
,
d
ev
el
o
p
er
s
ca
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Ar
tif
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tell
I
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2252
-
8
9
3
8
Led
g
er o
n
in
tern
et
o
f th
i
n
g
s
:
a
b
lo
ck
ch
a
i
n
fr
a
mewo
r
k
fo
r
r
es
o
u
r
ce
-
co
n
s
tr
a
in
ed
…
(
S
u
r
esh
Ja
g
a
n
a
th
a
n
)
2509
cr
ea
te
a
d
o
c
k
er
im
a
g
e
o
n
ce
a
n
d
r
u
n
it
c
o
n
s
is
ten
tly
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
s
y
s
tem
s
,
elim
in
atin
g
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
an
u
al
s
etu
p
an
d
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
T
h
i
s
s
tr
ea
m
lin
ed
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
im
p
r
o
v
es
p
o
r
tab
ilit
y
a
n
d
ac
ce
ler
ates
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
L
I
o
T
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
B
y
lev
er
ag
in
g
d
o
c
k
er
'
s
c
ap
ab
ilit
ies
[
2
4
]
,
in
clu
d
in
g
o
v
e
r
lay
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
u
s
er
s
ca
n
ef
f
icien
tly
m
an
ag
e
co
n
tain
er
s
an
d
en
jo
y
s
ev
er
al
b
en
e
f
its
.
On
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
d
o
ck
e
r
is
th
e
s
ea
m
less
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
e
twee
n
co
n
tain
er
s
,
w
h
ich
s
i
g
n
if
ican
tly
e
n
h
an
ce
s
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
's
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
.
C
o
n
tain
er
s
ca
n
b
e
ea
s
ily
s
ca
led
u
p
o
r
d
o
wn
to
ac
co
m
m
o
d
at
e
ch
an
g
in
g
d
em
a
n
d
s
,
e
n
ab
lin
g
L
I
o
T
ap
p
licatio
n
s
to
h
an
d
le
in
cr
ea
s
ed
wo
r
k
lo
a
d
s
with
o
u
t
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
.
An
o
t
h
er
cr
itical
b
en
ef
it
is
d
o
ck
er
'
s
b
u
ilt
-
in
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
co
n
tai
n
er
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
is
o
lated
.
C
o
n
tain
er
s
ar
e
e
n
ca
p
s
u
lated
with
in
th
eir
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
m
in
im
izin
g
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
u
n
a
u
th
o
r
ize
d
ac
ce
s
s
o
r
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
.
T
h
is
h
ei
g
h
ten
ed
s
ec
u
r
ity
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
p
r
o
tectin
g
s
en
s
itiv
e
d
ata
an
d
m
ain
tain
in
g
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
in
teg
r
ity
.
3
.
2
.
Desig
n o
f
c
o
ns
ens
u
s
-
ba
s
ed
lea
der
elec
t
io
n a
lg
o
rit
hm
f
o
r
ledg
er
o
f
inte
rnet
o
f
t
hin
g
s
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
a
c
o
n
s
en
s
u
s
-
b
ased
lead
er
elec
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
L
I
o
T
a
d
d
r
ess
es
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
r
eliab
le
an
d
d
ec
e
n
tr
alize
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
s
elec
t
a
lead
er
n
o
d
e
in
a
L
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
lead
e
r
n
o
d
e
i
s
cr
u
cial
in
v
ar
io
u
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
atten
d
an
ce
led
g
er
s
y
s
tem
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
la
ter
.
I
n
a
L
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
,
wh
er
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
p
o
w
er
ar
e
lim
ited
,
it
is
ess
en
tial
to
d
ev
is
e
an
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
lig
h
tweig
h
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
lead
er
elec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
f
a
ir
,
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t,
an
d
r
esis
tan
t
to
m
an
ip
u
latio
n
o
r
m
alicio
u
s
attac
k
s
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
lead
er
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
eg
i
n
s
b
y
g
en
er
ati
n
g
1
0
r
an
d
o
m
p
a
n
d
ig
ital
n
u
m
b
er
s
with
u
n
iq
u
e
d
ig
its
.
T
h
ese
n
u
m
b
er
s
ar
e
th
en
ev
alu
ated
a
g
ain
s
t
s
ix
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
if
t
h
ey
m
ee
t c
er
tain
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
T
h
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
as f
o
llo
ws:
‒
C
o
n
d
itio
n
1
:
c
h
ec
k
if
th
e
2
nd
,
3
rd
,
an
d
4
th
d
ig
its
to
g
eth
e
r
is
d
i
v
is
ib
le
b
y
2
.
‒
C
o
n
d
itio
n
2
:
c
h
ec
k
if
th
e
3
rd
, 4
th
,
an
d
5
th
d
ig
its
to
g
eth
er
is
d
i
v
is
ib
le
b
y
3
.
‒
C
o
n
d
itio
n
3
:
c
h
ec
k
if
th
e
4
th
, 5
th
,
an
d
6
th
d
ig
its
to
g
eth
er
is
d
i
v
is
ib
le
b
y
5
.
‒
C
o
n
d
itio
n
4
:
c
h
ec
k
if
th
e
5
th
, 6
th
,
an
d
7
th
d
ig
its
to
g
eth
er
is
d
i
v
is
ib
le
b
y
7
.
‒
C
o
n
d
itio
n
5
:
c
h
ec
k
if
th
e
6
th
, 7
th
,
an
d
8
th
d
ig
its
to
g
eth
er
is
d
i
v
is
ib
le
b
y
1
1
.
‒
C
o
n
d
itio
n
6
:
c
h
ec
k
if
th
e
7
th
, 8
th
,
an
d
9
th
d
ig
its
to
g
eth
er
is
d
i
v
is
ib
le
b
y
1
3
.
E
ac
h
co
n
d
itio
n
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
d
iv
is
ib
ilit
y
test
th
at
th
e
g
en
er
ated
n
u
m
b
er
s
m
u
s
t
s
atis
f
y
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
iter
ates
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
g
e
n
er
ated
n
u
m
b
er
s
an
d
co
u
n
ts
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ea
ch
n
u
m
b
er
m
ee
ts
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
th
at
s
atis
f
ies
th
e
h
ig
h
est
co
n
d
itio
n
s
with
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
iter
atio
n
s
is
elec
ted
as
th
e
lead
er
.
On
ce
elec
ted
,
th
e
lead
er
n
o
d
e
tak
es r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
cr
ea
tin
g
a
n
e
w
b
lo
ck
in
th
e
b
l
o
ck
ch
ai
n
.
T
h
is
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
-
b
ased
lead
er
elec
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
lead
er
is
s
elec
ted
r
elativ
ely
an
d
th
at
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
b
lo
ck
-
c
r
ea
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
p
r
o
ce
ed
s
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1
d
etails th
e
s
tep
s
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
e
l
ea
d
er
elec
tio
n
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1
.
L
ea
d
er
elec
tio
n
Function leader election
Pan_digital
←Empty list;
Max_conditions_satisfied ← 0;
primes ←[2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13];
min_iterations ← ∞;
pan_number ←None;
for i in range(1, 11) do
random_number ←generate_pandigital();
conditions_satisfied ← check conditions(random_number, primes);
num_conditions_satisfied ← length(conditions_satisfied);
if num_conditions_satisfied > max_conditions_satisfied then
max_conditions_satisfied ← num_conditions_satisfied;
pan_number ←random number;
min_iterations ← i;
end
end
if max_conditions_satisfied > 0 then
output ← “PAN DIGITAL NUMBER” + pan_number + “
-
Maximum Conditions Satisfied: ” +
max_conditions_satisfied + “
-
Min Iterations: ” + min_iterations;
pan_digital.append([self.id, pan_number, max_conditions_satisfied, min_iterations]);
else
print(“None of the generated numbers satisfied any condition.”);
end
return pan_digital
3.
3
.
S
k
ip lis
t
:
a
da
t
a
s
t
ruct
u
re
f
o
r
ledg
er
o
f
inte
rnet
o
f
t
hin
g
s
T
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t d
ata
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
ar
is
es
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
ca
le
an
d
co
m
p
le
x
ity
o
f
m
a
n
a
g
in
g
d
ata.
As
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ata
g
r
o
ws,
tr
ad
itio
n
al
d
ata
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
lik
e
lin
k
ed
lis
ts
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
m
ain
tain
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
a
n
o
v
el
d
ata
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
k
n
o
wn
as
"
s
k
ip
lis
t
"
ef
f
icien
tly
s
to
r
es
an
d
r
etr
iev
es
d
ata
in
th
e
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
A
s
k
ip
lis
t
is
in
itially
a
s
o
r
ted
lin
k
ed
lis
t,
wh
ich
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
b
in
ar
y
s
ea
r
ch
e
d
d
u
e
to
its
n
atu
r
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
ad
d
itio
n
al
lay
er
s
ar
e
ad
d
ed
at
th
e
to
p
o
f
th
e
b
o
tto
m
lis
t.
E
ac
h
n
ew
lay
er
in
clu
d
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
5
:
2
5
0
6
-
2
5
1
8
2510
elem
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
lay
er
with
a
ce
r
tain
p
r
o
b
ab
il
ity
,
o
f
ten
1
2
⁄
.
T
h
ese
n
ew
lay
er
s
m
ain
tain
th
e
o
r
d
er
in
g
.
So
m
e
elem
en
ts
ar
e
k
ep
t
wh
ile
o
th
er
s
ar
e
d
is
ca
r
d
ed
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tically
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
s
k
ip
lis
t
with
m
u
ltip
le
o
r
d
er
ed
la
y
er
s
.
T
h
e
s
k
ip
lis
t
h
as
th
r
ee
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
o
p
er
ties
:
h
eig
h
t
(
h
)
,
wh
ich
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
lin
k
ed
lis
ts
in
it;
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
is
tin
ct
elem
en
ts
(
n
)
;
an
d
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
(
p
)
,
wh
ich
is
n
o
r
m
ally
1
2
⁄
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
elem
en
t
ap
p
ea
r
s
in
l
og
1
p
⁄
(
n
)
lis
ts
o
n
a
v
er
ag
e.
I
f
p
=
1
2
⁄
,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
l
og
2
(
n
)
lis
ts
o
n
av
er
ag
e.
E
v
er
y
elem
en
t
in
th
e
s
k
ip
lis
t
h
as
f
o
u
r
p
o
in
te
r
s
:
lef
t,
r
ig
h
t,
to
p
,
an
d
b
o
tto
m
.
T
h
ese
p
o
in
ter
s
en
ab
le
ef
f
icie
n
t
s
ea
r
ch
o
p
er
atio
n
s
in
th
e
s
k
ip
lis
t.
T
h
e
tim
e
co
m
p
le
x
ity
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
s
in
a
s
k
ip
lis
t
is
ty
p
ically
Ο
(
l
og
n
)
,
wh
er
e
n
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
elem
en
ts
in
th
e
s
k
ip
lis
t.
T
h
is
co
m
p
lex
ity
h
o
ld
s
f
o
r
in
s
er
tio
n
an
d
s
ea
r
ch
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
e
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
o
r
av
er
ag
e
-
ca
s
e
b
o
u
n
d
s
b
ec
au
s
e
s
k
ip
lis
ts
u
s
e
r
an
d
o
m
is
atio
n
i
n
th
eir
d
ata
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
e
w
o
r
s
t
-
ca
s
e
b
o
u
n
d
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
k
ip
lis
t a
r
e
Ο
(
n
)
,
b
u
t th
ese
ar
e
less
co
m
m
o
n
ly
an
aly
s
ed
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
k
ip
lis
t.
T
h
e
s
p
ac
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
a
s
k
ip
lis
t
is
Ο
(
n
)
,
wh
er
e
n
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
elem
en
ts
in
th
e
s
k
ip
lis
t.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
s
p
ac
e
th
e
s
k
ip
lis
t
u
tili
s
e
s
g
r
o
ws
lin
ea
r
ly
with
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
elem
en
t
s
.
T
o
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
p
ac
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
let
u
s
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
o
s
itio
n
s
in
th
e
s
k
ip
li
s
t.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
n
∑
1
2
i
h
i
=
0
wh
ich
is
eq
u
al
t
o
n
(
1
+
1
2
+
1
4
+
1
8
+
⋯
)
=
n
×
2
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
ex
p
ec
ted
s
p
ac
e
u
tili
s
atio
n
i
s
s
im
p
ly
Ο
(
n
)
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
2
d
etails th
e
wo
r
k
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
in
s
er
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
th
e
s
k
ip
lis
t:
Alg
o
r
ith
m
2
.
Sk
ip
lis
t in
s
er
tio
n
Function Insert(key):
p ← Search(key);
q ← null;
i ← 0;
h ← 0;
n ←1;
repeat
i ← i + 1 ; // height of tower for new element
if i ≥ h then;
h ← h + 1;
createNewLevel(); // creates a new linked list
level
end
while p.above = null do
p ← p.prev ; //scan backwards
end
p ← p.above;
q ← insertAfter(key, p) ; // insert key after position p
n ← n + 1;
until (n == 10);
return q
Alg
o
r
ith
m
3
d
etails th
e
s
tep
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
a
s
k
ip
lis
t,
an
d
th
is
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
p
u
ts
a
s
ea
r
ch
k
ey
(
k
e
y
)
.
T
h
is
f
u
n
ctio
n
r
etu
r
n
s
a
p
o
s
itio
n
(
p
)
,
wh
e
r
e
th
e
v
alu
e
at
th
is
p
o
s
itio
n
is
th
e
lar
g
est
th
at
is
les
s
th
an
o
r
eq
u
al
to
th
e
k
e
y
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
cti
o
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
a
d
o
wn
war
d
s
ca
n
in
th
e
s
k
ip
lis
t a
n
d
th
en
s
ca
n
s
f
o
r
war
d
to
f
i
n
d
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
p
o
s
itio
n
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
3
.
Sk
ip
lis
t sear
ch
Function Search(key):
p ← top
-
left node;
while p.below ≠ null do
p ← p.below
while key ≥ p.next do
p ← p.next
end
end
return p
T
h
e
s
k
ip
lis
t
is
in
itialized
with
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
le
v
el
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
f
o
r
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
lev
el
o
f
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e.
T
h
ese
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
s
et
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
in
itializatio
n
p
r
o
c
ess
an
d
g
o
v
er
n
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
th
e
s
k
ip
lis
t
.
T
h
e
s
k
ip
l
is
t
s
tar
ts
with
a
h
ea
d
er
n
o
d
e,
wh
ich
s
e
r
v
es
as
th
e
s
tar
t
in
g
p
o
in
t
f
o
r
t
r
av
er
s
al
an
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
to
th
e
f
ir
s
t
n
o
d
e
at
ea
ch
lev
el.
E
ac
h
n
o
d
e
in
th
e
s
k
ip
lis
t
co
n
tain
s
two
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
:
th
e
d
ata
its
elf
an
d
a
lis
t
o
f
f
o
r
war
d
p
o
in
ter
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
wa
r
d
p
o
i
n
ter
s
en
ab
le
ef
f
icien
t
n
av
ig
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
k
ip
lis
t,
allo
win
g
f
aster
s
ea
r
ch
an
d
i
n
s
er
tio
n
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
.
Du
r
in
g
t
h
e
in
s
er
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
lev
el
o
f
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
is
d
ete
r
m
in
ed
r
a
n
d
o
m
l
y
b
ased
o
n
th
e
g
iv
en
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
p
ar
am
eter
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilis
tic
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
Led
g
er o
n
in
tern
et
o
f th
i
n
g
s
:
a
b
lo
ck
ch
a
i
n
fr
a
mewo
r
k
fo
r
r
es
o
u
r
ce
-
co
n
s
tr
a
in
ed
…
(
S
u
r
esh
Ja
g
a
n
a
th
a
n
)
2511
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
allo
ws
f
o
r
a
b
alan
c
ed
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
n
o
d
es
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
lev
els,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
ef
f
icien
t
s
ea
r
ch
an
d
tr
av
er
s
al.
Hig
h
er
-
lev
el
n
o
d
es a
ct
as sh
o
r
tcu
ts
,
allo
win
g
f
aster
m
o
v
em
e
n
t th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
s
k
ip
li
s
t
.
4.
E
XP
E
R
I
M
E
N
T
S AN
D
RE
S
UL
T
A
NAL
YSI
S
A
m
esh
n
etwo
r
k
is
a
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
wh
er
e
m
u
ltip
le
d
ev
ices
estab
lis
h
d
ir
ec
t
p
e
er
-
to
-
p
ee
r
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
.
I
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
a
m
esh
n
etwo
r
k
allo
ws
two
o
r
m
o
r
e
d
ev
ices
to
co
n
n
ec
t
an
d
ex
ch
an
g
e
m
ess
ag
es
d
ir
ec
tly
,
elim
in
atin
g
th
e
r
elian
ce
o
n
a
ce
n
tr
alize
d
s
er
v
e
r
.
T
h
e
d
e
v
ices
ca
n
estab
lis
h
d
ir
ec
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ch
an
n
els
b
y
ass
u
m
in
g
d
u
al
r
o
les
as
cl
ien
ts
an
d
s
er
v
er
s
.
T
o
s
et
u
p
a
m
esh
n
etwo
r
k
,
th
e
co
d
e
in
itializes
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
b
y
s
p
ec
if
y
i
n
g
th
e
I
P
ad
d
r
ess
es
o
f
th
e
d
e
v
ices
in
v
o
l
v
ed
.
T
h
ese
I
P
ad
d
r
ess
es
ar
e
t
y
p
ically
s
to
r
ed
i
n
a
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
f
ile.
E
ac
h
d
ev
ic
e
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
a
n
o
d
e
o
b
ject,
cr
ea
ted
with
its
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
I
P
ad
d
r
ess
an
d
a
d
esig
n
ated
p
o
r
t
n
u
m
b
e
r
.
T
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
is
th
en
in
itiated
b
y
s
tar
tin
g
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
,
allo
win
g
tim
e
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
to
b
e
estab
lis
h
ed
.
T
h
e
d
ev
ices
with
in
th
e
m
esh
n
etwo
r
k
estab
lis
h
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
b
y
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
to
th
e
I
P
ad
d
r
ess
es
l
is
ted
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
.
Dela
y
s
ar
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
etwe
en
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
attem
p
ts
to
en
s
u
r
e
p
r
o
p
er
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
d
o
c
k
er
co
n
tain
er
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
i
n
v
o
lv
es
u
tili
zin
g
d
o
ck
er
'
s
o
v
er
la
y
n
etwo
r
k
f
ea
tu
r
e.
Ov
er
la
y
n
etwo
r
k
s
in
d
o
ck
er
en
a
b
le
s
ea
m
less
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
co
n
tain
er
s
r
u
n
n
in
g
o
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
h
o
s
ts
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
v
ir
t
u
al
n
e
two
r
k
th
at
allo
ws
s
ec
u
r
e
in
t
er
ac
tio
n
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
th
e
co
n
tain
er
'
s
p
h
y
s
ical
lo
ca
tio
n
s
.
Fo
u
r
s
tep
s
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
estab
lis
h
d
o
ck
e
r
co
n
tain
er
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
:
i)
cr
ea
te
a
n
o
v
e
r
lay
n
etwo
r
k
,
ii)
d
ep
lo
y
d
o
ck
e
r
co
n
tain
e
r
s
,
iii)
co
n
n
ec
t
co
n
tai
n
er
s
to
th
e
o
v
er
lay
n
etwo
r
k
,
a
n
d
iv
)
u
tili
ze
co
n
tain
er
DNS
r
eso
lu
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
I
o
T
4
.
1
.
E
m
bedd
ing
ledg
er
o
f
in
t
er
net
o
f
t
hin
g
s
in do
ck
er
A
v
ital
s
tep
in
em
b
ed
d
in
g
a
L
I
o
T
in
d
o
ck
e
r
is
cr
ea
tin
g
a
tex
t
f
ile,
"
d
o
ck
er
f
ile",
wh
ic
h
co
n
tain
s
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
f
o
r
b
u
ild
in
g
th
e
d
o
ck
er
im
ag
e
.
W
ith
in
th
e
d
o
ck
er
f
ile
,
th
e
b
ase
im
ag
e
is
d
ef
in
ed
,
n
ec
ess
ar
y
d
ep
en
d
e
n
cies
ar
e
in
s
talled
,
an
d
th
e
L
I
o
T
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
its
p
r
o
p
er
f
u
n
cti
o
n
in
g
with
in
th
e
d
o
c
k
er
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
On
ce
th
e
d
o
ck
e
r
f
ile
is
r
ea
d
y
,
th
e
n
ex
t
s
tep
in
v
o
lv
es
b
u
ild
in
g
th
e
d
o
c
k
er
im
a
g
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
d
o
ck
er
b
u
ild
co
m
m
an
d
s
u
d
o
d
o
ck
er
b
u
ild
-
t
m
y
im
ag
e.
D
u
r
in
g
t
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
a
tag
is
s
p
ec
if
ied
to
id
en
tify
th
e
im
ag
e
u
n
iq
u
ely
.
Do
ck
e
r
c
o
m
p
iles
th
e
co
n
tain
er
b
ased
o
n
th
e
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
th
e
d
o
ck
e
r
f
ile,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
co
m
p
lete
d
o
ck
er
im
ag
e
o
f
th
e
L
I
o
T
.
W
ith
th
e
d
o
ck
er
im
ag
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
b
u
ilt,
th
e
L
I
o
T
c
an
r
u
n
b
y
cr
ea
tin
g
co
n
tain
er
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
im
a
g
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
d
o
ck
er
r
u
n
c
o
m
m
an
d
.
B
y
ex
ec
u
tin
g
th
is
co
m
m
an
d
,
i
n
s
tan
ce
s
o
f
t
h
e
L
I
o
T
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
I
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tif
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tell
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
5
:
2
5
0
6
-
2
5
1
8
2512
ar
e
s
tar
ted
with
in
s
ep
ar
ate
co
n
tain
er
s
.
T
h
is
allo
ws
f
o
r
is
o
lated
ex
ec
u
tio
n
a
n
d
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
L
I
o
T
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
its
av
ailab
ilit
y
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
.
4
.
2
.
L
ea
der
elec
t
io
n a
l
g
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
ledg
er
o
f
inte
rnet
o
f
t
h
ing
s
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
em
p
lo
y
s
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
p
a
n
d
ig
ital
n
u
m
b
er
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
th
at
co
n
tai
n
all
d
ig
its
f
r
o
m
0
to
9
with
o
u
t
r
ep
etitio
n
.
B
y
g
en
e
r
atin
g
1
0
r
a
n
d
o
m
p
a
n
d
ig
ital
n
u
m
b
er
s
,
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
in
th
e
elec
tio
n
h
as
an
eq
u
al
ch
an
ce
o
f
b
ec
o
m
in
g
th
e
lead
er
.
T
h
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
im
p
o
s
ed
o
n
th
ese
p
an
d
ig
ital
n
u
m
b
er
s
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
elec
ted
lead
er
ca
n
s
atis
f
y
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
iv
is
ib
ilit
y
t
ests
.
T
h
ese
test
s
h
elp
m
ain
tain
th
e
in
teg
r
ity
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
f
th
e
lead
er
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
B
y
m
ee
tin
g
m
o
r
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
a
n
u
m
b
er
d
em
o
n
s
tr
a
tes
its
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
s
er
v
e
as
a
r
eliab
le
lead
er
.
On
ce
elec
ted
,
th
e
lead
er
n
o
d
e
tak
es
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
cr
ea
tin
g
a
n
ew
b
lo
ck
in
th
e
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
.
T
h
is
b
lo
ck
co
n
ta
in
s
b
o
th
a
h
ea
d
er
a
n
d
a
b
o
d
y
.
T
h
e
b
lo
c
k
'
s
h
ea
d
er
in
clu
d
es
th
e
I
D
an
d
th
e
tim
estam
p
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
ex
ac
t
tim
e
th
e
b
lo
ck
was
cr
ea
ted
,
as
well
a
s
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t,
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
,
an
d
d
ata
h
ash
.
T
h
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
v
ital
f
o
r
t
r
ac
k
in
g
an
d
v
e
r
if
y
in
g
th
e
b
l
o
ck
'
s
au
th
en
ticity
with
in
t
h
e
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
.
T
h
e
b
o
d
y
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
b
lo
ck
c
o
n
tain
s
a
co
llectio
n
o
f
d
ata
en
tr
ies
o
r
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
b
ein
g
ad
d
e
d
to
th
e
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
.
T
h
ese
d
ata
en
tr
ies
ar
e
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
a
lis
t
o
f
im
a
g
e
h
ash
es
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
iter
atin
g
o
v
er
th
e
f
il
es
in
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
f
o
ld
er
p
ath
an
d
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
SHA2
5
6
h
ash
f
o
r
ea
ch
im
ag
e
f
ile.
Af
ter
th
e
b
lo
c
k
is
cr
ea
ted
,
it
is
ap
p
en
d
ed
to
th
e
g
e
n
esis
b
lo
ck
,
wh
ich
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
i
n
itial
b
lo
ck
in
th
e
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
.
T
h
e
g
en
esis
b
lo
c
k
co
n
tain
s
th
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
at
estab
lis
h
es
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
o
f
th
e
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
.
T
h
en
,
th
e
lead
er
n
o
d
e
p
r
o
p
ag
ates
it
to
o
th
er
co
n
n
ec
ted
n
o
d
es
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
ese
n
o
d
es
p
la
y
a
c
r
u
cial
r
o
le
in
v
alid
atin
g
th
e
r
e
ce
iv
ed
b
lo
c
k
.
T
h
e
y
v
er
if
y
th
e
b
lo
ck
'
s
in
teg
r
ity
b
y
ca
lcu
latin
g
its
h
ash
an
d
co
m
p
ar
in
g
it
with
th
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
h
ash
.
I
f
th
e
ca
lcu
late
d
h
ash
m
atch
es
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
h
ash
,
it
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
b
lo
ck
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
tam
p
er
ed
with
d
u
r
in
g
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
Up
o
n
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
v
alid
atio
n
,
th
e
n
o
d
es a
p
p
en
d
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
lo
ck
t
o
th
eir
lo
ca
l c
o
p
y
o
f
th
e
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
B
lo
ck
c
r
ea
tio
n
an
d
f
o
r
war
d
in
g
4
.
3
.
Da
t
a
s
t
ruct
ure
f
o
r
ledg
er
o
f
inte
rnet
o
f
t
hin
g
s
T
h
e
L
I
o
T
u
tili
s
ed
"
s
k
ip
lis
t
"
as
its
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
d
ata
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
e
s
k
ip
lis
t
i
s
a
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
d
at
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
alt
er
n
ativ
e
to
a
tr
ad
itio
n
al
lin
k
e
d
lis
t
with
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
ea
r
ch
a
n
d
in
s
er
tio
n
tim
es.
I
t
allo
ws
f
o
r
f
ast
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
tr
av
er
s
al
o
f
elem
en
ts
,
m
ak
in
g
it
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
m
an
ag
in
g
lar
g
e
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
d
ata.
T
h
e
s
k
ip
lis
t
d
ata
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
lev
els,
ea
ch
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
a
s
u
b
s
et
o
f
th
e
e
lem
en
ts
in
th
e
lis
t.
E
ac
h
lev
el
c
o
n
tain
s
a
lin
k
ed
lis
t
o
f
n
o
d
es,
wh
er
e
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
s
to
r
es
a
v
alu
e
a
n
d
a
s
et
o
f
f
o
r
war
d
p
o
i
n
ter
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
war
d
p
o
i
n
ter
s
allo
w
q
u
ick
n
av
ig
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
lev
els,
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
s
k
ip
p
in
g
o
v
er
ele
m
en
ts
an
d
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
d
u
r
in
g
s
ea
r
ch
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
"led
g
e
r
.
js
o
n
"
f
ile
d
ata
is
in
s
er
ted
in
to
th
e
s
k
ip
lis
t
,
wh
ich
o
r
g
an
izes
an
d
in
d
ex
es
th
e
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
d
ata
f
o
r
ea
s
y
r
etr
iev
al
an
d
m
an
ip
u
latio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
s
ea
r
ch
o
p
er
atio
n
s
o
n
th
e
s
k
ip
lis
t,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
q
u
er
y
in
g
b
ased
o
n
g
iv
en
cr
iter
ia
o
r
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
L
I
o
T
o
p
tim
izes
th
e
b
lo
c
k
ch
ai
n
'
s
s
to
r
ag
e,
r
etr
iev
al,
an
d
s
ea
r
ch
o
p
er
atio
n
s
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
t
h
e
s
k
ip
lis
t
d
ata
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
e
s
k
ip
lis
t'
s
e
f
f
icien
t
tr
av
er
s
al
an
d
b
ala
n
ce
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
m
ak
e
it
well
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
m
an
a
g
in
g
lar
g
e
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
d
ata
wh
ile
m
ain
tai
n
in
g
f
ast ac
ce
s
s
tim
es a
n
d
p
r
e
s
er
v
in
g
th
e
in
teg
r
ity
o
f
th
e
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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tell
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2252
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8
9
3
8
Led
g
er o
n
in
tern
et
o
f th
i
n
g
s
:
a
b
lo
ck
ch
a
i
n
fr
a
mewo
r
k
fo
r
r
es
o
u
r
ce
-
co
n
s
tr
a
in
ed
…
(
S
u
r
esh
Ja
g
a
n
a
th
a
n
)
2513
to
a
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
lin
k
e
d
lis
t,
s
k
ip
lis
t
o
f
f
er
s
s
ev
er
al
ad
v
a
n
tag
es.
First,
s
k
ip
lis
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
lo
g
ar
ith
m
ic
s
ea
r
ch
tim
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
m
ea
n
in
g
t
h
at
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
f
o
r
an
elem
e
n
t in
cr
ea
s
es sl
o
wly
as th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
elem
en
ts
g
r
o
ws.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
a
lin
k
ed
lis
t
h
as
a
lin
ea
r
s
ea
r
ch
tim
e
co
m
p
le
x
ity
,
r
e
s
u
ltin
g
in
s
lo
wer
s
ea
r
c
h
o
p
er
at
io
n
s
f
o
r
lar
g
er
d
ata
s
ets.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
w
h
en
in
s
er
tin
g
a
n
ew
elem
e
n
t,
t
h
e
s
k
ip
lis
t
d
y
n
am
ically
a
d
ju
s
ts
its
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
d
esire
d
b
alan
ce
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
o
p
tim
al
s
ea
r
ch
tim
e.
I
n
lin
k
e
d
lis
ts
,
in
s
er
tio
n
s
r
eq
u
i
r
e
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
to
th
e
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
n
o
d
es,
p
o
ten
tially
lead
in
g
to
s
lo
wer
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
f
o
r
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t u
p
d
ates.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
s
k
ip
lis
t
is
s
el
f
-
b
alan
cin
g
,
m
ea
n
in
g
it
m
ai
n
tain
s
a
r
elativ
ely
ev
en
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
elem
en
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
lev
el
s
.
T
h
is
s
elf
-
b
alan
cin
g
p
r
o
p
er
ty
e
n
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
s
k
ip
lis
t
r
em
ain
s
co
n
s
is
ten
t
o
v
er
tim
e,
r
e
g
ar
d
l
ess
o
f
th
e
o
r
d
e
r
in
wh
ich
el
em
en
ts
ar
e
in
s
er
ted
.
T
h
e
s
k
i
p
lis
t
c
o
n
s
is
ten
tly
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
lin
k
ed
lis
t
in
ter
m
s
o
f
tim
e
tak
en
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
r
ec
o
r
d
s
.
T
h
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
is
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
as
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
ec
o
r
d
s
in
cr
ea
s
es.
T
h
e
s
k
ip
lis
t'
s
lo
g
ar
ith
m
ic
s
ea
r
ch
an
d
in
s
er
tio
n
co
m
p
le
x
ity
allo
w
it
to
s
ca
le
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
tly
,
m
ak
in
g
it
a
s
u
itab
le
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
m
a
n
ag
in
g
th
e
atten
d
an
ce
led
g
e
r
in
L
I
o
T
.
4
.
4
.
Resul
t
s
a
na
ly
s
is
a
nd
dis
cus
s
io
n
4
.
4
.
1
.
CP
U
us
a
g
e
C
PU
u
s
ag
e
s
tati
s
tics
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
co
m
m
an
d
d
o
ck
er
s
tats
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
id
es
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
u
s
ag
e
s
tatis
tics
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
C
PU
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
L
I
o
T
an
d
T
ik
ir
i
as
a
s
h
ar
e
o
f
th
e
o
v
er
all
C
PU.
T
h
ese
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
wer
e
ta
k
en
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
t
esti
n
g
p
h
ase
o
f
th
e
lig
h
tweig
h
t
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
L
I
o
T
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
lo
wer
C
PU
u
s
ag
e
in
L
I
o
T
ca
n
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
i
ts
lig
h
t
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
wh
ich
in
co
r
p
o
r
at
es
th
e
p
an
d
ig
ital le
ad
e
r
elec
tio
n
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
ec
h
an
is
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
PU
u
s
ag
e
T
ik
ir
i
h
as
h
i
g
h
er
C
PU
u
s
ag
e
th
an
L
I
o
T
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
L
o
k
k
a
s
er
v
ice
an
d
th
e
Kaf
k
a
m
ess
ag
e
b
r
o
k
er
.
T
h
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
th
ese
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
d
d
itio
n
al
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
o
v
er
h
ea
d
,
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
C
PU
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
W
h
e
n
T
ik
ir
i
co
m
m
u
n
icate
s
with
th
e
L
o
k
k
a
s
er
v
ice,
it
m
u
s
t
s
en
d
an
d
r
ec
eiv
e
m
ess
ag
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
Kaf
k
a
m
ess
ag
e
b
r
o
k
er
.
T
h
is
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
v
o
l
v
es
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
ess
ag
e
en
co
d
in
g
,
d
ec
o
d
in
g
,
r
o
u
tin
g
,
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
T
h
ese
task
s
r
e
q
u
ir
e
C
PU r
eso
u
r
ce
s
to
h
an
d
le
th
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
T
h
e
Kaf
k
a
m
ess
ag
e
b
r
o
k
er
also
r
eq
u
ir
es
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
to
m
an
ag
e
th
e
m
ess
ag
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
I
t
h
a
n
d
les
m
ess
ag
e
s
to
r
ag
e,
r
e
p
licatio
n
,
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
n
o
d
es,
wh
ich
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lo
ad
th
e
C
PU.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
L
I
o
T
'
s
lig
h
tweig
h
t
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e,
co
m
b
i
n
ed
with
th
e
p
an
d
ig
ital
lead
e
r
elec
tio
n
,
a
llo
ws
f
o
r
o
p
tim
ized
r
eso
u
r
ce
u
s
ag
e
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
C
PU
o
v
er
h
ea
d
.
T
h
e
lead
er
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
L
I
o
T
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
m
in
im
ize
co
m
p
u
ta
tio
n
al
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
ef
f
icien
t
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
with
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
4
.
4
.
2
.
M
em
o
ry
us
a
g
e
Me
m
o
r
y
u
s
a
g
e
ca
n
b
e
r
e
co
r
d
e
d
p
e
r
i
o
d
ic
all
y
t
o
ev
al
u
at
e
t
h
e
r
es
o
u
r
ce
u
ti
liz
ati
o
n
a
n
d
ef
f
i
cie
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
b
l
o
c
k
c
h
ai
n
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
.
I
n
F
ig
u
r
e
5
,
t
h
e
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
m
e
m
o
r
y
u
s
ag
e
b
et
wee
n
L
I
o
T
an
d
T
i
k
ir
i
is
ill
u
s
t
r
a
te
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
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I
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14
,
No
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3
,
J
u
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2
0
2
5
:
2
5
0
6
-
2
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1
8
2514
L
I
o
T
o
p
ti
m
i
ze
s
m
e
m
o
r
y
u
s
a
g
e
a
n
d
all
o
c
at
es
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eso
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r
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m
o
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e
e
f
f
ic
ie
n
tl
y
b
y
a
v
o
id
in
g
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
o
r
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
t
s
er
v
i
ce
s
.
A
d
d
iti
o
n
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ll
y
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L
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m
ain
tai
n
s
t
h
e
le
d
g
e
r
i
n
a
J
S
ON
f
o
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m
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t,
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li
g
h
twe
ig
h
t
d
at
a
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te
r
ch
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g
e
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o
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m
at
t
h
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s
y
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p
a
r
s
e
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n
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c
o
n
s
u
m
e
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less
m
e
m
o
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y
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a
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o
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h
e
r
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o
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ats
s
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ch
as
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L
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L
I
o
T
m
i
n
i
m
iz
es
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h
e
m
em
o
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r
e
q
u
i
r
e
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e
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ts
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o
r
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d
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s
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h
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le
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g
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f
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ati
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y
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o
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t
h
e
l
e
d
g
er
d
at
a
i
n
J
S
ON
f
o
r
m
at.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
T
ik
ir
i
r
u
n
s
m
u
ltip
le
m
icr
o
s
er
v
ices,
in
clu
d
in
g
g
atew
ay
,
L
o
k
k
a,
s
to
r
ag
e,
an
d
Kaf
k
a.
E
ac
h
m
icr
o
s
er
v
ice
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
o
v
er
all
m
em
o
r
y
u
s
ag
e.
T
h
e
g
atew
ay
h
an
d
les
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
ex
te
r
n
al
en
titi
es
an
d
t
h
e
T
ik
ir
i
n
etwo
r
k
,
wh
ile
th
e
L
o
k
k
a
s
er
v
ice
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
th
e
Kaf
k
a
m
e
s
s
ag
e
b
r
o
k
er
.
T
h
e
Sto
r
ag
e
s
er
v
ice
m
an
ag
es
t
h
e
d
ata
s
to
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ag
e
an
d
r
etr
iev
al,
a
n
d
Kaf
k
a
ac
ts
as
a
m
ess
ag
e
b
r
o
k
er
f
o
r
e
x
ch
an
g
in
g
d
ata
b
e
twee
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
R
u
n
n
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
m
icr
o
s
er
v
ices
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
m
em
o
r
y
o
v
e
r
h
ea
d
.
E
ac
h
s
er
v
ice
r
eq
u
ir
es
m
em
o
r
y
allo
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
ex
ec
u
tin
g
task
s
an
d
s
to
r
in
g
d
a
ta,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
h
i
g
h
er
m
e
m
o
r
y
u
s
ag
e
th
an
L
I
o
T
'
s
m
in
im
alis
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Me
m
o
r
y
u
s
ag
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
: L
I
o
T
v
s
T
ik
ir
i
4
.
4
.
3
.
T
ra
ns
a
ct
io
n
a
nd
blo
ck
g
ener
a
t
io
n t
im
e
I
n
th
is
ev
al
u
atio
n
,
th
e
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
ex
ec
u
tio
n
tim
e
b
etwe
en
L
I
o
T
a
n
d
T
ik
ir
i
is
co
n
d
u
cte
d
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
r
an
s
ac
tio
n
ex
ec
u
tio
n
ti
m
e
is
wh
en
a
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
is
a
d
d
ed
to
a
b
lo
c
k
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ata
p
o
o
l
u
n
til
all
n
o
d
es
h
av
e
c
o
n
f
ir
m
e
d
it.
L
I
o
T
tak
e
s
less
tim
e
th
an
T
i
k
ir
i.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
e
r
al
f
ac
t
o
r
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
is
d
if
f
e
r
en
c
e.
On
e
o
f
th
e
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
s
is
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
ec
h
an
is
m
em
p
lo
y
ed
b
y
L
I
o
T
in
elec
tin
g
th
e
lead
er
an
d
g
en
er
atin
g
b
lo
ck
s
th
at
co
n
tain
th
e
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
.
L
I
o
T
u
tili
ze
s
a
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
t
h
at
en
ab
les a
f
aster
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
n
o
d
es in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
Data
h
ash
g
en
er
atio
n
tim
e,
b
lo
ck
h
ash
g
en
er
atio
n
tim
e,
th
e
tim
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
v
alid
atio
n
b
y
th
e
lead
e
r
n
o
d
e,
an
d
b
lo
c
k
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
tim
e
b
etwe
en
p
ee
r
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
b
lo
ck
g
en
er
atio
n
tim
e.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
,
th
e
b
lo
c
k
g
en
er
atio
n
tim
e
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
i
n
th
e
b
lo
c
k
f
o
r
L
I
o
T
a
n
d
T
ik
ir
i.
I
t is ev
id
en
t th
at
as th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
s
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
b
lo
ck
g
en
er
atio
n
tim
e
also
in
cr
ea
s
es.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
r
an
s
ac
tio
n
ex
ec
u
tio
n
tim
e
with
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
ets:
L
I
o
T
v
s
T
ik
ir
i
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
b
lo
c
k
g
en
er
atio
n
tim
e
:
L
I
o
T
v
s
T
ik
ir
i
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
Led
g
er o
n
in
tern
et
o
f th
i
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g
s
:
a
b
lo
ck
ch
a
i
n
fr
a
mewo
r
k
fo
r
r
es
o
u
r
ce
-
co
n
s
tr
a
in
ed
…
(
S
u
r
esh
Ja
g
a
n
a
th
a
n
)
2515
Ho
wev
er
,
wh
e
n
co
m
p
ar
in
g
L
I
o
T
with
T
ik
ir
i,
it
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
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at
L
I
o
T
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
b
etter
b
lo
ck
g
en
er
atio
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tim
e.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
two
b
lo
ck
c
h
a
in
'
s
ar
ch
itectu
r
al
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
an
d
d
esig
n
ch
o
ices.
I
n
T
ik
ir
i,
b
lo
ck
g
e
n
er
atio
n
in
v
o
lv
es
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
with
th
e
Kaf
k
a
s
er
v
ice
to
o
b
tain
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
.
T
h
is
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
a
d
d
s
ad
d
itio
n
al
o
v
er
h
ea
d
an
d
laten
cy
to
th
e
b
lo
ck
g
en
e
r
atio
n
tim
e.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
L
I
o
T
s
to
r
es
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
d
ir
ec
tly
in
th
e
n
o
d
e'
s
d
ata
p
o
o
l,
el
im
in
atin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
e
x
ter
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
h
is
s
tr
ea
m
lin
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
r
e
d
u
ce
s
th
e
b
lo
ck
g
en
er
atio
n
tim
e
in
L
I
o
T
.
4
.
4
.
4
.
Co
m
pa
riso
n o
f
da
t
a
s
t
ruct
ures (
lin
k
ed
lis
t
v
s
s
k
ip l
is
t
)
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
lin
k
ed
lis
t
an
d
s
k
i
p
lis
t
d
ata
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
r
ev
ea
ls
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
d
ata
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
s
u
ch
as
s
k
ip
lis
t
wh
en
h
an
d
lin
g
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
an
d
co
m
p
lex
d
ata.
As
th
e
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
d
at
a
g
r
o
ws,
tr
ad
itio
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
lik
e
th
e
lin
k
ed
lis
t
f
ac
e
c
h
allen
g
es
in
m
ain
tai
n
in
g
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
,
th
e
s
k
ip
lis
t
d
ata
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
h
as
em
er
g
ed
as
a
v
iab
le
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
f
o
r
s
to
r
in
g
an
d
r
etr
iev
in
g
d
ata
in
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
s
y
s
tem
s
,
s
u
ch
as L
I
o
T
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
lin
ea
r
s
ea
r
ch
tim
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
th
e
lin
k
ed
lis
t,
th
e
s
k
ip
li
s
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
lo
g
ar
ith
m
ic
s
ea
r
ch
tim
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
.
As
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
elem
en
ts
g
r
o
ws,
t
h
e
tim
e
to
s
ea
r
ch
f
o
r
a
s
p
ec
if
i
c
elem
en
t
in
cr
ea
s
es
s
lo
wly
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
s
k
ip
lis
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
o
u
tp
e
r
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
lin
k
ed
lis
t
in
s
ea
r
ch
o
p
er
ati
o
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
lar
g
er
d
atasets
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
in
s
er
tio
n
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
th
e
s
k
i
p
l
is
t
d
y
n
am
ically
ad
j
u
s
ts
its
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
e
t
o
m
ain
tain
b
alan
ce
an
d
o
p
tim
ize
s
ea
r
ch
ti
m
es.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
lin
k
ed
lis
ts
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
o
d
i
f
icatio
n
s
to
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
n
o
d
es
d
u
r
i
n
g
in
s
er
tio
n
s
,
p
o
ten
tially
r
esu
ltin
g
in
s
lo
wer
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
f
o
r
f
r
eq
u
en
t u
p
d
ates.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
s
elf
-
b
alan
ci
n
g
n
atu
r
e
o
f
s
k
ip
lis
t
en
s
u
r
es
a
r
elativ
ely
ev
en
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
elem
en
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
lev
els.
T
h
is
p
r
o
p
er
ty
g
u
ar
a
n
tees
co
n
s
is
ten
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
v
e
r
tim
e.
Su
ch
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
m
ak
e
s
k
ip
lis
t a
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