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Trend a
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L
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TC)
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ims
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n
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lu
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s
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a
n
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ly
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m
a
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ly
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n
d
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it
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v
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in
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3
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p
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e
m
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r)
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o
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t
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f
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m
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n
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lar
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p
p
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c
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f
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r
traffic
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in
tran
s
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.
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su
lt
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p
p
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it
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a
n
d
c
h
a
ll
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n
g
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s
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n
M
L
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IT
S
TC,
c
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ri
n
g
d
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ta,
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d
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re
se
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sig
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ts
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to
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h
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c
u
rre
n
t
a
n
d
f
u
tu
r
e
d
irec
ti
o
n
s
o
f
M
L
-
ITS
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se
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rc
h
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
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aly
s
is
I
n
tel
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t
t
r
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a
rticle
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d
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CC B
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SA
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C
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uth
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r
:
Ok
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d
am
Qo
wiy
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ter
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esear
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KST
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I
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N
I
n
tellig
en
t
tr
an
s
p
o
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tatio
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s
y
s
t
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s
(
I
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S)
ar
e
b
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to
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cr
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s
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s
af
ety
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n
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s
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ch
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f
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ag
em
en
t,
ac
cid
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p
r
e
v
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to
ll
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o
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s
,
p
ar
k
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
p
o
llu
ti
o
n
co
n
tr
o
l
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
ad
v
a
n
t
ag
e
o
f
I
T
S
is
its
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
m
eth
o
d
o
f
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
tr
af
f
ic
o
p
er
atio
n
s
with
o
u
t
r
eq
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ir
i
n
g
ad
d
itio
n
s
o
r
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
to
ex
is
tin
g
r
o
ad
f
ac
ilit
ies
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
I
T
S
c
o
m
b
in
es
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
s
u
ch
as
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
en
s
o
r
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
an
d
in
tellig
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
b
ig
d
ata
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
p
r
o
b
lem
s
with
b
ig
d
ata
in
clu
d
e
d
ata
s
t
o
r
ag
e,
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
d
ata
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t.
C
o
m
b
in
in
g
d
iv
er
s
e
an
d
b
i
g
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
I
T
S with
m
ac
h
i
n
e
lear
n
in
g
(
ML
)
in
c
r
ea
s
es a
cc
u
r
ac
y
an
d
ex
p
ed
ites
d
ata
an
al
y
s
is
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
ML
alg
o
r
ith
m
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
d
ata
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
ev
e
r
al
s
tag
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
,
class
if
icatio
n
,
clu
s
ter
in
g
,
a
n
d
d
eter
m
in
in
g
a
s
s
o
ciatio
n
r
u
les
[
8
]
.
I
t
i
d
en
tif
ies
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
f
ea
tu
r
es
an
d
o
u
tp
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ts
,
n
am
el
y
lab
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,
p
atter
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s
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n
d
m
ak
es
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ec
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s
b
ased
o
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
d
ata,
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
i
n
th
e
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
ec
to
r
.
I
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
m
an
y
p
ap
er
s
wo
r
ld
wid
e
h
av
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
s
tatu
s
o
f
ML
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ap
p
lied
in
I
T
S.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
ML
is
u
s
ed
in
u
r
b
an
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
v
eh
icle
c
o
n
g
esti
o
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
v
eh
icle
an
aly
s
is
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
C
h
en
et
a
l.
[
1
1
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
d
ee
p
lear
n
i
n
g
(
DL
)
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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tif
I
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tell
I
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N:
2252
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8
9
3
8
Tr
en
d
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f m
a
ch
in
e
lea
r
n
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es fo
r
tr
a
ffic c
o
n
tr
o
l b
a
s
ed
o
n
b
ib
lio
metrics
(
Hild
a
Lu
th
fiya
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v
eh
icle
co
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n
tin
g
,
wh
ich
ca
n
f
u
r
th
er
p
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e
d
ict
tr
af
f
ic
f
lo
w
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s
in
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co
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r
al
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etwo
r
k
(
C
NN)
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v
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l
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tio
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n
e
u
r
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n
etwo
r
k
(
GC
NN)
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
ML
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
o
n
h
i
g
h
way
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f
o
r
v
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h
icle
tr
ajec
to
r
y
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
wh
ile
lin
e
ch
an
g
in
g
[
1
4
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
m
u
ltit
u
d
e
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
ab
o
u
t
ML
-
I
T
S
to
p
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a
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
r
ev
iew
s
tu
d
y
is
e
s
s
en
t
ial
to
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
h
o
lis
tic
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
in
t
h
is
ar
ea
.
B
ib
lio
m
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ic
r
e
v
iew
is
a
m
eth
o
d
t
o
ex
p
lo
r
e
a
n
d
an
aly
ze
la
r
g
e
a
m
o
u
n
ts
o
f
s
cien
tific
d
ata,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
an
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
jo
u
r
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
ev
o
lu
tio
n
[
1
5
]
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ie
s
h
av
e
e
x
p
lo
r
e
d
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
a
n
aly
s
is
in
th
e
I
T
S
ar
ea
,
s
u
ch
a
s
b
ig
d
ata
to
p
ics
i
n
I
T
S
[
1
6
]
,
ML
in
g
e
n
er
al
as
t
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
t
o
p
ic
[
1
7
]
,
a
n
d
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t
lear
n
in
g
(
R
L
)
f
o
r
t
r
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
[
1
8
]
.
Oth
er
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
u
s
ed
d
at
ab
ase
I
E
E
E
t
r
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
o
n
in
tellig
en
t
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
t
em
s
(
T
-
I
T
S)
with
v
ar
y
in
g
s
p
an
s
o
f
y
ea
r
s
to
s
ee
r
esear
ch
tr
en
d
s
r
elate
d
to
I
T
S
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
T
o
m
as
ze
wsk
a
an
d
Flo
r
ea
[
2
1
]
,
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
u
s
in
g
to
id
e
n
tify
tr
en
d
s
b
ased
o
n
u
r
b
a
n
s
m
ar
t
m
o
b
ilit
y
s
cien
tific
liter
atu
r
e
b
ased
o
n
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
an
d
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
ases
.
Ho
wev
er
,
n
o
n
e
o
f
th
ese
s
tu
d
i
es
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
b
i
b
lio
m
etr
ics
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ML
i
n
tr
af
f
ic
co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
in
tellig
e
n
t
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
(
ML
-
I
T
STC).
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
q
u
a
n
titativ
ely
an
d
v
is
u
ally
an
aly
ze
s
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
,
r
esear
ch
tr
en
d
s
,
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
is
s
em
in
atio
n
p
a
th
s
in
ML
-
I
T
STC.
B
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
in
v
o
lv
es
r
an
k
in
g
an
d
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
jo
u
r
n
al’
s
life
s
p
an
o
v
er
1
0
y
ea
r
s
,
g
u
id
in
g
to
r
ea
d
er
s
,
au
th
o
r
s
,
a
n
d
r
ev
iewe
r
s
with
an
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
ML
-
I
T
S
T
C
to
p
ic
jo
u
r
n
als.
C
lu
s
ter
in
g
b
ased
o
n
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
is
d
o
n
e
to
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
g
r
o
wth
tr
en
d
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
an
d
r
esear
ch
p
atter
n
s
in
ML
-
I
T
STC s
p
an
s
2
0
1
3
t
o
No
v
em
b
er
2
0
2
3
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
ws:
an
ex
p
lan
atio
n
o
f
th
e
d
ata
s
o
u
r
ce
a
n
d
m
eth
o
d
u
s
ed
in
th
is
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
s
tu
d
y
is
p
r
esen
te
d
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
Sectio
n
3
r
ev
ie
ws
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
b
ib
lio
m
e
tr
ic
an
aly
s
is
,
wh
ich
h
as
b
ee
n
d
iv
i
d
ed
in
to
th
r
ee
s
ec
tio
n
s
:
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
1
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
s
tatis
tical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
o
f
b
ib
lio
g
r
ap
h
ic
co
u
p
lin
g
,
an
d
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
3
ex
am
in
es
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
u
b
lica
tio
n
tr
en
d
s
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
o
f
o
u
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
an
d
p
o
i
n
ts
f
o
r
s
o
m
e
f
u
tu
r
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
in
s
e
ctio
n
4
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
r
esear
ch
s
tatu
s
,
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
,
an
d
tr
e
n
d
s
o
f
ML
-
I
T
STC
b
y
an
aly
zin
g
liter
atu
r
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
ase.
Sco
p
u
s
is
r
eg
ar
d
ed
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
lar
g
est
cu
r
ated
d
atab
ases
s
elec
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
co
n
ten
t
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
with
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
r
e
-
ev
alu
atio
n
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
.
In
th
is
b
ib
lio
m
e
tr
ic
s
tu
d
y
,
we
d
i
d
n
o
t
d
ir
ec
tl
y
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
ML
alg
o
r
ith
m
t
o
p
ic
b
u
t
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
ar
ea
s
en
c
o
m
p
ass
ed
b
y
t
h
e
to
p
ic,
in
clu
d
in
g
DL
,
s
u
p
e
r
v
is
ed
lear
n
in
g
(
SL)
,
u
n
s
u
p
er
v
is
ed
lear
n
in
g
(
UL
)
,
R
L
,
an
d
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ar
y
lear
n
in
g
(
E
L
)
[
1
0
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
b
i
b
lio
m
etr
ic
m
eth
o
d
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
:
(
T
I
T
L
E
-
AB
S
-
KE
Y(
in
tellig
en
t
AND
t
r
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
AND
s
y
s
tem
)
AND
T
I
T
L
E
-
AB
S
-
KE
Y(
tr
af
f
ic
AND
co
n
tr
o
l)
AND
T
I
T
L
E
-
AB
S
-
KE
Y(
d
ee
p
AND
lear
n
in
g
)
OR
TITLE
-
AB
S
-
KE
Y(
s
u
p
er
v
is
ed
AND
lear
n
in
g
)
OR
T
I
T
L
E
-
AB
S
-
KE
Y(
u
n
s
u
p
er
v
is
ed
A
ND
lear
n
in
g
)
OR
TITLE
-
AB
S
-
KE
Y(
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t A
ND
lear
n
in
g
)
OR
T
I
T
L
E
-
AB
S
-
KE
Y(
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ar
y
AN
D
lear
n
in
g
)
)
.
T
h
e
s
elec
ted
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
a
n
aly
s
is
u
tili
ze
s
co
-
wo
r
d
a
n
a
ly
s
is
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
d
escr
ib
in
g
th
em
atic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
w
o
r
d
s
t
h
at
f
r
e
q
u
en
tly
ap
p
ea
r
t
o
g
eth
er
in
“a
u
th
o
r
’
s
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
,
”
“a
r
ticle
titl
e,
”
an
d
“a
b
s
tr
ac
t”
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
d
o
cu
m
en
t
s
ea
r
ch
is
lim
ited
to
a
1
0
-
y
ea
r
p
er
io
d
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
3
to
2
0
2
2
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
s
u
b
ject
ca
teg
o
r
izatio
n
s
wer
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
co
m
p
u
ter
s
cien
ce
,
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
an
d
m
ath
e
m
atics,
wh
ile
th
e
r
em
ain
d
er
co
v
er
ed
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
,
en
er
g
y
,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
cien
ce
,
an
d
n
eu
r
o
s
cien
ce
.
T
h
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
an
d
lim
itatio
n
s
in
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
o
n
Sco
p
u
s
y
ield
e
d
4
9
4
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
2
3
6
co
n
f
e
r
en
ce
p
r
o
ce
ed
in
g
s
,
2
1
5
j
o
u
r
n
als,
a
n
d
4
3
b
o
o
k
s
e
r
ies,
all
wr
itten
in
E
n
g
lis
h
.
T
h
e
d
ataset,
co
llected
in
co
m
m
a
-
s
ep
ar
ated
v
alu
es
(
C
SV)
f
o
r
m
at,
was
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
u
s
in
g
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t
E
x
ce
l
to
ex
a
m
in
e
tr
en
d
s
an
d
p
atter
n
s
o
f
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
v
er
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
er
io
d
[
2
3
]
.
I
n
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
p
r
o
c
ess
in
g
s
tag
e,
k
ey
wo
r
d
p
r
e
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
co
m
b
in
i
n
g
s
y
n
o
n
y
m
s
an
d
ter
m
s
in
to
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
f
o
r
m
u
s
in
g
Op
en
R
ef
in
e.
T
h
is
s
o
f
twar
e
is
u
s
ed
to
clea
n
an
d
f
ilter
d
ata
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
io
u
s
m
eth
o
d
s
wh
ile
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
with
s
ev
er
al
s
e
co
n
d
ar
y
d
ata
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
ML
-
I
T
STC p
u
b
li
ca
tio
n
s
o
v
er
a
ce
r
tain
p
er
io
d
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
u
s
in
g
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
.
VOSv
iewe
r
was u
s
ed
as
a
co
-
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
n
etwo
r
k
m
ap
p
er
to
cr
ea
te
a
b
i
b
lio
m
e
tr
ic
m
ap
to
v
is
u
alize
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
i
n
ea
ch
p
u
b
licatio
n
with
in
th
e
b
i
b
lio
m
etr
ic
n
etwo
r
k
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
in
v
o
lv
ed
an
al
y
zin
g
an
d
m
a
p
p
in
g
ar
ticle
d
ata
r
elate
d
to
tr
en
d
s
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
a
p
er
s
ea
ch
y
ea
r
,
au
th
o
r
s
,
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
p
u
b
lis
h
er
s
,
citatio
n
s
,
an
d
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cte
d
a
c
o
-
o
c
cu
r
r
en
ce
an
aly
s
is
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
o
f
k
e
y
wo
r
d
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
(
OC
)
in
co
r
e
p
ap
e
r
s
th
at
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
im
p
ac
t
th
e
ML
-
I
T
STC
f
ield
with
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
[
2
6
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
r
an
g
e
an
d
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
a
n
o
d
e
i
n
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
u
s
in
g
t
o
tal
lin
k
s
tr
en
g
th
(
T
L
S)
[
2
7
]
.
F
o
llo
win
g
th
e
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
r
es
u
lts
wer
e
o
r
g
a
n
ized
an
d
p
r
esen
ted
in
m
ap
f
o
r
m
,
c
o
m
p
lete
with
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
an
d
co
lo
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
tiatio
n
.
I
n
a
n
etwo
r
k
m
a
p
,
lar
g
er
cir
cles
o
f
th
e
s
am
e
co
l
o
r
s
ig
n
if
y
g
r
ea
ter
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
an
d
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
a
k
ey
w
o
r
d
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
o
th
er
s
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
I
f
two
o
r
m
o
r
e
p
a
p
er
s
cite
th
e
s
am
e
d
o
cu
m
en
t,
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
ar
e
estab
lis
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[
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co
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.
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d
g
r
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d
[
3
7
]
,
[
3
8
]
,
DNNs
al
g
o
r
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th
m
t
o
tr
ai
n
d
ee
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q
-
l
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N)
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[
3
8
]
,
an
d
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L
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wit
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lti
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R
L
f
r
a
m
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wo
r
k
m
et
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d
s
[
3
9
]
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
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e
,
v
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cle
c
o
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th
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m
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iz
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APPO
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m
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h
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d
[
4
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]
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n
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m
iz
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f
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DR
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o
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s
[
4
1
]
.
T
C
is
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o
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m
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el
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2
]
.
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.
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3
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[
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[
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3
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wh
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4
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.