I
A
E
S
I
n
t
e
r
n
at
io
n
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
A
r
t
if
ic
ia
l
I
n
t
e
ll
ig
e
n
c
e
(
I
J
-
AI
)
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
3
,
J
une
20
25
, pp.
1763
~
1771
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
,
D
O
I
:
10.11591/
ij
a
i.
v
14
.i
3
.pp
1763
-
1771
1763
Jou
r
n
al
h
om
e
page
:
ht
tp
:
//
ij
ai
.
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ia
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C
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r
f
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T
r
a
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di
s
c
i
pl
i
na
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y a
nd S
us
t
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i
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l
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t
y S
c
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s
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ns
t
i
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P
e
r
t
a
ni
a
n B
o
gor
,
B
ogor
,
I
ndone
s
i
a
2
D
e
pa
r
t
m
e
nt
of
C
om
put
e
r
i
z
e
d A
c
c
ount
i
ng, F
a
c
ul
t
y of
C
om
put
e
r
S
c
i
e
nc
e
,
U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
a
s
S
r
i
w
i
j
a
ya
,
I
ndr
a
l
a
ya
,
I
ndone
s
i
a
A
r
t
ic
le
I
n
f
o
A
B
S
T
R
A
C
T
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
to
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
iv
e
d
J
ul
20
,
2024
R
e
vi
s
e
d
D
e
c
3
,
2024
A
c
c
e
pt
e
d
J
a
n
27
,
2025
This
paper
introduces
a
new
model
that
incorporates
blockchain
and
artificial
intell
igence
(
AI
)
in
creating
traceability
on
agricultural
supply
chains
to
meet
European
Union'
s
(
EU'
s
)
regulation
on
deforestation
-
free
products.
This
model
stands
for
the
system
that
would
be
appli
ed
for
monitoring
origins
and
routes
with
regard
to
verifying
the
status
of
pr
oducts
being
free
from
deforestation.
Particularly,
this
addressed
the
Eu
ropean
Union'
s
Deforestation
-
free
Regulation
p
roducts
(
EUDR
)
-
related
iss
ues
in
Indonesia focus
ed on small
holders and
their lin
kage to traceabi
lity to
o
ls. The
proposed
conceptual
model
demonstrates
how
blockchain
tech
nology
combined
with
AI
in
agricult
ural
supply
chains
enhances
transparen
cy
and
reliabilit
y
in
the
line
of
improvin
g
environment
al
sustainabi
lity
as
well
as
boosting
consumers'
confidence.
Integration
of
blockchain
and
AI
in
creases
agricult
ural
supply
chain
transparency
,
traceabili
ty,
and
reliabil
ity
w
hereby
smart
contracts
can
execute
automatic
ally
such
as
rel
easing
payment
s
once
certain con
dition
s are met.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
A
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
s
uppl
y c
ha
in
s
A
r
ti
f
ic
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
B
lo
c
kc
ha
in
D
e
f
or
e
s
ta
ti
on
E
U
D
R
T
r
a
c
e
a
bi
li
ty
This is an
open
acce
ss artic
le unde
r the
CC BY
-
SA
license.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
di
n
g A
u
th
or
:
S
a
r
if
a
h P
ut
r
i
R
a
f
le
s
ia
D
e
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
C
om
put
e
r
iz
e
d A
c
c
ount
in
g, F
a
c
ul
ty
of
C
om
put
e
r
S
c
ie
nc
e
, U
ni
ve
r
s
it
a
s
S
r
iwi
ja
ya
P
a
le
m
ba
ng
P
r
a
bum
ul
ih
H
ig
hw
a
y K
m
. 32, I
ndr
a
la
ya
,
O
ga
n I
li
r
30862, I
ndone
s
ia
E
m
a
il
:
s
a
r
if
a
h@
uns
r
i.
a
c
.i
d
1.
I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
T
he
in
te
gr
it
y
of
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
s
uppl
y
c
ha
in
s
ha
s
be
c
om
e
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
gl
y
c
r
it
ic
a
l
a
s
gl
oba
l
a
w
a
r
e
ne
s
s
of
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
im
pa
c
t
a
nd
e
th
ic
a
l
s
our
c
in
g c
ont
in
ue
s
to
r
is
e
.
C
om
pl
ia
nc
e
w
it
h
r
e
gul
a
to
r
y
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
s
uc
h
a
s
th
e
E
ur
ope
a
n
U
ni
on'
s
D
e
f
or
e
s
ta
ti
on
-
f
r
e
e
R
e
gul
a
ti
on
p
r
oduc
ts
(
E
U
D
R
)
is
c
r
uc
ia
l
f
or
e
ns
ur
in
g
th
a
t
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
pr
oduc
ts
m
e
e
t
s
tr
in
ge
nt
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
a
nd
e
th
ic
a
l
s
ta
nda
r
ds
[
1]
,
[
2
]
.
E
U
D
R
s
e
e
ks
to
e
ns
ur
e
th
a
t
c
e
r
ta
in
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
c
om
m
odi
ti
e
s
c
ons
um
e
d
w
it
hi
n
th
e
E
ur
ope
a
n
U
ni
on
(
E
U
)
a
r
e
not
li
nke
d
to
de
f
or
e
s
ta
ti
on
[
3]
–
[
5
]
.
T
hi
s
is
a
c
c
om
pl
is
h
e
d
by
r
e
gul
a
ti
ng
th
e
im
por
t
of
c
om
m
odi
ti
e
s
f
r
om
pr
oduc
e
r
c
ount
r
ie
s
.
T
he
r
e
gul
a
ti
on
a
im
s
to
m
it
ig
a
te
a
nd
c
ont
r
ol
th
e
im
pa
c
ts
of
de
f
or
e
s
ta
ti
on,
w
hi
c
h
e
x
a
c
e
r
ba
te
s
th
e
gl
oba
l
c
li
m
a
te
c
r
is
i
s
by
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
gr
e
e
nhous
e
ga
s
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
[
6]
.
D
e
f
or
e
s
ta
ti
on
le
a
ds
to
a
r
e
du
c
e
d c
a
r
bon
s
in
k c
a
pa
c
it
y,
lo
s
s
of
bi
odi
ve
r
s
it
y,
a
nd
di
m
in
is
he
d e
c
os
y
s
te
m
r
e
s
il
ie
nc
e
a
ga
in
s
t
di
s
e
a
s
e
s
a
nd pe
s
ts
[
7]
,
[
8]
.
T
hi
s
pa
pe
r
pr
opos
e
s
a
c
om
pr
e
he
n
s
iv
e
m
ode
l
th
a
t
in
te
gr
a
te
s
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
te
c
hnol
ogy
a
nd
a
r
ti
f
ic
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
(
A
I
)
f
or
th
e
tr
a
c
e
a
bi
li
ty
of
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
pr
oduc
ts
w
it
hi
n
th
e
s
uppl
y
c
ha
in
,
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
f
or
c
om
pl
ia
nc
e
w
it
h
E
U
D
R
.
I
n
th
e
e
ve
r
-
e
vol
vi
ng
la
nd
s
c
a
p
e
of
te
c
hnol
ogy,
th
e
s
e
two
in
nov
a
ti
ons
s
ta
nd
out
f
or
th
e
ir
pot
e
nt
ia
l
to
r
e
vol
ut
io
ni
z
e
in
dus
tr
ie
s
a
nd
r
e
s
ha
pe
th
e
w
a
y
w
e
w
or
k,
c
om
m
uni
c
a
te
,
a
nd
tr
a
ns
a
c
t
[
9]
,
[
10]
.
I
ndi
vi
dua
ll
y,
th
e
y
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
gr
oundbr
e
a
ki
ng
a
dva
nc
e
m
e
nt
s
,
b
ut
to
ge
th
e
r
,
th
e
ir
c
om
bi
ne
d
pow
e
r
hol
ds
th
e
pr
om
is
e
of
unl
oc
ki
ng
ne
w
f
r
ont
ie
r
s
a
nd
c
a
ta
ly
z
in
g
unpr
e
c
e
de
nt
e
d
gr
ow
th
a
nd
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
a
c
r
os
s
va
r
io
us
dom
a
in
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
,
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
3
,
J
une
20
25
:
1763
-
1771
1764
B
y
le
ve
r
a
gi
ng
th
e
s
e
a
dva
n
c
e
d
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
,
th
e
or
ig
in
a
nd
jo
ur
ne
y
of
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
pr
oduc
ts
c
a
n
be
m
e
ti
c
ul
ous
ly
tr
a
c
ke
d
a
nd
ve
r
if
ie
d
[
11]
to
e
ns
ur
e
th
e
y
a
r
e
f
r
e
e
f
r
om
de
f
or
e
s
ta
ti
on
or
f
o
r
e
s
t
de
gr
a
da
ti
on.
I
n
pr
e
vi
ous
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,
in
te
gr
a
ti
ng
A
I
a
nd
bl
o
c
kc
ha
in
te
c
hnol
ogy
c
a
n
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
im
pr
ove
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y,
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y,
a
nd
c
om
pl
ia
nc
e
in
in
ve
nt
or
y
a
udi
ti
ng
[
12]
–
[
14]
.
B
y
c
om
bi
ni
ng
A
I
'
s
pr
e
di
c
ti
ve
a
na
ly
ti
c
s
a
nd
da
ta
pr
oc
e
s
s
in
g
c
a
pa
bi
li
ti
e
s
w
it
h
bl
oc
kc
h
a
in
'
s
s
e
c
ur
e
a
nd
tr
a
n
s
pa
r
e
nt
le
dge
r
s
ys
te
m
[
15]
,
[
16]
,
th
is
in
te
gr
a
ti
on
ta
c
kl
e
s
tr
a
di
ti
ona
l
a
udi
ti
ng
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
[
17]
.
I
t
e
na
bl
e
s
m
or
e
pr
e
c
is
e
in
v
e
nt
or
y
tr
a
c
ki
ng,
e
nha
nc
e
s
f
r
a
ud
de
te
c
ti
on, a
nd
e
ns
ur
e
s
a
dhe
r
e
nc
e
to
r
e
gul
a
to
r
y
s
ta
nda
r
ds
[
18]
,
[
19]
.
A
ls
o,
ot
he
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
ppl
ie
d
th
e
s
e
two
a
ppr
oa
c
h
e
s
in
va
c
c
in
e
s
uppl
y
c
ha
in
[
20]
by
e
nha
n
c
e
m
e
nt
va
c
c
in
e
s
uppl
y
c
ha
i
n
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
a
nd
im
pr
ove
s
c
oor
di
na
ti
on
u
s
in
g
A
I
,
w
hi
le
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
te
c
hnol
ogy
e
nha
nc
e
s
tr
a
ns
p
a
r
e
nc
y,
r
e
duc
e
s
ta
m
pe
r
in
g,
a
nd
im
pr
ove
s
tr
a
c
e
a
bi
li
ty
in
th
e
va
c
c
in
e
s
uppl
y c
h
a
in
.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
c
onc
e
pt
ua
l
m
ode
l
in
th
i
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
nha
n
c
e
s
tr
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y
a
nd
tr
us
twor
th
in
e
s
s
in
th
e
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
s
uppl
y
c
ha
in
by
ut
il
iz
in
g
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
te
c
hnol
ogy
t
o
s
e
c
ur
e
ly
r
e
c
or
d
da
ta
on
a
bl
oc
k
c
ha
in
le
dg
e
r
.
T
hi
s
e
n
s
ur
e
s
th
a
t
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
s
a
nd
m
ov
e
m
e
nt
s
of
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
pr
oduc
ts
a
r
e
s
e
c
ur
e
ly
s
to
r
e
d
a
nd
f
ul
ly
tr
a
c
e
a
bl
e
,
w
hi
c
h
is
c
r
uc
ia
l
f
or
pr
ovi
ng
c
om
pl
ia
nc
e
w
it
h
th
e
E
U
D
R
a
n
d
ot
he
r
in
te
r
na
ti
ona
l
s
ta
nda
r
ds
.
A
c
c
or
di
ng
to
B
os
ona
a
nd
G
e
br
e
s
e
nbe
t
[
21]
,
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
te
c
hnol
ogy
e
na
bl
e
s
:
i
)
c
om
pl
e
te
tr
a
c
e
a
bi
li
ty
by
pr
ovi
di
ng
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
tr
a
c
e
a
bi
li
ty
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on,
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
he
lp
s
m
it
ig
a
te
r
is
ks
a
s
s
oc
ia
t
e
d
w
it
h
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
lo
s
s
a
nd
da
ta
ta
m
pe
r
in
g
;
ii
)
f
r
a
ud
a
nd
ta
m
pe
r
in
g
pr
e
ve
nt
io
n
by
e
na
bl
in
g
th
e
in
he
r
e
nt
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
of
bl
oc
kc
h
a
in
m
a
ke
it
r
e
s
is
ta
nt
to
f
r
a
ud
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nd
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m
pe
r
in
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e
r
e
by
in
c
r
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s
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r
e
li
a
bi
li
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in
f
or
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a
ti
on
s
ha
r
e
d
th
r
oughout
th
e
s
uppl
y
c
ha
in
;
iii
)
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
d
tr
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y
a
nd
tr
us
t
by
pr
om
is
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g
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e
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li
z
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d
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nd
im
m
ut
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bl
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bl
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kc
ha
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le
dge
r
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hi
s
e
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ur
e
s
th
a
t
a
ll
s
ta
ke
hol
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r
s
ha
ve
a
c
c
e
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to
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m
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f
or
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a
ti
on,
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c
r
e
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s
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g
tr
a
ns
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r
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nc
y
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bui
ld
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g t
r
us
t
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twe
e
n c
ons
um
e
r
s
a
nd r
e
gul
a
to
r
s
.
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ta
r
ti
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f
r
om
th
e
s
our
c
e
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in
c
lu
di
ng
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
, a
gr
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tu
r
a
l
c
om
pa
ni
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s
,
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nd
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oc
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or
s
,
da
ta
is
r
e
c
or
de
d
in
a
s
e
c
ur
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bl
oc
kc
ha
in
s
ys
te
m
.
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hi
s
da
ta
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ough
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va
li
da
ti
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ur
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ur
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c
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c
kc
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s
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th
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ta
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bl
oc
ks
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t
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r
e
c
r
ypt
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a
phi
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a
ll
y
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e
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le
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nke
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c
r
e
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ti
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pe
r
m
a
ne
nt
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im
m
ut
a
bl
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r
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c
or
d
of
e
a
c
h
pr
oduc
t'
s
jo
ur
ne
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T
he
s
ys
te
m
g
e
ne
r
a
te
s
ba
r
c
ode
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a
s
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oc
ia
t
e
d
w
it
h
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a
c
h a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
pr
oduc
t,
s
e
r
vi
ng
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s
uni
que
id
e
nt
if
ie
r
s
.
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h
e
s
e
ba
r
c
ode
s
e
na
bl
e
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
tr
a
c
ki
ng
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ve
r
if
ic
a
ti
on
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oduc
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th
r
oughout
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uppl
y
c
ha
in
.
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y
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nni
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e
ba
r
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ode
,
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hor
iz
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pa
r
ti
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s
c
a
n
ve
r
if
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th
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pr
oduc
t'
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or
ig
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nd
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li
ty
,
e
ns
ur
in
g
c
om
pl
ia
nc
e
w
it
h
r
e
gul
a
ti
ons
li
ke
t
he
E
U
D
R
.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
A
I
-
pow
e
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e
d
da
ta
a
na
ly
s
is
to
ol
s
e
xt
r
a
c
t
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ig
ht
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f
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th
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ol
le
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te
d
da
ta
,
a
ll
ow
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g
f
or
e
nha
nc
e
d
m
oni
to
r
in
g,
c
om
pl
ia
nc
e
ve
r
if
ic
a
ti
on,
a
nd
qua
li
ty
c
ont
r
ol
.
T
hi
s
c
a
n
in
f
or
m
s
tr
a
te
gi
c
de
c
is
io
ns
a
nd
opt
im
iz
e
s
uppl
y
c
ha
in
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
.
I
n
s
um
m
a
r
y,
th
e
in
te
gr
a
ti
o
n
of
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
a
nd
A
I
in
th
e
tr
a
c
e
a
bi
li
ty
o
f
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
pr
oduc
ts
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onl
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e
ns
ur
e
s
a
dhe
r
e
nc
e
to
s
tr
in
ge
nt
r
e
gul
a
to
r
y
s
ta
nda
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ds
li
ke
th
e
E
U
D
R
but
a
ls
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pr
om
ot
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s
a
tr
a
ns
pa
r
e
nt
a
nd
e
th
ic
a
l
s
uppl
y
c
h
a
in
.
T
hi
s
pa
pe
r
e
x
pl
or
e
s
th
e
c
onc
e
pt
ua
l
m
ode
l
w
hi
c
h
s
how
s
how
th
e
s
e
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
of
f
e
r
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
pot
e
nt
ia
l
f
or
s
a
f
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gua
r
di
ng
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nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
s
u
s
ta
in
a
bi
li
ty
a
nd
c
ons
um
e
r
tr
us
t
in
t
he
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
s
e
c
to
r
.
2.
E
U
D
R
O
V
E
R
V
I
E
W
T
he
E
U
D
R
a
im
s
to
e
n
s
ur
e
th
a
t
c
om
m
odi
ti
e
s
c
ons
um
e
d
w
it
hi
n
t
he
E
U
a
r
e
not
li
nke
d
to
de
f
or
e
s
ta
ti
on
[
22]
–
[
25]
.
T
hi
s
is
a
c
hi
e
ve
d
by
r
e
gul
a
ti
ng
th
e
im
por
t
of
c
om
m
o
di
ti
e
s
f
r
om
pr
oduc
e
r
c
ount
r
ie
s
.
T
he
r
e
gul
a
ti
on
is
de
s
ig
ne
d
to
m
it
ig
a
te
a
nd c
ont
r
ol
th
e
im
pa
c
ts
of
d
e
f
or
e
s
ta
ti
on,
w
hi
c
h
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
s
to
th
e
gl
oba
l
c
li
m
a
te
c
r
is
is
by
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
gr
e
e
nhou
s
e
ga
s
e
m
is
s
io
ns
[
26]
–
[
28]
.
D
e
f
or
e
s
ta
ti
on
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
s
to
th
e
gl
oba
l
c
li
m
a
te
c
r
is
is
by
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
gr
e
e
nhous
e
ga
s
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
[
17]
a
nd
ha
s
ot
he
r
s
e
ve
r
e
c
ons
e
que
nc
e
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
r
e
duc
in
g
c
a
r
bon
s
in
k
c
a
pa
c
it
y, l
os
s
of
bi
odi
ve
r
s
it
y, a
nd de
c
r
e
a
s
e
d e
c
o
s
ys
te
m
r
e
s
il
ie
n
c
e
a
ga
in
s
t
di
s
e
a
s
e
s
a
nd p
e
s
ts
[
29]
, [
30]
.
T
he
E
U
a
c
knowle
dge
s
th
a
t
it
s
c
ons
um
pt
io
n
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
s
to
gl
oba
l
de
f
or
e
s
ta
ti
on
a
nd
f
o
r
e
s
t
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
[
31]
,
[
32]
. B
y
r
e
gul
a
ti
ng t
he
c
ons
um
pt
io
n o
f
pr
odu
c
ts
s
uc
h a
s
be
e
f
, c
of
f
e
e
, c
oc
oa
, na
tu
r
a
l
r
ubbe
r
,
pa
lm
oi
l,
s
oybe
a
ns
,
a
nd
ti
m
be
r
,
th
e
E
U
hope
s
to
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
gl
oba
l
de
f
or
e
s
ta
ti
on
r
a
te
s
[
5]
,
[
33]
.
I
f
le
f
t
unc
he
c
ke
d,
th
e
E
U
e
s
ti
m
a
te
s
it
s
c
ont
r
ib
ut
io
n
to
gl
oba
l
de
f
or
e
s
t
a
ti
on
c
oul
d
r
is
e
by
280,000
he
c
ta
r
e
s
e
a
c
h
ye
a
r
unt
il
2030.
N
e
a
r
ly
90%
of
gl
oba
l
de
f
or
e
s
ta
ti
on
i
s
due
to
a
gr
ic
u
lt
ur
a
l
e
xpa
ns
io
n,
hi
ghl
ig
ht
in
g
th
e
ne
c
e
s
s
it
y
of
th
is
r
e
gul
a
ti
on
[
34]
.
U
nde
r
th
e
de
f
or
e
s
ta
ti
on
-
f
r
e
e
r
e
gul
a
ti
on,
op
e
r
a
to
r
s
a
nd
tr
a
de
r
s
a
r
e
r
e
qui
r
e
d
to
de
m
on
s
tr
a
te
th
a
t
th
e
ir
pr
oduc
ts
do
not
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
to
de
f
or
e
s
ta
ti
on
or
f
or
e
s
t
de
gr
a
da
ti
o
n
[
35]
–
[
37]
.
T
hi
s
r
e
gul
a
ti
on
s
uppor
ts
th
e
E
U
'
s
c
om
m
it
m
e
nt
to
c
om
ba
t
bi
odi
ve
r
s
it
y
lo
s
s
,
a
s
out
li
ne
d
in
th
e
U
ni
te
d
N
a
ti
ons
c
onve
nt
io
n
on
bi
ol
ogi
c
a
l
di
ve
r
s
it
y
,
th
e
E
ur
ope
a
n
gr
e
e
n
de
a
l,
a
nd
th
e
E
U
bi
odi
ve
r
s
it
y
s
tr
a
te
gy
f
or
2030
[
38]
–
[
40
]
.
A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y,
it
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
s
to
th
e
s
u
s
ta
in
a
bl
e
de
v
e
lo
pm
e
nt
goa
ls
(
S
D
G
s
)
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
S
D
G
15
(
li
f
e
on
la
nd
)
,
S
D
G
13
(
c
li
m
a
te
a
c
ti
on
)
,
S
D
G
12
(
r
e
s
pons
ib
le
c
ons
um
pt
io
n
a
nd
pr
oduc
ti
on
)
,
S
D
G
2
(
z
e
r
o
hunge
r
)
,
a
nd
S
D
G
3
(
good
he
a
lt
h
a
nd w
e
ll
-
be
in
g)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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I
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Si
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r
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1765
T
he
r
e
gul
a
ti
on
c
om
pr
is
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s
86
c
ons
id
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ti
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ni
ne
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ha
pt
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r
s
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a
nd
38
a
r
ti
c
le
s
[
41]
.
T
he
c
ha
pt
e
r
s
c
ove
r
ge
ne
r
a
l
pr
ovi
s
io
ns
,
obl
ig
a
ti
ons
of
ope
r
a
to
r
s
a
nd
t
r
a
de
r
s
,
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
ta
te
r
e
s
pons
ib
il
it
ie
s
,
pr
oduc
t
e
nt
r
y
a
nd
e
xi
t
pr
oc
e
dur
e
s
,
c
ount
r
y
be
nc
hm
a
r
ki
ng
a
nd
c
oope
r
a
ti
on,
s
ubs
ta
nt
i
a
te
d
c
onc
e
r
ns
,
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
s
ys
te
m
s
,
r
e
vi
e
w
s
,
a
nd
f
in
a
l
pr
ovi
s
io
ns
.
T
w
o
a
nn
e
xe
s
de
t
a
il
r
e
le
va
nt
c
om
m
odi
ti
e
s
a
nd
pr
oduc
ts
a
nd
th
e
due
di
li
ge
nc
e
s
ta
te
m
e
nt
.
S
ta
r
ti
ng
in
J
une
2023,
ope
r
a
to
r
s
a
nd
tr
a
de
r
s
ha
ve
18
m
ont
hs
to
c
om
pl
y,
w
it
h
s
m
a
ll
a
nd
m
ic
r
o
e
nt
e
r
pr
is
e
s
gi
ve
n
a
ddi
ti
ona
l
ti
m
e
to
a
da
pt
.
S
in
c
e
th
e
a
nnounc
e
m
e
nt
of
th
e
de
f
or
e
s
ta
ti
on
-
f
r
e
e
r
ul
e
,
th
e
r
e
ha
s
b
e
e
n
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
gl
oba
l
in
te
r
e
s
t
[
36]
a
nd
num
e
r
ous
in
qui
r
ie
s
r
e
ga
r
di
ng
tr
a
c
e
a
bi
li
ty
,
s
c
ope
,
obl
ig
a
ti
ons
,
de
f
in
it
io
ns
,
due
di
li
ge
nc
e
, be
nc
hm
a
r
ki
ng, pa
r
tn
e
r
s
hi
ps
,
a
nd i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on
t
im
e
li
ne
s
[
42]
.
3.
E
U
D
R
A
C
C
E
P
T
A
N
C
E
I
N
I
N
D
O
N
E
S
I
A
R
ul
e
s
f
or
de
f
or
e
s
ta
ti
on
f
r
e
e
c
om
m
odi
ti
e
s
w
e
r
e
pa
s
s
e
d
by
th
e
EU
on
6
th
D
e
c
e
m
be
r
,
2022
[
3]
.
I
n
r
e
s
pons
e
,
I
ndone
s
ia
is
a
m
a
jo
r
pr
oduc
e
r
of
pa
lm
o
il
,
c
of
f
e
e
,
c
oc
oa
,
a
nd
na
tu
r
a
l
r
ubbe
r
[
43
]
,
[
44
]
a
nd
ha
ve
r
a
is
e
d
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
c
onc
e
r
ns
.
N
e
v
e
r
th
e
le
s
s
,
th
e
ne
w
r
e
gul
a
ti
on
is
of
c
onc
e
r
n
to
I
ndone
s
ia
th
a
t
ha
s
m
a
de
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
e
f
f
or
ts
t
o l
ow
e
r
i
ts
de
f
or
e
s
ta
ti
on r
a
te
, pl
e
dge
d t
o t
he
P
a
r
is
A
gr
e
e
m
e
nt
, C
B
D
,
a
nd S
D
G
s
. T
he
r
e
gul
a
ti
on w
oul
d
hi
t
s
m
a
ll
hol
de
r
s
in
I
ndone
s
ia
'
s
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
,
w
ho
a
r
e
vi
ta
l
to
th
e
c
ount
r
y'
s
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
s
e
c
to
r
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
tr
a
de
r
s
a
nd othe
r
e
c
onomi
c
gr
ow
th
i
n t
he
s
e
c
to
r
.
I
ndone
s
ia
'
s
gove
r
nm
e
nt
a
ls
o
e
xpr
e
s
s
e
d
c
onc
e
r
ns
a
bout
th
e
r
e
gul
a
ti
on'
s
de
f
in
it
io
ns
of
de
f
or
e
s
ta
ti
on,
e
xi
s
te
nc
e
of
c
le
a
r
de
f
in
it
io
n
f
or
s
m
a
ll
hol
de
r
s
,
c
ount
r
y
be
nc
hm
a
r
ki
ng
s
ys
te
m
,
due
di
li
ge
n
c
e
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
a
nd
ge
ol
oc
a
ti
on
da
ta
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
.
T
o
a
ddr
e
s
s
th
e
s
e
c
onc
e
r
ns
,
I
nd
one
s
ia
ha
s
e
s
ta
bl
is
he
d
a
jo
in
t
ta
s
k
f
or
c
e
w
it
h
f
iv
e
w
or
ks
tr
e
a
m
s
:
i)
i
nc
lu
s
iv
it
y
of
s
m
a
ll
hol
de
r
s
in
s
uppl
y
c
ha
in
s
:
c
ont
r
ib
ut
in
g
to
w
a
r
ds
a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g
im
pe
di
m
e
nt
s
in
pr
ovi
di
ng
qua
li
ty
f
ood
to
s
m
a
ll
hol
de
r
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
a
nd
th
e
ir
in
c
lu
s
io
n
in
va
lu
e
c
ha
in
s
;
ii
)
r
e
le
va
nt
c
e
r
ti
f
ic
a
ti
on
s
c
he
m
e
s
:
r
e
vi
e
w
in
g
a
nd
im
pr
ovi
ng
c
e
r
ti
f
ic
a
ti
on
s
c
he
m
e
s
to
a
ll
ow
f
or
c
om
pl
ia
nc
e
w
it
h
de
f
or
e
s
ta
ti
on
-
f
r
e
e
r
e
gul
a
ti
ons
;
ii
i)
t
r
a
c
e
a
bi
li
ty
to
ol
s
:
s
uppor
ti
ng
s
m
a
ll
hol
de
r
s
,
r
e
vi
e
w
in
g,
a
nd
m
e
r
gi
ng
di
gi
ta
l
tr
a
c
e
a
bi
li
ty
to
ol
s
w
it
h
E
U
due
di
li
ge
nc
e
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
;
iv
)
s
c
ie
nt
if
ic
da
ta
on
de
f
or
e
s
ta
ti
on
a
nd
f
or
e
s
t
de
gr
a
da
ti
on:
us
in
g
s
c
ie
nt
if
ic
da
ta
to
a
s
s
e
s
s
how
c
ount
r
ie
s
a
r
e
pr
ogr
e
s
s
in
g.
A
ls
o,
it
gua
r
a
nt
e
e
s
tr
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y
a
nd
f
a
ir
ne
s
s
;
v)
p
r
ot
e
c
ti
on
o
f
pr
iv
a
c
y
da
ta
:
pr
o
vi
de
s
pl
a
tf
or
m
s
f
or
vi
ol
a
ti
ng
da
ta
pr
ot
e
c
ti
on
c
om
pl
ia
nc
e
w
it
h
bot
h E
U
a
nd I
ndone
s
ia
n l
a
w
s
, a
nd e
n
s
ur
e
s
d
a
ta
pr
ot
e
c
ti
on c
om
pl
ia
nc
e
w
it
h both E
U
a
nd
I
ndone
s
ia
n l
a
w
s
.
G
e
ol
oc
a
ti
on
is
a
ke
y
c
on
s
id
e
r
a
ti
on
in
I
ndone
s
ia
a
nd
m
a
gni
f
ie
s
a
s
a
c
ha
ll
e
ng
e
f
or
c
om
m
odi
ti
e
s
pr
oduc
e
d
by
s
m
a
ll
hol
de
r
s
s
uc
h
a
s
pa
lm
oi
l.
I
ndone
s
ia
h
a
s
to
ol
s
na
m
e
d
I
ndone
s
ia
S
us
ta
in
a
bl
e
P
a
lm
O
il
(
I
S
P
O
)
c
e
r
ti
f
ic
a
ti
on s
ys
te
m
[
45
]
, [
46
]
a
nd
th
e
r
e
gi
s
tr
a
ti
on c
e
r
t
if
ic
a
te
of
c
ul
ti
va
te
d pl
a
nt
s
or
s
ur
at
t
anda daft
ar
budi
day
a
(
S
T
D
B
)
w
hi
c
h
pr
ovi
de
s
a
id
s
on
how
to
m
e
e
t
tr
a
c
e
a
bi
li
ty
c
r
it
e
r
ia
but
ot
he
r
c
om
m
odi
ti
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
na
tu
r
a
l
r
ubbe
r
,
c
oc
oa
,
a
nd
c
of
f
e
e
s
ti
ll
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
om
e
di
f
f
ic
ul
ti
e
s
.
A
t
pr
e
s
e
nt
,
th
e
S
T
D
B
c
a
n
unde
r
s
to
od
a
s
a
ba
s
ic
m
a
ppi
ng t
ool
f
or
i
de
nt
if
yi
ng s
m
a
ll
hol
de
r
bus
in
e
s
s
e
s
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
a
s
o
c
ia
l
a
nd e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
to
ol
t
ha
t
a
im
s
to
im
pr
ove
w
e
lf
a
r
e
a
nd
p
r
om
ot
e
be
tt
e
r
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
[
47]
,
[
48]
.
I
n
th
e
s
a
m
e
w
a
y,
th
e
pl
a
nt
a
ti
on
li
c
e
ns
in
g
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
s
ys
te
m
or
s
is
te
m
in
fo
r
m
a
s
i
pe
r
i
z
in
an
pe
r
k
e
bunan
(
S
I
P
E
R
I
B
U
N
)
c
oul
d
pr
ove
us
e
f
ul
in
te
r
m
s
of
tr
a
c
e
a
bi
li
ty
da
ta
a
lt
hough
it
m
us
t
r
e
s
pe
c
t
g
e
ne
r
a
l
d
a
ta
pr
ot
e
c
ti
on
r
e
gul
a
ti
on
s
in
c
e
it
de
a
l
s
w
it
h
pe
r
s
ona
l
da
ta
.
R
e
c
e
nt
ly
,
th
e
I
ndone
s
ia
n
gov
e
r
nm
e
nt
is
lo
oki
ng
f
or
how
to
c
om
pl
y
w
it
h
de
f
or
e
s
ta
ti
on
f
r
e
e
r
e
gul
a
ti
on
in
c
lu
di
ng
by
a
s
ki
ng
c
ons
e
nt
f
r
om
da
ta
ow
ne
r
s
to
us
e
th
e
ir
pe
r
s
ona
l
da
ta
in
th
e
tr
a
c
e
a
bi
li
ty
s
ys
t
e
m
.
T
o
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
z
e
r
o
de
f
or
e
s
t
a
ti
on
c
om
m
it
m
e
nt
s
bot
h
th
e
publ
ic
a
nd
pr
iv
a
te
s
e
c
to
r
s
a
r
e
r
e
qui
r
e
d
to
c
ol
la
bor
a
te
[
49]
. P
ubl
ic
pol
ic
ie
s
c
a
n c
om
pl
e
m
e
nt
pr
iv
a
te
a
c
ti
vi
t
ie
s
, a
nd publi
c
pol
ic
ie
s
c
ons
ti
tu
te
a
s
ol
id
ba
s
is
f
or
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
gove
r
na
nc
e
.
L
e
ga
l
r
e
f
or
m
s
a
nd
e
nf
or
c
e
m
e
nt
a
r
e
of
te
n
w
e
a
k
or
poor
ly
done
in
c
om
m
odi
ty
pr
oduc
in
g
c
ount
r
ie
s
,
but
publ
ic
pol
ic
ie
s
c
a
n
m
a
ke
up
s
om
e
of
t
he
ga
p.
B
y
w
or
ki
ng
to
ge
th
e
r
,
th
is
pa
r
tn
e
r
s
hi
p
pr
e
ve
nt
s
in
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
f
r
a
gm
e
nt
e
d
e
f
f
or
ts
a
nd
e
n
s
ur
e
s
th
a
t
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
s
hi
p
f
r
om
th
e
pr
iv
a
te
s
e
c
to
r
is
s
uppor
te
d
by
a
s
tr
ong
le
ga
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
ba
c
ke
d
by
c
ons
is
te
nt
e
nf
or
c
e
m
e
nt
,
s
tr
ong
publ
ic
gove
r
na
nc
e
,
a
nd
le
ve
l
pl
a
yi
n
g
f
ie
ld
f
or
c
om
pa
ni
e
s
.
4.
C
O
N
C
E
P
T
U
A
L
M
O
D
E
L
T
O
WA
R
D
S
B
L
O
C
K
C
H
A
I
N
A
N
D
A
I
-
B
A
S
E
D
T
R
A
C
E
A
B
I
L
I
T
Y
S
Y
S
T
E
M
E
U
D
R
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
S
I
N
I
N
D
O
N
E
S
I
A
I
n
th
is
pa
pe
r
,
w
e
s
ugge
s
t
th
e
us
e
of
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
a
nd
A
I
in
th
e
tr
a
c
e
a
bi
li
ty
of
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
pr
oduc
ts
,
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
f
or
c
om
pl
ia
nc
e
w
it
h
E
U
D
R
.
I
t
is
ve
r
y
c
r
uc
ia
l
f
or
e
ns
ur
in
g
th
a
t
th
e
or
ig
in
a
nd
jo
ur
ne
y
of
pr
oduc
ts
m
e
e
t
s
tr
in
ge
nt
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
a
nd
e
th
ic
a
l
s
ta
nda
r
ds
.
T
hi
s
a
dva
nc
e
d
s
y
s
te
m
he
lp
s
gua
r
a
nt
e
e
th
a
t
th
e
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
goods
im
por
te
d
in
to
th
e
E
U
a
r
e
not
li
nke
d
to
d
e
f
or
e
s
ta
ti
on
or
f
or
e
s
t
d
e
gr
a
da
ti
on.
A
s
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n
on
F
ig
ur
e
1,
th
e
r
e
a
r
e
f
iv
e
m
a
in
bl
oc
ks
,
in
it
ia
l
r
e
gi
s
tr
a
ti
on
a
nd
id
e
nt
if
ic
a
ti
on
bl
oc
k,
da
ta
r
e
c
or
di
ng
a
n
d
e
nc
r
ypt
io
n
bl
oc
k,
ba
r
c
ode
a
nd
A
I
s
ys
te
m
bl
oc
k,
c
om
pl
ia
n
c
e
a
nd
e
nf
or
c
e
m
e
nt
bl
oc
k,
a
nd
I
ndone
s
ia
n
gove
r
nm
e
nt
r
e
gul
a
to
r
y.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
,
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
3
,
J
une
20
25
:
1763
-
1771
1766
F
ig
ur
e
1. C
onc
e
pt
ua
l
m
ode
l
f
or
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
a
nd
AI
-
d
r
iv
e
n E
U
D
R
tr
a
c
e
a
bi
li
ty
s
ys
te
m
T
he
f
ir
s
t
bl
oc
k
s
how
s
w
h
e
r
e
th
e
s
uppl
y
c
ha
in
s
ta
r
ts
,
f
r
om
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
,
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
c
om
pa
ni
e
s
,
pl
a
nt
a
ti
on
ow
ne
r
s
,
c
oope
r
a
ti
ve
uni
ts
,
s
m
a
ll
hol
de
r
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
,
a
nd
pr
oc
e
s
s
or
s
.
I
n
th
is
s
uppl
y
c
ha
in
,
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
c
a
n
s
e
ll
th
e
ir
pr
oduc
ts
to
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
c
om
pa
ni
e
s
,
c
oope
r
a
ti
ve
uni
ts
,
a
nd
di
r
e
c
tl
y
to
pr
oc
e
s
s
or
s
.
M
e
a
nw
hi
le
,
ot
he
r
s
ta
ke
hol
de
r
s
’
e
nt
r
y
th
e
da
ta
to
th
e
da
ta
r
e
c
or
di
ng
s
ys
te
m
.
T
a
bl
e
1
s
how
s
th
e
li
s
t
of
ty
pe
of
da
ta
w
oul
d
ty
pi
c
a
ll
y
be
e
nt
e
r
e
d
in
to
s
uc
h s
ys
te
m
.
A
s
w
e
c
a
n
s
e
e
f
r
om
s
e
c
o
nd
bl
oc
k
on
F
ig
ur
e
1, s
e
c
ond
bl
oc
k,
onc
e
da
ta
is
e
nt
e
r
e
d a
nd r
e
c
or
de
d, t
he
da
ta
w
il
l
be
us
e
d on a
bl
o
c
kc
ha
in
s
ys
te
m
a
nd i
t
goe
s
t
hr
ough the
f
ol
lo
w
in
g s
te
ps
:
‒
V
a
li
da
ti
on
a
nd
c
ons
e
ns
us
:
node
s
of
th
e
ne
twor
k
c
he
c
k
da
ta
f
i
r
s
t
be
f
or
e
c
e
r
ti
f
yi
ng
it
s
a
ut
he
nt
ic
it
y
to
o
th
e
r
node
s
of
th
e
s
a
m
e
ne
twor
k.
T
hi
s
is
us
ua
ll
y
a
c
c
om
pa
ni
e
d
by
s
om
e
ki
nd
of
c
on
s
e
ns
u
s
th
a
t
m
a
ny
nod
e
s
in
th
e
ne
twor
k ha
ve
t
o a
ppr
ove
t
he
a
ddi
ng of
ne
w
da
ta
t
o t
he
bl
oc
k c
ha
in
.
‒
I
nc
lu
s
io
n
in
a
bl
oc
k:
on
r
e
a
c
hi
ng
th
r
e
s
hol
d,
m
on
e
y
or
tr
a
ns
a
c
t
io
n
r
e
la
te
d
da
ta
i
s
a
c
c
um
ul
a
te
d
w
it
h
ot
he
r
a
ut
he
nt
ic
a
te
d
da
ta
in
to
a
bl
oc
k.
T
hi
s
in
tu
r
n
is
s
e
c
ur
e
d
di
gi
t
a
ll
y
th
r
ough
c
r
ypt
ogr
a
phy
to
th
e
pr
e
vi
ous
bl
oc
k a
nd t
he
s
e
r
ie
s
of
bl
oc
k f
or
m
a
c
ha
in
he
n
c
e
t
he
na
m
e
bl
o
c
kc
ha
in
.
‒
D
is
tr
ib
ut
io
n
a
c
r
os
s
t
he
ne
twor
k:
i
n t
he
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
t
e
c
hnol
ogy,
a
f
te
r
t
he
da
ta
ha
s
be
e
n put i
n
th
e
bl
oc
k i
t
i
s
s
ha
r
e
d
w
it
h
th
e
node
s
,
w
hi
c
h
a
r
e
c
opi
e
s
of
th
e
bl
oc
k c
ha
in
. T
hi
s
de
c
e
nt
r
a
li
z
a
ti
on
a
l
s
o
gua
r
a
nt
e
e
s
th
a
t
da
ta
r
e
m
a
in
s
a
f
e
a
nd s
houl
d node
s
be
c
om
pr
om
is
e
d, t
he
d
a
ta
r
e
m
a
in
s
i
nt
a
c
t.
‒
P
e
r
m
a
ne
nt
s
to
r
a
ge
:
in
ot
he
r
w
or
ds
,
a
s
s
oon
a
s
th
e
da
ta
ha
s
be
e
n
in
te
gr
a
te
d
in
th
e
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
,
it
tu
r
ns
in
to
a
n
una
lt
e
r
a
bl
e
r
e
c
or
d
on
th
e
c
ha
in
.
I
t
c
a
nnot
b
e
e
di
te
d
or
r
e
m
o
ve
d;
th
us
,
it
e
nha
n
c
e
s
d
a
ta
s
e
c
ur
it
y
a
nd
it
s
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
gua
r
a
nt
e
e
s
da
ta
s
ta
bi
li
ty
.
A
ny
c
ha
nge
or
a
ddi
ti
on
m
e
a
ns
th
a
t
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
m
us
t
be
e
nt
e
r
e
d
a
s
ne
w
r
e
c
or
ds
a
nd not over
la
y t
he
e
xi
s
ti
ng da
ta
.
‒
A
va
il
a
bi
li
ty
f
or
a
c
c
e
s
s
:
th
is
m
e
a
ns
th
a
t
onc
e
da
ta
is
on
th
e
b
lo
c
kc
ha
in
it
is
a
c
c
e
s
s
ib
le
by
a
nyone
w
it
h
w
a
ys
of
vi
e
w
in
g
th
e
bl
o
c
kc
ha
in
w
hi
c
h
is
onl
y
ope
n
to
t
hos
e
w
ho
ha
v
e
th
e
a
ut
hor
iz
a
ti
on.
F
r
om
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
,
de
pe
ndi
ng
on
th
e
ty
pe
of
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
(
publ
ic
,
pr
iv
a
te
or
c
ons
or
ti
um
ba
s
e
d)
,
pe
r
m
is
s
io
ns
m
a
y
be
gr
a
nt
e
d a
c
c
or
di
ng t
o t
he
t
ype
of
a
c
c
e
s
s
c
ont
r
ol
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
A
r
ti
fi
c
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
-
bl
oc
k
c
hai
n s
y
ne
r
gy
e
ns
u
r
e
s
I
ndone
s
ia
’
s
c
om
pl
ia
nc
e
w
it
h
…
(
Si
lf
i
I
r
iy
ani
)
1767
‒
D
a
ta
a
na
ly
s
is
a
nd
in
s
ig
ht
s
:
th
e
ot
he
r
pa
r
ti
e
s
w
ho a
r
e
a
ll
ow
e
d
to
a
c
c
e
s
s
th
e
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
a
r
e
a
ls
o
a
ll
ow
e
d
to
us
e
a
n
a
ly
ti
c
to
ol
s
to
m
a
ke
s
e
ns
e
of
th
e
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
on
th
e
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
.
F
or
in
s
ta
nc
e
,
th
e
y
c
a
n
ke
e
p
r
e
c
or
ds
of
a
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
pr
oduc
t,
a
na
ly
z
e
th
os
e
r
e
c
or
ds
to
m
a
ke
a
n
a
ly
s
is
,
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
pr
e
di
c
ti
ng
th
e
f
ut
ur
e
tr
e
nds
a
nd
e
ve
n r
e
c
ogni
z
e
a
bnor
m
a
li
ty
.
‒
U
s
e
in
s
m
a
r
t
c
ont
r
a
c
ts
:
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
r
e
c
or
de
d
in
th
e
bl
oc
k
c
ha
in
c
a
n
a
ls
o
s
e
r
ve
c
ont
r
a
c
tu
a
l
us
a
ge
of
s
m
a
r
t
c
ont
r
a
c
ts
,
th
e
s
e
a
r
e
c
ont
r
a
c
t
s
w
hi
c
h
a
r
e
in
e
s
s
e
nc
e
c
od
e
d
i
nt
o
th
e
bl
oc
k
c
ha
in
.
F
or
in
s
ta
nc
e
,
in
th
e
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
s
uppl
y
c
ha
in
,
p
a
ym
e
nt
s
c
a
n
be
m
a
de
th
r
ough
s
m
a
r
t
c
ont
r
a
c
ts
to
be
m
a
de
in
th
e
e
v
e
nt
of
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ne
e
ds
be
in
g m
e
t.
T
a
bl
e
1.
T
ype
of
da
ta
a
nd i
ts
d
e
ta
il
s
t
ha
t
a
r
e
r
e
qui
r
e
d
No
T
ype
of
da
t
a
D
e
t
a
i
l
s
1
P
r
oduc
e
r
s
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on
-
F
a
r
m
e
r
s
/
pr
oduc
e
r
s
da
t
a
:
na
m
e
, l
oc
a
t
i
on, c
ont
a
c
t
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on, c
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on s
t
a
t
us
.
-
F
a
r
m
de
t
a
i
l
s
:
s
i
z
e
, l
oc
a
t
i
on
(
G
P
S
)
c
oor
di
na
t
e
s
, t
ype
of
c
r
ops
gr
ow
n
.
2
A
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
a
l
pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
-
L
a
n
d
us
e
da
t
a
:
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
on
o
n
l
a
n
d
ow
ne
r
s
hi
p
,
l
a
n
d
us
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y,
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
l
i
a
n
c
e
w
i
t
h
l
a
nd
us
e
r
e
g
ul
a
t
i
ons
.
-
C
ul
t
i
va
t
i
on
pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
:
d
e
t
a
i
l
s
on
pl
a
nt
i
ng
da
t
e
s
,
c
r
op
va
r
i
e
t
i
e
s
,
u
s
e
of
f
e
r
t
i
l
i
z
e
r
s
a
nd
p
e
s
t
i
c
i
de
s
,
i
r
r
i
ga
t
i
on pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
3
E
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
da
t
a
-
D
e
f
or
e
s
t
a
t
i
on
m
oni
t
or
i
ng
da
t
a
de
t
a
i
l
s
:
s
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
e
i
m
a
ge
s
,
de
f
or
e
s
t
a
t
i
on
a
l
e
r
t
s
,
c
om
pl
i
a
nc
e
w
i
t
h
f
or
e
s
t
pr
ot
e
c
t
i
on r
e
gul
a
t
i
ons
.
-
S
us
t
a
i
na
b
i
l
i
t
y
m
e
t
r
i
c
s
:
da
t
a
on s
oi
l
he
a
l
t
h
, w
a
t
e
r
us
a
ge
, bi
odi
ve
r
s
i
t
y
i
m
pa
c
t
, a
n
d
c
a
r
bon
f
oo
t
pr
i
nt
s
.
4
H
a
r
ve
s
t
a
nd
pos
t
-
ha
r
ve
s
t
da
t
a
-
H
a
r
ve
s
t
da
t
e
:
i
nf
o
r
m
a
t
i
on on w
he
n c
r
ops
a
r
e
ha
r
ve
s
t
e
d
.
-
Y
i
e
l
d
da
t
a
:
qua
nt
i
t
y
of
c
r
ops
ha
r
ve
s
t
e
d a
nd qua
l
i
t
y a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
s
.
-
S
t
or
a
ge
c
ondi
t
i
ons
:
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on
on
s
t
or
a
ge
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
,
c
ondi
t
i
ons
(
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
,
hum
i
di
t
y)
,
a
nd
dur
a
t
i
on of
s
t
or
a
ge
.
5
P
r
oc
e
s
s
i
ng a
nd
m
a
nuf
a
c
t
ur
i
ng
-
P
r
oc
e
s
s
i
ng
de
t
a
i
l
s
:
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on
on
w
he
r
e
a
nd
how
t
he
a
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
a
l
pr
oduc
t
s
a
r
e
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
d
(
e
.g.,
m
i
l
l
i
ng, pa
c
ka
gi
ng)
.
-
M
a
nuf
a
c
t
ur
i
ng
pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
:
c
om
pl
i
a
nc
e
w
i
t
h
f
ood
s
a
f
e
t
y
s
t
a
nd
a
r
ds
,
u
s
e
of
a
ddi
t
i
ve
s
,
a
nd
pa
c
ka
gi
ng
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
.
6
T
r
a
ns
por
t
a
t
i
on a
nd
l
ogi
s
t
i
c
s
-
T
r
a
ns
por
t
a
t
i
on
r
e
c
or
ds
:
de
t
a
i
l
s
on
t
he
l
ogi
s
t
i
c
s
pr
ovi
de
r
s
,
r
out
e
s
t
a
k
e
n,
a
nd
t
r
a
ns
por
t
a
t
i
on
c
ondi
t
i
ons
.
-
S
hi
ppi
ng
da
t
a
:
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on
on s
hi
ppi
ng da
t
e
s
, vol
um
e
s
, a
nd r
e
c
e
i
vi
ng l
oc
a
t
i
ons
.
7
C
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on a
nd
c
om
pl
i
a
nc
e
-
C
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
da
t
a
:
r
e
c
or
ds
of
c
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
ons
obt
a
i
ne
d
(
e
.g., or
ga
ni
c
, f
a
i
r
t
r
a
de
, de
f
or
e
s
t
a
t
i
on
-
f
r
e
e
)
.
-
A
udi
t
r
e
por
t
s
:
r
e
s
ul
t
s
of
a
udi
t
s
a
nd i
ns
pe
c
t
i
ons
by r
e
gul
a
t
or
y bodi
e
s
.
-
C
om
pl
i
a
nc
e
doc
um
e
nt
a
t
i
on:
pr
oof
of
c
om
pl
i
a
nc
e
w
i
t
h na
t
i
ona
l
a
nd i
nt
e
r
na
t
i
ona
l
s
t
a
nda
r
ds
.
8
T
r
a
c
e
a
bi
l
i
t
y da
t
a
-
P
r
oduc
t
t
r
a
c
ki
ng:
un
i
que
i
de
nt
i
f
i
e
r
s
(
e
.g.,
Q
R
c
ode
s
,
R
F
I
D
t
a
gs
)
f
o
r
t
r
a
c
ki
ng
p
r
oduc
t
s
f
r
om
f
a
r
m
t
o c
ons
um
e
r
.
-
B
a
t
c
h
a
nd
l
o
t
n
u
m
be
r
s
:
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
on
o
n
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
b
a
t
c
h
e
s
a
n
d
l
o
t
s
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
t
r
a
c
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
n
c
a
s
e
o
f
r
e
c
a
l
l
s
.
9
T
r
a
ns
a
c
t
i
on da
t
a
-
S
a
l
e
s
r
e
c
or
ds
:
de
t
a
i
l
s
of
t
r
a
ns
a
c
t
i
ons
,
i
nc
l
udi
ng
buye
r
a
nd
s
e
l
l
e
r
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on,
t
r
a
ns
a
c
t
i
on
da
t
e
s
,
a
nd pr
i
c
e
s
.
-
E
xpor
t
doc
um
e
nt
a
t
i
on:
e
xpor
t
pe
r
m
i
t
s
, c
us
t
om
s
de
c
l
a
r
a
t
i
ons
,
a
nd r
e
l
a
t
e
d pa
pe
r
w
or
k.
10
C
ons
um
e
r
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on
-
P
r
oduc
t
l
a
be
l
s
:
i
nf
o
r
m
a
t
i
on
a
va
i
l
a
bl
e
t
o
c
ons
um
e
r
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
or
i
gi
n,
c
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
ons
,
a
nd
s
us
t
a
i
na
bi
l
i
t
y pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
.
-
F
e
e
d
ba
c
k
a
nd
c
o
m
p
l
a
i
nt
s
:
r
e
c
o
r
ds
o
f
c
ons
u
m
e
r
f
e
e
d
ba
c
k
a
nd
c
om
p
l
a
i
n
t
s
f
o
r
c
o
nt
i
nu
o
us
i
m
p
r
o
ve
m
e
n
t
.
11
D
a
t
a
gove
r
na
nc
e
a
nd
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
-
A
c
c
e
s
s
l
ogs
:
r
e
c
or
ds
of
w
ho a
c
c
e
s
s
e
d t
he
da
t
a
a
nd w
h
e
n.
-
D
a
t
a
i
nt
e
gr
i
t
y
c
he
c
k
s
:
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
s
t
o
e
ns
ur
e
da
t
a
ha
s
not
be
e
n
t
a
m
pe
r
e
d
w
i
t
h,
l
e
ve
r
a
gi
ng
bl
oc
kc
ha
i
n'
s
i
m
m
ut
a
bi
l
i
t
y.
T
he
s
ys
te
m
r
e
c
or
ds
da
ta
on
th
e
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
s
o
th
a
t
a
ll
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
ons
a
nd
m
ove
m
e
nt
s
of
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
pr
oduc
ts
a
r
e
s
a
f
e
ly
r
e
c
or
de
d
a
nd
tr
a
c
e
a
bl
e
s
o a
s
to
br
in
g
a
bout
t
r
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y
a
nd
tr
us
twor
th
in
e
s
s
of
th
e
w
hol
e
s
uppl
y
c
ha
in
.
T
he
th
ir
d
bl
oc
k
e
xpl
a
in
e
d
th
e
pr
oc
e
s
s
of
ba
r
c
ode
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
on
th
e
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
s
ys
te
m
.
T
he
ba
r
c
ode
is
ge
n
e
r
a
te
d,
a
s
s
ig
ne
d
to
th
e
pr
oduc
t,
a
nd
th
e
n
di
s
t
r
ib
ut
e
d
to
a
s
s
ig
ne
e
s
li
ke
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
,
pr
oduc
e
r
s
,
di
s
tr
ib
ut
or
s
,
a
nd
m
a
ny
m
or
e
.
I
t
f
unc
ti
ons
a
s
a
pr
oduc
t
t
r
a
c
ki
ng
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
th
r
ough
th
e
e
nt
ir
e
s
uppl
y
c
ha
in
,
w
it
h e
ve
r
y s
c
a
n upda
ti
ng t
he
pr
oduc
t’
s
j
our
ne
y t
o t
he
bl
oc
kc
h
a
in
.
A
t
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
poi
nt
s
,
th
e
s
ys
te
m
doe
s
ve
r
if
ic
a
ti
on
a
nd
a
ut
he
nt
ic
a
ti
on
of
th
e
pr
oduc
t’
s
or
ig
in
,
qua
li
ty
a
nd
it
is
in
c
om
pl
ia
nc
e
w
it
h
th
e
E
U
D
R
.
C
ons
um
e
r
s
c
a
n
s
c
a
n
t
he
ba
r
c
ode
w
he
n
th
e
pr
oduc
t
ha
s
r
e
a
c
h
e
d
th
e
e
nd
of
th
e
s
uppl
y
c
h
a
in
to
s
e
e
de
ta
il
e
d
d
e
ta
il
s
on
w
h
e
r
e
th
e
pr
oduc
t
c
a
m
e
f
r
om
,
w
he
r
e
it
tr
a
ve
ll
e
d,
a
nd
w
ha
t
it
’
s
be
e
n
c
e
r
ti
f
ie
d.
A
I
a
na
ly
z
e
s
da
ta
f
r
om
ba
r
c
ode
s
c
a
ns
of
a
s
s
e
ts
a
nd
pr
oc
e
s
s
th
e
m
to
pi
c
k
up
pa
tt
e
r
ns
a
nd
m
oni
to
r
c
om
pl
ia
nc
e
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
opt
im
iz
in
g
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y.
T
he
r
e
is
th
e
c
h
a
nc
e
th
a
t
f
e
e
db
a
c
k
is
gi
ve
n
by
c
ons
um
e
r
s
t
ha
t
a
r
e
r
e
c
or
de
d a
nd
a
na
ly
z
e
d f
or
pr
oduc
t
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
.
T
h
e
us
e
of
b
a
r
c
o
de
da
ta
i
s
b
y
c
om
pa
ni
e
s
a
nd
r
e
g
ul
a
to
r
s
f
or
qu
a
l
it
y
c
o
nt
r
o
l
c
h
e
c
ks
a
nd
a
u
di
t
s
to
s
h
ow
th
a
t
t
he
y
a
dh
e
r
e
to
s
a
f
e
t
y
a
nd
e
t
hi
c
a
l
s
t
a
nd
a
r
d
s
.
T
h
is
b
a
r
c
od
e
i
nf
or
m
a
t
io
n
c
a
n
b
e
in
te
gr
a
te
d
w
it
hi
n
ot
h
e
r
e
nt
e
r
p
r
i
s
e
r
e
s
our
c
e
pl
a
n
ni
ng
(
E
R
P
)
s
u
c
h
a
s
i
nv
e
n
to
r
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
nd
lo
gi
s
t
ic
s
to
s
pe
e
d
u
p
o
pe
r
a
t
io
n
s
.
I
n
ge
n
e
r
a
l
,
t
he
b
a
r
c
o
de
i
s
a
pi
vo
ta
l
d
e
vi
c
e
th
a
t
e
n
a
bl
e
s
tr
a
c
k
in
g
o
f
th
e
pr
o
du
c
t'
s
p
a
th
,
a
dh
e
r
e
nc
e
to
t
he
s
t
a
nd
a
r
d
,
vi
s
ib
i
li
t
y a
nd
a
c
c
ou
nt
a
bi
li
t
y
th
r
ou
gh
out
t
h
e
c
h
a
in
of
s
u
ppl
y. T
he
pr
op
o
s
e
d
b
lo
c
k
c
h
a
in
a
nd A
I
-
b
a
s
e
d
tr
a
c
e
a
b
il
i
ty
s
y
s
t
e
m
f
or
a
gr
i
c
ul
tu
r
a
l
pr
o
du
c
t
s
in
I
nd
on
e
s
i
a
r
e
li
e
s
on
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
ke
y r
o
le
s
of
I
nd
on
e
s
ia
n
gov
e
r
nm
e
nt
r
e
gul
a
t
io
n
s
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
,
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
3
,
J
une
20
25
:
1763
-
1771
1768
‒
S
e
tt
in
g
na
ti
ona
l
s
ta
nda
r
ds
:
I
ndone
s
ia
n
r
e
gul
a
ti
ons
e
s
ta
bl
is
h
n
a
ti
ona
l
s
ta
nda
r
ds
f
or
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
la
nd
us
e
,
f
or
e
s
t
pr
ot
e
c
ti
on,
a
nd
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
s
us
ta
i
na
bi
li
ty
.
P
r
oduc
e
r
s
a
nd
s
ta
ke
hol
de
r
s
w
it
hi
n
th
e
c
ount
r
y
a
r
e
gui
de
d
by
th
e
s
e
s
ta
nda
r
ds
.
R
e
gul
a
ti
ons
a
ls
o
a
c
t
a
s
be
nc
hm
a
r
ks
f
or
c
om
pl
ia
nc
e
in
I
ndone
s
ia
a
nd gua
r
a
nt
e
e
t
ha
t
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
pr
oduc
ts
m
e
e
t
c
r
it
e
r
ia
f
r
om
bot
h dome
s
ti
c
a
nd f
or
e
ig
n s
ta
nda
r
ds
.
‒
A
li
gnm
e
nt
w
it
h
in
te
r
na
ti
ona
l
r
e
gul
a
ti
ons
:
to
e
na
bl
e
e
xpor
t
a
nd
m
e
e
t
th
e
gl
oba
l
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
pr
oduc
ts
de
m
a
nd
of
s
us
ta
in
a
bl
y
s
our
c
e
d
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
pr
oduc
ts
,
I
nd
one
s
ia
n
r
e
gul
a
ti
on
c
a
n
be
a
li
gne
d
w
it
h
in
te
r
na
ti
ona
l
s
ta
nda
r
ds
li
ke
E
U
D
R
.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
th
e
s
e
r
e
gul
a
ti
ons
w
il
l
he
lp
in
m
ut
ua
l
r
e
c
ogni
ti
on
of
m
ut
ua
l
a
gr
e
e
m
e
nt
s
f
or
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
e
xpor
ts
i
n t
e
r
m
s
of
c
e
r
ti
f
ic
a
ti
on a
nd a
ut
hor
iz
a
ti
on pr
oc
e
s
s
.
‒
L
ic
e
ns
in
g
a
nd
c
e
r
ti
f
ic
a
ti
on:
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
pr
oduc
e
r
s
a
r
e
gr
a
nt
e
d
a
p
e
r
m
it
or
li
c
e
ns
e
f
r
om
gove
r
nm
e
nt
a
ge
nc
ie
s
,
th
a
t
ve
r
if
ie
s
th
e
y
a
r
e
c
om
pl
yi
ng
w
it
h
r
e
gul
a
to
r
y
s
t
a
nda
r
ds
a
nd
a
r
e
pe
r
m
it
te
d
to
jo
in
in
th
e
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
ba
s
e
d
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
he
gove
r
nm
e
nt
m
a
y
a
ls
o
c
ont
r
ol
th
e
c
e
r
ti
f
ic
a
ti
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
to
c
he
c
k
th
a
t
a
pr
oduc
t
c
om
pl
ie
s
w
it
h i
nt
e
r
na
ti
ona
l
s
ta
nda
r
ds
a
nd w
oul
d h
a
ve
c
e
r
ti
f
ic
a
ti
ons
.
‒
M
oni
to
r
in
g
a
nd
e
nf
or
c
e
m
e
nt
:
na
ti
ona
l
r
e
gul
a
ti
ons
a
nd
s
ta
nda
r
ds
a
r
e
m
oni
to
r
e
d
a
nd
c
om
pl
ie
d
to
b
y
gove
r
nm
e
nt
a
l
a
ge
nc
ie
s
.
T
he
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
s
ys
t
e
m
s
uppor
ts
th
is
p
r
oc
e
s
s
by
pr
ovi
di
ng
tr
a
ns
pa
r
e
nt
im
m
ut
a
bl
e
r
e
c
or
ds
of
s
uppl
y
c
ha
in
a
c
ti
vi
ti
e
s
.
T
he
gove
r
nm
e
nt
'
s
e
nf
or
c
e
m
e
nt
a
c
ti
ons
a
ga
in
s
t
non
-
c
om
pl
ia
nc
e
c
a
n
be
c
or
por
a
te
f
in
e
s
, pe
na
lt
ie
s
, or
l
ic
e
ns
e
s
s
us
pe
n
s
io
n i
n c
a
s
e
s
of
no
n
-
c
om
pl
ia
nc
e
.
‒
D
a
ta
pr
ot
e
c
ti
on
a
nd
pr
iv
a
c
y:
na
ti
ona
l
r
e
gul
a
ti
ons
a
nd
s
ta
nda
r
ds
a
r
e
c
om
pl
ie
d
w
it
h
by
gove
r
nm
e
nt
a
l
a
ge
nc
ie
s
.
T
he
a
ddi
ti
on
of
th
e
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
s
ys
te
m
he
lp
s
th
is
pr
oc
e
s
s
by
gi
vi
ng
a
tr
a
n
s
pa
r
e
nt
,
im
m
ut
a
bl
e
s
uppl
y
c
ha
in
r
e
c
or
d
s
f
or
a
ll
of
th
e
a
c
ti
vi
ti
e
s
.
I
f
non
c
om
pl
i
a
nc
e
oc
c
ur
s
,
th
e
gov
e
r
nm
e
nt
c
a
n
e
nf
or
c
e
a
c
ti
ons
s
uc
h
a
s
f
in
e
s
, p
e
na
lt
ie
s
,
s
us
pe
n
s
io
n of
li
c
e
ns
e
s
.
‒
S
ta
ke
hol
de
r
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
:
th
is
c
a
n
a
ll
ow
f
or
c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
on
w
i
th
in
dus
tr
ie
s
a
nd
he
lp
m
a
in
ta
in
s
e
n
s
e
of
c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
on
w
it
h
gove
r
nm
e
nt
a
l
r
e
gul
a
ti
on
s
,
th
a
t
s
uppl
y
c
ha
i
n
a
c
ti
vi
ti
e
s
a
r
e
a
li
gne
d
w
it
h
n
a
ti
ona
l
goa
ls
of
s
us
ta
in
a
bl
e
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
.
T
h
e
gove
r
nm
e
nt
c
a
n
a
ls
o
pr
ovi
de
e
d
uc
a
ti
on
a
nd
tr
a
in
in
g
of
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
a
nd
ot
he
r
s
w
ho w
il
l
c
a
r
r
y out, under
s
ta
nd a
nd e
nf
or
c
e
t
he
r
e
gul
a
ti
ons
.
‒
F
a
c
il
it
a
ti
ng
in
nova
ti
on:
by
a
ppl
yi
ng
I
ndone
s
ia
n
r
e
gul
a
ti
ons
,
th
e
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
of
bl
oc
k
c
ha
in
a
nd
A
I
c
a
n
be
e
nc
our
a
ge
d
in
th
e
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
s
e
c
to
r
,
pr
ovi
di
ng
a
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
a
nd
in
c
e
nt
iv
e
s
f
or
th
e
ir
us
e
.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
r
e
gul
a
ti
ons
f
a
c
il
it
a
te
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h a
nd d
e
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
c
ove
r
in
g t
r
a
c
e
a
bi
li
ty
s
ol
ut
io
ns
f
or
f
ur
th
e
r
in
nova
ti
on.
‒
I
ndone
s
ia
n
gove
r
nm
e
nt
r
e
gul
a
ti
ons
,
in
tu
r
n,
w
oul
d
pr
ovi
de
th
e
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
a
s
s
i
s
ta
nc
e
w
it
h
r
e
g
a
r
d
to
c
om
pl
ia
nc
e
,
m
oni
to
r
in
g,
a
nd
e
nf
or
c
e
m
e
nt
f
or
th
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on
of
a
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
a
nd
A
I
-
ba
s
e
d
tr
a
c
e
a
bi
li
ty
s
ys
te
m
of
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
pr
oduc
ts
, w
hi
c
h w
il
l
e
ns
ur
e
s
uppl
y c
ha
in
i
nt
e
gr
it
y a
nd s
us
ta
in
a
bi
li
ty
f
or
th
e
be
ne
f
it
of
dome
s
ti
c
pr
oduc
e
r
s
a
nd i
nt
e
r
na
ti
ona
l
m
a
r
ke
ts
.
T
he
f
if
th
bl
oc
k
in
tr
oduc
e
d
th
e
ne
e
d
f
or
c
om
pl
ia
nc
e
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
a
nd
e
nf
or
c
e
m
e
nt
by
th
e
E
U
.
C
om
pl
ia
nc
e
a
nd
e
nf
or
c
e
m
e
nt
a
r
e
of
pa
r
a
m
ount
im
por
ta
nc
e
to
th
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
,
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
,
a
nd
f
ur
th
e
r
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
of
th
e
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
a
nd
A
I
-
ba
s
e
d
tr
a
c
e
a
bi
li
ty
s
ys
t
e
m
of
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
pr
oduc
ts
-
w
hi
c
h
a
r
e
hi
ghl
y
de
m
a
ndi
ng
in
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
a
nd
e
th
ic
a
l
di
m
e
ns
io
ns
,
a
s
s
pe
c
if
ie
d
w
it
hi
n
E
U
D
R
.
T
hus
,
th
is
c
om
pone
nt
s
ha
ll
pl
a
y
a
r
ol
e
in
r
e
gul
a
to
r
y
c
om
pl
ia
nc
e
,
gua
r
a
nt
e
e
in
g
qua
li
ty
,
s
e
tt
in
g
e
nf
or
c
e
m
e
nt
r
e
gul
a
ti
ons
,
a
nd
e
nga
gi
ng
i
n
s
ta
ke
hol
de
r
c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
on.
R
e
gul
a
t
or
y
c
om
pl
i
a
n
c
e
in
c
lu
d
e
s
a
d
he
r
e
n
c
e
to
s
t
a
nd
a
r
ds
.
T
h
e
s
ys
te
m
a
s
c
e
r
ta
in
s
th
a
t
a
gr
i
c
u
lt
ur
a
l
pr
od
uc
t
c
om
p
ly
w
it
h
r
e
g
ul
a
ti
on
s
li
ke
th
e
E
U
D
R
by
tr
a
c
ki
ng
t
he
pr
od
uc
ts
f
r
om
t
he
ir
or
i
gi
n
to
t
he
e
n
d
-
u
s
e
r
a
nd
id
e
nt
if
yi
n
g
a
n
y
d
e
v
ia
ti
o
n
f
r
o
m
s
e
t
s
t
a
n
da
r
d
s
.
I
t
a
l
s
o
in
c
lu
d
e
s
or
ig
i
n
v
e
r
if
ic
a
t
io
n
.
T
h
e
s
ys
te
m
,
th
r
o
ug
h
bl
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n,
v
e
r
i
f
ie
s
th
e
or
ig
i
n
of
th
e
a
gr
i
c
ul
tu
r
a
l
pr
odu
c
t
s
to
a
s
c
e
r
ta
in
t
he
s
e
a
r
e
no
t
r
e
l
a
te
d
t
o
d
e
f
or
e
s
t
a
ti
on
or
f
or
e
s
t
d
e
g
r
a
da
t
io
n.
T
h
e
s
ys
te
m
a
l
lo
w
s
r
u
nni
ng
q
ua
li
t
y
c
o
nt
r
ol
c
h
e
c
k
s
a
n
d
a
u
di
t
s
.
B
u
s
i
n
e
s
s
e
s
a
n
d
r
e
gul
a
t
or
s
c
a
n
ut
il
iz
e
d
a
t
a
f
r
o
m
b
a
r
c
od
e
s
a
nd
b
lo
c
k
c
h
a
in
r
e
c
or
d
s
to
c
o
ndu
c
t
qu
a
li
ty
c
on
tr
ol
c
h
e
c
k
s
o
n
pr
o
du
c
t
s
a
g
a
in
s
t
s
a
f
e
ty
a
nd
e
t
hi
c
a
l
s
t
a
nd
a
r
ds
. T
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
l
s
o
m
a
k
e
s
r
e
gul
a
r
a
u
di
t
s
po
s
s
ib
l
e
b
y
w
a
y of
c
le
a
r
,
u
na
l
te
r
a
bl
e
r
e
c
or
d
s
of
t
h
e
s
u
ppl
y
c
h
a
i
n w
it
h
a
v
ie
w
t
o
a
s
s
e
s
s
in
g
c
o
m
pl
ia
nc
e
w
it
h r
e
g
ul
a
ti
on
s
,
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
i
n
te
r
na
l
q
ua
li
t
y b
e
nc
hm
a
r
k
s
.
F
in
a
ll
y
,
th
e
e
nf
or
c
e
m
e
nt
of
th
e
r
e
gu
la
ti
o
ns
c
o
ve
r
s
th
e
a
c
t
io
n
of
s
a
n
c
ti
on
s
f
or
n
on
-
c
om
pl
i
a
n
c
e
.
F
or
th
o
s
e
c
a
s
e
s
w
he
n
i
t
i
s
f
oun
d
t
ha
t
c
e
r
ta
in
pr
o
du
c
t
s
v
io
l
a
t
e
th
e
r
e
g
ul
a
ti
o
n
s
,
e
nf
or
c
e
m
e
nt
a
c
ti
o
n
s
c
a
n
b
e
t
a
ke
n
a
g
a
in
s
t
r
e
s
p
on
s
i
bl
e
p
a
r
ti
e
s
a
c
c
or
di
n
g
to
th
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
t
hr
o
ugh
th
e
u
s
e
of
p
e
n
a
lt
ie
s
,
f
in
e
s
,
o
r
r
e
s
tr
ic
ti
o
n
s
.
A
ut
om
a
ti
on of
a
c
ti
o
ns
c
a
n
b
e
d
on
e
by us
in
g s
m
a
r
t
c
o
nt
r
a
c
ts
th
a
t
a
u
to
m
a
t
e
t
he
e
nf
or
c
e
m
e
nt
m
e
a
s
ur
e
s
,
in
c
l
udi
ng
th
e
ho
ld
i
ng
up
of
tr
a
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
or
r
e
l
e
a
s
e
of
p
a
y
m
e
nt
s
u
po
n
t
he
f
ul
f
il
lm
e
nt
of
t
he
c
ond
it
i
on
s
o
f
c
om
p
li
a
n
c
e
.
S
e
t
m
e
c
h
a
ni
s
m
s
f
or
c
o
m
pl
ia
nc
e
a
n
d
e
nf
or
c
e
m
e
n
t
a
ll
o
w
in
t
e
gr
it
y
i
n
th
e
va
lu
e
c
h
a
in
to
e
ns
ur
e
t
ha
t
s
u
c
h
r
i
s
k
s
a
s
e
nv
ir
o
nm
e
nt
a
l
da
m
a
ge
a
nd
un
e
th
ic
a
l
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
a
r
e
a
vo
id
e
d,
w
hi
le
a
t
th
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e
uph
ol
di
n
g
s
t
a
nd
a
r
ds
.
T
h
i
s
goe
s
a
l
o
ng
w
a
y
i
n
e
nh
a
n
c
in
g
th
e
s
u
s
t
a
i
na
bi
l
it
y
of
t
h
e
a
gr
ic
ul
t
ur
a
l
pr
odu
c
t
s
f
or
c
on
s
um
e
r
c
onf
i
de
n
c
e
.
5.
C
O
N
C
L
U
S
I
O
N
T
hi
s
w
or
k
pr
opos
e
s
a
nov
e
l
m
ode
l
of
bl
o
c
kc
ha
in
a
nd
A
I
te
c
hn
ol
ogi
e
s
in
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
s
uppl
y
c
ha
in
s
a
s
a
s
ol
ut
io
n
to
tr
a
c
e
a
bi
li
ty
a
nd
c
om
pl
ia
nc
e
w
it
h
E
U
D
R
.
T
he
m
ode
l
e
na
bl
e
s
to
tr
a
c
k
or
ig
in
s
a
nd
p
a
th
s
of
pr
oduc
ts
,
pr
ovi
di
ng
th
e
a
bi
li
ty
to
gua
r
a
nt
e
e
de
f
or
e
s
ta
ti
on
f
r
e
e
s
ta
tu
s
,
a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g
c
onc
e
r
n
s
a
bout
tr
a
c
e
a
bi
li
ty
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
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ti
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nt
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2252
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A
r
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c
ia
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te
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bl
oc
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I
ndone
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(
Si
lf
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1769
to
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s
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nd s
m
a
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. T
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ppr
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te
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om
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a
in
ta
in
in
te
gr
it
y
of
s
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y
c
ha
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ope
r
a
ti
ons
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n
a
ddi
ti
on,
th
e
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
a
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f
a
c
il
it
a
ti
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f
gove
r
nm
e
nt
r
e
gul
a
ti
ons
a
nd
e
nf
or
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e
m
e
nt
m
e
c
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ni
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m
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th
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t
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r
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ta
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or
th
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uc
c
e
s
s
of
th
is
s
ys
te
m
f
or
bot
h
lo
c
a
l
pr
oduc
e
r
s
a
nd
out
r
e
a
c
h
to
in
te
r
na
ti
ona
l
m
a
r
ke
ts
in
pr
ovi
di
ng
s
us
ta
in
a
bi
li
ty
of
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
pr
oduc
ts
a
nd
c
onf
id
e
nc
e
to
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
pr
oduc
ts
.
T
he
s
c
a
la
bi
li
ty
a
nd
a
dopt
io
n
of
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
c
oul
d
be
on
e
of
th
e
f
ut
ur
e
pot
e
nt
ia
l
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
f
or
a
pr
opos
e
d
m
ode
l
th
a
t
in
te
gr
a
te
s
th
e
bl
oc
kc
h
a
in
a
nd
A
I
f
or
tr
a
c
e
a
bl
e
in
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
s
uppl
y
c
ha
in
s
.
D
e
s
pi
te
th
i
s
,
us
in
g
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
a
nd
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I
to
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
th
e
tr
a
ns
p
a
r
e
nc
y
a
nd
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
of
th
e
s
uppl
y
c
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tu
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bl
e
f
r
om
th
e
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or
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s
ponding
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ut
hor
,
[
S
P
R
]
,
upon r
e
a
s
ona
bl
e
r
e
que
s
t.
R
E
F
E
R
E
N
C
E
S
[
1]
M
.
K
öt
hke
,
M
.
L
i
ppe
,
a
nd
P
.
E
l
s
a
s
s
e
r
,
“
C
om
pa
r
i
ng
t
he
f
or
m
e
r
e
ut
r
a
nd
upc
om
i
ng
e
udr
:
s
om
e
i
m
pl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
f
or
pr
i
va
t
e
s
e
c
t
or
a
nd
a
ut
hor
i
t
i
e
s
,”
F
or
e
s
t
P
ol
i
c
y
and E
c
onom
i
c
s
, vol
. 157, D
e
c
. 2023, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.
f
or
pol
.2023.103079.
[
2]
J
.
S
t
ube
nr
a
uc
h,
B
.
G
a
r
s
ke
,
F
.
E
ka
r
dt
,
a
nd
K
.
H
a
g
e
m
a
nn,
“
E
ur
ope
a
n
f
or
e
s
t
g
ove
r
na
nc
e
:
s
t
a
t
u
s
quo
a
nd
opt
i
m
i
s
i
ng
opt
i
ons
w
i
t
h
r
e
ga
r
d t
o t
he
pa
r
i
s
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
t
a
r
ge
t
,”
Sus
t
ai
nabi
l
i
t
y
, vol
. 14, no. 7, A
pr
. 2022, doi
:
10.3390/
s
u14074365.
[
3]
L
.
B
e
r
ni
ng
a
nd
M
.
S
ot
i
r
ov,
“
T
he
c
oa
l
i
t
i
ona
l
pol
i
t
i
c
s
of
t
he
e
ur
ope
a
n
uni
on
r
e
gul
a
t
i
on
on
de
f
or
e
s
t
a
t
i
on
-
f
r
e
e
pr
oduc
t
s
,”
F
or
e
s
t
P
ol
i
c
y
and E
c
onom
i
c
s
, vol
. 158, J
a
n. 2024, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.f
or
po
l
.2023.103102.
[
4]
L
.
H
.
E
.
C
os
i
m
o,
M
.
M
a
s
i
e
r
o,
A
.
M
a
m
m
a
dova
,
a
nd
D
.
P
e
t
t
e
ne
l
l
a
,
“
V
ol
unt
a
r
y
s
us
t
a
i
na
bi
l
i
t
y
s
t
a
nda
r
ds
t
o
c
ope
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
ne
w
e
ur
ope
a
n
uni
on
r
e
gul
a
t
i
on
on
de
f
or
e
s
t
a
t
i
on
-
f
r
e
e
pr
oduc
t
s
:
a
ga
p
a
na
l
ys
i
s
,”
F
or
e
s
t
P
ol
i
c
y
and
E
c
onom
i
c
s
,
vol
.
164,
J
ul
.
2024,
doi
:
10.1016/
j
.f
or
pol
.2024.103235.
[
5]
M
.
Z
buc
ka
-
G
a
r
ga
s
a
nd
C
.
I
.
da
R
oc
ha
,
“
D
ue
di
l
i
ge
nc
e
a
s
a
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
t
o
t
a
c
kl
e
gl
oba
l
de
f
or
e
s
t
a
t
i
on
ba
s
e
d
on
a
e
u
pr
opos
a
l
f
or
a
pr
opos
a
l
f
or
a
r
e
gul
a
t
i
on
of
t
he
e
ur
ope
a
n
pa
r
l
i
a
m
e
nt
a
nd
of
t
he
c
ounc
i
l
on
t
h
e
m
a
ki
ng
a
va
i
l
a
bl
e
on
t
he
uni
on
m
a
r
ke
t
a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
e
xpor
t
f
r
om
t
he
uni
on
of
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
c
om
m
od,”
R
e
v
i
s
t
a
J
ur
í
di
c
a
da
P
r
e
s
i
dê
nc
i
a
,
vol
.
25,
no.
137,
pp.
588
–
608,
D
e
c
.
2023,
doi
:
10.20499/
2236
-
3645.R
J
P
2023v25e
137
-
2933.
[
6]
M
.
G
.
B
e
t
t
s
e
t
al
.
,
“
Q
ua
nt
i
f
yi
ng
f
or
e
s
t
de
gr
a
da
t
i
on
r
e
qui
r
e
s
a
l
ong
-
t
e
r
m
, l
a
nds
c
a
pe
-
s
c
a
l
e
a
ppr
oa
c
h,”
N
at
u
r
e
E
c
ol
ogy
&
E
v
ol
ut
i
on
,
vol
. 8, no. 6, pp. 1054
–
1057, A
pr
. 2024, doi
:
10.1038/
s
41559
-
024
-
02409
-
5.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
,
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
3
,
J
une
20
25
:
1763
-
1771
1770
[
7]
A
.
A
.
M
uga
dz
a
,
“
T
he
di
s
a
s
t
r
ous
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
of
de
f
or
e
s
t
a
t
i
on
a
nd
f
or
e
s
t
d
e
gr
a
da
t
i
on
i
n
t
he
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
vul
ne
r
a
bi
l
i
t
y
e
r
a
,”
C
I
F
I
L
E
J
our
nal
of
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
L
aw
, vol
. 3, no. 6, pp. 12
–
40, 2022.
[
8]
L
.
S
.
B
or
m
a
e
t
al
.
,
“
B
e
yond
c
a
r
bon:
t
he
c
ont
r
i
but
i
ons
of
s
out
h
a
m
e
r
i
c
a
n
t
r
opi
c
a
l
hum
i
d
a
nd
s
ubhum
i
d
f
or
e
s
t
s
t
o
e
c
os
ys
t
e
m
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
,”
R
e
v
i
e
w
s
of
G
e
oph
y
s
i
c
s
, vol
. 60, no. 4, D
e
c
. 2022, doi
:
10.1029/
2021
R
G
000766.
[
9]
D
.
B
hum
i
c
ha
i
,
C
.
S
m
i
l
i
ot
opoul
os
,
R
.
B
e
nt
on,
G
.
K
a
m
bour
a
ki
s
,
a
nd
D
.
D
a
m
o
poul
os
,
“
T
he
c
onve
r
ge
nc
e
of
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
a
nd bl
oc
kc
ha
i
n:
t
he
s
t
a
t
e
of
pl
a
y a
nd t
he
r
oa
d a
h
e
a
d,”
I
nf
or
m
at
i
on
, vol
. 15, no.
5, M
a
y 2024, doi
:
10.3390/
i
nf
o15050268.
[
10]
Z
. A
. S
i
ddi
qui
a
nd M
. H
a
r
oon, “
A
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on of
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
a
nd m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng i
n bl
oc
kc
ha
i
n t
e
c
hnol
ogy,
”
i
n
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
al
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
ge
n
c
e
and
M
ac
hi
n
e
L
e
ar
ni
n
g
f
or
E
D
G
E
C
om
p
ut
i
n
g
,
E
l
s
e
v
i
e
r
,
20
22
, p
p.
16
9
–
18
5
,
do
i
:
10
.1
016
/
B
9
78
-
0
-
12
-
82
40
54
-
0
.00
00
1
-
0.
[
11]
E
.
M
.
B
.
M
.
K
a
r
una
t
hi
l
a
ke
,
A
.
T
.
L
e
,
S
.
H
e
o,
Y
.
S
.
C
hung,
a
nd
S
.
M
a
ns
oor
,
“
T
he
pa
t
h
t
o
s
m
a
r
t
f
a
r
m
i
ng:
i
nnova
t
i
ons
a
nd
oppor
t
uni
t
i
e
s
i
n pr
e
c
i
s
i
on a
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
e
,”
A
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
e
, vol
. 13, no. 8, A
ug. 2023, doi
:
10.3390/
a
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
e
13081593.
[
12]
A
.
K
.
T
ya
gi
,
A
.
S
.
U
,
a
nd
A
.
A
br
a
ha
m
,
“
I
nt
e
gr
a
t
i
ng
bl
oc
kc
ha
i
n
t
e
c
hnol
ogy
a
nd
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
:
s
yne
r
gi
e
s
,
pe
r
s
pe
c
t
i
ve
s
,
c
ha
l
l
e
nge
s
a
nd r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h di
r
e
c
t
i
ons
,”
J
ou
r
nal
of
I
nf
or
m
at
i
on A
s
s
ur
an
c
e
and Se
c
ur
i
t
y
, vol
. 15, pp. 178
–
193, 2020.
[
13]
H
. H
a
n, R
.
K
. S
hi
w
a
kot
i
,
R
. J
a
r
vi
s
,
C
. M
or
di
, a
nd
D
.
B
ot
c
hi
e
, “
A
c
c
ount
i
ng a
nd
a
udi
t
i
ng w
i
t
h bl
oc
kc
ha
i
n
t
e
c
hnol
ogy a
nd
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
:
a
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
r
e
vi
e
w
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
A
c
c
ount
i
n
g
I
nf
or
m
at
i
on
Sy
s
t
e
m
s
,
vol
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M
a
r
.
2023,
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:
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.a
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V
. K
a
na
pa
r
t
hi
, “
E
xpl
or
i
ng t
he
i
m
pa
c
t
of
bl
oc
kc
ha
i
n,
AI
, a
nd
M
L
on f
i
na
nc
i
a
l
a
c
c
ount
i
ng e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y a
nd t
r
a
ns
f
or
m
a
t
i
on,”
i
n
M
ul
t
i
-
St
r
at
e
gy
L
e
ar
ni
ng E
nv
i
r
onm
e
nt
, 2024, pp. 353
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, doi
:
10.1007/
978
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981
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97
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M
.
N
a
s
s
a
r
,
K
.
S
a
l
a
h,
M
.
H
.
R
e
hm
a
n,
a
nd
D
.
S
ve
t
i
novi
c
,
“
B
l
oc
kc
ha
i
n
f
or
e
xpl
a
i
na
bl
e
a
nd
t
r
us
t
w
or
t
hy
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
,”
W
I
R
E
s
D
at
a M
i
ni
ng and K
now
l
e
dge
D
i
s
c
ov
e
r
y
, vol
. 10, no. 1, J
a
n. 2020, doi
:
10.1002/
w
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dm
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S
.
K
.
S
i
ngh,
S
.
R
a
t
hor
e
,
a
nd
J
.
H
.
P
a
r
k,
“
B
l
oc
kI
oT
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
:
a
bl
oc
kc
ha
i
n
-
e
na
bl
e
d
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nt
i
ot
a
r
c
hi
t
e
c
t
ur
e
w
i
t
h
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
,”
F
ut
ur
e
G
e
ne
r
at
i
on C
om
put
e
r
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
, vol
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–
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e
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e
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Y
.
L
i
,
P
.
M
.
B
r
a
nd
o,
D
.
C
.
M
or
t
o
n,
D
.
M
.
L
a
w
r
e
nc
e
,
H
.
Y
a
ng,
a
nd
J
.
T
.
R
a
n
de
r
s
on,
“
D
e
f
or
e
s
t
a
t
i
on
-
i
nd
uc
e
d
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
c
ha
nge
r
e
d
uc
e
s
c
a
r
bon
s
t
or
a
ge
i
n
r
e
m
a
i
n
i
n
g
t
r
op
i
c
a
l
f
o
r
e
s
t
s
,”
N
at
ur
e
C
om
m
un
i
c
a
t
i
ons
, v
ol
. 1
3,
no
. 1
, A
pr
.
202
2,
do
i
:
1
0.1
03
8/
s
414
67
-
0
22
-
2
960
1
-
0.
[
18]
N
.
S
i
ngh,
“
L
e
ve
r
a
gi
ng
A
I
a
nd
bl
oc
k
c
ha
i
n
t
o
a
ut
om
a
t
e
i
nve
nt
or
y
a
udi
t
i
ng:
e
nha
nc
i
ng
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
a
nd
c
om
pl
i
a
nc
e
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
f
or
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
i
n
A
ppl
i
e
d
Sc
i
e
n
c
e
and
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
,
vol
.
11,
no.
12,
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–
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e
c
.
2023,
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i
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a
s
e
t
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[
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S
.
B
hus
ha
n,
M
.
K
.
S
ha
r
m
a
,
A
.
G
e
hl
ot
,
S
.
P
a
nde
y,
N
.
Y
a
m
s
a
ni
,
a
nd
R
.
B
a
l
ya
n,
“
I
nve
nt
or
y
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
us
i
ng
bl
oc
kc
ha
i
n
a
nd
bi
g
da
t
a
,”
i
n
2023
4t
h
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on
S
m
ar
t
E
l
e
c
t
r
oni
c
s
and
C
om
m
uni
c
at
i
on
(
I
C
O
SE
C
)
,
I
E
E
E
,
S
e
p.
2023,
pp. 1759
–
1763
, doi
:
10.1109/
I
C
O
S
E
C
58147.2023.10276234.
[
20]
Y
.
G
a
o,
H
.
G
a
o,
H
.
X
i
a
o,
a
nd
F
.
Y
a
o,
“
V
a
c
c
i
ne
s
uppl
y
c
ha
i
n
c
oor
di
na
t
i
on
us
i
ng
bl
oc
kc
ha
i
n
a
nd
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
t
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
,”
C
om
put
e
r
s
&
I
ndus
t
r
i
al
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng
, vol
. 175, J
a
n. 2023, doi
:
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j
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i
e
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[
21]
T
.
B
os
ona
a
nd
G
.
G
e
br
e
s
e
nbe
t
,
“
T
he
r
ol
e
of
bl
oc
kc
ha
i
n
t
e
c
hnol
ogy
i
n
p
r
om
ot
i
ng
t
r
a
c
e
a
bi
l
i
t
y
s
ys
t
e
m
s
i
n
a
gr
i
-
f
ood
pr
oduc
t
i
on
a
nd
s
uppl
y c
ha
i
ns
,”
S
e
ns
or
s
, vol
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un. 2023, doi
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22]
L
.
B
e
r
ni
ng
a
nd
M
.
S
ot
i
r
ov,
“
H
a
r
de
ni
ng
c
or
por
a
t
e
a
c
c
ount
a
bi
l
i
t
y
i
n
c
om
m
odi
t
y
s
uppl
y
c
ha
i
ns
unde
r
t
he
E
ur
ope
a
n
U
ni
on
D
e
f
or
e
s
t
a
t
i
on R
e
gul
a
t
i
on
,”
R
e
gul
at
i
on &
G
ov
e
r
nanc
e
, vol
. 17, no. 4, pp. 870
–
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L
.
P
a
r
t
z
s
c
h,
“
E
ur
ope
a
n
uni
on’
s
pr
oxy
a
c
c
ount
a
bi
l
i
t
y
f
or
t
r
opi
c
a
l
de
f
or
e
s
t
a
t
i
on,”
E
nv
i
r
onm
e
nt
al
P
ol
i
t
i
c
s
,
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.
W
e
a
t
he
r
l
e
y
-
S
i
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a
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.
G
upt
a
,
“
‘
E
m
bodi
e
d
de
f
or
e
s
t
a
t
i
on’
a
s
a
ne
w
e
u
po
l
i
c
y
de
ba
t
e
t
o
t
a
c
kl
e
t
r
opi
c
a
l
f
or
e
s
t
l
os
s
:
a
s
s
e
s
s
i
ng
i
m
pl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
f
or
r
e
dd+ pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
,”
F
or
e
s
t
s
, vol
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c
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C
or
ona
,
V
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D
i
S
t
e
f
a
no,
a
n
d
A
.
M
a
r
i
a
no
,
“
K
now
l
e
dge
ga
ps
a
nd
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
op
po
r
t
un
i
t
i
e
s
i
n t
he
l
i
gh
t
of
t
he
e
ur
ope
a
n
u
ni
on r
e
gu
l
a
t
i
o
n
on
de
f
o
r
e
s
t
a
t
i
on
-
f
r
e
e
p
r
od
uc
t
s
,”
A
nna
l
s
of
S
i
l
v
i
c
u
l
t
ur
a
l
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
, v
ol
. 4
8,
no
.
2,
p
p.
87
–
89
, 2
02
3,
do
i
:
10
.1
289
9/
a
s
r
-
2
44
5.
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G.
-
J
.
N
a
buur
s
,
E
.
J
.
M
.
M
.
A
r
e
t
s
,
a
nd
M
.
-
J
.
S
c
he
l
ha
a
s
,
“
U
nde
r
s
t
a
ndi
ng
t
he
i
m
pl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
of
t
he
EU
-
L
U
L
U
C
F
r
e
gul
a
t
i
on
f
or
t
he
w
ood
s
uppl
y
f
r
om
E
U
f
or
e
s
t
s
t
o
t
he
EU
,”
C
ar
bon
B
al
anc
e
and
M
anage
m
e
nt
,
vol
.
13,
no.
1
8
,
pp.
1
-
10,
D
e
c
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2018,
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s
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3.
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27]
S
.
S
a
m
a
,
“
S
t
r
e
ngt
he
ni
ng
t
he
r
ol
e
of
f
o
r
e
s
t
s
i
n
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
c
ha
nge
m
i
t
i
ga
t
i
on
t
hr
ough
t
he
E
ur
ope
a
n
U
ni
on
f
or
e
s
t
l
a
w
e
nf
or
c
e
m
e
nt
,
gove
r
na
nc
e
a
nd
t
r
a
de
a
c
t
i
on
pl
a
n,”
J
our
nal
of
E
nv
i
r
onm
e
nt
al
L
aw
&
P
ol
i
c
y
,
vol
.
1,
no.
3,
pp.
1
–
26,
D
e
c
.
2021,
doi
:
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j
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l
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[
28]
L
.
K
ä
r
kkä
i
ne
n
e
t
al
.
,
“
E
va
l
ua
t
i
on
of
pol
i
c
y
i
ns
t
r
um
e
nt
s
f
or
s
uppor
t
i
ng
gr
e
e
nhous
e
ga
s
m
i
t
i
ga
t
i
on
e
f
f
or
t
s
i
n
a
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
a
l
a
nd
ur
ba
n
l
a
nd us
e
,”
L
and U
s
e
P
ol
i
c
y
, vol
. 99, D
e
c
. 2020, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.l
a
ndus
e
pol
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J
. A
. D
a
r
e
t
al
.
,
“
R
ol
e
of
m
a
j
or
f
or
e
s
t
bi
om
e
s
i
n c
l
i
m
a
t
e
c
ha
nge
m
i
t
i
ga
t
i
on:
a
n
e
c
o
-
bi
ol
ogi
c
a
l
pe
r
s
pe
c
t
i
ve
,”
i
n
Soc
i
o
-
e
c
onom
i
c
and
E
c
o
-
bi
ol
ogi
c
al
D
i
m
e
ns
i
ons
i
n R
e
s
our
c
e
u
s
e
and C
on
s
e
r
v
at
i
on
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–
526
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10.1007/
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30]
A
.
K
um
a
r
,
A
.
S
hukl
a
,
a
nd
S
.
K
a
i
l
khur
a
,
“
B
i
odi
ve
r
s
i
t
y
l
o
s
s
a
nd
i
t
s
e
c
onom
i
c
c
os
t
s
:
a
gl
oba
l
pe
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
ve
,”
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
J
ou
r
nal
o
f
R
e
c
e
nt
Sc
i
e
nc
e
s
, vol
. 13, no. 1, pp. 31
–
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31]
E
.
M
.
K
um
e
h
a
nd
S
.
R
a
m
c
i
l
ovi
c
-
S
uo
m
i
ne
n,
“
I
s
t
he
E
U
s
hi
r
ki
ng r
e
s
pons
i
bi
l
i
t
y
f
or
i
t
s
de
f
o
r
e
s
t
a
t
i
on
f
oot
pr
i
nt
i
n
t
r
opi
c
a
l
c
ount
r
i
e
s
?
pow
e
r
,
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
,
a
nd
e
pi
s
t
e
m
i
c
i
ne
qua
l
i
t
i
e
s
i
n
t
he
EU
’
s
gl
oba
l
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
gove
r
na
nc
e
,”
Sus
t
ai
nabi
l
i
t
y
Sc
i
e
nc
e
,
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.
18,
no.
2,
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r
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32]
E
.
Z
hunus
ova
e
t
al
.
,
“
P
ot
e
nt
i
a
l
i
m
pa
c
t
s
of
t
he
pr
opos
e
d
e
u
r
e
gul
a
t
i
on
on
de
f
or
e
s
t
a
t
i
on
-
f
r
e
e
s
uppl
y
c
ha
i
ns
on
s
m
a
l
l
hol
de
r
s
,
i
ndi
ge
nous
pe
opl
e
s
,
a
nd
l
oc
a
l
c
om
m
uni
t
i
e
s
i
n
pr
oduc
e
r
c
ount
r
i
e
s
out
s
i
de
t
he
EU
,”
F
or
e
s
t
P
ol
i
c
y
and
E
c
onom
i
c
s
,
vol
.
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O
c
t
. 2022, doi
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.f
or
pol
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J
.
L
.
C
a
s
t
l
e
a
nd
D
.
F
.
H
e
ndr
y,
“
F
i
ve
s
e
ns
i
t
i
ve
i
nt
e
r
ve
nt
i
on
poi
nt
s
t
o
a
c
hi
e
ve
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
ne
ut
r
a
l
i
t
y
by
2050,
”
R
e
ne
w
abl
e
E
ne
r
gy
,
vol
. 226, 2024, doi
:
10.1016/
j
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e
ne
ne
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[
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F
.
P
e
ndr
i
l
l
e
t
al
.
,
“
D
i
s
e
nt
a
ngl
i
ng
t
he
num
be
r
s
be
hi
nd
a
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
e
-
dr
i
ve
n
t
r
opi
c
a
l
de
f
or
e
s
t
a
t
i
on,”
Sc
i
e
nc
e
,
vol
.
377,
S
e
p.
2022,
doi
:
10.1126/
s
c
i
e
nc
e
.a
bm
9267.
[
35]
E
.
F
.
L
a
m
bi
n
a
nd
P
.
R
.
F
ur
um
o,
“
D
e
f
or
e
s
t
a
t
i
on
-
f
r
e
e
c
om
m
odi
t
y
s
uppl
y
c
ha
i
ns
:
m
yt
h
or
r
e
a
l
i
t
y
?
,”
A
nnual
R
e
v
i
e
w
of
E
nv
i
r
onm
e
nt
and R
e
s
our
c
e
s
, vol
. 48, pp. 237
–
261, 2023, doi
:
10.1146/
a
nnur
e
v
-
e
nvi
r
on
-
1123
21
-
121436.
[
36]
M
.
H
e
de
m
a
nn
-
R
obi
n
s
on,
“
L
e
gi
s
l
a
t
i
ve
pi
one
e
r
on
gl
oba
l
f
or
e
s
t
pr
ot
e
c
t
i
on?
a
c
om
m
e
nt
a
r
y
on
t
he
E
ur
ope
a
n
U
ni
o
n’
s
pr
opos
e
d
de
f
or
e
s
t
a
t
i
on
-
f
r
e
e
pr
oduc
t
r
e
gul
a
t
i
on,”
E
ur
ope
an
E
ne
r
gy
and
E
nv
i
r
onm
e
nt
al
L
aw
R
e
v
i
e
w
,
vol
.
31,
no.
6,
pp.
348
–
368,
2022
,
doi
:
10.54648/
e
e
l
r
2022023.
[
37]
R
.
P
i
r
a
r
d,
P
.
P
a
c
he
c
o,
a
nd
C
.
R
om
e
r
o,
“
T
he
r
ol
e
of
hybr
i
d
gove
r
na
nc
e
i
n
s
uppor
t
i
ng
de
f
or
e
s
t
a
t
i
on
-
f
r
e
e
t
r
a
de
,”
E
c
ol
ogi
c
al
E
c
onom
i
c
s
, vol
. 210, A
ug. 2023, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.e
c
ol
e
c
on.2023.107867.
[
38]
I
.
C
ua
dr
os
‐
C
a
s
a
nov
a
e
t
al
.
,
“
O
ppor
t
uni
t
i
e
s
a
nd
c
ha
l
l
e
nge
s
f
or
c
om
m
on
a
gr
i
c
u
l
t
ur
a
l
pol
i
c
y
r
e
f
or
m
t
o
s
uppor
t
t
he
e
ur
ope
a
n
gr
e
e
n
de
a
l
,”
C
ons
e
r
v
at
i
on B
i
ol
ogy
, vol
. 37, no. 3, J
un. 2023, doi
:
10.1111/
c
obi
.14052.
[
39]
D
.
I
.
H
e
us
e
r
,
“
S
oi
l
gov
e
r
na
nc
e
i
n
c
ur
r
e
nt
e
ur
ope
a
n
uni
on
l
a
w
a
nd
i
n
t
he
e
ur
ope
a
n
gr
e
e
n
de
a
l
,
”
Soi
l
Se
c
u
r
i
t
y
,
vol
.
6,
M
a
r
.
2022
,
doi
:
10.1016/
j
.s
oi
s
e
c
.2022.100053.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
A
r
ti
fi
c
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
-
bl
oc
k
c
hai
n s
y
ne
r
gy
e
ns
u
r
e
s
I
ndone
s
ia
’
s
c
om
pl
ia
nc
e
w
it
h
…
(
Si
lf
i
I
r
iy
ani
)
1771
[
40]
V
.
H
e
r
m
os
o
e
t
al
.
,
“
T
he
E
U
bi
odi
ve
r
s
i
t
y
s
t
r
a
t
e
gy
f
or
2030:
oppor
t
uni
t
i
e
s
a
nd
c
ha
l
l
e
nge
s
on
t
he
pa
t
h
t
ow
a
r
ds
bi
odi
ve
r
s
i
t
y
r
e
c
ove
r
y,”
E
nv
i
r
onm
e
nt
al
Sc
i
e
nc
e
and P
ol
i
c
y
, vol
. 127, pp. 263
–
271, 2022, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.e
nvs
c
i
.2021.10.028.
[
41]
E
ur
ope
a
n
P
a
r
l
i
a
m
e
nt
C
ounc
i
l
of
t
he
E
ur
ope
a
n
U
ni
on,
“
R
e
gul
a
t
i
on
(
EU
)
2023/
1115
of
t
he
E
ur
ope
a
n
pa
r
l
i
a
m
e
nt
a
nd
of
t
he
c
ounc
i
l
of
31 m
a
y 2023,”
O
f
f
i
c
i
al
J
our
nal
of
t
he
E
ur
ope
an U
ni
om
, vol
. 150/
206, pp. 206
–
247, 2023.
[
42]
A
.
S
c
hi
l
l
i
ng‐
V
a
c
a
f
l
or
a
nd
A
.
L
e
ns
c
how
,
“
H
a
r
de
ni
ng
f
or
e
i
gn
c
or
por
a
t
e
a
c
c
o
unt
a
bi
l
i
t
y
t
hr
ough
m
a
nda
t
or
y
due
di
l
i
ge
nc
e
i
n
t
he
e
ur
ope
a
n
uni
on?
ne
w
t
r
e
nds
a
nd
pe
r
s
i
s
t
i
ng
c
ha
l
l
e
nge
s
,”
R
e
gul
at
i
on
&
G
ov
e
r
nanc
e
,
vol
.
17,
no.
3,
pp.
677
–
693,
J
ul
.
2023,
doi
:
10.1111/
r
e
go.12402.
[
43]
A
.
A
.
S
ul
a
i
m
a
n,
A
.
A
m
i
r
uddi
n,
A
.
H
.
B
a
hr
un,
K
.
Y
una
,
a
nd
M
.
K
e
e
l
a
,
“
N
e
w
c
ha
l
l
e
nge
s
a
nd
oppor
t
uni
t
i
e
s
of
I
ndone
s
i
a
n
c
r
ude
pa
l
m
oi
l
i
n
i
nt
e
r
na
t
i
ona
l
t
r
a
de
,”
C
ar
ak
a
T
ani
:
J
our
nal
of
Sus
t
ai
nabl
e
A
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
e
,
vol
.
39,
no.
1,
J
a
n.
2024,
doi
:
10.20961/
c
a
r
a
ka
t
a
ni
.v39i
1.81957.
[
44]
E
.
P
ur
w
a
nt
o,
H
.
S
a
nt
os
o,
I
.
J
e
l
s
m
a
,
A
.
W
i
d
a
ya
t
i
,
H
.
Y
.
S
.
H
.
N
ugr
oho,
a
nd
M
.
V.
N
oor
dw
i
j
k,
“
A
gr
of
or
e
s
t
r
y
a
s
pol
i
c
y
opt
i
on
f
or
f
or
e
s
t
-
z
one
oi
l
pa
l
m
pr
oduc
t
i
on i
n i
ndone
s
i
a
,”
L
and
, vol
. 9, no. 12, D
e
c
. 2020, doi
:
10.3390/
l
a
nd9120531.
[
45]
A
.
H
.
D
ha
r
m
a
w
a
n
e
t
al
.
,
“
T
he
a
gr
a
r
i
a
n,
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
a
l
a
nd
c
ul
t
ur
a
l
c
ons
t
r
a
i
nt
s
of
s
m
a
l
l
hol
de
r
s
’
r
e
a
di
ne
s
s
f
or
s
us
t
a
i
na
bi
l
i
t
y
s
t
a
nda
r
ds
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
t
i
on:
t
he
c
a
s
e
of
i
ndone
s
i
a
n
s
us
t
a
i
na
bl
e
pa
l
m
oi
l
i
n
E
a
s
t
K
a
l
i
m
a
nt
a
n,”
Sus
t
ai
nabi
l
i
t
y
,
vol
.
13,
no.
5,
M
a
r
.
2021
,
doi
:
10.3390/
s
u13052611.
[
46]
E
.
I
.
K
.
P
ut
r
i
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
he
oi
l
pa
l
m
gove
r
na
nc
e
:
c
ha
l
l
e
nge
s
of
s
us
t
a
i
na
bi
l
i
t
y
pol
i
c
y
i
n
i
ndone
s
i
a
,”
Sus
t
ai
nabi
l
i
t
y
,
vol
.
14,
no.
3,
F
e
b. 2022, doi
:
10.3390/
s
u14031820.
[
47]
E
.
A
pr
i
a
ni
,
Y
.
-
S
.
K
i
m
,
L
.
A
.
F
i
s
he
r
,
a
nd
H
.
B
a
r
a
l
,
“
N
on
-
s
t
a
t
e
c
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
o
f
s
m
a
l
l
hol
de
r
s
f
or
s
us
t
a
i
na
bl
e
pa
l
m
oi
l
i
n
S
um
a
t
r
a
,
I
ndone
s
i
a
,”
L
and U
s
e
P
ol
i
c
y
, vol
. 99, D
e
c
. 2020, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.l
a
ndus
e
pol
.202
0.105112.
[
48]
E
.
P
.
P
r
a
m
udya
e
t
al
.
,
“
I
nc
e
nt
i
ve
s
f
or
pa
l
m
oi
l
s
m
a
l
l
hol
de
r
s
i
n
m
a
nda
t
or
y
c
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
i
n
I
ndone
s
i
a
,”
L
and
,
vol
.
11,
no.
4,
A
pr
. 2022, doi
:
10.3390/
l
a
nd11040576.
[
49]
J
.
G
r
a
bs
,
F
.
C
a
m
m
e
l
l
i
,
S
.
A
.
L
e
vy,
a
nd
R
.
D
.
G
a
r
r
e
t
t
,
“
D
e
s
i
gni
ng
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
ve
a
nd
e
qui
t
a
bl
e
z
e
r
o
-
de
f
or
e
s
t
a
t
i
on
s
uppl
y
c
h
a
i
n
pol
i
c
i
e
s
,”
G
l
obal
E
nv
i
r
onm
e
nt
al
C
hange
, vol
. 70, S
e
p. 2021, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.gl
o
e
nvc
ha
.2021.102357.
B
I
O
G
R
A
P
H
I
E
S
O
F
A
U
T
H
O
R
S
Silfi
Iriyani
h
olds
a
doctorate
in
agriculture
with
a
scientific
backg
round
in
forest
conservati
on
and
environm
ental
science
,
specializing
in
policy
dev
elopment.
Her
research
interests
encompass
forest
policy,
agricultur
e,
biodiversity,
and
cli
mate
change.
She
has
a
proven
track
record
in
contributing
to
the
formulation
of
policies
and
legislation
in
Indonesia.
Currentl
y,
she
is
serving
as
a
researcher
at
Center
for
Transdiscipl
inary
and
Sustainability
Scienc
es,
Bogor
Agricultural
University
(IPB
University).
She
can
be
contacted
at
email:
silfi@
apps.ipb.ac.id
.
Sarifah
Putri
Rafle
sia
is
experienced
in
system
development,
bu
siness
process
re
-
engineerin
g,
and
service
excellence.
A
graduate
of
STEI,
Institut
Teknologi
Bandung
,
she
participated
in
research
projects
(2014
–
2016).
Since
2016,
she
has
been
a
researcher
and
lecturer
at
Universitas
Sriwijaya,
with
publications
in
reputable
jo
urnals
and
internationa
l
conferences
.
S
he
can be
contacted
at email
:
sarifah@unsri.ac.id
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.