I
A
E
S
I
n
t
e
r
n
at
io
n
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
A
r
t
if
ic
ia
l
I
n
t
e
ll
ig
e
n
c
e
(
I
J
-
A
I
)
V
ol
. 13, No. 4, D
e
c
e
m
be
r
2024, pp.
4195
~
4205
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
,
D
O
I
:
10.11591/
ij
a
i.
v13.i4.pp
4195
-
4205
4195
Jou
r
n
al
h
om
e
page
:
ht
tp
:
//
ij
ai
.
ia
e
s
c
or
e
.c
om
A
f
u
z
z
y l
ogi
c
-
g
e
n
e
t
i
c
al
gor
i
t
h
m
f
or
f
u
l
l
t
r
u
c
k
l
oad
t
r
an
sp
or
t
at
i
on
p
r
ob
l
e
m
K
ar
im
E
L
B
ou
yah
yi
ou
y, Z
ah
ir
a E
L
H
ar
iz
, A
d
il
B
e
ll
ab
d
aou
i
I
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on
T
e
c
hnol
ogy a
nd M
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
T
e
a
m
, E
N
S
I
A
S
-
M
oha
m
m
e
d V
U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
y
i
n R
a
ba
t
,
R
a
b
a
t
, M
or
oc
c
o
A
r
t
ic
le
I
n
f
o
A
B
S
T
R
A
C
T
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
to
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
iv
e
d
A
ug 25
,
2023
R
e
vi
s
e
d
O
c
t
8, 2023
A
c
c
e
pt
e
d
N
ov 15, 2023
This work addresses a
full truckl
oad commodi
ty selecti
on and mul
tiple depo
t
vehicle
routing
problem
with
time
windows
(FTSMDVRPTW).
The
goal
of
the
problem
is
to
design
a
set
of
selective
truck
routes
that
maximize
overall
profit subject to time window constraints. Each truck r
oute is an arrangement
of
full
truckload
transportation
commodities
that
begins
at
a
departure
point
and
ends
at
an
arrival
point.
It
is
unnecessary
to
serve
all
commoditie
s;
only
those
that
provide
a
higher
profit
are
chosen.
We
introduce
a
meta
-
he
uristic
based
on
a
combination
of
fuzzy
logic
controller
(FLC)
and
genetic
alg
orithm
(GA)
to
solve
the
FTSMDVRPTW,
where
the
crossover
and
mutatio
n
rates
are
adjusted
during
the
GA’s
evolutionary
process
using
an
FLC.
We
demonstrate
the
effectiveness
and
efficiency
of
the
proposed
FL
C+
GA
through
experimen
tal
results
o
n
randomly
generated
instances
f
or
the
considered
problem
.
K
e
y
w
o
r
ds
:
F
ul
l
tr
uc
kl
oa
d
F
uz
z
y l
ogi
c
c
ont
r
ol
le
r
G
e
ne
ti
c
a
lg
or
it
hm
O
r
de
r
s
e
le
c
ti
on
V
e
hi
c
le
r
out
in
g
This is an
open
acce
ss artic
le unde
r the
CC BY
-
SA
license.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
di
n
g A
u
th
or
:
K
a
r
im
E
L
B
ouya
hyi
ouy
I
nf
or
m
a
ti
on T
e
c
hnol
ogy a
nd M
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
T
e
a
m
, E
N
S
I
A
S
-
M
oha
m
m
e
d V
U
ni
ve
r
s
it
y i
n R
a
ba
t
A
ve
nue
M
oha
m
e
d
B
e
n A
bde
ll
a
h
R
e
gr
a
gui
-
B
.P
. 713
,
A
gda
l
-
R
a
ba
t,
M
or
oc
c
o
E
m
a
il
:
ka
r
im
_e
lb
ouya
hya
oui
@
um
5.a
c
.m
a
1.
I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
T
he
ve
hi
c
l
e
r
out
in
g pr
obl
e
m
(
V
R
P
)
i
s
a
c
om
bi
na
to
r
ia
l
opt
im
iz
a
ti
on pr
obl
e
m
(
C
O
P
)
t
ha
t
ha
s
r
e
c
e
iv
e
d
e
xt
e
ns
iv
e
a
tt
e
nt
io
n
s
in
c
e
it
s
in
tr
oduc
ti
on
in
[
1]
.
I
ts
us
e
i
s
c
r
it
ic
a
l
in
va
r
io
us
f
ie
ld
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
lo
gi
s
ti
c
s
,
tr
a
ns
por
ta
ti
on,
a
nd
r
e
s
our
c
e
a
ll
oc
a
ti
on.
I
n
th
e
c
la
s
s
ic
V
R
P
,
t
r
a
ns
por
ta
ti
on
de
m
a
nds
a
r
e
de
li
ve
r
e
d
to
th
e
ir
s
pe
c
if
ic
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
by
a
f
le
e
t
of
id
e
nt
ic
a
l
ve
hi
c
le
s
lo
c
a
te
d
a
t
a
c
e
nt
r
a
l
de
pot
.
T
he
pr
obl
e
m
’
s
goa
l
i
s
to
de
te
r
m
in
e
lo
w
-
c
os
t
r
out
e
s
t
o
s
e
r
ve
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
w
hi
le
a
dhe
r
in
g t
o ve
hi
c
le
c
a
pa
c
it
y c
ons
tr
a
in
ts
.
G
iv
e
n t
he
i
m
por
ta
nc
e
of
t
he
V
R
P
, s
e
ve
r
a
l
v
a
r
ia
nt
s
of
t
hi
s
pr
obl
e
m
h
a
ve
be
e
n pr
opos
e
d
by r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
t
o
a
ddr
e
s
s
m
or
e
r
e
a
li
s
ti
c
a
s
p
e
c
ts
[
2]
,
[
3]
.
T
he
f
ul
l
tr
uc
kl
oa
d
ve
hi
c
le
r
out
in
g
pr
obl
e
m
(
F
T
V
R
P
)
is
a
n
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
va
r
ia
nt
in
w
hi
c
h
f
ul
l
tr
uc
kl
oa
d
or
de
r
s
(
or
c
om
m
odi
ti
e
s
)
m
us
t
be
tr
a
ns
por
te
d
di
r
e
c
tl
y
f
r
om
th
e
ir
or
ig
in
s
to
th
e
ir
d
e
s
ti
na
ti
ons
.
A
not
he
r
va
r
ia
nt
is
th
e
f
ul
l
tr
uc
kl
oa
d
ve
hi
c
le
r
out
in
g
pr
obl
e
m
w
it
h
ti
m
e
w
in
dow
s
(
F
T
V
R
P
T
W
)
,
w
he
r
e
e
a
c
h
or
de
r
ha
s
a
pi
c
kup
a
nd/
or
de
li
ve
r
y
ti
m
e
w
in
dow
dur
in
g
w
hi
c
h
th
e
tr
uc
k
c
a
n
pe
r
f
or
m
th
e
s
e
r
vi
c
e
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
tr
uc
ki
ng
c
om
pa
ni
e
s
c
a
n
s
e
r
vi
c
e
th
e
ir
c
li
e
nt
s
th
r
ough
num
e
r
ous
de
pot
s
(
f
u
ll
t
r
uc
kl
oa
d
ve
hi
c
le
r
out
in
g
pr
obl
e
m
w
i
th
m
ul
ti
p
le
de
pot
s
(
F
T
M
D
V
R
P
)
)
. A
gl
oba
l
s
ur
ve
y s
um
m
a
r
iz
in
g t
he
l
it
e
r
a
tu
r
e
on F
T
V
R
P
va
r
ia
nt
s
ha
s
be
e
n pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d i
n
[
4]
.
L
ik
e
o
th
e
r
V
R
P
v
a
r
i
a
n
ts
,
th
e
pr
obl
e
m
o
f
t
h
e
F
T
V
R
P
i
s
a
n N
P
-
ha
r
d C
O
P
[
5]
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
, va
r
io
us
(
m
e
t
a
)
he
u
r
i
s
ti
c
a
pp
r
o
a
c
he
s
a
r
e
e
m
pl
oy
e
d
to
t
a
c
kl
e
t
hi
s
pr
ob
le
m
e
f
f
i
c
ie
nt
ly
a
nd
f
in
d
op
ti
m
a
l
or
n
e
a
r
-
o
pt
i
m
a
l
a
ns
w
e
r
s
f
or
la
r
g
e
in
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
a
r
e
a
s
on
a
bl
e
ti
m
e
.
T
h
e
s
e
m
e
th
o
d
s
i
nc
lu
de
a
d
a
pt
iv
e
l
a
r
g
e
n
e
ig
hbo
r
ho
od
s
e
a
r
c
h
(
A
L
N
S
)
[
6]
,
r
e
a
c
t
iv
e
t
a
b
u
s
e
a
r
c
h
(
R
T
S
)
[
7]
,
[
8]
, g
e
n
e
t
ic
a
lg
or
it
h
m
(
G
A
)
[
9]
, [
10]
,
a
nd
a
nt
c
o
lo
n
y
s
y
s
te
m
[
1
1]
,
[
1
2]
.
G
A
is
a
n
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
m
e
ta
-
he
ur
is
ti
c
f
or
va
r
io
us
opt
im
iz
a
ti
on
pr
obl
e
m
s
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
it
ha
s
two s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
w
e
a
kne
s
s
e
s
:
i)
pr
e
m
a
tu
r
e
c
onve
r
ge
nc
e
a
nd
ii
)
s
lo
w
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
pe
e
d.
T
hi
s
oc
c
ur
s
be
c
a
u
s
e
p
a
r
a
m
e
te
r
s
e
tt
in
g
s
,
w
hi
c
h
a
r
e
c
hos
e
n
ba
s
e
d
on
us
e
r
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
or
gui
de
l
in
e
s
pr
ovi
de
d
b
y
s
tu
di
e
s
[
13]
,
a
r
e
f
ix
e
d
dur
in
g
th
e
pr
oc
e
s
s
of
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
, V
ol
. 13, No. 4, D
e
c
e
m
be
r
2024:
4195
-
4205
4196
r
unni
ng
th
e
G
A
w
hi
le
th
e
c
ha
ngi
ng
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
is
om
it
te
d.
N
e
ve
r
th
e
le
s
s
,
e
vol
ut
io
n
in
bi
ol
ogy
in
di
c
a
te
s
th
a
t
th
e
r
a
te
of
m
ut
a
ti
on a
nd
c
r
os
s
ove
r
va
r
ie
s
a
c
c
or
di
ng t
o t
he
e
vol
ut
io
n s
ta
te
,
a
nd t
hus
,
t
he
y ne
e
d t
o b
e
a
dj
us
t
e
d t
o
s
ui
t
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
c
ir
c
um
s
ta
nc
e
s
[
14]
.
H
e
nc
e
,
v
a
r
io
us
s
tu
di
e
s
h
a
ve
us
e
d
f
uz
z
y
lo
gi
c
c
ont
r
ol
le
r
s
(
F
L
C
s
)
to
dyna
m
ic
a
ll
y c
ont
r
ol
s
om
e
G
A
pa
r
a
m
e
te
r
s
e
tt
in
gs
dur
in
g pr
oc
e
s
s
e
xe
c
ut
io
n
[
15]
, [
16]
.
T
he
m
a
in
c
ont
r
ib
ut
io
n
of
th
is
s
tu
dy
i
s
to
in
tr
oduc
e
a
m
e
ta
-
he
ur
is
ti
c
ba
s
e
d
on
a
c
om
bi
na
ti
on
of
F
L
C
a
nd
G
A
(
F
L
C
+
G
A
)
to
s
ol
ve
th
e
f
u
ll
t
r
uc
kl
oa
d
c
om
m
odi
ty
s
e
l
e
c
ti
on
a
nd
ve
hi
c
le
r
out
in
g
p
r
obl
e
m
w
it
h
ti
m
e
w
in
dow
s
a
nd
m
ul
ti
pl
e
de
pot
s
f
or
tr
uc
k
s
ta
r
ti
ng
a
nd
f
in
is
hi
ng
p
oi
nt
s
(
F
T
S
M
D
V
R
P
T
W
)
,
w
he
r
e
th
e
c
r
os
s
ove
r
a
nd
m
ut
a
ti
on
r
a
te
s
of
th
e
G
A
a
r
e
a
dj
us
t
e
d
us
in
g
a
f
uz
z
y
lo
gi
c
te
c
hni
que
.
T
he
pr
obl
e
m
e
nt
a
il
s
c
hoo
s
in
g
a
s
ubs
e
t
of
c
om
m
odi
ti
e
s
to
be
s
a
ti
s
f
ie
d,
a
s
s
ig
ni
ng
th
e
m
to
tr
uc
ks
,
a
n
d
de
te
r
m
in
in
g
th
e
be
s
t
c
om
m
odi
ty
s
e
r
vi
c
in
g
s
e
que
nc
e
f
or
e
a
c
h
tr
uc
k
tr
ip
w
hi
le
m
a
xi
m
iz
in
g
to
ta
l
ne
t
pr
of
it
a
nd
a
dhe
r
in
g
to
c
om
m
odi
ty
a
nd
tr
uc
k
de
pot
ti
m
e
w
in
dow
c
ons
tr
a
in
ts
.
T
he
r
e
m
a
in
de
r
of
th
is
p
a
pe
r
is
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
d
a
s
f
ol
lo
w
s
.
S
e
c
ti
on
2
de
s
c
r
ib
e
s
th
e
pr
obl
e
m
of
th
e
F
T
S
M
D
V
R
P
T
W
.
S
e
c
ti
on
3
pr
opos
e
th
e
F
L
C
+
G
A
f
or
s
ol
v
in
g
th
e
pr
obl
e
m
.
T
he
e
xpe
r
im
e
nt
a
l
r
e
s
ul
t
s
a
r
e
r
e
por
te
d i
n s
e
c
ti
on 4. F
in
a
ll
y, s
e
c
ti
on 5 c
onc
lu
de
s
t
he
pa
pe
r
a
nd
of
f
e
r
s
di
r
e
c
ti
ons
f
or
f
ut
ur
e
s
tu
dy.
2.
P
R
O
B
L
E
M
D
E
F
I
N
I
T
I
O
N
T
he
F
T
S
M
D
V
R
P
T
W
c
a
n
be
de
s
c
r
ib
e
d
on
a
di
r
e
c
te
d
gr
a
ph
=
(
,
)
,
w
he
r
e
is
th
e
ve
r
te
x
s
e
t
a
nd
is
t
he
po
s
s
ib
le
a
r
c
s
e
t.
T
he
ve
r
ti
c
e
s
a
r
e
t
he
e
xt
r
e
m
it
y point
s
{
(
,
)
;
=
1
,
…
,
}
of
or
de
r
s
l
in
ke
d t
o t
w
o
s
e
ts
of
poi
nt
s
:
=
{
;
=
1
,
…
,
}
a
nd
=
{
;
=
1
,
…
,
}
,
c
or
r
e
s
ponding
to
th
e
s
e
t
of
s
ta
r
ti
ng
a
nd
f
in
is
hi
ng
de
pot
s
of
tr
uc
ks
,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly
.
(
r
e
s
p.
)
de
not
e
s
th
e
or
ig
in
(
r
e
s
p.
th
e
de
s
ti
na
ti
on)
o
f
or
de
r
(
=
1
,
…
,
)
. E
a
c
h or
de
r
is
a
s
s
oc
ia
te
d w
it
h a
r
e
ve
nue
a
nd t
w
o
-
ti
m
e
w
in
do
w
s
:
th
e
l
oa
di
ng t
im
e
w
in
dow
[
,
]
a
nd t
he
unl
oa
di
ng t
im
e
w
in
dow
[
,
]
. T
o e
a
c
h a
r
c
(
,
)
∈
a
r
e
a
s
s
oc
i
a
te
d a
tr
a
ve
l
ti
m
e
a
nd a
t
r
a
ve
l
c
os
t
. I
f
a
t
r
uc
k a
r
r
iv
e
s
e
a
r
ly
(
or
i
dl
e
s
)
a
t
a
ny pic
ku
p or
de
li
ve
r
y
lo
c
a
ti
on, a
w
a
it
in
g t
im
e
(
or
id
le
t
im
e
)
pe
na
lt
y w
il
l
be
i
nc
ur
r
e
d.
T
he
F
T
S
M
D
V
R
P
T
W
a
im
s
to
de
s
ig
n
a
s
ol
ut
io
n
c
om
po
s
e
d
of
s
e
le
c
ti
ve
r
out
e
s
f
or
tr
uc
ks
of
m
a
xi
m
um
to
ta
l
ne
t
pr
o
f
it
, e
qua
l
to
t
ot
a
l
c
ol
le
c
te
d r
e
ve
nue
m
in
us
t
he
t
ot
a
l
t
r
a
ve
l
c
os
t,
i
nc
lu
di
ng t
he
w
a
it
in
g
a
nd dwe
ll
in
g
c
os
ts
be
f
or
e
lo
a
di
ng
or
unl
oa
di
ng
th
e
c
om
m
odi
ti
e
s
.
E
a
c
h
r
out
e
is
a
s
e
que
nc
e
of
s
e
l
e
c
ti
ve
c
om
m
odi
ti
e
s
to
be
f
ul
f
il
le
d w
hi
le
c
ons
id
e
r
in
g t
im
e
w
in
dow
c
ons
tr
a
in
ts
. A
s
ol
ut
io
n
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
ti
on i
s
i
ll
us
tr
a
te
d i
n F
ig
ur
e
1.
F
ig
ur
e
1. A
s
ol
ut
io
n r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
ti
on of
t
he
F
T
S
M
D
V
R
P
T
W
O
ur
a
s
s
um
pt
io
ns
a
r
e
a
s
f
ol
lo
w
s
:
−
T
he
lo
c
a
ti
on
s
of
th
e
s
ta
r
ti
ng
a
nd
f
in
is
hi
ng
de
pot
s
of
tr
uc
ks
,
lo
a
di
ng
a
nd
unl
oa
di
ng
poi
nt
s
of
c
om
m
odi
ti
e
s
,
a
nd dur
a
ti
ons
of
l
oa
di
ng a
nd unloa
di
ng a
c
ti
vi
ti
e
s
a
r
e
a
s
s
um
e
d t
o be
known in a
dva
nc
e
.
−
E
a
c
h
or
de
r
c
ons
is
ts
of
a
f
ul
l
tr
uc
kl
oa
d,
w
hi
c
h
m
e
a
ns
th
a
t
w
he
n
w
e
lo
a
d
m
e
r
c
ha
ndi
s
e
a
t
poi
nt
,
w
e
m
us
t
unl
oa
d t
he
m
e
r
c
ha
ndi
s
e
a
t
poi
nt
to
t
he
ne
xt
s
te
p.
−
E
a
c
h t
r
uc
k r
out
e
m
us
t
m
e
e
t
th
e
l
oa
di
ng a
nd unloa
di
ng t
im
e
w
in
dow
s
of
s
e
r
ve
d or
de
r
s
.
−
T
r
uc
ks
ha
ve
e
nough c
a
pa
c
it
y t
o f
ul
f
il
l
a
ny or
de
r
on t
he
ir
t
ou
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
A
f
uz
z
y
l
ogi
c
-
ge
ne
ti
c
al
gor
it
hm
f
or
f
ul
l
tr
u
c
k
lo
ad t
r
ans
po
r
ta
ti
o
n pr
obl
e
m
(
K
ar
im E
L
B
ouy
ahy
io
uy
)
4197
−
E
a
c
h or
de
r
’
s
r
e
ve
nue
i
s
pr
opor
ti
ona
l
to
t
he
di
s
ta
nc
e
be
twe
e
n t
h
e
l
oa
di
ng a
nd unloa
di
ng point
s
.
−
E
a
c
h
tr
uc
k
m
us
t
le
a
ve
it
s
de
pa
r
tu
r
e
poi
nt
a
f
te
r
th
e
e
a
r
li
e
s
t
de
pa
r
tu
r
e
ti
m
e
a
nd
r
e
tu
r
n
to
it
s
a
r
r
iv
a
l
poi
nt
be
f
or
e
t
he
l
a
te
s
t
ti
m
e
.
3.
S
O
L
U
T
I
O
N
P
R
O
C
E
D
U
R
E
(
F
U
Z
Z
Y
L
O
G
I
C
C
O
N
T
R
O
L
L
E
R
+
G
E
N
E
T
I
C
A
L
G
O
R
I
T
H
M
)
T
o
a
ppl
y
a
G
A
to
a
n
N
P
-
ha
r
d
C
O
P
,
s
pe
c
if
ic
c
om
pone
nt
s
of
th
e
G
A
m
us
t
be
a
da
pt
e
d
or
ta
il
o
r
e
d
to
t
he
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
a
nd
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
of
th
e
c
on
s
id
e
r
e
d
pr
obl
e
m
.
T
he
ke
y
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
a
r
e
th
e
e
nc
odi
ng
s
c
he
m
e
of
a
s
ol
ut
io
n
in
to
a
c
hr
om
os
om
e
,
pa
r
a
m
e
te
r
s
e
tt
in
gs
,
in
it
ia
l
pop
ul
a
ti
on
c
r
e
a
ti
on,
f
it
ne
s
s
f
unc
ti
on,
a
nd
ge
ne
ti
c
ope
r
a
to
r
s
(
s
e
le
c
ti
on, c
r
os
s
ove
r
, a
nd mut
a
ti
on)
. I
n t
hi
s
s
tu
dy, we
i
nt
r
oduc
e
a
n opti
m
iz
a
ti
on t
e
c
hni
que
ba
s
e
d on
a
c
om
bi
na
ti
on
of
F
L
C
a
nd
G
A
(
F
L
C
+
G
A
)
f
or
th
e
pr
obl
e
m
of
F
T
S
M
D
V
R
P
T
W
,
w
he
r
e
th
e
c
r
os
s
ove
r
a
nd
m
ut
a
ti
on r
a
te
s
a
r
e
a
dj
u
s
te
d us
in
g
a
n F
L
C
. F
ig
ur
e
2 de
pi
c
ts
a
f
lo
w
c
ha
r
t
of
t
he
pr
opos
e
d F
L
C
+
G
A
m
e
th
od. T
h
e
pr
opos
e
d F
L
C
+
G
A
r
e
qui
r
e
s
t
he
f
ol
lo
w
in
g t
e
r
m
in
ol
ogi
e
s
:
:
P
opul
a
ti
on s
iz
e
:
T
he
m
a
xi
m
a
l
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ons
(
)
:
T
he
c
r
os
s
ov
e
r
pr
oba
bi
li
ty
a
t
th
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
(
)
:
T
he
m
ut
a
ti
on pr
oba
bi
li
ty
a
t
th
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
I
nput
F
L
+
G
A
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
G
e
ne
r
a
t
e
i
ni
t
i
a
l
popu
l
a
t
i
on
C
om
put
e
t
ot
a
l
ne
t
pr
of
i
t
a
nd f
i
t
ne
s
s
va
l
ue
of
i
ndi
vi
dua
l
s
Y
e
s
O
ut
put
t
he
b
e
s
t
c
hr
om
os
om
e
E
nd
S
e
l
e
c
t
t
he
t
w
o b
e
s
t
c
hr
om
os
om
e
s
a
nd
a
dd
t
he
m
t
o t
he
ne
xt
ge
ne
r
a
t
i
on
Se
l
e
c
t
i
on
of
pa
r
e
nt
s
F
uz
z
y a
da
pt
i
ve
c
r
os
s
ove
r
F
uz
z
y a
da
pt
i
ve
m
ut
a
t
i
on
G
e
ne
r
a
t
e
ne
w
popu
l
a
t
i
on
N
o
S
t
a
r
t
N
um
be
r
of
c
hr
om
osom
e
s
l
e
s
s
t
ha
n
N
pop
N
o
Y
e
s
T
e
r
m
i
na
t
i
on c
ondi
t
i
on
F
ig
ur
e
2. F
L
C
+
G
A
pr
oc
e
s
s
in
g
3.1.
G
e
n
e
t
ic
al
gor
it
h
m
3.1.1. Ch
r
om
os
o
m
e
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
at
io
n
T
he
c
hr
om
os
om
e
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
ti
on
te
c
hni
que
f
or
th
e
F
T
S
M
D
V
R
P
T
W
s
houl
d
e
nc
ode
bot
h
th
e
a
s
s
ig
nm
e
nt
of
s
e
l
e
c
ti
ve
c
om
m
odi
ti
e
s
t
o t
r
uc
k
s
a
nd t
he
a
r
r
a
nge
m
e
nt
of
c
om
m
odi
ti
e
s
t
o be
f
ul
f
il
le
d w
it
hi
n e
a
c
h
tr
uc
k
r
out
e
.
O
ne
c
om
m
on
a
nd
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
c
hr
om
os
om
e
e
nc
odi
ng
te
c
hni
q
ue
f
or
th
is
pr
obl
e
m
is
c
a
ll
e
d
two
-
pa
r
t
c
hr
om
os
om
a
l
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
ti
on,
a
s
de
pi
c
te
d
in
F
ig
ur
e
3
[
9]
,
[
17]
.
T
he
f
ir
s
t
pa
r
t
is
a
pe
r
m
ut
a
ti
on
of
th
e
or
de
r
s
r
e
ga
r
dl
e
s
s
of
a
ny
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
a
bout
th
e
num
be
r
of
or
de
r
s
e
a
c
h
tr
uc
k
pe
r
f
or
m
s
.
E
a
c
h
e
le
m
e
nt
in
th
e
pe
r
m
ut
a
ti
on
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
a
n
or
de
r
.
T
he
s
e
c
ond
pa
r
t
is
of
le
ngt
h
+
1
,
w
it
h
th
e
f
ir
s
t
va
lu
e
s
in
di
c
a
ti
ng
th
e
num
be
r
of
or
de
r
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
, V
ol
. 13, No. 4, D
e
c
e
m
be
r
2024:
4195
-
4205
4198
f
ul
f
il
le
d
by
e
a
c
h
tr
uc
k
a
nd
th
e
f
in
a
l
va
lu
e
pr
ovi
di
ng
th
e
num
be
r
of
or
de
r
s
th
a
t
ha
ve
not
ye
t
be
e
n
a
s
s
ig
ne
d
to
a
ny t
r
uc
k (
a
ll
ot
te
d t
o a
dumm
y t
r
uc
k
)
, w
he
r
e
t
he
s
um
of
t
he
s
e
+
1
va
lu
e
s
i
s
.
F
ig
ur
e
3. A
n e
xa
m
pl
e
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
ti
on f
or
a
n F
T
S
M
D
V
R
P
T
W
i
n
s
ta
nc
e
w
it
h n=
16
a
nd m=
3
3.1.2. I
n
it
ia
l
p
op
u
la
t
io
n
G
e
ne
r
a
ti
ng t
he
i
n
it
ia
l
popula
ti
on
i
s
a
de
c
is
iv
e
a
nd c
om
pl
ic
a
te
d s
te
p i
n a
G
A
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
dy, we
us
e
d a
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
ve
he
ur
is
ti
c
a
lg
or
it
hm
de
vi
s
e
d
in
[
9]
to
bui
ld
a
n
in
it
ia
l
f
e
a
s
ib
le
s
ol
ut
io
n
s
e
t
of
s
iz
e
.
E
a
c
h
s
ol
ut
io
n
c
or
r
e
s
ponds
t
o
tr
uc
k r
out
e
s
t
ha
t
a
dhe
r
e
t
o c
om
m
odi
ty
a
nd t
r
uc
k de
pot
t
im
e
w
in
dow
c
ons
tr
a
in
ts
.
3.1.3. F
it
n
e
s
s
f
u
n
c
t
io
n
an
d
c
h
r
om
os
om
e
s
e
le
c
t
io
n
T
he
f
it
ne
s
s
f
unc
ti
on
a
s
s
ig
ns
a
num
e
r
ic
va
lu
e
to
e
a
c
h
c
hr
om
os
om
e
,
de
te
r
m
in
in
g
th
e
c
ha
nc
e
of
s
e
le
c
ti
ng
th
is
c
hr
om
os
om
e
dur
in
g
r
e
pr
oduc
ti
on.
T
hi
s
w
or
k
us
e
s
a
n
e
li
ti
s
m
a
nd
r
oul
e
tt
e
w
he
e
l
-
ba
s
e
d
s
e
l
e
c
ti
on
te
c
hni
que
.
T
he
be
s
t
two
c
hr
om
os
om
e
s
in
a
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
a
r
e
p
a
s
s
e
d
dow
n
to
th
e
ne
xt
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on.
T
he
n,
th
e
r
oul
e
tt
e
w
he
e
l
m
e
th
od
(
R
W
M
)
s
e
le
c
ts
a
pa
ir
of
c
hr
om
os
om
e
s
a
s
p
a
r
e
nt
s
to
pr
o
duc
e
two
c
hi
ld
r
e
n,
a
nd
th
e
pr
oc
e
dur
e
c
ont
in
ue
s
unt
il
c
hr
om
os
om
e
s
a
r
e
c
r
e
a
te
d f
or
t
he
ne
xt
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on.
O
n
th
e
one
ha
nd,
f
or
m
a
xi
m
iz
a
ti
on
pr
obl
e
m
s
,
th
e
obj
e
c
ti
ve
f
unc
ti
on
is
c
om
m
onl
y
us
e
d
a
s
th
e
f
it
ne
s
s
f
unc
ti
on.
T
hi
s
m
e
a
n
s
th
a
t
th
e
f
it
ne
s
s
va
lu
e
of
a
n
in
di
vi
dua
l
s
houl
d
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
a
s
th
e
obj
e
c
ti
ve
f
unc
ti
on
va
lu
e
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
.
O
n
th
e
ot
he
r
ha
nd,
th
e
f
it
ne
s
s
va
lu
e
m
us
t
be
pos
it
iv
e
in
th
e
R
W
M
;
a
hi
ghe
r
va
lu
e
in
di
c
a
te
s
a
b
e
tt
e
r
c
hr
om
os
om
e
. A
s
a
r
e
s
ul
t,
t
he
f
it
ne
s
s
va
lu
e
(
)
of
c
hr
om
os
om
e
is
de
f
in
e
d a
s
(
1)
{
(
)
=
1
+
(
)
−
,
(
)
−
>
0
(
)
=
1
1
−
(
)
−
,
ℎ
(
1)
w
he
r
e
(
)
de
not
e
s
th
e
to
ta
l
ne
t
pr
of
it
va
lu
e
of
c
hr
om
os
om
e
,
α
de
not
e
s
th
e
pe
na
lt
y
c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
f
or
ti
m
e
w
in
dow
c
ons
tr
a
in
t
vi
ol
a
ti
on, a
nd
de
te
r
m
in
e
s
t
he
vi
ol
a
ti
on a
m
o
unt
s
of
t
he
s
e
c
ons
tr
a
in
t
s
.
3.1.4. Cr
os
s
ove
r
op
e
r
at
or
H
e
r
e
,
w
e
c
ons
id
e
r
a
c
r
os
s
ove
r
m
e
th
od,
na
m
e
d
−
,
th
a
t
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
s
th
e
s
e
le
c
ti
ve
a
s
pe
c
t
of
th
e
s
tu
di
e
d
pr
obl
e
m
a
s
de
s
c
r
ib
e
d
in
[
9]
.
T
hi
s
ope
r
a
to
r
’
s
pr
oc
e
dur
e
c
ons
is
ts
of
f
iv
e
pr
im
a
r
y
s
te
ps
a
s
s
how
n
in
F
ig
ur
e
4
.
−
S
te
p 1:
T
o pr
oduc
e
a
c
hi
ld
1
, t
w
o pa
r
e
nt
s
1
a
nd
2
a
r
e
s
e
le
c
te
d, w
it
h
1
s
e
r
vi
ng a
s
t
he
ba
s
e
.
−
S
te
p
2:
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
pa
r
t
of
th
e
pa
r
e
nt
1
,
−
ha
ndl
e
s
tr
uc
k
r
out
e
s
in
di
vi
dua
ll
y
by
a
r
bi
tr
a
r
il
y
s
e
le
c
ti
ng
a
ge
ne
s
e
gm
e
nt
(
s
ubr
out
e
)
f
or
e
ve
r
y r
out
e
f
r
om
t
he
f
ir
s
t
pa
r
t
of
pa
r
e
nt
1
.
−
S
te
p 3:
T
he
r
e
s
t
of
t
he
ge
ne
s
a
r
e
a
r
r
a
nge
d i
n t
he
s
a
m
e
r
a
nki
ng a
s
t
hos
e
i
n pa
r
e
nt
2
’
s
f
ir
s
t
pa
r
t.
−
S
te
p
4:
T
o
c
om
pl
e
te
th
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
on
of
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
pa
r
t
of
c
hi
ld
1
,
w
e
ge
ne
r
a
te
a
s
e
r
ie
s
of
uni
f
or
m
r
a
ndom
pos
it
iv
e
in
te
ge
r
num
be
r
s
s
um
m
in
g
to
th
e
c
ur
r
e
nt
va
lu
e
of
th
e
r
e
m
a
in
in
g
ge
ne
s
to
s
e
t
th
e
num
be
r
of
n
e
w
ge
ne
s
t
o be
a
dd
e
d t
o e
ve
r
y t
r
uc
k r
out
e
.
−
S
te
p
5:
L
a
s
t,
th
e
S
-
T
C
X
c
ons
tr
uc
ts
th
e
c
hi
ld
1
ba
s
e
d
on
th
e
out
c
om
e
of
th
e
c
r
os
s
ove
r
pr
oc
e
s
s
th
a
t
oc
c
ur
r
e
d
in
t
he
f
ir
s
t
pa
r
t
a
nd by upda
ti
ng t
he
t
r
a
it
s
i
n t
he
s
e
c
ond pa
r
t.
B
y c
ha
ngi
ng t
he
r
ol
e
s
of
1
a
nd
2
a
nd going t
hr
ough the
f
iv
e
s
te
ps
,
w
e
c
a
n ge
ne
r
a
te
a
not
he
r
c
hi
ld
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
A
f
uz
z
y
l
ogi
c
-
ge
ne
ti
c
al
gor
it
hm
f
or
f
ul
l
tr
u
c
k
lo
ad t
r
ans
po
r
ta
ti
o
n pr
obl
e
m
(
K
ar
im E
L
B
ouy
ahy
io
uy
)
4199
F
ig
ur
e
4. T
he
S
-
T
C
X
c
r
os
s
ove
r
ope
r
a
to
r
3.1.5. M
u
t
at
io
n
op
e
r
at
or
T
he
m
ut
a
ti
on
ope
r
a
to
r
is
a
c
r
uc
ia
l
s
te
p
in
th
e
G
A
pr
oc
e
s
s
f
or
pr
e
ve
nt
in
g
pr
e
m
a
tu
r
e
c
onve
r
ge
nc
e
a
nd
e
xpl
or
in
g
m
or
e
r
e
gi
ons
in
th
e
s
ol
ut
io
n
s
pa
c
e
by
in
tr
oduc
in
g
s
m
a
ll
c
hr
om
os
om
e
c
ha
nge
s
.
T
hi
s
pa
pe
r
us
e
s
a
n
e
xc
ha
nge
m
ut
a
ti
on, a
ls
o known
a
s
a
t
w
o
-
poi
nt
m
ut
a
ti
on.
W
e
i
n
de
pe
nde
nt
ly
a
ppl
y t
hi
s
ope
r
a
to
r
i
n e
a
c
h pa
r
t
of
th
e
c
hr
om
os
om
e
, i
n w
hi
c
h t
w
o r
a
ndoml
y s
e
le
c
t
e
d ge
ne
s
a
r
e
s
w
a
ppe
d a
s
s
how
n i
n F
ig
ur
e
5
.
F
ig
ur
e
5. T
he
t
w
o
-
poi
nt
m
ut
a
ti
on ope
r
a
to
r
3.2.
F
u
z
z
y l
ogi
c
F
uz
z
y
lo
gi
c
w
a
s
f
ir
s
t
pr
opo
s
e
d
by
Z
a
d
e
h
[
18]
,
a
nd
it
h
a
s
b
e
c
o
m
e
a
pow
e
r
f
ul
a
nd
va
l
ua
bl
e
to
ol
f
or
e
f
f
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
h
a
ndl
in
g
u
nc
e
r
t
a
in
ty
a
nd
va
g
ue
n
e
s
s
in
de
c
is
i
on
-
m
a
ki
ng
pr
obl
e
m
s
.
I
t
is
c
om
po
s
e
d
of
th
r
e
e
m
a
jo
r
pr
oc
e
d
ur
e
s
:
i)
f
uz
z
if
ic
a
ti
on,
ii
)
r
ul
e
-
ba
s
e
d
r
e
a
s
on
in
g,
a
nd
ii
i)
d
e
f
uz
z
if
ic
a
t
io
n
(
f
or
m
or
e
i
nf
or
m
a
ti
o
n
on
f
u
z
z
y
lo
gi
c
,
s
e
e
[
19]
)
.
I
n
t
hi
s
pa
p
e
r
,
F
L
C
i
s
u
s
e
d
to
dyn
a
m
ic
a
ll
y
r
e
gul
a
t
e
th
e
c
r
os
s
o
ve
r
a
nd
m
ut
a
ti
on
pr
oba
bi
li
ti
e
s
ov
e
r
te
n
s
uc
c
e
s
s
iv
e
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ons
dur
in
g
th
e
r
un
of
G
A
b
a
s
e
d
on
c
ha
n
ge
s
in
t
he
a
v
e
r
a
ge
f
it
n
e
s
s
a
nd
di
ve
r
s
it
y
of
th
e
popula
t
io
n.
T
h
e
f
uz
z
if
ic
a
ti
on
a
nd
r
ul
e
-
b
a
s
e
d r
e
a
s
oni
n
g m
e
t
hod
s
e
m
pl
oy
e
d i
n
t
hi
s
w
or
k
a
r
e
a
d
a
pt
e
d f
r
om
[
20]
.
3.2.1. F
u
z
z
if
ic
at
io
n
F
uz
z
if
ic
a
ti
on
is
th
e
pr
oc
e
s
s
of
c
onve
r
ti
ng
e
xa
c
t
in
put
va
lu
e
s
in
to
f
uz
z
y
s
e
ts
us
in
g
m
e
m
be
r
s
hi
p
f
unc
ti
ons
(
M
F
s
)
.
T
o
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
th
e
unc
e
r
ta
in
ty
or
va
gue
ne
s
s
in
th
e
da
ta
,
th
e
M
F
s
a
s
s
ig
n
de
gr
e
e
s
of
m
e
m
be
r
s
hi
p
(
be
twe
e
n
0
a
nd
1)
to
e
a
c
h
in
put
va
lu
e
ba
s
e
d
on
how
w
e
ll
th
e
y
be
lo
ng
to
va
r
io
us
l
in
gui
s
ti
c
te
r
m
s
[
21
]
.
T
he
c
hoi
c
e
of
a
ppr
opr
ia
te
M
F
s
in
f
uz
z
y
lo
gi
c
s
ys
te
m
s
is
not
gove
r
n
e
d
by
ge
ne
r
a
l
r
ul
e
s
or
s
tr
ic
t
c
r
it
e
r
ia
.
I
ns
te
a
d,
it
de
pe
nds
on t
he
s
p
e
c
if
ic
pr
obl
e
m
, t
he
na
tu
r
e
of
t
he
da
ta
, t
he
us
e
r
’
s
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
,
a
nd j
udgme
nt
[
22]
.
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
e
m
pl
oys
tr
ia
ngul
a
r
M
F
s
,
w
hi
c
h
a
r
e
c
om
m
on
a
nd
w
id
e
ly
us
e
d
in
va
r
io
us
f
uz
z
y
lo
gi
c
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
.
T
a
bl
e
1
li
s
ts
th
e
de
f
in
it
io
ns
of
a
ll
li
ngui
s
ti
c
t
e
r
m
s
us
e
d
in
th
e
c
ho
s
e
n
M
F
s
.
T
he
r
e
a
r
e
two
f
uz
z
y
in
put
pa
r
a
m
e
te
r
s
,
(
)
−
(
−
9
)
a
nd
(
)
,
w
he
r
e
(
)
a
nd
(
)
de
not
e
th
e
popula
ti
on’
s
a
ve
r
a
ge
f
it
ne
s
s
va
lu
e
a
nd
di
ve
r
s
it
y
a
t
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly
.
T
he
in
put
va
r
ia
bl
e
s
tr
a
te
gy
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n
in
F
ig
ur
e
6,
w
he
r
e
S
te
p
1:
Ini
t
i
a
l
i
z
e
a
pa
i
r of c
hrom
os
om
e
s
a
s
pa
re
nt
s
O
16
O
4
O
7
O
12
O
14
O
8
O
10
O
6
O
5
O
11
O
15
O
2
O
3
O
13
O
9
O
1
4
5
4
3
O
13
O
2
O
3
O
5
O
8
O
14
O
15
O
12
O
9
O
6
O
10
O
7
O
4
O
1
O
11
O
16
5
5
4
2
S
te
p
2:
Ra
ndom
l
y c
hoos
e
a
s
ubs
t
ri
ng
for e
a
c
h t
ruc
k rout
e
O
16
O
4
O
7
O
12
O
14
O
8
O
10
O
6
O
5
O
11
O
15
O
2
O
3
O
13
O
9
O
1
4
5
4
3
2
3
3
1
S
te
p
3:
Re
a
rra
ng
e
g
e
ne
pos
i
t
i
ons
a
c
c
ordi
ng
t
o t
he
fi
rs
t
pa
rt
of P
2’s
c
hrom
os
om
e
O
16
O
4
O
7
O
12
O
14
O
8
O
10
O
6
O
5
O
11
O
15
O
2
O
3
O
13
O
9
O
1
4
5
4
3
O
16
O
12
O
6
O
5
O
3
O
13
O
9
O
13
O
3
O
5
O
12
O
9
O
6
O
16
O
13
O
2
O
3
O
5
O
8
O
14
O
15
O
12
O
9
O
6
O
10
O
7
O
4
O
1
O
11
O
16
5
5
4
2
S
te
p
4:
A
dd g
e
ne
s
for e
a
c
h t
ruc
k rout
e
2
3
3
1
2
2
2
1
O
4
O
7
O
13
O
3
O
14
O
8
O
10
O
5
O
12
O
11
O
15
O
2
O
9
O
6
O
1
O
16
S
te
p
5:
Cons
t
ruc
t
c
hi
l
d C1
’s
t
w
o-pa
rt
c
hrom
os
om
e
2
3
3
1
2
2
2
1
4
5
5
2
O
4
O
7
O
13
O
3
O
14
O
8
O
10
O
5
O
12
O
11
O
15
O
2
O
9
O
6
O
1
O
16
4
5
5
2
+
+
=
O
4
O
7
O
13
O
3
O
14
O
8
O
10
O
5
O
12
O
11
O
15
O
2
O
9
O
6
O
1
O
16
4
5
5
2
O
4
O
7
O
13
O
3
O
14
O
8
O
1
O
5
O
12
O
11
O
15
O
2
O
9
O
6
O
10
O
16
5
5
4
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
, V
ol
. 13, No. 4, D
e
c
e
m
be
r
2024:
4195
-
4205
4200
e
a
c
h
in
put
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
i
s
gr
oun
de
d
in
ni
n
e
M
F
s
.
T
h
e
out
put
v
a
r
ia
b
l
e
s
of
th
e
c
ont
r
ol
le
r
a
r
e
th
e
c
ha
n
ge
s
in
c
r
o
s
s
o
ve
r
a
nd mut
a
ti
on r
a
t
e
s
a
t
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
(
+
1
)
de
not
e
d b
y
∆
(
+
1
)
a
nd
∆
(
+
1
)
, r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
l
y. T
he
va
lu
e
s
of
∆
(
+
1
)
a
nd
∆
(
+
1
)
a
r
e
nor
m
a
li
z
e
d
in
th
e
r
a
nge
s
of
[
−
0
.
1
,
0
.
1
]
a
nd
[
−
0
.
01
,
0
.
01
]
,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly
.
T
he
s
e
s
ys
te
m
out
put
s
a
r
e
gr
o
unde
d
in
ni
n
e
M
F
s
,
a
nd
t
he
out
put
va
r
i
a
bl
e
de
s
ig
n
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n
in
F
ig
ur
e
7
.
T
he
s
e
M
F
s
of
th
e
t
w
o output
va
r
ia
bl
e
s
a
r
e
us
e
d i
n t
he
d
e
f
uz
z
if
ic
a
ti
on pr
oc
e
du
r
e
, w
hi
c
h w
il
l
be
e
xpl
a
in
e
d i
n s
e
c
ti
on 3.3.
T
a
bl
e
1. M
e
a
ni
ng of
l
in
gui
s
ti
c
t
e
r
m
s
(
)
−
(
−
9
)
,
∆
(
+
1
)
, a
nd
∆
(
+
1
)
(
)
l
i
ngui
s
t
i
c
t
e
r
m
M
e
a
ni
ng
l
i
ngui
s
t
i
c
t
e
r
m
M
e
a
ni
ng
NR
N
e
ga
t
i
ve
l
a
r
ge
R
VS
V
e
r
y S
m
a
l
l
NL
N
e
ga
t
i
ve
L
a
r
ge
SM
S
M
a
l
l
NM
N
e
ga
t
i
ve
M
e
di
um
QS
Q
ui
t
e
S
m
a
l
l
NS
N
e
ga
t
i
ve
S
m
a
l
l
LM
L
ow
M
e
di
um
ZE
Z
E
r
o
MD
M
e
D
i
um
PS
P
os
i
t
i
ve
S
m
a
l
l
HM
H
i
ghe
r
M
e
di
um
PM
P
os
i
t
i
ve
M
e
di
um
QB
Q
ui
t
e
B
i
g
PL
P
os
i
t
i
ve
L
a
r
ge
BG
B
i
G
PR
P
os
i
t
i
ve
l
a
r
ge
R
VB
V
e
r
y B
i
g
F
ig
ur
e
6.
MF
f
or
i
nput
va
r
ia
bl
e
s
(
)
−
(
−
9
)
a
nd
(
)
F
ig
ur
e
7.
MF
f
or
out
put
va
r
ia
bl
e
s
∆
(
+
1
)
a
nd
∆
(
+
1
)
3.2.2.
R
u
le
b
as
e
r
e
as
on
in
g
I
n
th
e
r
ul
e
ba
s
e
r
e
a
s
oni
ng
s
te
p,
f
uz
z
y
r
ul
e
s
a
r
e
u
s
e
d
to
m
ode
l
th
e
de
c
is
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng
pr
oc
e
s
s
.
T
he
s
e
r
ul
e
s
a
r
e
ty
pi
c
a
ll
y
e
xpr
e
s
s
e
d
a
s
I
F
-
T
H
E
N
s
ta
te
m
e
nt
s
us
in
g
li
ngui
s
ti
c
va
r
ia
bl
e
s
.
T
he
I
F
pa
r
t
of
th
e
r
ul
e
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
th
e
in
put
c
ondi
ti
ons
,
w
hi
le
th
e
T
H
E
N
pa
r
t
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
th
e
c
or
r
e
s
p
ondi
ng
out
put
.
T
a
bl
e
2
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
th
e
r
ul
e
s
w
e
de
s
ig
ne
d
in
th
is
s
tu
dy
f
or
th
e
m
e
m
be
r
s
hi
p
va
lu
e
s
a
s
s
oc
i
a
te
d
w
it
h
th
e
two
out
put
va
r
ia
bl
e
s
∆
(
+
1
)
a
nd
∆
(
+
1
)
(
a
da
pt
e
d
f
r
om
[
23]
)
.
F
o
r
e
xa
m
pl
e
,
in
T
a
bl
e
2(
a
)
,
I
F
(
)
−
(
−
9
)
is
P
R
a
nd
(
)
V
B
,
T
H
E
N
∆
(
+
1
)
i
s
P
R
a
nd
∆
(
+
1
)
i
s
N
R
.
A
f
te
r
de
te
r
m
in
in
g
th
e
r
ul
e
in
th
e
uppe
r
le
f
t
c
or
ne
r
in
T
a
bl
e
s
2(
a
)
a
nd
2(
b
)
,
th
e
ot
he
r
r
ul
e
s
c
a
n
be
de
duc
e
d.
“
(
)
−
(
−
9
)
is
P
R
”
s
ig
ni
f
ie
s
th
a
t
a
f
te
r
te
n
s
uc
c
e
s
s
iv
e
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
s
,
th
e
popula
ti
on’
s
a
v
e
r
a
ge
f
it
ne
s
s
va
lu
e
ha
s
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
(
im
pr
ove
d)
.
S
im
u
lt
a
ne
ous
ly
,
th
e
di
ve
r
s
it
y
of
th
e
popula
ti
on
(
)
is
V
B
. B
e
c
a
u
s
e
t
he
c
r
os
s
ov
e
r
r
ol
e
a
c
c
e
le
r
a
te
s
popula
ti
on c
onve
r
g
e
nc
e
by i
nt
e
r
c
ha
ngi
ng a
nd/
or
m
ix
in
g ge
ne
s
f
or
im
pr
ove
d
c
hi
ld
r
e
n,
th
e
c
r
os
s
ove
r
pr
oba
bi
li
ty
ne
e
d
s
to
be
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
to
im
pr
ove
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
pa
c
e
e
xpl
or
a
ti
on.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
be
c
a
us
e
m
ut
a
ti
on’
s
r
ol
e
is
to
m
a
in
ta
in
popula
ti
on
di
ve
r
s
it
y,
th
e
m
ut
a
ti
on
r
a
te
ne
e
ds
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
I
S
S
N
:
2252
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8938
A
f
uz
z
y
l
ogi
c
-
ge
ne
ti
c
al
gor
it
hm
f
or
f
ul
l
tr
u
c
k
lo
ad t
r
ans
po
r
ta
ti
o
n pr
obl
e
m
(
K
ar
im E
L
B
ouy
ahy
io
uy
)
4201
be
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
d c
ons
id
e
r
a
bl
y
to
a
voi
d
s
lo
w
in
g
dow
n
th
e
popul
a
ti
on’
s
c
onve
r
ge
nc
e
s
pe
e
d
a
nd
c
a
us
in
g
th
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
to
t
e
nd t
o r
a
ndomne
s
s
, i
nhi
bi
ti
ng s
ol
ut
io
n i
m
pr
ove
m
e
nt
.
T
a
bl
e
2. R
ul
e
s
of
f
uz
z
y s
y
s
te
m
, (
a
)
f
or
∆
(
+
1
)
a
nd (
b)
f
or
∆
(
+
1
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
aa
F
g
F
t
g
−−
PR
PL
PM
PS
ZE
NS
NM
NL
NR
VB
PR
PR
PL
PL
PM
PM
PS
PS
ZE
BG
PR
PL
PL
PM
PM
PS
PS
ZE
NS
QB
PL
PL
PM
PM
PS
PS
ZE
NS
NS
HM
PL
PM
PM
PS
PS
ZE
NS
NS
NM
MD
PM
PM
PS
PS
ZE
NS
NS
NM
NM
LM
PM
PS
PS
ZE
NS
NS
NM
NM
NL
QS
PS
PS
ZE
NS
NS
NM
NM
NL
NL
SM
PS
ZE
NS
NS
NM
NM
NL
NL
NR
VS
ZE
NS
NS
NM
NM
NL
NL
NR
NR
(
a
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
9
aa
F
g
F
g
−−
PR
PL
PM
PS
ZE
NS
NM
NL
NR
VB
NR
NR
NL
NL
NM
NM
NS
NS
ZE
BG
NR
NL
NL
NM
NM
NS
NS
ZE
PS
QB
NL
NL
NM
NM
NS
NS
ZE
PS
PS
HM
NL
NM
NM
NS
NS
ZE
PS
PS
P
M
MD
NM
NM
NS
NS
ZE
PS
PS
PM
PM
LM
NM
NS
NS
ZE
PS
PS
PM
PM
PL
QS
NS
NS
ZE
PS
PS
PM
PM
PL
PL
SM
NS
ZE
PS
PS
PM
PM
PL
PL
PR
VS
ZE
PS
PS
PM
PM
PL
PL
PR
PR
(
b)
3.2.3.
D
e
f
u
z
z
if
ic
at
io
n
T
he
de
f
uz
z
if
ic
a
ti
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
c
onv
e
r
ts
th
e
f
uz
z
y
out
put
s
e
ts
pr
o
duc
e
d
by
th
e
r
ul
e
ba
s
e
r
e
a
s
oni
ng
in
to
c
r
is
p
va
lu
e
s
.
V
a
r
io
us
de
f
uz
z
if
ic
a
ti
on
m
e
th
ods
c
a
n
be
us
e
d
to
f
in
d
th
e
f
in
a
l
c
r
is
p
out
put
va
lu
e
.
T
he
c
e
nt
e
r
of
a
r
e
a
(
C
O
A
)
,
a
dopt
e
d
in
th
is
s
tu
dy,
i
s
th
e
m
os
t
c
om
m
onl
y
us
e
d
m
e
th
od
in
th
e
de
f
uz
z
if
ic
a
ti
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
[
24]
.
T
hi
s
de
f
uz
z
if
ic
a
ti
on
m
e
th
od
is
s
tr
a
ig
ht
f
or
w
a
r
d
to
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
nd
c
om
put
a
ti
ona
ll
y
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
,
m
a
ki
ng
it
a
popula
r
c
hoi
c
e
f
or
de
f
uz
z
if
ic
a
ti
on i
n m
a
ny
f
uz
z
y l
ogi
c
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
.
3.3.
I
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
at
io
n
of
f
u
z
z
y l
ogi
c
c
on
t
r
ol
le
r
+
ge
n
e
t
ic
al
gor
it
h
m
T
he
m
ode
l
of
F
L
C
+
G
A
is
de
pi
c
te
d
in
F
ig
u
r
e
8,
a
nd
it
s
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
is
a
s
f
ol
lo
w
s
.
O
nc
e
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
(
−
1
)
is
a
tt
a
in
e
d,
th
e
(
−
2
)
,
(
−
1
)
,
a
nd
(
−
1
)
va
lu
e
s
a
r
e
f
e
d
in
to
th
e
two
f
uz
z
y
c
ont
r
ol
le
r
s
.
is
th
e
a
ve
r
a
ge
bi
t
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
be
twe
e
n
a
ll
in
di
vi
d
ua
l
pa
ir
s
in
th
e
s
a
m
e
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on.
I
t
c
a
n
be
c
om
put
e
d (
2)
a
nd (
3)
.
=
2
(
−
1
)
∑
∑
∑
(
,
)
+
+
1
+
+
1
=
1
=
+
1
=
1
(
2)
(
,
)
=
{
1
,
≠
0
,
ℎ
(
3)
w
he
r
e
de
not
e
s
th
e
k
th
ge
ne
va
lu
e
on
th
e
i
th
two
-
pa
r
t
c
hr
om
o
s
om
e
.
T
he
two
f
uz
z
y
c
ont
r
ol
le
r
s
w
il
l
th
e
n
c
a
lc
ul
a
te
t
he
s
ys
te
m
out
put
v
a
lu
e
s
∆
(
)
a
nd
∆
(
)
. H
e
nc
e
, a
t
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
,
(
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
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J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
, V
ol
. 13, No. 4, D
e
c
e
m
be
r
2024:
4195
-
4205
4202
F
ig
ur
e
8. M
ode
l
of
F
L
C
+
G
A
4.
C
O
M
P
U
T
A
T
I
O
N
A
L
E
X
P
E
R
I
M
E
N
T
S
T
he
pr
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e
d
F
L
C
+
G
A
w
a
s
w
r
it
te
n
a
nd
r
un
in
M
A
T
L
A
B
on
a
P
C
w
it
h
a
2.5
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H
z
pr
oc
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s
s
or
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G
B
of
R
A
M
a
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c
om
p
a
r
e
d
w
it
h
th
e
C
P
L
E
X
s
ol
ve
r
a
nd
th
e
s
ta
nda
r
d
G
A
[
9]
.
F
or
th
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in
it
ia
l
v
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lu
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th
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F
L
C
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G
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100
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2
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2000
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s
pr
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hyi
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B
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ll
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bda
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[
9]
,
w
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c
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V
R
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nc
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k
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T
he
tr
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l
ti
m
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s
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s
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nc
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uni
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r
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r
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ve
nue
of
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a
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
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e
ll
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
A
f
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4203
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T
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‘
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xa
c
t
m
e
th
od,
is
e
xpe
c
te
d
to
pe
r
f
or
m
w
e
l
l
in
a
ll
in
s
ta
nc
e
s
w
it
h
20
c
om
m
odi
ti
e
s
w
he
r
e
i
t
c
a
n pr
ovi
de
opt
im
a
l
s
ol
ut
io
ns
i
n a
r
e
la
ti
ve
ly
s
hor
t
ti
m
e
. H
ow
e
ve
r
, t
he
C
P
U
t
im
e
r
e
qui
r
e
d f
or
C
P
L
E
X
to
f
in
d
th
e
be
s
t
(
opt
im
a
l)
s
ol
ut
io
n
be
c
om
e
s
pr
oh
ib
it
iv
e
ly
e
xpe
ns
iv
e
a
s
th
e
num
be
r
of
c
om
m
odi
ti
e
s
gr
ow
s
.
A
s
a
r
e
s
ul
t,
to
a
voi
d
th
e
ne
e
d
f
or
e
xt
e
ns
iv
e
C
P
U
ti
m
e
,
th
e
to
ta
l
c
om
put
a
ti
on
ti
m
e
f
or
C
P
L
E
X
is
li
m
it
e
d
to
two
hour
s
.
T
hi
s
is
w
hy,
w
h
e
n
th
e
num
be
r
of
c
om
m
odi
ti
e
s
is
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
to
50
or
m
or
e
,
C
P
L
E
X
c
a
nno
t
s
ol
ve
s
om
e
in
s
ta
nc
e
s
opt
im
a
ll
y w
it
hi
n 2 hour
s
a
nd i
n
s
te
a
d r
e
tu
r
ns
f
e
a
s
ib
le
s
ol
ut
io
ns
w
it
h va
r
yi
ng de
gr
e
e
s
of
s
ol
ut
io
n ga
ps
w
it
hi
n t
he
a
ll
ow
e
d s
ol
ut
io
n t
im
e
.
T
he
F
L
C
+
G
A
a
nd
s
ta
nda
r
d
G
A
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
out
pe
r
f
or
m
C
P
L
E
X
in
te
r
m
s
of
s
ol
ut
io
n
qua
li
ty
a
nd
C
P
U
ti
m
e
,
e
s
pe
c
ia
ll
y
on
th
e
la
r
ge
s
t
in
s
ta
nc
e
s
w
he
r
e
C
P
L
E
X
e
it
he
r
id
e
nt
if
ie
s
a
s
ol
ut
io
n
th
a
t
i
s
w
or
s
e
th
a
n
th
a
t
out
put
by
our
G
A
or
f
a
il
s
to
id
e
nt
if
y
a
f
e
a
s
ib
le
one
.
T
hi
s
is
du
e
to
th
e
G
A
’
s
s
e
le
c
ti
on
op
e
r
a
to
r
,
w
hi
c
h
e
na
bl
e
s
hi
gh
-
qua
li
ty
s
ol
ut
io
ns
to
be
s
e
le
c
t
e
d
f
or
r
e
pr
oduc
ti
on
dur
in
g
e
ve
r
y
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
th
e
c
r
os
s
ove
r
ope
r
a
to
r
a
ll
ow
s
f
or
th
e
s
ha
r
in
g
of
ge
ne
s
a
m
ong
two
hi
gh
-
qua
l
it
y
s
ol
ut
io
ns
,
pr
oduc
in
g
e
nh
a
nc
e
d
s
ol
ut
io
ns
in
e
ve
r
y
ne
w
g
e
ne
r
a
ti
on.
I
nde
e
d,
th
e
c
r
os
s
ove
r
i
s
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
in
m
e
r
gi
ng
di
ve
r
s
e
c
om
bi
na
ti
on
s
of
ge
n
e
s
a
nd
ha
s
a
n
a
dva
nt
a
ge
f
or
e
xpl
or
in
g
a
nd
e
xpl
oi
ti
ng
th
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
pa
c
e
,
r
e
s
u
lt
in
g
in
im
p
r
ove
d
s
ol
ut
io
n
qua
li
ty
a
nd
f
a
s
te
r
c
onve
r
ge
nc
e
.
W
he
n
th
e
num
be
r
of
c
om
m
odi
ti
e
s
gr
ow
s
,
F
L
C
+
G
A
out
pe
r
f
o
r
m
s
C
P
L
E
X
a
nd
th
e
s
ta
nda
r
d
G
A
r
e
ga
r
di
ng
s
ol
ut
io
n
qua
li
ty
a
nd
C
P
U
ti
m
e
.
I
n
m
a
ny
in
s
ta
nc
e
s
,
F
L
C
+
G
A
yi
e
ld
s
lo
w
e
r
C
P
U
ti
m
e
s
th
a
n
th
e
s
ta
nda
r
d
G
A
.
T
hi
s
de
m
ons
tr
a
te
s
th
a
t
F
L
C
c
a
n
a
da
pt
c
r
os
s
ove
r
a
nd
m
ut
a
ti
on
r
a
ti
os
to
im
pr
ove
G
A
s
e
a
r
c
h
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
in
F
L
C
+
G
A
,
c
r
os
s
ove
r
a
nd
m
ut
a
ti
on
pr
oba
bi
li
ti
e
s
c
a
n
be
a
dj
us
te
d
in
r
e
s
pons
e
to
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
c
ha
nge
s
,
a
lt
e
r
in
g
th
e
a
nt
ic
ip
a
te
d
pe
r
c
e
nt
a
g
e
of
c
hr
om
os
om
e
s
in
vol
ve
d
in
c
r
os
s
ov
e
r
a
nd
m
ut
a
ti
on
ope
r
a
to
r
s
.
T
hi
s
a
dj
us
tm
e
nt
m
us
t
be
f
ounde
d
on
th
e
p
opul
a
ti
on'
s
m
os
t
r
e
c
e
nt
s
ta
tu
s
a
nd
di
ve
r
s
it
y.
I
f
th
e
popula
ti
on'
s
a
ve
r
a
ge
f
it
ne
s
s
is
hi
ghe
r
ove
r
te
n
s
uc
c
e
s
s
i
ve
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ons
,
th
e
c
r
o
s
s
ove
r
a
nd
m
ut
a
ti
on
pr
oba
bi
li
ti
e
s
m
us
t
r
is
e
to
im
pr
ove
th
e
pr
oduc
ti
on
of
f
u
r
th
e
r
hi
gh
-
f
it
ne
s
s
c
hi
ld
r
e
n.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
if
th
e
c
r
os
s
ove
r
a
nd
m
ut
a
ti
on
r
a
ti
os
a
r
e
dyna
m
ic
a
ll
y
c
ont
r
ol
le
d
a
c
c
or
di
ng
to
th
e
di
ve
r
s
it
y
a
nd
a
ve
r
a
ge
f
it
ne
s
s
of
th
e
popula
ti
on,
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4204
th
e
G
A
s
e
a
r
c
h
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
m
a
y
be
e
nha
nc
e
d.
A
s
e
xpe
c
te
d,
th
e
c
om
m
odi
ty
num
be
r
,
ti
m
e
w
in
dow
w
id
th
, a
nd
s
e
le
c
ti
ve
a
s
p
e
c
t
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
im
pa
c
t
C
P
U
ti
m
e
.
I
n
a
ll
c
a
s
e
s
,
a
s
t
he
uns
e
le
c
te
d
c
om
m
odi
ty
num
be
r
gr
ow
s
,
th
e
tr
uc
ks
c
a
nnot
s
e
r
ve
s
om
e
c
om
m
odi
ti
e
s
, r
e
s
ul
ti
ng
in
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
d C
P
U
t
im
e
.
5.
C
O
N
C
L
U
S
I
O
N
I
n
th
is
pa
pe
r
, w
e
ha
v
e
s
ugge
s
te
d
a
m
e
ta
-
he
ur
is
ti
c
b
a
s
e
d
on
a
c
o
m
bi
na
ti
on
of
a
F
L
C
+
G
A
to
s
ol
ve
th
e
F
T
S
M
D
V
R
P
T
W
.
T
he
c
r
os
s
ove
r
a
nd mut
a
ti
on pr
oba
bi
li
ti
e
s
of
t
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
a
r
e
dyna
m
ic
a
ll
y a
dj
us
t
e
d
us
in
g
a
f
uz
z
y
c
ont
r
ol
le
r
te
c
hni
que
a
c
c
or
di
ng
to
th
e
popula
ti
on
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
in
pr
e
vi
ou
s
ge
n
e
r
a
ti
ons
dur
in
g
G
A
e
xe
c
ut
io
n.
E
xpe
r
im
e
nt
a
l
r
e
s
ul
ts
on
r
a
ndoml
y
g
e
ne
r
a
te
d
in
s
ta
nc
e
s
de
m
ons
tr
a
te
th
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
of
th
e
pr
opos
e
d
F
L
C
+
G
A
a
lg
or
it
hm
in
te
r
m
s
o
f
s
ol
ut
io
n
qua
li
ty
a
nd
C
P
U
ti
m
e
c
ons
um
e
d
c
om
pa
r
e
d
w
it
h
th
e
C
P
L
E
X
s
ol
ve
r
a
nd s
ta
nda
r
d G
A
. B
e
c
a
u
s
e
t
he
G
A
i
s
a
n
e
vol
ut
io
na
r
y a
ppr
oa
c
h,
f
ut
ur
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h c
oul
d i
nt
r
oduc
e
a
n i
nnova
ti
ve
,
a
ut
om
a
ti
c
m
e
th
od
th
a
t
c
om
bi
ne
s
F
L
C
+
G
A
a
nd
a
n
a
d
a
pt
iv
e
ne
twor
k
-
ba
s
e
d
f
uz
z
y
in
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
y
s
te
m
(
A
N
F
I
S
)
a
r
c
hi
te
c
tu
r
e
.
A
not
he
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
di
r
e
c
ti
on
is
c
ons
id
e
r
in
g
a
dyna
m
ic
F
T
S
M
D
V
R
P
T
W
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
r
out
in
g
unde
r
unc
e
r
ta
in
ty
.
R
E
F
E
R
E
N
C
E
S
[
1]
G
.
B
.
D
a
nt
z
i
g
a
nd
J
.
H
.
R
a
m
s
e
r
,
“
T
he
t
r
uc
k
di
s
pa
t
c
hi
ng
pr
obl
e
m
,”
M
anage
m
e
nt
Sc
i
e
nc
e
,
vol
.
6,
no.
1,
pp.
80
–
91,
1959,
doi
:
10.1287/
m
ns
c
.6.1.80.
[
2]
R
.
E
l
s
ha
e
r
a
nd
H
.
A
w
a
d
,
“
A
t
a
xonom
i
c
r
e
vi
e
w
of
m
e
t
a
he
ur
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
gor
i
t
hm
s
f
or
s
ol
vi
ng
t
he
ve
hi
c
l
e
r
out
i
ng
p
r
obl
e
m
a
nd
i
t
s
va
r
i
a
nt
s
,”
C
om
put
e
r
s
and I
ndu
s
t
r
i
al
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng
, vol
.
140
, pp.
1
–
19
, 20
20
, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.c
i
e
.2019.106242
.
[
3]
M
.
O
s
t
e
r
m
e
i
e
r
,
T
.
H
e
nke
,
A
.
H
übne
r
,
a
nd
G
.
W
ä
s
c
he
r
,
“
M
ul
t
i
-
c
om
pa
r
t
m
e
nt
ve
hi
c
l
e
r
out
i
ng
pr
obl
e
m
s
:
S
t
a
t
e
-
of
-
t
he
-
a
r
t
,
m
ode
l
i
ng
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
a
nd
f
ut
ur
e
di
r
e
c
t
i
ons
,”
E
ur
ope
an
J
ou
r
nal
of
O
pe
r
at
i
onal
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
,
vol
.
292
,
no.
3
,
pp.
799
–
817
,
2021,
doi
:
10.1016/
j
.e
j
or
.2020.11.009
.
[
4]
A
.
A
nnouc
h,
K
.
B
ouya
hya
oui
,
a
nd
A
.
B
e
l
l
a
bd
a
oui
,
“
A
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
r
e
vi
e
w
on
t
h
e
f
ul
l
t
r
a
c
kl
oa
d
ve
hi
c
l
e
r
out
i
ng
pr
obl
e
m
s
,”
P
r
oc
e
e
di
ng
s
of
t
he
3r
d
I
E
E
E
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on
L
ogi
s
t
i
c
s
O
pe
r
at
i
ons
M
anage
m
e
nt
,
G
O
L
2016
,
2016,
doi
:
10.1109/
G
O
L
.2016.7731723.
[
5]
J
.
K
.
L
e
ns
t
r
a
a
nd
A
.
H
.
G
.
R
.
K
a
n,
“
C
om
pl
e
xi
t
y
of
ve
hi
c
l
e
r
out
i
ng
a
nd
s
c
h
e
du
l
i
ng
pr
obl
e
m
s
,”
N
e
t
w
or
k
s
,
vol
.
11,
no.
2,
pp.
221
–
227, 1981, doi
:
10.1002/
ne
t
.3230110211.
[
6]
A
.
G
r
i
m
a
ul
t
,
N
.
B
os
t
e
l
,
a
nd
F
. L
e
hué
dé
, “
A
n
a
da
pt
i
ve
l
a
r
ge
n
e
i
ghbor
hood
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
or
t
he
f
ul
l
t
r
uc
kl
oa
d
pi
c
kup
a
nd
de
l
i
ve
r
y
pr
o
bl
e
m
w
i
t
h r
e
s
our
c
e
s
ync
hr
oni
z
a
t
i
on,”
C
om
put
e
r
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