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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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8938
IJ
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4
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2
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201
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:
3
7
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44
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5
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v
ar
co
m
p
e
n
s
ato
r
(
SVC
)
is
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t o
f
F
A
C
T
S.
T
h
e
p
ap
e
r
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
l
lo
w
s
:
Sectio
n
2
d
ea
ls
w
it
h
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
en
er
g
y
as
a
p
ar
t
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
an
d
it’s
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
w
it
h
m
ai
n
g
r
id
.
Sectio
n
3
ex
p
l
ain
s
t
h
e
u
n
i
f
ied
p
o
w
er
q
u
ali
t
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
as
a
co
m
p
e
n
s
at
in
g
d
ev
ice.
A
ls
o
g
i
v
en
h
er
e
ar
e
th
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
w
h
ich
i
n
cl
u
d
es
th
e
f
u
zz
y
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
an
d
t
h
e
r
u
le
b
ase.
Sectio
n
4
d
ea
ls
w
it
h
s
i
m
u
lati
o
n
r
esu
lt
s
.
Sectio
n
5
co
n
clu
d
es
th
e
p
ap
er
w
ith
cr
itical
an
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
r
es
u
lts
o
f
s
i
m
u
latio
n
.
2.
G
RI
D
I
N
T
E
RF
ACIN
G
S
YS
T
E
M
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
g
r
id
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
s
u
c
h
as
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
th
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
ese
ad
v
an
tag
e
s
in
cl
u
d
e
th
e
f
a
v
o
r
ab
le
i
n
ce
n
ti
v
es
i
n
m
an
y
co
u
n
tr
ie
s
t
h
at
i
m
p
ac
t
s
t
r
aig
h
t
f
o
r
w
ar
d
l
y
o
n
th
e
co
m
m
er
cial
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
ted
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
i
m
p
o
s
e
s
t
h
e
n
e
ce
s
s
it
y
o
f
h
a
v
i
n
g
g
o
o
d
q
u
alit
y
d
esig
n
i
n
g
to
o
ls
an
d
a
w
a
y
to
ac
cu
r
atel
y
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
r
e
e
-
p
h
a
s
e
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
s
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
i
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
m
a
k
e
a
s
o
u
n
d
d
ec
is
io
n
o
n
w
h
eth
er
o
r
n
o
t to
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
th
is
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
to
th
e
el
ec
tr
ic
u
tili
t
y
g
r
id
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Mic
r
o
g
r
id
P
o
w
er
S
y
s
te
m
2
.
1
.
P
ho
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
Cell
P
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
g
e
n
er
atin
g
elec
tr
ical
p
o
w
er
b
y
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
in
to
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
u
s
in
g
p
o
w
er
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
d
ev
ices.
T
h
ese
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
s
er
ies
a
n
d
p
ar
a
llel
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
ated
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
te
m
is
v
ar
ied
as
ch
a
n
g
es
o
cc
u
r
in
th
e
in
p
u
t
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
e
l
i.e
.
s
u
n
r
ad
iatio
n
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
g
et
m
ax
i
m
u
m
o
u
tp
u
t a
t a
n
y
i
n
s
ta
n
t o
f
ti
m
e.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
P
V
Sy
s
te
m
w
it
h
P
o
w
er
C
o
n
v
er
ter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
-
AI
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8938
I
mp
r
o
ve
men
t
o
f P
o
w
er Qu
a
lity
f
o
r
Micr
o
g
r
id
u
s
in
g
F
u
z
z
y
B
a
s
ed
Up
q
c
C
o
n
tr
o
ller
(
A
b
d
u
l
R
a
s
h
ee
d
)
39
W
it
h
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
co
m
m
er
cial
o
r
d
o
m
esti
c
ap
p
lian
ce
s
s
u
c
h
as
s
en
s
iti
v
e
o
r
n
o
n
-
li
n
ea
r
lo
ad
s
th
e
y
ca
u
s
e
th
e
c
h
an
g
es
in
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
y
s
te
m
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
v
o
lta
g
e
o
r
cu
r
r
en
t
u
n
b
ala
n
c
es
o
r
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
in
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
o
th
er
p
o
w
er
q
u
ali
t
y
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
e
et
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
o
f
p
o
w
er
q
u
a
lit
y
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
it
i
s
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
to
u
s
e
s
o
m
e
s
o
r
t
o
f
co
m
p
en
s
ati
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es.
B
asicall
y
,
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
ir
s
t
g
e
n
e
r
atio
n
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
ele
m
e
n
ts
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
co
m
p
en
s
ati
n
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
L
ater
,
a
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
co
n
tr
o
l
b
ased
d
ev
ices
ar
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
.
3.
UNIFI
E
D
P
O
WE
R
Q
U
AL
I
T
Y
CO
NT
RO
L
L
E
R
On
e
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
e
n
s
ati
n
g
d
ev
ices
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
F
AC
T
S
f
a
m
il
y
,
ca
lled
U
n
i
f
ied
P
o
w
e
r
Qu
alit
y
C
o
n
d
itio
n
er
,
i
s
t
h
e
e
f
f
icie
n
t
m
eth
o
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
p
o
w
er
q
u
alit
y
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
Un
i
f
ied
p
o
w
e
r
q
u
alit
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
a
co
m
b
in
a
tio
n
o
f
s
er
ies
a
n
d
s
h
u
n
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
ep
ar
ated
b
y
a
co
m
m
o
n
d
c
-
li
n
k
f
o
r
e
x
ch
a
n
g
in
g
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
.
A
s
h
u
n
t
d
ev
ice
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
ated
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
w
h
ich
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
at
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
is
s
h
u
n
t
co
m
p
e
n
s
ated
s
y
s
te
m
h
as
t
h
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
eit
h
er
ab
s
o
r
b
in
g
o
r
g
en
er
ati
n
g
ac
t
iv
e
p
o
w
er
at
t
h
e
p
o
in
t
o
f
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
th
er
eb
y
co
n
tr
o
l
lin
g
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
m
a
g
n
it
u
d
e.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
e
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
m
a
g
n
it
u
d
e
ca
n
o
n
l
y
b
e
v
ar
ied
w
it
h
i
n
ce
r
tain
li
m
it
s
,
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
i
n
th
is
w
a
y
i
s
li
m
ited
an
d
s
h
u
n
t
d
ev
ices
m
ain
l
y
s
er
v
e
o
th
er
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
A
d
ev
ice
th
a
t
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ie
s
w
it
h
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
l
in
e
is
r
ef
e
r
r
ed
to
as
a
‘
s
er
ie
s
d
ev
ice’
.
Ser
ies
d
ev
ice
s
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
th
e
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
o
f
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
li
n
es.
T
h
e
p
r
in
cip
le
is
to
ch
an
g
e
(
r
ed
u
ce
o
r
in
cr
ea
s
e)
th
e
lin
e
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
b
y
i
n
s
er
tin
g
a
r
ea
cto
r
o
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
.
T
o
co
m
p
en
s
ate
f
o
r
th
e
in
d
u
cti
v
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
,
a
ca
p
ac
ito
r
ca
n
b
e
in
s
er
t
ed
in
th
e
li
n
e
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
li
n
e
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
.
T
h
e
s
er
ies
co
m
p
e
n
s
ated
d
ev
ic
e
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
i
n
s
er
ies
w
i
th
t
h
e
li
n
e
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
lli
n
g
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
c
h
as tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
b
y
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
r
ea
ctan
ce
,
f
l
u
ct
u
atio
n
s
i
n
s
y
s
te
m
v
o
lta
g
e.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
B
lo
ck
Diag
r
a
m
o
f
O
v
er
all
C
o
n
tr
o
l Str
u
ct
u
r
e
w
it
h
Ser
ies C
o
n
v
er
ter
T
h
e
s
er
ies
co
n
tr
o
ller
w
h
ich
is
ex
p
lai
n
ed
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
ec
tio
n
i
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
co
m
p
e
n
s
at
in
g
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
q
u
alit
y
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
.
I
t
is
co
n
tr
o
ll
ed
w
it
h
h
elp
o
f
t
h
r
ee
p
h
ase
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
g
ate
p
u
ls
e
s
f
o
r
th
is
s
er
ies
co
n
v
er
ter
ar
e
g
en
er
ated
w
it
h
t
h
e
h
elp
o
f
clo
s
ed
lo
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l
d
iag
r
am
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
4
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
e,
f
ir
s
t
th
e
v
o
lta
g
es
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
an
d
th
e
er
r
o
r
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
is
is
co
n
v
er
ted
to
t
w
o
p
h
ase
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
v
ec
to
r
s
.
W
ith
th
e
h
elp
o
f
t
h
is
v
ec
to
r
s
t
h
e
p
u
ls
e
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
er
ie
s
co
n
v
er
ter
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
.
3
.
1
.
C
lo
s
ed
lo
o
p Co
ntr
o
l D
ia
g
ra
m
f
o
r
Sh
un
t
Co
nv
er
t
er
T
h
e
clo
s
ed
lo
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l
cir
cu
it
o
f
t
h
e
s
h
u
n
t
co
n
v
er
ter
w
h
ic
h
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
g
en
er
ati
n
g
g
a
te
p
u
ls
es
f
o
r
th
r
ee
p
h
ase
v
o
lta
g
e
s
o
u
r
ce
c
o
n
v
er
ter
is
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
[
6
]
.
Fro
m
t
h
is
f
ig
u
r
e
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
ec
to
r
cu
r
r
en
ts
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
t
h
e
ac
tu
al
lo
ad
cu
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2
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IJ
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N:
2252
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8938
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i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
T
HD.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
F
W
a
n
g
,
JL
Du
a
rte,
M
A
M
He
n
d
rix
.
G
rid
-
In
terf
a
c
in
g
Co
n
v
e
rter
S
y
ste
m
s
w
it
h
En
h
a
n
c
e
d
V
o
l
tag
e
Qu
a
li
ty
f
o
r
M
icro
g
rid
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
a
n
d
Im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
.
IEE
E
.
2
0
1
1
;
26
(
12
).
[2
]
F
W
a
n
g
,
J
L
Du
a
rte,
M
A
M
He
n
d
rix
.
P
li
a
n
t
a
c
ti
v
e
a
n
d
re
a
c
ti
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
tro
l
f
o
r
g
rid
-
in
tera
c
ti
v
e
c
o
n
v
e
rters
u
n
d
e
r
u
n
b
a
la
n
c
e
d
v
o
lt
a
g
e
d
ip
s.
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
,
in
p
re
ss
,
2
0
1
0
;
26
(
5
)
.
[3
]
H F
a
rh
a
n
g
i.
T
h
e
p
a
th
o
f
th
e
sm
a
rt
g
r
id
.
IEE
E
Po
we
r E
n
e
rg
y
M
a
g
.
,
2
0
1
0
;
8
(1
)
:
1
8
-
2
8
.
[4
]
H
F
u
ji
ta,
H
A
k
a
g
i.
T
h
e
u
n
if
ied
p
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
li
ty
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
e
r:
th
e
i
n
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
se
ries
-
a
n
d
sh
u
n
t
-
a
c
ti
v
e
f
il
ters
.
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
.
1
9
9
8
;
13
(
2
):
3
1
5
-
3
2
2
.
[5
]
S
S
il
v
a
,
P
F
Do
n
o
so
-
G
a
rc
ia,
P
C
Co
rti
z
o
,
PF
S
e
ix
a
s
.
A
th
re
e
p
h
a
se
li
n
e
-
in
tera
c
ti
v
e
u
p
s
sy
st
e
m
i
m
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
w
it
h
se
ries
-
p
a
ra
ll
e
l
a
c
ti
v
e
p
o
we
r
-
li
n
e
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
i
n
g
c
a
p
a
b
il
it
ies
.
I
EE
E
T
r
a
n
s.
I
n
d
.
Ap
p
l
.
,
2
0
0
2
;
38
(
6
):
1
5
8
1
-
1
5
9
0
.
[6
]
B
Ha
n
,
B
Ba
e
,
H
Kim
,
S
Ba
e
k
.
Co
m
b
in
e
d
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
u
n
if
i
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
-
q
u
a
li
ty
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
e
r
with
d
istri
b
u
ted
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
.
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
P
o
we
r De
li
v
e
ry
.
2
0
0
6
;
21
(
1
):
3
3
0
-
3
3
8
.
[7
]
H T
a
o
.
In
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
su
sta
in
a
b
le en
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
s th
ro
u
g
h
p
o
w
e
r
e
l
e
c
tro
n
ic co
n
v
e
rters
in
s
m
a
ll
d
istri
b
u
ted
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s
.
P
h
D
d
isse
rtat
io
n
,
Ei
n
d
h
o
v
e
n
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
2
0
0
8
.
[8
]
JM
G
u
e
rre
ro
,
LG
D
V
icu
n
a
,
J
M
a
tas
,
M
Ca
stil
la,
J
M
iret
.
A
w
irele
ss
c
o
n
tro
l
ler
to
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
p
a
ra
ll
e
l
in
v
e
rters
in
d
istri
b
u
ted
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
sy
st
e
m
s.
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
.
2
0
0
4
;
19
(
5
):
1
2
0
5
-
1
2
1
3
.
[9
]
YW
L
i,
CN
Ka
o
.
A
n
a
c
c
u
ra
te
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
tro
l
stra
teg
ies
f
o
r
p
o
w
e
r
-
e
lec
tro
n
ic
-
in
terf
a
c
e
d
d
istri
b
u
ted
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
u
n
it
s
o
p
e
ra
ti
n
g
i
n
a
l
o
w
-
v
o
lt
a
g
e
m
u
lt
i
b
u
s m
icr
o
g
rid
.
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
.
2
0
0
9
;
24
(
12
):
2
9
7
7
-
2
9
8
8
.
[1
0
]
F
W
a
n
g
,
JL
Du
a
rte,
M
A
M
He
n
d
rix
.
Rec
o
n
fi
g
u
ri
n
g
g
ri
d
i
n
ter
fa
c
i
n
g
c
o
n
v
e
rte
rs
fo
r
p
o
we
r
q
u
a
li
ty
i
mp
ro
v
e
me
n
t
.
i
n
P
r
o
c
.
IEE
E
Be
n
e
l
u
x
Yo
u
n
g
Re
se
a
rc
h
e
rs S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
,
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
2
0
0
8
:
1
-
6.
[1
1
]
S
u
n
g
w
o
o
Ba
e
,
A
le
x
is
K
w
a
sin
sk
i
.
Dy
n
a
m
i
c
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
O
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
S
trate
g
y
f
o
r
a
M
icro
g
rid
w
it
h
W
in
d
a
n
d
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic Re
so
u
rc
e
s.
IEE
E
T
R
ANS
ACT
IONS
ON S
M
AR
T
GRID
.
2
0
1
2
;
3
(
4
).
[1
2
]
LH
T
e
y
,
M
e
m
b
e
r,
IEE
E,
PL
S
o
,
S
e
n
io
r
M
e
m
b
e
r,
IEE
E,
YC
Ch
u
,
M
e
m
b
e
r,
IEE
E
Im
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
Qu
a
li
t
y
Usi
n
g
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
S
h
u
n
t
A
c
ti
v
e
F
il
ter.
IEE
E
T
RA
NS
AC
T
IONS
ON P
OW
ER
DEL
IV
ERY
.
2
0
0
5
;
2
0
(
2
).
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
Y
AU
T
H
O
R
M
r.
A
b
d
u
l
Ra
sh
e
e
d
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
i
s
B.
tec
h
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
G
u
d
lav
a
ll
e
ru
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Co
ll
e
g
e
,
G
u
d
lav
a
ll
e
ru
a
n
d
h
e
is
p
u
r
su
in
g
M
.
T
e
c
h
d
e
g
re
e
in
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
st
e
m
s
f
ro
m
K.L
.
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
V
a
d
d
e
sw
a
r
a
m
,
G
u
n
tu
r
.
His
a
re
a
o
f
in
tres
t
a
r
e
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
P
r
o
tec
ti
o
n
,
m
a
c
h
in
e
s,
re
n
e
w
a
b
le en
e
rg
y
s
y
ste
m
s,
Distrib
u
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s an
d
F
A
CT
S
Co
n
tro
ll
e
rs.
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