I
A
E
S
I
n
t
e
r
n
at
io
n
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
A
r
t
if
ic
ia
l
I
n
t
e
ll
ig
e
n
c
e
(
I
J
-
AI
)
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
3
,
J
une
2025
, pp.
1708
~
1718
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
,
D
O
I
:
10.11591/
ij
a
i.
v
14
.i
3
.pp
1708
-
1718
1708
Jou
r
n
al
h
om
e
page
:
ht
tp
:
//
ij
ai
.
ia
e
s
c
or
e
.c
om
H
ow
am
b
i
d
e
xt
r
ou
s e
n
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
i
al
l
e
ad
e
r
s r
e
ac
t
t
o t
h
e
ar
t
i
f
i
c
i
al
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
ge
n
c
e
b
oom
K
an
d
as
am
y
I
n
d
r
avat
h
y
, N
oor
li
z
aw
at
i
A
b
d
R
ah
im
D
e
pa
r
t
m
e
nt
of
B
us
i
ne
s
s
I
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
, H
um
a
ni
t
i
e
s
a
nd
G
ov
e
r
na
nc
e
, F
a
c
ul
t
y of
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
I
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
, U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
i
T
e
knol
ogi
M
a
l
a
ys
i
a
K
ua
l
a
L
um
pur
, K
ua
l
a
L
um
pur
, M
a
l
a
ys
i
a
A
r
t
ic
le
I
n
f
o
A
B
S
T
R
A
C
T
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
to
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
iv
e
d
A
ug
14, 2024
R
e
vi
s
e
d
F
e
b 26, 2025
A
c
c
e
pt
e
d
M
a
r
15, 2025
Artificial
intelligence
(AI)
now
plays
a
central
role
in
enhancing
b
usiness
competit
iveness
by
transform
ing
systems
,
frameworks,
and
man
agerial
strategies.
This
study
employs
a
systematic
literature
review
(SLR)
approach,
utili
zing
the
'
Consens
us
AI'
search
platform
to
explore
the
characterist
ics
and
roles
of
ambidext
rous
entrepreneuri
al
leaders
in
the
AI
era.
Consensus
AI
is
an
AI
-
powered
search
engine
that
automat
es
the
processes
of
reviews,
literature
searches,
screening,
and
data
extract
ion.
It
also
utilizes
'
rese
arch
question
searches'
within
SLRs
to
avoid
the
chal
lenges
of
ambiguity
and
irrelevant
information
associated
with
'
keyword
sea
rches,'
delivering
more
directly
relevant
results
and
finding
featured
snippets
that
answer
specific
questions.
A
research
gap
exists
concerning
how
ambidext
rous
leadership
adapts
to
the
AI
boom,
highli
ghting
lea
dership
dynamics
in
the
digital
age.
The
findings
emphasize
the
critical
r
ole
of
ambidext
rous
entrepreneuri
al
leadership
(AEL)
in
guidin
g
organi
zations
through
the
AI
boom,
enabling
them
to
leverage
AI
for
innovat
ion,
agilit
y,
and
competitiveness.
Organizations
that
effectively
implement
A
EL
by
integrating
AI
technologie
s
can
position
themselves
for
long
-
term
s
uccess.
Key
insights
show
the
importance
of
AEL
approaches,
and
future
re
search
may explor
e challe
nges that a
rise for
ambidextrous
entrepr
eneurial
lea
ders in
the era
of AI, su
ch as eth
ical consid
erations a
nd organiz
ational cultu
re.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
A
m
bi
de
xt
e
r
it
y
A
r
ti
f
ic
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
C
ons
e
ns
u
s
E
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
L
e
a
de
r
s
hi
p
This is an
open
acce
ss artic
le unde
r the
CC BY
-
SA
license.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
di
n
g A
u
th
or
:
K
a
nda
s
a
m
y I
ndr
a
va
th
y
D
e
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
B
us
in
e
s
s
I
nt
e
ll
ig
e
nc
e
,
H
um
a
ni
ti
e
s
a
nd G
ove
r
na
nc
e
, F
a
c
ul
ty
of
A
r
ti
f
ic
ia
l
I
nt
e
ll
ig
e
nc
e
U
ni
ve
r
s
it
i
T
e
knol
ogi
M
a
la
y
s
ia
K
ua
la
L
um
pur
S
ul
ta
n Y
a
hya
P
e
tr
a
S
t.
(
S
e
m
a
r
a
k
S
t.
)
,
K
ua
la
L
um
pur
54100
,
M
a
la
ys
ia
E
m
a
il
:
in
dr
a
va
th
y@
gr
a
dua
te
.ut
m
.m
y
1.
I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
A
r
ti
f
ic
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
(
A
I
)
ha
s
de
ve
lo
pe
d
in
a
s
u
s
ta
in
a
bl
e
m
a
nne
r
a
nd
ha
s
h
a
d
a
bi
g
im
pa
c
t
in
th
e
21
st
c
e
nt
ur
y
[
1]
. I
n o
r
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
, A
I
c
oul
d ge
ne
r
a
te
bus
in
e
s
s
va
lu
e
w
it
h de
e
pe
r
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng of
i
ts
a
dopt
io
n,
va
lu
e
-
c
r
e
a
ti
ng
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
s
,
k
e
y
e
na
bl
e
r
s
,
a
nd
in
hi
bi
to
r
s
[
2]
.
T
he
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
of
A
I
s
ys
t
e
m
s
th
a
t
m
ode
l
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
a
c
ti
vi
ty
th
r
ough
unc
e
r
ta
in
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
s
is
pr
o
m
is
in
g
a
s
it
f
or
m
s
ne
w
w
a
ys
of
f
ut
ur
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
on
th
e
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
de
c
is
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng
pr
oc
e
s
s
[
3]
.
W
he
n
c
om
bi
ne
d
w
it
h
th
e
po
s
it
iv
e
im
pa
c
t
of
A
I
on
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
s
hi
p,
oppor
tu
ni
ti
e
s
,
de
c
is
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng,
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
,
a
nd
e
duc
a
ti
on
a
m
ong
ot
he
r
th
in
gs
,
th
e
pr
oc
e
s
s
of
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
s
hi
p i
s
gr
ow
in
g
[
4]
.
A
I
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
a
r
e
pr
ogr
e
s
s
iv
e
ly
e
m
e
r
gi
ng
a
s
pi
vot
a
l
c
a
ta
l
ys
ts
of
in
nova
ti
on
a
nd
c
om
pe
ti
ti
ve
a
dva
nt
a
ge
,
w
it
h
s
c
hol
a
r
ly
in
ve
s
ti
ga
ti
ons
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
ti
ng
on
th
e
ir
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
in
r
e
s
ha
pi
ng
de
c
is
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
,
e
nha
nc
in
g
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y,
a
nd
r
e
f
in
in
g
s
tr
a
te
gi
c
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
w
it
hi
n
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
[
5]
,
[
6]
.
C
ur
r
e
nt
a
c
a
de
m
ic
di
s
c
our
s
e
unde
r
s
c
or
e
s
th
e
pot
e
nt
ia
l
of
A
I
t
o
e
nha
nc
e
bot
h
e
xpl
or
a
to
r
y
a
nd
e
xpl
oi
ta
ti
ve
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
H
ow
am
bi
de
x
tr
ou
s
e
nt
r
e
p
r
e
ne
u
r
ia
l
le
ade
r
s
r
e
ac
t
to
th
e
ar
ti
fi
c
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
boom
(
K
andas
am
y
I
ndr
a
v
at
hy
)
1709
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
s
[
7]
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
th
e
r
e
e
xi
s
t
s
a
pa
u
c
it
y
of
s
tu
di
e
s
th
a
t
s
p
e
c
if
ic
a
ll
y
a
s
s
e
s
s
it
s
e
f
f
e
c
ts
on
le
a
de
r
s
hi
p
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
,
e
s
p
e
c
ia
ll
y
in
th
e
c
ont
e
xt
of
a
m
bi
de
x
tr
ous
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
le
a
de
r
s
hi
p
(
A
E
L
)
.
T
hi
s
id
e
nt
if
ie
d
ga
p
unde
r
s
c
or
e
s
a
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
im
pe
r
a
ti
ve
to
in
ve
s
ti
ga
te
th
e
ne
xus
be
twe
e
n
A
I
a
nd
le
a
de
r
s
hi
p,
a
c
or
r
e
la
ti
on t
ha
t
r
e
m
a
in
s
i
na
de
qua
te
ly
e
xpl
or
e
d w
it
hi
n e
xt
a
nt
s
c
hol
a
r
ly
l
it
e
r
a
tu
r
e
.
T
he
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
le
a
de
r
s
hi
p
(
E
L
)
on
de
c
is
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
i
s
m
a
jo
r
,
a
s
it
c
om
bi
ne
s
r
a
ti
ona
l,
in
tu
it
iv
e
,
a
nd
s
tr
a
te
gi
c
m
e
th
od
s
.
T
hi
s
c
om
bi
na
ti
on
a
ll
ow
s
le
a
d
e
r
s
to
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
m
a
n
e
uve
r
unc
e
r
ta
in
ty
a
nd
c
om
pl
e
xi
ty
,
th
us
e
n
s
ur
in
g
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
gr
ow
th
a
nd
in
nova
ti
on
[
8]
–
[
10]
.
S
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ul
ly
e
xe
r
c
is
in
g
th
is
le
a
de
r
s
hi
p
a
ppr
oa
c
h
de
m
a
nd
s
de
e
p
knowle
dge
of
in
di
vi
dua
l
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
,
c
ogni
ti
ve
bi
a
s
e
s
,
a
nd t
he
dyna
m
ic
r
e
la
ti
ons
be
twe
e
n t
he
l
e
a
de
r
a
nd t
he
ir
t
e
a
m
[
1
1]
, [
12]
.
A
m
bi
de
xt
r
ous
is
th
e
a
bi
li
ty
to
us
e
bot
h
ha
nd
s
e
qua
ll
y,
a
nd
in
a
br
oa
de
r
c
ont
e
xt
,
e
s
pe
c
ia
ll
y
in
bus
in
e
s
s
a
nd
m
a
na
g
e
m
e
nt
,
it
is
th
e
a
bi
li
ty
of
a
n
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on
to
m
a
na
ge
s
im
ul
ta
ne
ou
s
ly
e
xpl
or
a
to
r
y
a
c
ti
vi
ti
e
s
r
e
la
te
d
to
in
nova
ti
on
a
nd
th
e
di
s
c
ove
r
y
of
n
e
w
oppor
tu
ni
t
ie
s
w
it
h
e
xpl
oi
ta
ti
ve
a
c
ti
vi
ti
e
s
c
e
nt
e
r
e
d
on
in
c
r
e
m
e
nt
a
l
opt
im
iz
a
ti
on
a
nd
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y.
T
hi
s
dua
l
c
om
pe
te
nc
y
a
ll
ow
s
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
to
m
a
ne
uve
r
th
r
ough
a
n
e
m
e
r
gi
ng
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
w
it
h
s
us
ta
in
e
d
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
[
13]
,
[
14]
.
I
n
th
e
s
a
m
e
ve
in
,
E
L
c
onc
e
r
ns
m
a
na
gi
ng
a
n
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on
by
s
im
ul
ta
ne
ous
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
or
ne
w
oppor
tu
ni
ti
e
s
a
nd
e
xpl
oi
ta
ti
on
of
c
ur
r
e
nt
oppor
tu
ni
ti
e
s
[
15]
.
T
he
la
tt
e
r
ki
nd
of
le
a
de
r
s
hi
p
ope
ns
a
n
d
e
xpl
oi
ts
oppor
tu
ni
ti
e
s
th
r
ough
th
e
us
e
of
knowle
dge
,
c
ogni
ti
ve
s
ki
ll
s
,
s
tr
a
te
gi
c
de
c
is
io
ns
,
a
nd
dyna
m
ic
c
a
pa
bi
li
ti
e
s
to
in
te
gr
a
te
e
xpl
or
a
ti
on
a
nd
e
xpl
oi
ta
ti
on
in
th
e
in
nova
ti
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
a
nd
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
gr
ow
th
[
16]
–
[
18]
.
T
hi
s
a
ppr
oa
c
h
in
te
gr
a
t
e
s
e
xpl
or
a
ti
on a
nd e
xpl
oi
ta
ti
on t
o dr
iv
e
i
nnova
ti
on a
nd or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
gr
ow
th
[
19]
.
D
e
s
pi
te
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
i
nve
s
ti
ga
ti
on
s
i
nt
o t
he
ove
r
a
r
c
hi
ng i
m
p
a
c
ts
of
A
I
on bus
in
e
s
s
ope
r
a
ti
ons
a
nd
in
nova
ti
on, t
he
r
e
e
xi
s
ts
a
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ga
p i
n t
he
s
c
hol
a
r
ly
di
s
c
ou
r
s
e
t
ha
t
s
pe
c
if
ic
a
ll
y e
xa
m
in
e
s
t
he
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
s
th
r
ough
w
hi
c
h
A
E
L
in
te
gr
a
te
A
I
in
to
bot
h
e
xpl
or
a
to
r
y
a
nd
e
xpl
oi
ta
ti
ve
e
nde
a
vor
s
.
W
hi
le
a
c
ons
id
e
r
a
bl
e
por
ti
on
of
th
e
e
xi
s
ti
ng
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
ha
s
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
te
d
on
th
e
r
ol
e
of
A
I
in
a
ugm
e
nt
in
g
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
de
c
is
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng
[
5]
,
th
e
r
e
r
e
m
a
in
s
a
ga
p
of
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g
how
le
a
de
r
s
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
r
e
c
onc
il
e
A
I
-
dr
iv
e
n
in
nova
ti
on
w
it
h
th
e
opt
im
iz
a
ti
on
of
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
[
20]
.
T
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
body
of
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
pr
e
dom
in
a
nt
ly
unde
r
s
c
or
e
s
th
e
a
m
bi
de
xt
r
ous
qua
li
ti
e
s
of
le
a
de
r
s
hi
p
in
pr
om
ot
in
g
bot
h
in
nova
ti
on
a
nd
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y,
ye
t
f
r
e
que
nt
ly
ne
gl
e
c
ts
th
e
in
te
gr
a
ti
on
of
A
I
te
c
hno
lo
gi
e
s
w
it
hi
n
th
e
s
e
dua
l
s
tr
a
te
gi
c
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
.
T
hi
s
in
ve
s
ti
ga
ti
on
s
e
e
ks
to
r
e
m
e
dy
th
is
de
f
ic
ie
nc
y
by
e
xpl
or
in
g
th
e
a
tt
r
ib
ut
e
s
a
nd
f
unc
ti
on
s
of
A
E
L
w
it
hi
n
th
e
c
ont
e
xt
of
th
e
A
I
boom,
th
e
r
e
by
of
f
e
r
in
g
a
nove
l
pe
r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
poi
nt
on
th
e
e
vol
ut
io
n
of
le
a
de
r
s
hi
p
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
i
n r
e
s
pon
s
e
t
o t
he
e
xi
ge
n
c
ie
s
of
di
gi
ta
l
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
a
ti
on.
H
e
nc
e
,
th
i
s
s
tu
dy
a
im
s
to
e
xpl
or
e
A
E
L
in
th
e
A
I
boom
a
ge
f
o
r
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
.
T
o
da
t
e
,
no
pr
e
vi
ous
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
tu
dy
ha
s
f
oc
us
e
d
on
th
e
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
p
be
twe
e
n
A
I
a
nd A
E
L
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
in
c
ont
in
ua
ti
on
of
th
is
de
a
r
th
of
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
a
bout
th
is
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
p,
th
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
pa
pe
r
c
ondu
c
ts
a
s
y
s
te
m
a
ti
c
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
r
e
vi
e
w
(
S
L
R
)
on
s
tu
di
e
s
i
nve
s
ti
ga
ti
ng A
E
L
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
a
nd r
ol
e
s
a
nd t
he
ir
r
e
s
pons
e
t
o t
he
A
I
boom. T
he
f
ol
lo
w
in
g r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
que
s
ti
ons
l
e
a
d t
he
p
a
pe
r
s
tu
dy
:
‒
W
ha
t
c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
is
ti
c
s
do
a
m
bi
de
xt
r
ous
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
le
a
d
e
r
s
pos
s
e
s
s
th
a
t
e
m
pow
e
r
th
e
m
to
s
uc
c
e
e
d
in
th
e
e
r
a
of
AI
?
‒
W
ha
t
r
ol
e
s
a
r
e
c
a
r
r
ie
d out by a
m
bi
de
xt
r
ous
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
le
a
d
e
r
s
i
n l
e
ve
r
a
gi
ng
AI
in
t
he
e
r
a
of
AI
?
T
he
r
e
s
ul
ts
of
th
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
r
e
a
nt
ic
ip
a
te
d
to
pr
ovi
de
va
lu
a
b
le
in
s
ig
ht
s
on
th
e
a
bi
li
ti
e
s
a
nd
pr
of
ic
ie
nc
ie
s
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
f
or
pr
of
ic
ie
nt
le
a
de
r
s
hi
p
w
it
hi
n
th
e
a
dva
nc
in
g
di
gi
ta
l
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
,
f
ur
ni
s
hi
ng
p
r
a
c
ti
c
a
l
r
e
c
om
m
e
nda
ti
ons
f
or
pr
ogr
a
m
s
a
im
e
d
a
t
e
nha
nc
in
g
le
a
de
r
s
hi
p
c
a
pa
bi
li
ti
e
s
a
nd
m
a
ki
ng
s
tr
a
te
gi
c
d
e
c
is
io
ns
in
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
dr
iv
e
n by AI
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
A
T
U
R
E
R
E
V
I
E
W
2.1. Ove
r
vi
e
w
of
a
r
t
if
ic
ia
l
in
t
e
ll
ig
e
n
c
e
an
d
am
b
id
e
xt
r
ou
s
e
n
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
ia
l
le
ad
e
r
s
h
ip
A
lt
e
r
n
a
ti
ve
in
v
e
s
tm
e
nt
i
s
a
n
in
t
e
g
r
a
l
pa
r
t
of
t
e
c
hn
ol
o
gi
e
s
th
a
t
s
ig
ni
f
i
c
a
nt
ly
e
nh
a
n
c
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
,
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
,
a
nd
c
r
e
a
ti
vi
t
y
i
n
b
u
s
in
e
s
s
d
e
c
i
s
i
on
-
m
a
k
in
g
.
T
he
s
e
e
nh
a
nc
e
m
e
nt
s
l
e
a
d
d
ir
e
c
t
ly
to
im
pr
ov
e
d
or
g
a
ni
z
a
ti
o
n
a
l
s
u
c
c
e
s
s
.
A
ddi
ti
o
na
ll
y
,
A
I
dr
iv
e
s
tr
a
n
s
f
or
m
a
t
iv
e
c
h
a
ng
e
s
in
or
g
a
n
iz
a
ti
on
a
l
bu
s
in
e
s
s
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
[
21
]
.
A
I
ha
s
g
on
e
th
r
o
ug
h
r
a
p
id
e
vol
ut
i
on
f
r
o
m
it
s
in
i
ti
a
l
d
e
v
e
lo
pm
e
nt
s
t
a
ge
.
I
t
ha
s
n
ow
b
e
c
om
e
a
f
l
e
xi
bl
e
a
nd
a
da
pt
i
ve
m
e
th
o
d
f
or
a
c
h
ie
vi
n
g
o
bj
e
c
t
iv
e
s
a
nd
ta
s
k
s
f
a
r
be
y
ond
it
s
or
ig
i
na
l
s
c
op
e
,
e
m
e
r
gi
ng
a
s
a
po
li
s
h
e
d
,
w
or
k
a
b
le
e
nt
i
ty
w
it
hi
n
b
u
s
in
e
s
s
[
2
2]
.
A
I
c
r
e
a
te
s
v
a
lu
e
by
e
xpl
or
in
g
it
s
i
m
pl
ic
a
t
io
n
s
,
p
ot
e
nt
ia
l
a
pp
li
c
a
ti
o
ns
,
a
n
d
m
e
t
hod
ol
ogi
e
s
,
th
e
r
e
by
e
na
bl
i
ng
a
c
le
a
r
e
r
u
nd
e
r
s
t
a
n
di
n
g o
f
e
vo
lv
in
g
bu
s
i
ne
s
s
l
a
nd
s
c
a
pe
s
a
nd
t
r
e
nd
s
[
23
]
.
T
h
e
pot
e
n
ti
a
l
r
e
l
a
ti
on
s
hi
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
A
I
a
n
d
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
hi
p
un
de
r
s
c
o
r
e
s
t
he
ne
c
e
s
s
it
y
to
r
e
a
s
s
e
s
s
th
e
s
k
il
l
s
e
t
e
s
s
e
n
ti
a
l
f
or
f
ut
ur
e
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
[
24]
.
I
n
or
g
a
ni
z
a
ti
on
a
l
c
ont
e
x
ts
,
A
I
i
s
poi
s
e
d
t
o
r
e
s
h
a
p
e
le
a
d
e
r
s
h
ip
r
ol
e
s
.
H
ow
e
v
e
r
,
s
u
c
c
e
s
s
f
u
l
d
e
c
i
s
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
r
e
qui
r
e
s
a
s
e
a
m
l
e
s
s
in
te
gr
a
ti
o
n
of
A
I
f
u
nc
ti
o
na
li
t
ie
s
a
n
d
e
m
ot
i
on
a
l
i
nt
e
ll
ig
e
n
c
e
to
m
a
i
nt
a
in
a
c
om
p
e
t
it
i
ve
a
d
va
nt
a
g
e
[
25]
.
L
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
ip
i
n
th
e
e
r
a
of
A
I
i
s
of
ut
m
os
t
im
por
t
a
n
c
e
a
s
i
t
s
e
r
v
e
s
to
m
ot
i
va
te
a
nd
e
m
po
w
e
r
i
nd
iv
i
du
a
l
s
,
a
nd
e
s
t
a
b
li
s
h
e
s
s
tr
a
t
e
g
ic
o
bj
e
c
ti
ve
s
f
or
or
ga
ni
z
a
t
io
na
l
c
h
a
ng
e
[7
]
,
[
26]
–
[
28]
.
I
t
ba
la
nc
e
s
A
I
-
dr
iv
e
n
de
c
i
s
i
on
s
w
it
h
e
t
hi
c
a
l
c
o
n
s
id
e
r
a
ti
on
s
a
nd
f
os
te
r
s
a
n
i
nt
r
a
pr
e
n
e
ur
ia
l
or
g
a
n
iz
a
ti
on
a
l
c
ul
tu
r
e
.
T
h
e
s
e
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
hi
p q
ua
li
t
ie
s
e
n
s
ur
e
t
h
a
t
A
I
e
nh
a
n
c
e
s
h
um
a
n
pot
e
nt
i
a
l
a
n
d
dr
iv
e
s
or
g
a
ni
z
a
ti
on
a
l
s
uc
c
e
s
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
,
V
ol
. 14, No. 3, J
une
2025
:
1708
-
1718
1710
A
pa
r
t
f
r
om
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
a
s
pe
c
t
s
,
a
m
bi
de
xt
e
r
it
y
in
vol
ve
s
ba
la
nc
in
g
e
xpl
or
a
ti
on
a
nd
e
xpl
oi
ta
ti
on,
w
hi
c
h
is
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
in
th
e
c
ur
r
e
nt
A
I
e
r
a
.
A
m
bi
de
xt
r
ous
le
a
de
r
s
a
r
e
in
s
tr
um
e
nt
a
l
in
pr
om
ot
in
g
in
nova
ti
on
a
nd
s
tr
a
te
gi
c
e
xpa
ns
io
n
th
r
ough
c
a
r
e
f
ul
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
of
e
xpl
or
a
ti
on
a
nd
e
xpl
oi
ta
ti
on
a
c
ti
vi
ti
e
s
,
nur
tu
r
in
g
c
ogni
ti
ve
a
m
bi
de
xt
e
r
it
y,
a
nd
e
ns
ur
in
g e
th
ic
a
l
in
te
gr
a
ti
on
of
A
I
[7
]
,
[
29]
–
[
31]
.
T
he
ir
a
da
pt
a
bi
li
ty
a
nd s
tr
a
te
gi
c
in
c
or
por
a
ti
on of
A
I
t
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
a
r
e
c
r
uc
ia
l
f
or
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
s
uc
c
e
s
s
.
T
he
a
m
bi
de
xt
r
ous
le
a
d
e
r
s
hi
p
is
a
c
om
bi
na
ti
on
of
th
e
op
e
ni
ng
a
nd
c
lo
s
in
g
b
e
ha
vi
or
s
[
32]
–
[
34]
.
T
hi
s
ty
pe
of
le
a
de
r
s
hi
p
not
onl
y
e
nc
our
a
ge
s
in
nova
ti
ve
be
ha
vi
or
in
e
m
pl
oye
e
s
but
a
ls
o
de
ve
lo
ps
ps
y
c
hol
ogi
c
a
l
ow
ne
r
s
hi
p,
a
nd
in
th
is
pr
oc
e
s
s
pl
a
ys
th
e
m
e
di
a
to
r
r
ol
e
[
35]
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
th
is
le
a
de
r
s
hi
p
ba
la
nc
e
s
a
nd
m
a
na
g
e
s
e
xpl
or
a
ti
on
a
nd
e
xpl
oi
ta
ti
on
a
c
ti
vi
ti
e
s
in
a
n
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on
[
36]
.
E
xpl
or
a
ti
on
f
oc
us
e
s
on
a
m
bi
de
xt
r
ous
le
a
de
r
s
hi
p
to
w
a
r
d
s
e
e
ki
ng
ne
w
knowle
dge
,
in
nova
ti
on,
a
nd
e
xpe
r
im
e
nt
a
ti
on.
I
t
is
c
e
nt
e
r
e
d
on
th
e
id
e
nt
if
ic
a
ti
on
of
ne
w
oppor
tu
ni
ti
e
s
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
th
e
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
of
ne
w
pr
oduc
ts
,
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
,
or
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
[
37]
.
F
a
c
to
r
s
th
a
t
c
a
n
b
e
r
e
la
te
d
to
e
xpl
or
a
ti
on
a
r
e
e
na
bl
in
g
a
c
li
m
a
te
th
a
t
w
oul
d
pr
om
ot
e
in
nova
ti
ve
th
in
ki
ng
a
nd
r
is
k
-
ta
ki
ng,
th
e
a
bi
li
ty
to
c
ont
in
uous
ly
le
a
r
n,
a
nd
a
da
pt
a
bi
li
ty
[
38]
.
O
n
th
e
ot
he
r
ha
nd,
e
xpl
oi
ta
ti
on
r
e
f
e
r
s
to
th
e
opt
im
iz
a
ti
on
a
nd
e
nha
nc
e
m
e
nt
of
e
xi
s
ti
ng
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
,
pr
o
c
e
s
s
e
s
,
a
nd
c
a
p
a
bi
li
ti
e
s
f
or
be
tt
e
r
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y,
pr
oduc
ti
vi
ty
,
a
nd
in
c
r
e
m
e
nt
a
l
in
nova
ti
on
[
39]
,
[
40]
.
T
he
ke
y
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
of
e
xpl
oi
ta
ti
on
in
c
lu
de
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
in
it
ia
ti
ve
s
,
qua
li
ty
e
nha
n
c
e
m
e
nt
m
e
a
s
ur
e
s
,
c
ont
in
uous
b
e
tt
e
r
m
e
nt
of
a
va
il
a
bl
e
m
e
th
ods
,
a
nd
f
ul
l
m
a
xi
m
iz
a
ti
on of
a
va
il
a
bl
e
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
a
nd c
a
pa
c
it
ie
s
i
n ope
r
a
ti
on
[
41]
, [
42]
.
O
n
th
e
ot
he
r
ha
nd,
E
L
c
a
n
br
oa
dl
y
be
de
f
in
e
d
a
s
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
iz
e
d
by
dyna
m
is
m
[
43
]
,
[
44]
a
n
d
in
nova
ti
on
[
45]
.
T
hi
s
le
a
de
r
s
hi
p
s
ty
le
in
te
gr
a
te
s
pr
in
c
ip
le
s
of
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
s
hi
p
in
to
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
.
I
t
e
m
pha
s
iz
e
s
hi
ghl
y e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
f
or
l
e
a
di
ng a
nd guidi
ng i
ndi
vi
dua
ls
a
nd t
e
a
m
s
t
ow
a
r
d s
uc
c
e
s
s
[
46]
.
2.2. T
h
e
or
e
t
ic
al
p
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
iv
e
T
h
e
u
pp
e
r
e
c
he
lo
n
s
t
h
e
or
y
[
4
7]
pr
o
f
f
e
r
s
c
o
m
pr
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
m
od
e
l
of
h
o
w
A
E
L
c
o
ul
d,
t
h
r
o
ug
h
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
iv
e
e
x
e
r
c
i
s
e
of
A
I
,
e
xp
lo
it
i
t
s
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
.
T
hi
s
t
h
e
o
r
y
s
u
g
ge
s
t
s
t
h
a
t
or
g
a
ni
z
a
t
io
n
a
l
o
u
tc
om
e
s
,
i
nc
l
ud
in
g
s
tr
a
te
g
ic
d
e
c
i
s
i
on
s
a
nd
pe
r
f
or
m
a
n
c
e
m
e
tr
i
c
s
,
a
r
e
p
a
r
tl
y
i
m
p
a
c
t
e
d
b
y
t
op
e
x
e
c
u
ti
ve
a
t
tr
ib
ut
e
s
[
48
]
.
T
h
e
a
m
b
id
e
xt
r
o
u
s
e
n
tr
e
pr
e
n
e
ur
ia
l
l
e
a
d
e
r
'
s
d
e
c
i
s
i
on
s
a
nd
a
c
t
io
n
s
,
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
nt
e
xt
of
A
I
,
r
e
g
a
r
di
n
g t
h
e
e
x
p
lo
it
a
t
i
on
-
e
xp
l
or
a
t
io
n
b
a
la
n
c
e
b
e
c
om
e
c
r
uc
i
a
l
i
n
g
ui
di
ng
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on
s
t
hr
o
ug
h
th
e
i
nt
r
i
c
a
c
i
e
s
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
w
it
h
in
t
e
g
r
a
ti
n
g
A
I
.
M
or
e
o
ve
r
,
u
pp
e
r
e
c
h
e
l
on
s
th
e
or
y
u
nd
e
r
s
c
or
e
s
t
h
a
t
th
e
e
xp
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
a
l
ue
s
, a
n
d
p
e
r
s
on
a
l
it
i
e
s
of
t
he
t
op
e
x
e
c
ut
i
ve
s
a
r
e
e
xt
r
e
m
e
l
y
im
p
or
t
a
n
t
be
c
a
u
s
e
th
e
y
pr
ovi
de
a
f
r
a
m
e
f
or
t
he
ir
in
t
e
r
pr
e
ta
t
io
ns
a
n
d
de
c
i
s
i
on
s
[
4
8]
.
A
E
L
w
il
l
h
a
v
e
a
d
i
s
ti
nc
ti
v
e
c
onf
lu
e
n
c
e
of
c
ogn
it
i
ve
f
le
xi
b
il
it
y,
p
r
op
e
n
s
it
y
f
or
r
i
s
k
-
t
a
ki
ng
, a
n
d
s
tr
a
t
e
gi
c
vi
s
io
n
i
n
th
e
o
r
g
a
ni
z
a
ti
on
th
a
t
f
a
c
il
it
a
t
e
s
h
a
r
n
e
s
s
in
g
t
e
c
h
nol
ogi
c
a
l
c
ha
ng
e
in
f
a
v
or
of
A
I
w
it
h
in
th
e
f
ir
m
[
49]
.
T
he
y
a
r
e
m
or
e
c
a
p
a
b
le
of
m
a
ki
n
g
s
tr
a
t
e
g
ic
d
e
c
i
s
io
n
s
b
a
l
a
n
c
in
g
s
h
or
t
-
te
r
m
op
e
r
a
ti
on
a
l
e
f
f
ic
i
e
nc
y
w
it
h
lo
ng
-
t
e
r
m
in
no
v
a
ti
on [
47]
. T
hi
s
du
a
l
e
m
ph
a
s
i
s
i
s
i
n l
in
e
w
it
h
up
pe
r
e
c
h
e
l
o
ns
th
e
o
r
y
,
w
hi
c
h
a
r
gu
e
s
s
tr
a
t
e
g
ic
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
a
s
a
n
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
of
l
e
a
d
e
r
ba
c
k
gr
o
und
a
nd
c
ogn
it
i
ve
f
o
und
a
t
io
n
, f
oc
u
s
in
g o
n u
s
in
g
A
I
f
or
c
om
p
e
t
it
i
ve
a
dv
a
nt
a
g
e
[
48]
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
O
L
O
G
Y
3.1. AI
-
d
r
iv
e
n
s
ys
t
e
m
at
ic
s
e
ar
c
h
of
“
r
e
s
e
ar
c
h
q
u
e
s
t
io
n
s
”
A
I
ha
s
be
e
n
w
e
ll
r
e
c
ogni
z
e
d
f
or
it
s
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
a
nd
tr
e
m
e
ndous
a
c
c
om
pl
is
hm
e
nt
s
s
in
c
e
2013
[
50]
.
T
he
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
of
A
I
ha
s
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
m
a
s
s
iv
e
ly
f
ol
lo
w
in
g
2013
,
w
hi
c
h
c
a
us
e
d
hi
ghe
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
in
te
r
e
s
t
in
th
e
a
r
e
a
.
T
h
e
r
ol
e
of
A
I
in
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
c
ont
e
xt
s
h
a
s
f
ound
gr
e
a
te
r
pr
om
in
e
nc
e
a
f
te
r
2013
[
51]
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
th
is
s
tu
dy pe
r
f
or
m
s
a
S
L
R
on t
he
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
a
nd r
ol
e
of
t
he
A
E
L
a
ppr
oa
c
h a
ppl
ie
d dur
in
g 2015
-
2024.
A
s
ta
n
da
r
d
S
L
R
u
s
ua
ll
y
c
ond
uc
t
s
a
f
ul
l
r
e
vi
e
w
of
th
e
li
t
e
r
a
tu
r
e
a
n
d
r
e
vi
e
w
s
th
r
o
ugh
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
da
ta
b
a
s
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
P
ub
M
e
d,
S
c
opu
s
, a
nd W
e
b
of
S
c
ie
n
c
e
(
W
oS
)
[
52]
,
[
53]
.
T
he
r
e
vi
e
w
pr
o
c
e
d
ur
e
i
s
c
ondu
c
te
d
w
it
h
th
e
s
up
por
t
of
th
e
pr
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
r
e
p
or
ti
ng
it
e
m
s
f
or
s
ys
t
e
m
a
ti
c
r
e
vi
e
w
s
a
nd
m
e
t
a
-
a
n
a
ly
s
is
(
P
R
I
S
M
A
)
gui
de
li
ne
s
[
54]
.
T
hi
s
a
ppr
oa
c
h
c
ondu
c
t
s
a
d
e
ta
i
le
d
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
tr
a
te
gy
f
or
m
ul
a
te
d
a
n
d
c
on
duc
t
e
d
u
s
in
g
s
p
e
c
if
i
c
ke
yw
or
d
s
[
55]
,
w
hi
c
h
c
oul
d
le
a
d
to
a
m
bi
g
ui
ty
if
th
e
k
e
yw
or
ds
a
r
e
to
o
ge
ne
r
a
l
,
p
ot
e
nt
ia
ll
y
pul
li
ng
i
n
a
w
id
e
r
a
nge
of
ir
r
e
le
va
nt
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
[
56]
.
A
d
di
ti
on
a
ll
y,
k
e
yw
or
d
s
m
a
y
n
ot
a
lw
a
y
s
a
ddr
e
s
s
t
he
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
qu
e
s
ti
ons
.
H
ow
e
v
e
r
,
th
e
m
a
jo
r
is
s
u
e
w
it
h
s
e
a
r
c
hi
ng
b
a
s
e
d
on
qu
e
s
ti
on
s
is
th
a
t
it
ha
s
th
e
a
bi
li
ty
to
pul
l
up
m
or
e
r
e
le
va
nt
s
e
a
r
c
h
r
e
s
ul
t
s
or
a
t
l
e
a
s
t
r
e
ve
a
l
s
om
e
f
e
a
tu
r
e
d
s
ni
ppe
t
s
in
r
e
s
pon
s
e
to
th
e
qu
e
s
t
io
n
s
b
e
in
g
a
s
k
e
d.
N
ow
a
d
a
ys
,
A
I
to
ol
s
c
a
n e
xt
e
nd t
he
ir
u
s
a
g
e
t
o S
L
R
s
w
it
h s
p
e
c
if
i
e
d qu
e
s
t
io
n
s
, g
oi
ng be
y
ond the
t
r
a
di
ti
o
na
l
u
s
a
g
e
of
ke
y
w
or
ds
,
w
hi
c
h
m
a
k
e
s
th
e
r
e
tr
ie
v
a
l
m
or
e
r
e
l
e
va
nt
a
nd e
nha
nc
e
s
p
a
p
e
r
s
e
l
e
c
ti
on
f
or
r
e
vi
e
w
.
I
n
th
is
r
e
ga
r
d,
th
e
C
on
s
e
ns
u
s
to
ol
i
s
u
s
e
d
f
or
c
ondu
c
ti
ng
th
e
S
L
R
.
T
he
s
e
a
r
c
h
pl
a
tf
or
m
is
th
e
u
s
e
of
C
ons
e
ns
u
s
A
I
to
ol
s
,
w
hi
c
h
a
r
e
r
oot
e
d
in
m
a
c
hi
ne
le
a
r
ni
ng
a
n
d
c
r
a
f
te
d
to
do
s
e
a
r
c
he
s
,
s
c
r
e
e
ni
ng,
a
nd
da
ta
e
xt
r
a
c
ti
on
in
th
e
c
ont
e
xt
of
s
ys
te
m
a
ti
c
r
e
vi
e
w
s
[
57]
.
T
hi
s
to
ol
,
by
us
in
g
a
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
que
s
ti
on
que
r
y,
gi
v
e
s
a
n
a
c
c
ur
a
te
a
nd
r
e
la
t
e
d
r
e
s
ul
t,
he
n
c
e
r
e
duc
in
g
v
a
gue
ne
s
s
a
nd
r
e
duc
in
g
ir
r
e
le
va
nt
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on.
T
hi
s
th
us
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
th
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
of
th
is
r
e
vi
e
w
pr
oc
e
s
s
.
O
ls
on
a
nd
S
a
le
m
[
58]
c
r
e
a
te
d
th
e
C
ons
e
ns
us
A
I
to
ol
,
w
hi
c
h
w
a
s
of
f
ic
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ll
y
la
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d
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th
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r
2022
.
T
he
A
I
-
pow
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r
e
d
s
e
a
r
c
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ngi
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pur
pos
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lt
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[
59]
.
C
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s
us
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h
f
or
in
f
or
m
a
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[
60]
ba
s
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d
on
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in
s
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F
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t
in
ve
s
ti
ga
te
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
a
nd r
ol
e
of
a
m
bi
de
xt
r
ous
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
le
a
de
r
s
hi
p
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
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8938
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
,
V
ol
. 14, No. 3, J
une
2025
:
1708
-
1718
1712
‒
M
u
s
t
i
n
c
l
ud
e
th
e
k
e
y
w
or
d
s
:
A
I
,
a
m
bi
de
xt
e
r
it
y,
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
n
e
ur
ia
l,
l
e
a
de
r
s
hi
p
,
c
o
ns
e
n
s
u
s
,
li
t
e
r
a
tu
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
s
‒
T
he
t
im
e
f
r
a
m
e
of
t
he
a
r
ti
c
le
f
r
om
2015
-
2024
‒
M
us
t
be
w
r
it
te
n i
n t
he
E
ngl
is
h l
a
ngua
ge
‒
T
he
a
r
ti
c
le
s
t
a
k
e
n f
r
om
r
e
s
ul
t
gi
ve
n by C
ons
e
n
s
us
a
lg
or
it
hm
‒
M
us
t
c
r
os
s
-
c
he
c
ke
d i
n W
oS
a
nd S
c
opu
s
da
ta
ba
s
e
s
A
r
ti
c
le
s
w
e
r
e
e
xc
lu
de
d
if
th
e
y
m
e
t
a
ny
of
th
e
f
ol
lo
w
in
g
e
xc
l
us
iv
e
c
r
it
e
r
ia
:
i)
th
e
pa
pe
r
s
di
s
c
us
s
ot
he
r
th
a
n
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
a
nd r
ol
e
of
a
m
bi
de
xt
r
ous
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
le
a
de
r
s
hi
p;
i
i)
w
r
it
te
n i
n l
a
ngua
ge
ot
he
r
t
ha
n E
ngl
is
h;
ii
i)
pa
pe
r
s
w
r
it
te
n
not
in
ti
m
e
f
r
a
m
e
of
2015
-
2024,
iv
)
not
in
de
xe
d
a
nd
pe
e
r
-
r
e
vi
e
w
e
d
in
W
oS
a
nd
S
c
opu
s
da
ta
ba
s
e
s
.
4.
R
E
S
U
L
T
AND
D
I
S
C
U
S
S
I
O
N
T
he
c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
is
ti
c
s
a
nd
r
ol
e
s
of
A
E
L
a
r
e
s
im
il
a
r
to
th
os
e
of
E
L
.
T
hi
s
s
im
il
a
r
it
y
a
r
is
e
s
due
to
th
e
li
m
it
e
d
e
xi
s
ti
ng
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
pe
c
if
ic
a
ll
y
a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g
A
E
L
.
T
he
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
th
is
s
tu
dy
e
xa
m
in
e
s
th
e
c
h
a
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
a
nd
r
ol
e
s
i
de
nt
if
ie
d i
n E
L
l
it
e
r
a
tu
r
e
t
o i
de
nt
if
y A
E
L
i
n t
he
c
ont
e
xt
of
A
I
.
4.1. Ge
n
e
r
al
c
h
ar
ac
t
e
r
is
t
ic
s
o
f
a
m
b
id
e
xt
r
ou
s
e
n
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
i
al
l
e
ad
e
r
s
h
ip
A
m
bi
de
xt
r
ous
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
le
a
de
r
s
e
xhi
bi
t
s
e
ve
r
a
l
ke
y
c
h
a
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
th
a
t
e
m
pow
e
r
th
e
m
to
th
r
iv
e
in
th
e
e
r
a
of
A
I
.
T
he
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
of
E
L
is
m
or
e
pr
e
va
le
nt
a
m
ong
f
ounde
r
-
le
a
de
r
s
th
a
n
non
-
f
ounde
r
le
a
de
r
s
[
61]
.
T
hi
s
pr
e
va
le
nc
e
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
s
gr
oup
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
to
w
a
r
ds
r
e
c
ogni
z
in
g
a
nd
e
xpl
oi
ti
ng
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
oppor
tu
ni
ti
e
s
[
61
]
,
[
62]
.
A
ddi
t
io
na
ll
y,
E
L
is
a
s
s
oc
ia
te
d
w
it
h
c
ul
ti
va
ti
ng
in
nova
ti
ve
be
ha
vi
or
a
m
ong e
m
pl
oye
e
s
w
it
h hi
ghe
r
l
e
ve
ls
of
c
r
e
a
ti
ve
s
e
lf
-
e
f
f
ic
a
c
y [
45
]
,
[
62]
a
nd a
pa
s
s
io
n f
or
i
nve
nt
io
n [
45]
.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
e
n
tr
e
pr
e
n
e
ur
i
a
l
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
a
r
e
p
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
a
s
v
i
s
i
on
a
r
y
e
n
tr
e
pr
e
n
e
ur
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
m
o
ti
v
a
t
io
n
a
n
d
e
t
hi
c
s
of
a
l
e
a
de
r
,
w
hi
c
h
p
la
y
s
a
c
r
i
ti
c
a
l
r
o
l
e
i
n
v
e
nt
ur
e
g
r
o
w
th
a
n
d
l
o
ng
-
t
e
r
m
e
n
tr
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
i
a
l
s
u
c
c
e
s
s
[
46]
.
E
L
a
l
s
o
r
e
f
e
r
s
t
o
im
pr
o
ve
d
e
f
f
e
c
t
iv
e
n
e
s
s
o
ut
c
o
m
e
s
a
t
v
a
r
io
u
s
l
e
v
e
l
s
,
w
i
th
t
h
e
c
ul
t
ur
a
l
c
o
nt
e
xt
b
e
in
g
a
k
e
y
m
od
e
r
a
t
or
,
w
h
il
e
e
nt
e
r
pr
i
s
e
t
yp
e
a
n
d
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
hi
p
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
s
s
h
o
w
n
o
s
i
gn
if
i
c
a
nt
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
[
6
3]
.
M
or
e
ov
e
r
,
E
L
p
o
s
i
ti
v
e
l
y
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
a
d
a
pt
iv
e
in
n
ov
a
ti
on
in
un
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
e
n
vi
r
o
nm
e
nt
s
th
r
o
ug
h
m
u
lt
ip
l
e
pa
th
w
a
y
s
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
e
xp
lo
it
a
ti
v
e
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
,
e
x
p
lo
r
a
to
r
y
l
e
a
r
n
in
g
,
r
e
s
o
ur
c
e
br
i
c
ol
a
g
e
,
a
nd
bo
u
nd
a
r
y
-
s
p
a
n
ni
n
g
i
n
te
gr
a
ti
on
[
6
4]
.
T
a
b
l
e
s
1
a
nd
2
e
xp
l
a
i
n
a
b
ou
t
t
h
e
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
ic
s
o
f
E
L
.
T
h
e
s
e
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
ti
c
s
a
r
e
u
n
de
r
s
c
or
e
d
b
y
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
c
ho
l
a
r
s
,
i
ll
u
s
t
r
a
t
in
g
t
h
e
m
a
n
n
e
r
in
w
h
i
c
h
E
L
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
i
nn
ov
a
ti
on
a
nd
or
g
a
n
i
z
a
ti
o
n
a
l
pe
r
f
or
m
a
n
c
e
.
I
t
i
s
e
s
s
e
nt
i
a
l
f
or
r
e
a
d
e
r
s
to
r
e
c
og
n
iz
e
th
a
t
t
h
e
s
e
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
ti
c
s
a
r
e
i
nt
e
gr
a
l
t
o
t
h
e
m
e
c
h
a
n
i
s
m
s
t
hr
ou
gh
w
hi
c
h
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
i
a
l
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
f
a
c
i
li
ta
t
e
i
n
no
v
a
t
io
n,
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
la
r
l
y
w
it
hi
n
r
a
pi
dl
y
e
v
ol
vi
ng
c
on
t
e
x
t
s
.
T
h
e
s
e
t
a
b
l
e
s
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
s
ub
s
t
a
n
ti
a
t
e
th
e
s
i
g
ni
f
i
c
a
n
c
e
of
E
L
i
n
c
u
lt
i
va
ti
n
g
a
n
i
nn
ov
a
ti
v
e
or
g
a
n
i
z
a
ti
o
na
l
c
u
lt
ur
e
,
a
p
h
e
n
om
e
no
n
th
a
t
i
s
e
s
p
e
c
ia
ll
y
p
e
r
ti
n
e
n
t
a
m
i
d
t
h
e
s
ur
g
e
of
A
I
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
s
,
a
n
d
t
he
s
e
a
t
tr
i
b
ut
e
s
w
il
l
b
e
e
xp
l
or
e
d
i
n
gr
e
a
te
r
d
e
ta
i
l
w
it
hi
n
th
e
c
o
nt
e
xt
of
A
E
L
.
T
a
bl
e
1. E
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
le
a
de
r
s
hi
p c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
is
ti
c
s
Re
fe
re
nc
e
Cha
ra
c
t
e
ri
s
t
i
c
s
of
e
nt
re
pre
ne
uri
a
l
l
e
a
d
e
rs
hi
p
[46]
P
e
rc
e
i
ve
d
a
s
vi
s
i
ona
ry
e
nt
re
pr
e
ne
urs
w
i
t
h
t
he
m
ot
i
va
t
i
on
a
nd
e
t
hi
c
s
of
a
l
e
a
de
r
[45],
[62]
Cul
t
i
va
t
e
i
nnova
t
i
ve
be
ha
v
i
or
a
m
ong
e
m
pl
oy
e
e
s
w
i
t
h
hi
ghe
r
l
e
ve
l
s
of
c
re
a
t
i
ve
s
e
l
f
-
e
f
fi
c
a
c
y
[45]
F
os
t
e
rs
e
m
pl
oye
e
s
'
i
nnova
t
i
ve
be
ha
vi
or
t
hrough
t
he
pa
s
s
i
on
for
i
nve
nt
i
ng
[64]
Im
pa
c
t
s
a
da
pt
i
ve
i
nnova
t
i
on
i
n
unc
e
rt
a
i
n
e
nvi
ronm
e
nt
s
[65]
Im
pa
c
t
s
i
nnova
t
i
on
m
a
na
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
nd
i
t
s
m
e
a
s
ure
m
e
n
t
[63]
Im
prove
s
e
ffe
c
t
i
v
e
ne
s
s
out
c
om
e
s
a
t
va
ri
ous
l
e
ve
l
s
,
w
i
t
h
c
ul
t
ura
l
c
ont
e
x
t
[61]
M
ore
pre
va
l
e
nt
a
m
ong
founde
r
-
l
e
a
de
rs
t
ha
n
non
-
founde
r
l
e
a
d
e
rs
[61],
[62]
Re
c
ogni
z
i
ng
a
nd
e
xpl
oi
t
i
ng
e
nt
re
pre
n
e
uri
a
l
opport
uni
t
i
e
s
T
a
bl
e
2. R
ol
e
of
E
L
A
ut
hor
Rol
e
of
E
L
Re
nko
e
t
al
.
[61]
E
nt
re
pre
n
e
uri
a
l
l
e
a
d
e
rs
hi
p
i
s
m
ore
pre
va
l
e
nt
a
m
ong
found
e
r
-
l
e
a
d
e
rs
t
ha
n
non
-
fo
unde
r
l
e
a
de
rs
,
i
nfl
ue
n
c
i
ng
group
pe
rform
a
nc
e
t
ow
a
rds
re
c
ogni
z
i
ng
a
nd
e
xpl
oi
t
i
ng
e
nt
re
pre
n
e
uri
a
l
opport
uni
t
i
e
s
.
N
e
w
m
a
n
e
t
al
.
[62]
E
nt
re
pre
n
e
uri
a
l
l
e
a
de
rs
hi
p,
t
hrough
rol
e
m
ode
l
i
ng
a
nd
di
re
c
t
i
ng
e
m
pl
oy
e
e
s
t
o
e
n
t
re
pre
ne
ur
i
a
l
oppor
t
uni
t
i
e
s
,
s
i
gni
fi
c
a
n
t
l
y
e
nha
nc
e
s
t
he
l
i
nk
be
t
w
e
e
n
c
re
a
t
i
v
e
s
e
l
f
-
e
ffi
c
a
c
y
a
nd
i
nnova
t
i
ve
be
ha
vi
o
r.
Ba
ghe
ri
e
t
al
.
[45]
E
nt
re
pre
n
e
uri
a
l
l
e
a
de
rs
hi
p
of
CE
O
s
i
n
hi
gh
-
t
e
c
hnol
ogy
ne
w
ve
nt
ure
s
fos
t
e
rs
e
m
pl
oye
e
s
'
i
nnova
t
i
v
e
be
ha
vi
or
t
hrough
t
he
m
e
c
ha
n
i
s
m
s
of
c
re
a
t
i
ve
s
e
l
f
-
e
ff
i
c
a
c
y
a
nd
pa
s
s
i
on
for
i
nve
nt
i
ng.
A
kba
ri
e
t
al
.
[66]
E
nt
re
pre
n
e
uri
a
l
l
e
a
de
rs
hi
p
pos
i
t
i
ve
l
y
i
m
pa
c
t
s
i
nnova
t
i
on
w
ork
be
ha
vi
or
i
n
ICT
S
M
E
s
,
w
i
t
h
e
m
pl
oye
e
s
'
c
re
a
t
i
ve
s
e
l
f
-
e
ffi
c
a
c
y
a
nd
l
e
a
de
rs
'
s
upport
for
i
nnova
t
i
on
a
c
t
i
ng
a
s
m
e
di
a
t
ors
.
N
guye
n
e
t
al
.
[44]
E
nt
re
pre
n
e
uri
a
l
l
e
a
de
rs
hi
p
e
nha
n
c
e
s
t
he
pe
rform
a
nc
e
of
IT
S
M
E
s
t
hrough
t
he
m
e
di
a
t
i
ng
fa
c
t
ors
of
t
e
a
m
c
re
a
t
i
vi
t
y,
dyna
m
i
c
c
a
pa
bi
l
i
t
i
e
s
,
a
nd
c
om
pe
t
i
t
i
ve
a
dva
n
t
a
ge
s
.
Ba
ghe
ri
e
t
al
.
[67]
E
nt
re
pre
n
e
uri
a
l
l
e
a
de
rs
hi
p
i
m
prov
e
s
e
m
pl
oye
e
s
'
i
nnova
t
i
on
w
ork
be
ha
vi
or
by
e
nha
nc
i
ng
t
he
i
r
i
nd
i
vi
dua
l
a
nd
t
e
a
m
c
re
a
t
i
v
i
t
y
s
e
l
f
-
e
ff
i
c
a
c
y.
Iqba
l
e
t
al
.
[68]
E
nt
re
pre
n
e
uri
a
l
l
e
a
de
rs
hi
p
pos
i
t
i
v
e
l
y
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
e
m
pl
oy
e
e
i
nnova
t
i
ve
be
ha
vi
or
i
n
t
he
hi
gh
-
t
e
c
h
s
e
rvi
c
e
s
i
ndus
t
ry,
w
i
t
h
a
ffe
c
t
i
ve
c
o
m
m
i
t
m
e
n
t
,
c
re
a
t
i
ve
s
e
l
f
-
e
ff
i
c
a
c
y,
a
nd
ps
yc
hol
ogi
c
a
l
s
a
fe
t
y
a
c
t
i
ng
a
s
m
e
di
a
t
i
ng
fa
c
t
ors
.
In
hi
gh
-
t
e
c
h
s
e
rvi
c
e
i
ndus
t
ri
e
s
,
a
ffe
c
t
i
ve
c
om
m
i
t
m
e
nt
,
c
re
a
t
i
v
e
s
e
l
f
-
e
ffi
c
a
c
y,
a
nd
ps
yc
hol
ogi
c
a
l
s
a
fe
t
y
a
r
e
m
e
di
a
t
ors
t
ha
t
re
s
ul
t
i
n
i
nnova
t
i
v
e
be
ha
vi
or.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2252
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t
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dr
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ve
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y A
I
. F
or
i
ns
ta
nc
e
, A
E
L
le
a
d
e
r
s
n
ot
o
nl
y f
o
s
t
e
r
a
n
e
nvi
r
onm
e
n
t
c
on
du
c
iv
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to
i
n
no
va
ti
v
e
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
s
b
ut
a
l
s
o
a
d
e
p
tl
y
a
s
s
im
il
a
te
A
I
t
e
c
h
nol
ogi
e
s
t
o
e
n
ha
nc
e
b
ot
h e
xpl
or
a
to
r
y a
nd
e
x
pl
o
it
a
ti
v
e
pr
o
c
e
s
s
e
s
,
a
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
i
a
t
io
n
t
h
a
t
h
a
s
n
ot
b
e
e
n
e
xt
e
n
s
iv
e
ly
e
xa
m
in
e
d i
n
pr
e
v
io
us
s
c
hol
a
r
l
y i
nq
ui
r
i
e
s
[
19]
.
4.2.
R
ol
e
s
of
e
n
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
ia
l
le
ad
e
r
s
h
ip
A
m
bi
de
xt
r
ous
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
le
a
de
r
s
pl
a
y
a
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
r
ol
e
in
le
ve
r
a
gi
ng
A
I
in
th
e
c
ont
e
m
por
a
r
y
bus
in
e
s
s
la
nd
s
c
a
p
e
.
T
he
s
uc
c
e
s
s
a
nd
c
om
pe
ti
ti
ve
ne
s
s
of
e
nt
e
r
pr
is
e
s
a
r
e
la
r
ge
ly
de
pe
nde
nt
on
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
f
le
xi
bi
li
ty
a
nd
in
nova
ti
on
[
69]
.
G
r
ow
in
g
th
e
s
e
a
tt
r
ib
ut
e
s
r
e
li
e
s
on
a
c
e
nt
r
a
l
r
ol
e
br
ought
by
E
L
,
th
e
one
th
a
t
in
vol
ve
s
ha
vi
ng f
or
e
s
ig
ht
a
nd s
tr
a
te
gy t
ha
t
a
r
e
c
r
it
ic
a
l
to
ga
in
in
g s
uc
c
e
s
s
i
n a
n or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on
[
70]
, [
71]
.
T
he
in
di
s
p
e
ns
a
bl
e
e
le
m
e
nt
f
or
pr
om
ot
in
g
in
nova
ti
on
is
th
e
in
t
e
gr
a
ti
on
of
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
,
w
it
h
E
L
gui
di
ng
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on
in
e
m
br
a
c
in
g
a
nd
le
ve
r
a
gi
ng
th
e
s
e
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
[
44
]
,
[
72]
.
E
L
w
it
h
a
f
oc
us
on
th
e
pr
io
r
it
iz
a
ti
on
of
a
da
pt
a
bi
li
ty
a
nd
f
or
w
a
r
d
-
th
in
ki
ng
[
4
6
]
,
[
64
]
,
[
73
]
,
a
s
s
um
e
s
a
c
r
uc
ia
l
f
unc
ti
on
in
nur
tu
r
in
g
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
a
gi
li
ty
[
74]
,
w
hi
c
h
in
tu
r
n
be
c
om
e
s
a
f
unda
m
e
nt
a
l
c
ons
ti
tu
e
nt
f
or
pr
os
pe
r
in
g
in
a
c
om
pe
ti
ti
ve
m
a
r
ke
t
[
75]
–
[
77]
.
T
hi
s
a
gi
li
ty
is
f
ur
th
e
r
a
c
c
om
pl
is
he
d
th
r
ough
E
L
'
s
e
m
pha
s
is
on
c
om
pe
ti
ti
ve
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
a
nd s
tr
a
te
gi
c
f
le
xi
bi
li
ty
[
78]
, [
79]
.
C
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
is
one
of
th
e
ke
y
a
tt
r
ib
ut
e
s
in
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
in
nova
ti
on.
E
L
e
nvi
r
on
m
e
nt
s
of
f
e
r
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
th
a
t
is
bot
h
ope
n
a
nd
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
,
w
hi
c
h
is
tr
e
m
e
ndous
ly
im
por
ta
nt
[
80]
.
I
n
ge
ne
r
a
l,
E
L
h
ig
hl
y
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
s
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
s
uc
c
e
s
s
a
nd
in
nova
ti
on
in
th
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
dyna
m
ic
bus
in
e
s
s
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
due
to
it
s
a
dopt
io
n
of
f
le
xi
bi
li
ty
,
in
nova
ti
on,
I
T
us
e
,
a
gi
li
ty
,
a
nd
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
in
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on.
T
a
bl
e
3
out
li
ne
s
th
e
r
ol
e
of
E
L
i
n o
r
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
s
uc
c
e
s
s
a
nd i
nnova
ti
on.
T
a
bl
e
3.
T
he
c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
is
ti
c
s
a
nd r
ol
e
of
a
m
bi
de
xt
r
ous
EL
C
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
R
ol
e
s
O
ut
c
om
e
‒
I
nnova
t
i
ve
a
nd vi
s
i
ona
r
y
t
hi
nki
ng
[
46]
‒
R
e
c
ogni
z
e
a
nd c
a
pi
t
a
l
i
z
e
e
m
e
r
gi
ng oppor
t
uni
t
i
e
s
[
61]
.
‒
R
e
a
l
c
a
s
e
e
xa
m
pl
e
:
T
e
s
l
a
M
ot
or
s
'
s
t
r
a
t
e
gi
c
a
c
know
l
e
dgm
e
nt
a
nd
e
xpl
oi
t
a
t
i
on
of
t
he
e
m
e
r
gi
ng
oppor
t
uni
t
y
i
n
t
he
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
e
c
t
or
e
m
body
f
unda
m
e
nt
a
l
pr
i
nc
i
pl
e
s
.
T
he
c
om
pa
ny'
s
f
or
e
s
i
ght
,
i
nnova
t
i
on,
a
nd
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
t
i
on
ha
ve
not
onl
y
s
ol
i
di
f
i
e
d
i
t
s
pos
i
t
i
on
a
s
a
m
a
r
ke
t
l
e
a
de
r
but
a
l
s
o
ha
s
t
e
ne
d
t
he
w
or
l
dw
i
de
s
hi
f
t
t
ow
a
r
ds
s
us
t
a
i
na
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy
a
nd
t
r
a
ns
por
t
a
t
i
on [
61]
.
O
r
ga
ni
z
a
t
i
ona
l
a
gi
l
i
t
y [
74]
‒
S
t
r
a
t
e
gi
c
f
l
e
xi
bi
l
i
t
y t
o
ba
l
a
nc
e
e
xpl
or
a
t
i
on a
nd
e
xpl
oi
t
a
t
i
on [
61]
‒
O
pt
i
m
i
z
e
e
xi
s
t
i
ng r
e
s
our
c
e
[
64]
.
‒
R
e
a
l
c
a
s
e
e
xa
m
pl
e
:
T
oyot
a
'
s
J
us
t
-
In
-
T
i
m
e
p
r
oduc
t
i
on
s
ys
t
e
m
s
t
r
a
t
e
gi
c
a
l
l
y
l
e
ve
r
a
ge
s
a
va
i
l
a
bl
e
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
t
o
a
t
t
a
i
n
not
a
bl
e
c
om
p
e
t
i
t
i
ve
be
ne
f
i
t
s
.
T
hr
ough t
he
m
i
ni
m
i
z
a
t
i
on of
w
a
s
t
e
,
e
nha
nc
e
m
e
nt
of
ope
r
a
t
i
ona
l
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y,
a
nd
e
l
e
va
t
i
on
of
pr
oduc
t
qua
l
i
t
y,
T
oyot
a
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ul
l
y
m
a
xi
m
i
z
e
d
i
t
s
c
ons
t
r
a
i
ne
d
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
a
nd
r
e
vol
ut
i
oni
z
e
d
t
he
i
nt
e
r
na
t
i
ona
l
a
ut
om
ot
i
ve
s
e
c
t
or
[
81]
.
O
r
ga
ni
z
a
t
i
ona
l
i
nnova
t
i
on [
80]
‒
E
f
f
e
c
t
i
ve
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on
[
80]
‒
I
nt
e
gr
a
t
e
A
I
i
nt
o or
ga
ni
z
a
t
i
ona
l
ope
r
a
t
i
on
[
82]
.
‒
R
e
a
l
c
a
s
e
e
xa
m
pl
e
:
I
B
M
'
s
W
a
t
s
on
ut
i
l
i
z
e
s
t
he
c
a
pa
bi
l
i
t
i
e
s
of
AI
t
o
c
onduc
t
da
t
a
a
na
l
ys
i
s
,
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
a
t
e
de
c
i
s
i
on
-
m
a
ki
ng,
a
nd
c
u
s
t
om
i
z
e
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
nt
pl
a
n
s
.
T
hr
ough
t
hi
s
ut
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
on,
I
B
M
ha
s
r
e
s
ha
pe
d
he
a
l
t
hc
a
r
e
pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
a
nd
de
m
ons
t
r
a
t
e
d t
he
c
a
pa
c
i
t
y of
AI
t
o t
r
a
ns
f
or
m
va
r
i
ous
i
ndus
t
r
i
e
s
[
83]
.
N
e
w
va
l
ue
c
r
e
a
t
i
on
[
84]
‒
P
a
s
s
i
on f
or
i
nve
nt
i
ng [
45]
‒
I
ns
pi
r
e
c
ul
t
i
va
t
e
i
nnova
t
i
ve
be
ha
vi
our
[
45
]
,
[
62
]
‒
M
i
t
i
ga
t
e
r
i
s
ks
[
85]
.
‒
R
e
a
l
c
a
s
e
e
x
a
m
pl
e
:
A
i
r
bnb'
s
a
ppr
oa
c
h
t
o
a
ddr
e
s
s
i
ng
r
e
gul
a
t
or
y
obs
t
a
c
l
e
s
s
how
c
a
s
e
s
t
he
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
ve
ne
s
s
of
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
i
a
l
l
e
a
de
r
s
hi
p
i
n
m
a
na
gi
ng
r
i
s
ks
.
T
hr
ough
pr
oa
c
t
i
ve
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
w
i
t
h
r
e
gul
a
t
or
s
,
a
dj
us
t
m
e
nt
of
t
he
bus
i
ne
s
s
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k,
c
ul
t
i
va
t
i
on
of
c
om
m
uni
t
y
s
uppor
t
,
gua
r
a
nt
e
e
i
ng
t
r
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y,
a
nd
a
l
l
oc
a
t
i
on
of
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
t
ow
a
r
d
s
l
e
ga
l
a
nd
l
obbyi
ng
e
nde
a
vour
s
,
A
i
r
bnb'
s
l
e
a
de
r
s
hi
p
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ul
l
y
na
vi
ga
t
e
d
t
hr
ough
i
nt
r
i
c
a
t
e
r
e
gul
a
t
or
y
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
s
,
t
hus
s
a
f
e
gua
r
di
ng
t
he
c
om
pa
ny'
s
gr
ow
t
h
a
nd
s
us
t
a
i
na
bi
l
i
t
y
[
86]
.
M
a
i
nt
a
i
n
c
om
pe
t
i
t
i
ve
a
dva
nt
a
ge
[
84]
‒
C
r
e
a
t
i
ve
s
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y [
45
]
,
[
62]
‒
S
t
a
ke
hol
de
r
c
ol
l
a
bor
a
t
i
on a
r
ound A
I
i
ni
t
i
a
t
i
ve
s
[
87]
.
‒
R
e
a
l
c
a
s
e
e
xa
m
pl
e
:
G
oogl
e
'
s
A
I
f
or
S
oc
i
a
l
G
ood
i
ni
t
i
a
t
i
ve
c
ol
l
a
bor
a
t
e
s
w
i
t
h
non
-
pr
of
i
t
or
ga
ni
z
a
t
i
ons
,
a
c
a
de
m
i
c
i
ns
t
i
t
ut
i
ons
,
gove
r
nm
e
nt
a
l
bodi
e
s
,
a
nd
c
om
m
uni
t
i
e
s
.
G
oogl
e
l
e
ve
r
a
ge
s
t
he
c
om
bi
ne
d
know
l
e
dge
a
nd
a
s
s
e
t
s
of
t
he
s
e
s
t
a
ke
hol
de
r
s
t
o
de
ve
l
op
i
nf
l
ue
nt
i
a
l
A
I
s
ol
ut
i
ons
.
T
hi
s
pa
r
t
i
c
ul
a
r
a
na
l
ys
i
s
pr
ovi
de
s
e
vi
de
nc
e
t
h
a
t
e
nga
gi
ng
s
t
a
ke
hol
de
r
s
i
n
A
I
pr
oj
e
c
t
s
i
s
e
s
s
e
nt
i
a
l
f
or
a
t
t
a
i
ni
ng s
i
gni
f
i
c
a
nt
a
nd e
ndur
i
ng r
e
s
ul
t
s
[
88]
.
A
dopt
i
ve
i
nnova
t
i
on
[
89]
‒
C
om
pe
t
i
t
i
ve
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
[
78]
‒
D
r
i
ve
e
xpl
or
a
t
or
y a
nd e
xpl
oi
t
a
t
i
ve
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
[
64]
.
‒
R
e
a
l
c
a
s
e
e
xa
m
pl
e
:
A
m
a
z
on,
know
n
f
or
i
t
s
de
di
c
a
t
i
on
t
o
bot
h
e
xpl
or
a
t
or
y
a
nd
e
xpl
oi
t
a
t
i
ve
l
e
a
r
ni
ng,
ha
s
pl
a
ye
d
a
c
r
uc
i
a
l
r
ol
e
i
n
i
t
s
a
c
hi
e
ve
m
e
nt
s
.
T
he
c
a
pa
c
i
t
y t
o i
nt
r
oduc
e
ne
w
i
d
e
a
s
w
hi
l
e
e
nha
nc
i
ng
c
ur
r
e
nt
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
i
s
ke
y t
o
s
us
t
a
i
ni
ng gr
ow
t
h a
nd uphol
di
ng a
c
om
pe
t
i
t
i
ve
a
dva
nt
a
ge
[
19
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
,
V
ol
. 14, No. 3, J
une
2025
:
1708
-
1718
1714
T
a
bl
e
3
pr
ovi
d
e
s
a
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
e
x
a
m
in
a
ti
on
of
th
e
a
tt
r
ib
ut
e
s
a
nd
f
unc
ti
o
ns
of
A
E
L
a
nd
e
lu
c
id
a
te
s
th
e
ir
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
o
n
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
p
e
r
f
or
m
a
n
c
e
. T
he
t
a
bl
e
e
lu
c
i
d
a
te
s
th
e
m
a
nne
r
in
w
hi
c
h
A
E
L
in
c
or
por
a
te
s
A
I
in
to
op
e
r
a
ti
o
na
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
,
pr
om
o
te
s
c
ol
la
b
or
a
ti
v
e
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
a
m
o
ng
s
ta
k
e
hol
de
r
s
,
a
nd
a
de
p
tl
y
n
a
vi
g
a
te
s
th
e
b
a
la
n
c
e
be
t
w
e
e
n
e
xpl
or
a
t
io
n a
nd e
xpl
oi
ta
ti
o
n,
th
e
r
e
by
f
a
c
il
it
a
ti
ng
b
ot
h
in
nov
a
ti
on a
nd
r
i
s
k m
a
n
a
ge
m
e
nt
.
I
t
unde
r
s
c
or
e
s
th
e
pi
vo
ta
l
r
ol
e
th
a
t
A
E
L
le
a
d
e
r
s
a
s
s
um
e
in
t
he
gov
e
r
na
n
c
e
of
r
i
s
k
s
,
th
e
e
nh
a
nc
e
m
e
nt
of
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on
a
l
a
gi
li
ty
, a
n
d t
h
e
pr
om
ot
io
n of
s
u
s
ta
i
na
bl
e
s
uc
c
e
s
s
w
it
hi
n i
n
dus
tr
ie
s
i
nf
lu
e
nc
e
d b
y A
I
.
I
n
c
ont
r
a
s
t
to
e
a
r
li
e
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
th
a
t
pr
im
a
r
il
y
e
xa
m
in
e
d
th
e
c
ont
r
ib
ut
io
ns
of
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
le
a
de
r
s
in
pr
om
ot
in
g
in
nova
ti
on
th
r
ough
t
r
a
di
ti
ona
l
m
e
a
ns
[
45]
,
our
r
e
s
ul
ts
unde
r
s
c
or
e
th
e
di
s
ti
nc
ti
ve
a
bi
li
ty
of
A
E
L
to
le
ve
r
a
ge
A
I
.
S
pe
c
if
ic
a
ll
y,
A
E
L
ut
il
iz
e
s
A
I
f
or
bot
h
s
tr
a
te
gi
c
f
or
e
s
ig
ht
a
nd
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
a
gi
li
ty
.
T
hi
s
a
bi
li
ty
pos
it
io
ns
A
E
L
e
xc
e
pt
io
na
ll
y
w
e
ll
to
a
de
pt
ly
na
vi
ga
te
th
e
in
t
r
i
c
a
c
ie
s
of
th
e
A
I
-
c
e
nt
r
ic
bus
in
e
s
s
la
nds
c
a
pe
,
a
s
ubj
e
c
t
th
a
t
ha
s
g
a
r
ne
r
e
d i
ns
uf
f
ic
ie
nt
s
c
hol
a
r
ly
a
tt
e
nt
io
n i
n pr
e
c
e
di
ng s
tu
di
e
s
.
4.3
.
T
h
e
r
o
le
an
d
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
ic
s
o
f
a
m
b
id
e
x
t
r
ou
s
e
n
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
ia
l
l
e
ad
e
r
s
h
ip
i
n
n
a
vi
g
at
in
g t
h
e
A
I
b
oo
m
F
in
di
ngs
r
e
la
te
d
to
A
E
L
s
ugge
s
t
th
e
im
por
ta
nc
e
of
s
u
c
h
le
a
d
e
r
s
hi
p
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
in
c
opi
ng
w
it
h
th
e
A
I
boom.
A
E
L
s
ha
r
e
s
s
e
ve
r
a
l
c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
is
ti
c
s
w
it
h
tr
a
di
ti
on
a
l
E
L
,
w
hi
c
h
in
c
lu
de
f
os
te
r
in
g
in
nova
ti
on,
pr
om
ot
in
g
vi
s
io
na
r
y
be
ha
vi
or
,
a
nd
e
nha
nc
in
g
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
[
45
]
,
[
46]
.
A
E
L
pos
s
e
s
s
e
s
a
num
be
r
of
r
e
s
e
m
bl
a
nc
e
s
to
c
onve
nt
io
na
l
E
L
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
th
e
e
nc
our
a
ge
m
e
nt
of
in
nova
ti
on
a
nd
vi
s
io
na
r
y
be
ha
vi
or
a
nd
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
s
in
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
.
T
he
s
e
qua
li
ti
e
s
a
r
e
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
im
por
ta
nt
dur
in
g
th
e
A
I
boom,
w
he
r
e
in
nova
ti
on
a
nd
vi
s
io
na
r
y
th
in
ki
ng
a
r
e
vi
ta
l
f
or
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
le
ve
r
a
gi
ng
A
I
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
a
nd dr
iv
in
g o
r
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
s
uc
c
e
s
s
. B
y e
m
bodying t
he
s
e
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
, a
m
bi
de
xt
r
ous
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
le
a
de
r
s
c
a
n
na
vi
ga
te
th
e
c
om
pl
e
xi
ti
e
s
of
th
e
A
I
la
nds
c
a
pe
,
c
a
pi
ta
li
z
e
on
e
m
e
r
gi
ng
oppor
tu
ni
ti
e
s
,
a
nd
m
it
ig
a
te
pot
e
nt
ia
l
r
is
ks
[
29
]
,
[
85]
.
W
hi
le
pr
io
r
in
ve
s
ti
ga
ti
ons
ha
v
e
r
e
c
ogni
z
e
d
th
e
s
e
a
tt
r
ib
ut
e
s
w
it
hi
n
th
e
br
oa
de
r
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
of
E
L
,
our
e
m
pi
r
ic
a
l
s
tu
dy
e
lu
c
id
a
te
s
th
a
t
a
da
pt
iv
e
A
E
L
e
xhi
bi
t
e
xc
e
pt
io
na
l
pr
of
ic
ie
nc
y
in
a
ppl
yi
ng
th
e
s
e
c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
is
ti
c
s
w
it
hi
n
th
e
dom
a
in
of
A
I
.
T
hi
s
pr
of
ic
ie
nc
y
e
na
bl
e
s
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
to
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
le
ve
r
a
ge
e
xi
s
ti
ng
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
w
hi
le
s
im
ul
ta
ne
ous
ly
pur
s
ui
ng
nove
l
A
I
-
dr
iv
e
n
oppo
r
tu
ni
ti
e
s
.
C
ons
e
que
nt
ly
,
our
f
in
di
ngs
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
a
nove
l
pe
r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
t
o t
he
c
om
pr
e
he
n
s
io
n of
E
L
i
n t
he
c
ont
e
xt
of
a
s
w
if
tl
y t
r
a
ns
f
or
m
in
g t
e
c
hnol
ogi
c
a
l
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
.
O
th
e
r
th
a
n
th
is
,
A
E
L
is
im
por
ta
nt
in
c
r
e
a
ti
ng
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
a
gi
li
ty
a
nd
in
nova
ti
on,
w
hi
c
h
he
lp
s
in
a
dj
us
ti
ng
th
e
s
pe
e
de
d
a
dj
u
s
tm
e
nt
br
ought
in
by
th
e
boom
of
A
I
[
74]
.
A
m
bi
de
xt
r
ous
le
a
de
r
s
c
a
n
ha
ndl
e
bot
h
e
xpl
oi
ta
ti
on
a
nd
e
xpl
or
a
ti
on
e
xc
e
ll
e
nt
ly
[
62]
,
s
o
th
e
y
a
ll
ow
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on
to
e
xpl
oi
t
ne
w
oppor
tu
ni
ti
e
s
a
nd
opt
im
iz
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
[
64]
.
T
hi
s
a
gi
li
ty
a
s
s
i
s
ts
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
o
ns
in
r
e
m
a
in
in
g
c
om
pe
ti
ti
ve
a
nd
dyna
m
ic
in
a
m
a
r
ke
t
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
dr
iv
e
n by AI
.
A
E
L
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l
s
o
s
u
pp
or
t
s
th
e
ir
or
g
a
n
i
z
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t
io
n
s
i
n
th
e
a
d
o
pt
i
o
n
a
nd
e
x
pl
o
it
a
t
io
n
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
a
t
io
n
t
e
c
h
n
ol
og
i
e
s
,
i
n
c
l
u
di
ng
A
I
.
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n
t
h
e
A
I
bo
om
p
e
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io
d
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e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
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pl
oi
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a
t
io
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I
t
e
c
h
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og
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i
s
i
m
p
or
t
a
n
t
t
o
e
nh
a
n
c
e
c
o
m
pe
ti
ti
v
e
a
dv
a
nt
a
ge
a
n
d f
o
s
te
r
in
no
v
a
t
io
n
[
4
5
]
,
[
6
2]
.
A
m
bi
d
e
x
tr
ou
s
e
n
tr
e
pr
e
n
e
ur
i
a
l
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
,
w
i
th
t
h
e
ir
f
or
w
a
r
d
-
t
h
in
ki
ng
m
i
nd
s
e
t
a
nd
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
c
or
ie
n
ta
ti
o
n
[
3
1]
,
a
r
e
p
iv
ot
a
l
in
in
t
e
gr
a
t
in
g
A
I
t
e
c
hn
ol
o
gi
e
s
i
nt
o
or
g
a
n
i
z
a
ti
o
na
l
o
p
e
r
a
ti
on
s
a
nd
l
e
v
e
r
a
gi
n
g
t
h
e
ir
p
ot
e
nt
ia
l
be
n
e
f
it
s
[
8
2]
.
T
h
e
y
e
n
s
u
r
e
t
h
a
t
A
I
in
it
i
a
t
iv
e
s
a
l
i
gn
w
i
th
or
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
io
n
a
l
g
o
a
l
s
a
nd
a
r
e
im
pl
e
m
e
n
t
e
d
e
f
f
e
c
t
iv
e
ly
t
o
d
r
i
ve
va
l
ue
c
r
e
a
t
io
n
a
n
d m
a
in
t
a
i
n
a
c
o
m
p
e
ti
ti
v
e
a
dv
a
nt
a
g
e
[
8
4]
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
in
nova
ti
on
in
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
la
r
ge
ly
de
pe
nds
on
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
th
r
ough
E
L
[
80]
.
I
n
li
ght
of
th
e
A
I
boom,
th
e
r
e
is
a
ne
e
d
to
de
ve
lo
p
ope
n
a
nd
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
c
ha
nne
ls
bot
h
in
s
id
e
a
nd
out
s
id
e
of
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on
f
or
th
e
r
e
a
li
z
a
ti
on
of
c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
on,
s
ha
r
in
g
in
s
ig
ht
s
,
a
nd
ge
tt
in
g
th
e
s
ta
ke
hol
de
r
s
a
li
gne
d
w
it
h
A
I
in
it
ia
ti
ve
s
[
87]
.
A
m
bi
de
xt
r
ous
e
n
tr
e
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
le
a
de
r
s
c
r
e
a
te
a
n
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
in
w
hi
c
h
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
ta
ke
s
pl
a
c
e
,
e
na
bl
in
g
c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
on
a
nd
s
ha
r
in
g
of
knowle
dge
f
or
ha
r
ne
s
s
in
g
A
I
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
i
n t
he
pr
oc
e
s
s
of
i
nnova
ti
on a
nd or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
s
u
c
c
e
s
s
[
89]
.
I
n
e
s
s
e
nc
e
,
A
E
L
is
one
of
th
e
c
r
it
ic
a
l
is
s
ue
s
e
vi
de
nt
in
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
'
r
e
a
c
ti
ons
to
th
e
A
I
w
a
ve
.
T
hi
s
le
a
de
r
s
hi
p
a
ppr
oa
c
h
i
s
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
in
f
os
t
e
r
in
g
in
nova
ti
on,
a
gi
li
ty
,
a
dopt
io
n
of
I
T
,
a
nd
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on.
A
m
bi
de
xt
r
ous
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nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
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l
le
a
de
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s
pr
ovi
de
di
r
e
c
ti
on
on
how
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
c
a
n
ha
r
ne
s
s
A
I
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
m
os
t
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
,
c
ha
r
t
oppor
tu
ni
ti
e
s
a
nd
r
is
ks
,
na
vi
ga
te
a
n
A
I
-
dr
iv
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bus
in
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s
s
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nvi
r
onm
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,
a
nd l
e
a
d s
us
t
a
in
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gr
ow
th
a
nd s
uc
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s
s
i
n t
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di
gi
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.
5.
L
I
M
I
T
A
T
I
O
N
S
E
ve
n
w
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h
th
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in
nova
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C
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2015
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L
a
s
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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H
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A
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r
ol
e
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it
s
r
e
a
c
ti
on
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o
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I
bo
om
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h
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t
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of
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a
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E
L
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s
tu
dy t
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d t
o
id
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if
y t
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f
e
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t
ur
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po
s
s
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s
s
e
d by
A
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L
t
h
a
t
w
o
ul
d e
m
p
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e
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t
h
e
m
to
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n
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t
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ol
e
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t
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a
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th
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e
a
de
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s
c
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d c
a
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y
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t
in
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v
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a
gi
n
g
A
I
i
n
t
he
e
r
a
of
A
I
. A
n A
E
L
gu
id
e
s
or
g
a
ni
z
a
t
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t
hr
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ugh th
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I
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po
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in
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ul
ly
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I
t
e
c
hno
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gi
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s
i
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or
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z
a
ti
o
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in
no
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t
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gi
li
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n
e
w
v
a
lu
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a
ti
on
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n
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a
do
pt
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nn
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a
ti
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or
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t
r
a
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gi
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a
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f
f
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ti
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s
t
a
k
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ol
d
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r
pa
r
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in
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a
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y
on
d.
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y
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n
a
bl
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w
v
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l
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out
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s
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l
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a
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il
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r
a
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l
ly
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a
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r
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nm
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.
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l
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d
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hi
p
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n
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id
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tr
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pr
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n
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i
a
l
in
s
u
c
h
a
w
a
y
a
s
t
o
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f
f
e
c
t
iv
e
ly
r
e
s
p
on
d
t
o
t
he
A
I
bo
om
by
b
a
l
a
n
c
in
g
in
no
v
a
ti
on
a
nd
op
e
r
a
ti
o
na
l
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
w
h
il
e
n
a
vi
ga
ti
n
g
th
r
oug
h
un
c
e
r
t
a
in
ty
a
nd
e
x
pl
o
it
i
ng
e
m
e
r
gi
ng
opp
or
tu
ni
t
ie
s
.
T
hi
s
pr
e
pa
r
e
s
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
o
n
s
f
or
a
g
il
it
y,
e
n
s
ur
e
s
c
on
ti
n
uo
u
s
le
a
r
ni
n
g,
a
n
d
in
te
gr
a
te
s
A
I
i
nt
o
s
tr
a
t
e
gi
c
g
oa
l
s
w
h
il
e
s
us
ta
in
i
ng
c
om
pe
ti
t
iv
e
a
dv
a
nt
a
g
e
in
a
f
a
s
t
-
c
ha
n
gi
ng
e
nv
ir
on
m
e
nt
.
F
ut
ur
e
r
e
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d
or
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na
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in
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s
s
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R
E
F
E
R
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C
E
S
[
1]
J
.
L
i
u
e
t
al
.
,
“
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
i
n
t
he
21s
t
c
e
nt
ur
y,”
I
E
E
E
A
c
c
e
s
s
,
vol
.
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pp.
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–
34421,
2018,
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:
10.1109/
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C
E
S
S
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2]
I
.
M
.
E
nhol
m
,
E
.
P
a
pa
gi
a
nni
di
s
,
P
.
M
i
ka
l
e
f
,
a
nd
J
.
K
r
ogs
t
i
e
,
“
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
a
nd
bus
i
ne
s
s
va
l
ue
:
a
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
r
e
vi
e
w
,”
I
nf
or
m
at
i
on Sy
s
t
e
m
s
F
r
ont
i
e
r
s
, vol
. 24, no. 5, pp. 1709
–
1734, 2022, doi
:
10.10
07/
s
10796
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021
-
10186
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[
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D
.
M
.
T
ow
n
s
e
nd
a
nd
R
.
A
.
H
unt
,
“
E
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
i
a
l
a
c
t
i
on,
c
r
e
a
t
i
vi
t
y,
&
j
udgm
e
nt
i
n
t
he
a
ge
of
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
,”
J
ou
r
nal
o
f
B
us
i
ne
s
s
V
e
nt
ur
i
ng I
ns
i
ght
s
, vol
. 11, 2019, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.j
bvi
.2019.e
00126.
[
4]
G
.
G
i
uggi
ol
i
a
nd
M
.
M
.
P
e
l
l
e
gr
i
ni
,
“
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
a
s
a
n
e
na
bl
e
r
f
or
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
s
:
a
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
r
e
vi
e
w
a
nd
a
n
a
ge
nda
f
or
f
ut
u
r
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
E
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
i
al
B
e
hav
i
our
and
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
,
vol
.
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no.
4,
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2023,
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E
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R
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-
2021
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[
5]
A
. A
l
-
S
ur
m
i
, M
. B
a
s
hi
r
i
, a
nd I
. K
ol
i
ous
i
s
,
“
A
I
ba
s
e
d de
c
i
s
i
on
m
a
ki
ng:
c
om
bi
ni
ng s
t
r
a
t
e
gi
e
s
t
o i
m
pr
ove
ope
r
a
t
i
ona
l
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
,
”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
P
r
oduc
t
i
on R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
, vol
. 60, no. 14, pp. 4464
–
4486,
2022, doi
:
10.1080/
00207543.2021.1966540.
[
6]
B
.
B
h
i
m
a
,
A
.
R
.
A
z
Z
a
h
r
a
,
a
n
d
T
.
N
u
r
t
i
n
o,
“
E
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
o
r
ga
n
i
z
a
t
i
on
a
l
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
ge
n
c
e
i
n
m
a
n
a
ge
m
e
n
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
s
ys
t
e
m
s
,
”
A
P
T
I
S
I
T
r
a
ns
a
c
t
i
o
ns
on
M
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
(
A
T
M
)
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p.
28
2
–
2
89
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
0
50
/
a
t
m
.v
7
i
3
.2
1
4
6
.
[
7]
A
.
L
.
A
gb
a
j
i
,
“
L
e
a
de
r
s
hi
p
a
nd
m
a
na
ge
r
i
a
l
d
e
c
i
s
i
on
-
m
a
ki
ng
i
n
a
n
A
I
-
e
na
b
l
e
d
oi
l
a
nd
ga
s
i
ndus
t
r
y,”
So
c
i
e
t
y
of
P
e
t
r
ol
e
um
E
ngi
ne
e
r
s
-
A
bu D
habi
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
P
e
t
r
ol
e
um
E
x
hi
bi
t
i
on and C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
, A
D
I
P
2021
, 2021, doi
:
10.2118/
207613
-
M
S
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
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8938
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
,
V
ol
. 14, No. 3, J
une
2025
:
1708
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1718
1716
[
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M
.
P
.
E
.
C
unha
,
“
E
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
s
hi
p
a
s
de
c
i
s
i
on
m
a
ki
ng:
r
a
t
i
ona
l
,
i
nt
ui
t
i
ve
a
nd
i
m
pr
ovi
s
a
t
i
ona
l
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
,”
J
ou
r
nal
of
E
nt
e
r
pr
i
s
i
ng C
ul
t
ur
e
, vol
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–
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[
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C
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W
.
A
l
l
i
ns
on,
E
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C
he
l
l
,
a
nd
J
.
H
a
ye
s
,
“
I
nt
ui
t
i
on
a
nd
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
i
a
l
be
ha
vi
ou
r
,”
E
ur
ope
an
J
our
nal
of
W
or
k
and
O
r
gani
z
at
i
onal
P
s
y
c
hol
ogy
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[
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E
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K
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M
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ns
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L
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A
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A
s
a
m
oa
h,
a
nd
V
.
J
a
f
a
r
i
-
S
a
de
ghi
,
“
E
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
i
a
l
oppor
t
uni
t
y
de
c
i
s
i
ons
unde
r
unc
e
r
t
a
i
nt
y:
r
e
c
ogni
z
i
ng
t
he
c
om
pl
e
m
e
nt
i
ng r
ol
e
of
pe
r
s
ona
l
i
t
y
t
r
a
i
t
s
a
nd
c
ogni
t
i
ve
s
ki
l
l
s
,”
J
our
nal
of
E
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
s
hi
p, M
anage
m
e
nt
and I
nnov
at
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on
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[
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D
.
A
.
S
he
phe
r
d,
T
.
A
.
W
i
l
l
i
a
m
s
,
a
nd
H
.
P
a
t
z
e
l
t
,
“
T
hi
nki
ng
a
bout
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
i
a
l
de
c
i
s
i
on
m
a
ki
ng:
r
e
vi
e
w
a
nd
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
ge
nda
,”
J
our
nal
of
M
anage
m
e
nt
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–
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[
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R
.
M
e
hr
a
bi
a
nd
A
.
M
.
K
ol
a
bi
,
“
I
nve
s
t
i
ga
t
i
ng
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
’
s
pe
r
s
ona
l
a
t
t
r
i
but
e
s
a
nd
c
ogni
t
i
ve
he
ur
i
s
t
i
c
s
on
t
he
qua
l
i
t
y
of
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
i
a
l
s
t
r
a
t
e
gi
c
de
c
i
s
i
on m
a
ki
ng,”
G
l
obal
B
us
i
ne
s
s
and M
anage
m
e
nt
R
e
s
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ar
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A
.
A
nz
e
nba
c
he
r
a
nd
M
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W
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gne
r
,
“
T
he
r
ol
e
of
e
xpl
or
a
t
i
on
a
nd
e
xpl
oi
t
a
t
i
on
f
or
i
nnova
t
i
on
s
uc
c
e
s
s
:
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
of
bus
i
ne
s
s
m
ode
l
s
on
or
ga
ni
z
a
t
i
ona
l
a
m
bi
de
xt
e
r
i
t
y
i
n
t
he
s
e
m
i
c
onduc
t
or
i
ndus
t
r
y,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
E
n
t
r
e
pr
e
ne
u
r
s
hi
p
and
M
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e
nt
J
our
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C
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A
ndr
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opoul
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a
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M
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W
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L
e
w
i
s
,
“
E
xpl
oi
t
a
t
i
on
-
e
xpl
or
a
t
i
on
t
e
ns
i
ons
a
nd
or
ga
ni
z
a
t
i
ona
l
a
m
bi
de
xt
e
r
i
t
y:
m
a
na
gi
ng
pa
r
a
doxe
s
of
i
nnova
t
i
on,”
O
r
gani
z
at
i
on Sc
i
e
nc
e
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287/
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[
15]
S
.
S
ha
ne
,
“
P
r
i
or
know
l
e
dge
a
nd
t
he
di
s
c
ove
r
y
of
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
i
a
l
oppor
t
uni
t
i
e
s
,”
O
r
gani
z
at
i
on
Sc
i
e
nc
e
,
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c
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[
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A
. C
.
C
or
be
t
t
, “
L
e
a
r
ni
ng a
s
ym
m
e
t
r
i
e
s
a
nd t
he
di
s
c
ov
e
r
y of
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
i
a
l
opp
or
t
uni
t
i
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,”
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our
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of
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V
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a
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e
gi
c
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nt
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pr
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ne
ur
s
a
t
w
or
k:
T
he
na
t
ur
e
,
di
s
c
ove
r
y,
a
nd
e
xpl
oi
t
a
t
i
on
of
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
i
a
l
oppor
t
uni
t
i
e
s
,”
Sm
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l
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us
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O
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K
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K
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M
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e
,
A
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,
J
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C
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D
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U
c
ba
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r
a
n,
a
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G
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dgki
ns
on,
“
E
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
i
a
l
l
e
a
de
r
s
hi
p,
c
a
pa
bi
l
i
t
i
e
s
a
nd
f
i
r
m
gr
ow
t
h,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
Sm
al
l
B
us
i
ne
s
s
J
ou
r
nal
:
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
hi
ng
E
nt
r
e
p
r
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A
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“
T
he
i
m
pa
c
t
of
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
i
a
l
l
e
a
de
r
s
hi
p
on
e
xpl
or
a
t
or
y
i
nnova
t
i
on
a
nd
e
xpl
oi
t
a
t
i
ve
i
nnova
t
i
on
o
f
ne
w
ve
nt
ur
e
s
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
ou
r
nal
of
A
c
ade
m
i
c
R
e
s
e
ar
c
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A
m
bi
de
xt
r
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a
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i
vi
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i
e
s
of
i
nt
e
r
ne
t
-
ba
s
e
d
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
s
hi
ps
i
n
A
ppl
e
A
pp
S
t
or
e
:
t
w
o
s
i
de
s
of
us
e
r
f
e
e
db
a
c
k,”
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
A
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St
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S
ur
e
ndr
a
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B
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T
hom
a
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,
“
R
ol
e
of
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
a
nd
bus
i
ne
s
s
de
c
i
s
i
on
m
a
ki
ng,
”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
A
dv
anc
e
d
C
om
put
e
r
S
c
i
e
nc
e
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ppl
i
c
at
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ons
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a
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i
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“
A
br
i
e
f
hi
s
t
or
y
o
f
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
:
on
t
he
pa
s
t
,
pr
e
s
e
nt
,
a
nd
f
ut
ur
e
of
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
,”
C
al
i
f
or
ni
a M
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m
e
nt
R
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D
e
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L
e
ve
r
a
gi
ng
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
i
n
bus
i
ne
s
s
:
i
m
pl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
,
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
a
nd
m
e
t
hods
,”
T
e
c
hnol
og
y
A
nal
y
s
i
s
and St
r
at
e
gi
c
M
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“
L
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a
d
e
r
s
hi
p,
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
a
nd
t
he
ne
e
d
t
o
r
e
de
f
i
ne
f
ut
ur
e
s
ki
l
l
s
de
ve
l
opm
e
nt
,
”
P
r
oc
e
e
di
ngs
of
t
he
14t
h
E
ur
ope
an
C
onf
e
r
e
n
c
e
on
M
anage
m
e
nt
,
L
e
ad
e
r
s
hi
p
an
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G
ov
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r
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xi
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ya
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“
E
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i
br
a
t
i
ng
e
m
ot
i
ona
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
a
nd
A
I
dr
i
ve
n
l
e
a
de
r
s
hi
p
f
or
t
r
a
ns
na
t
i
ona
l
or
ga
ni
z
a
t
i
ons
,
”
P
r
oc
e
e
di
ngs
of
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on
I
nnov
at
i
v
e
P
r
ac
t
i
c
e
s
i
n
T
e
c
hnol
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Q
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que
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ke
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F
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pot
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T
he
now
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w
,
a
nd n
e
xt
of
di
gi
t
a
l
l
e
a
de
r
s
hi
p:
how
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
(
A
I
)
w
i
l
l
t
a
ke
ove
r
a
nd
c
ha
nge
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
hi
p
a
s
w
e
know
i
t
,”
J
ou
r
nal
of
L
e
ade
r
s
hi
p
and
O
r
gani
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G
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a
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K
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C
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s
ouz
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i
bi
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r
e
,
a
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L
i
ndi
č
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W
i
l
l
A
I
e
ve
r
s
i
t
a
t
t
he
C
-
s
ui
t
e
t
a
bl
e
?
T
he
f
ut
ur
e
of
s
e
ni
or
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
hi
p,”
B
us
i
ne
s
s
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r
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z
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S
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r
, I
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e
ni
c
e
,
L
.
B
i
e
r
, a
nd
I
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ubt
i
l
, “
A
I
a
s
a
l
e
a
de
r
-
w
ha
t
i
ndi
vi
dua
l
f
a
c
t
or
s
i
nf
l
ue
nc
e
t
he
a
c
c
e
pt
a
nc
e
of
A
I
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
t
ha
t
t
a
ke
on
l
e
a
de
r
s
hi
p
t
a
s
k
s
?
,”
H
um
an
F
ac
t
or
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n
M
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e
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s
c
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“
E
xpl
a
i
ni
ng
t
he
he
t
e
r
oge
ne
i
t
y
of
t
he
l
e
a
de
r
s
hi
p
-
i
nnova
t
i
on
r
e
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
p:
a
m
bi
de
xt
r
ous
l
e
a
de
r
s
hi
p,”
L
e
ade
r
s
hi
p Q
uar
t
e
r
l
y
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nbe
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t
,
a
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H
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J
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W
i
l
s
on,
“
E
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
i
a
l
l
e
a
de
r
s
:
c
r
e
a
t
i
ng
oppor
t
uni
t
y
i
n
a
n
unknow
a
bl
e
w
or
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d,”
L
e
ade
r
t
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“
E
na
bl
e
di
gi
t
a
l
t
r
a
ns
f
or
m
a
t
i
on:
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
i
a
l
l
e
a
de
r
s
hi
p,
a
m
bi
de
xt
r
ous
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
a
nd
or
ga
ni
s
a
t
i
ona
l
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
,”
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
A
nal
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St
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l
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a
de
r
s
h
i
p
, a
m
b
i
d
e
xt
r
ous
e
m
pl
oye
e
,
a
n
d t
he
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
be
t
w
e
e
n a
m
bi
d
e
x
t
r
ous
l
e
a
de
r
s
h
i
p
a
nd
e
m
pl
oye
e
i
nn
ova
t
i
ve
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
nc
e
,
”
J
our
n
al
o
f
I
n
nov
at
i
on
a
nd
E
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
s
h
i
p
,
v
ol
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no.
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18
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13
731
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018
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L
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A
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D
uc
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N
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D
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T
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N
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,
a
nd
Y
.
C
.
L
a
n,
“
T
e
a
m
i
nnova
t
i
on
i
n
r
e
t
a
i
l
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
:
t
he
r
ol
e
of
a
m
bi
de
xt
r
ous
l
e
a
de
r
s
hi
p
a
nd
t
e
a
m
l
e
a
r
ni
ng,”
Se
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e
B
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m
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a
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“
L
e
a
di
ng
i
nnova
t
i
on:
e
m
pi
r
i
c
a
l
e
vi
de
nc
e
f
or
a
m
bi
de
xt
r
ous
l
e
a
de
r
s
hi
p
f
r
om
U
K
hi
gh
-
t
e
c
h S
M
E
s
,”
J
our
nal
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ne
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s
R
e
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e
ar
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E
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K
ous
i
na
a
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I
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V
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i
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“
T
he
a
m
bi
de
xt
r
ous
l
e
a
de
r
s
hi
p
-
i
nnova
t
i
ve
w
o
r
k
be
ha
vi
or
r
e
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
i
n
t
he
pub
l
i
c
s
e
c
t
or
:
t
he
m
e
di
a
t
i
ng
r
ol
e
of
ps
yc
hol
ogi
c
a
l
ow
ne
r
s
hi
p,
”
P
ubl
i
c
A
dm
i
ni
s
t
r
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K
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ki
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“
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a
i
ni
ng
a
m
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de
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r
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l
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a
de
r
s
hi
p
i
n
t
he
a
e
r
os
p
a
c
e
a
nd
de
f
e
n
s
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
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i
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,”
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:
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r
ni
ng
f
r
om
pa
s
t
a
nd c
ur
r
e
nt
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or
a
t
i
on i
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r
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l
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s
hi
p:
a
di
s
t
i
nc
t
pa
t
hw
a
y
t
o
bui
l
d
t
a
l
e
nt
a
gi
l
i
t
y
a
nd
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
,”
H
um
an
R
e
s
our
c
e
D
e
v
e
l
opm
e
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I
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e
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I
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J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
H
ow
am
bi
de
x
tr
ou
s
e
nt
r
e
p
r
e
ne
u
r
ia
l
le
ade
r
s
r
e
ac
t
to
th
e
ar
ti
fi
c
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
boom
(
K
andas
am
y
I
ndr
a
v
at
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S
.
L
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nne
r
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s
,
A
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c
hul
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e
,
a
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T
.
T
om
c
z
a
k,
“
T
he
a
s
ym
m
e
t
r
i
c
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
of
e
xpl
oi
t
a
t
i
on
a
nd
e
xpl
or
a
t
i
on
on
r
a
di
c
a
l
a
nd
i
nc
r
e
m
e
nt
a
l
i
nnova
t
i
on
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
:
A
n
une
ve
n
a
f
f
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E
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t
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xpl
oi
t
a
t
i
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s
our
c
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ut
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
on
a
nd
goa
l
f
oc
us
i
n
t
e
l
e
c
om
m
uni
c
a
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i
on
i
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t
r
y,
”
R
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s
e
ar
c
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S
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or
e
xpl
oi
t
a
t
i
on:
P
ur
s
ui
ng hi
gh de
gr
e
e
s
of
pr
oduc
t
a
nd pr
oc
e
s
s
i
nnova
t
i
ve
ne
s
s
i
n m
a
t
ur
e
i
ndus
t
r
i
e
s
,”
T
e
c
hnov
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í
a
-
M
ui
ña
, E
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e
l
e
c
ha
no
-
B
a
r
a
hona
, a
nd S
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l
o
ns
o
-
M
uñoz
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A
b
s
or
pt
i
ve
r
out
i
ne
s
a
nd t
he
e
c
onom
i
c
i
m
pa
c
t
of
i
nc
r
e
m
e
nt
a
l
i
nnova
t
i
ons
:
D
e
ve
l
opi
ng
c
ont
i
nuous
i
m
pr
ove
m
e
nt
s
t
r
a
t
e
gi
e
s
,”
J
ou
r
nal
of
O
pe
n
I
nnov
at
i
on:
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
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ar
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S
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M
i
na
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,
a
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a
no,
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T
he
i
m
pa
c
t
of
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
i
a
l
bus
i
ne
s
s
ne
t
w
or
ks
on
f
i
r
m
s
’
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
t
hr
ough a
m
e
di
a
t
i
ng r
ol
e
of
dyna
m
i
c
c
a
pa
bi
l
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T
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“
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i
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pa
c
t
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e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
i
a
l
l
e
a
de
r
s
hi
p
on
S
M
E
s
’
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
:
t
he
m
e
di
a
t
i
ng
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
of
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ga
ni
z
a
t
i
ona
l
f
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va
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E
nt
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pr
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ne
ur
i
a
l
l
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de
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s
hi
p
o
f
C
E
O
s
a
nd e
m
pl
oye
e
s
’
i
nn
ova
t
i
ve
be
ha
v
i
or
i
n hi
gh
-
t
e
c
h
nol
og
y
ne
w
ve
nt
u
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,”
J
our
n
al
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f
Sm
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r
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i
ve
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r
s
ona
l
c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
of
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
i
a
l
l
e
a
de
r
s
,”
Sm
al
l
E
nt
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R
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“
U
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l
ons
:
t
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or
ga
ni
z
a
t
i
on
a
s
a
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
on
of
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t
s
t
op
m
a
na
ge
r
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,”
T
he
A
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M
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h
e
or
y:
a
n
upda
t
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,
”
A
c
ade
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y
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M
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R
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U
ppe
r
E
c
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l
ons
T
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or
y’
:
e
vol
ut
i
on
a
nd
ope
n
a
ve
nue
s
,”
J
ou
r
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nc
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s
i
n
a
r
t
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f
i
c
i
a
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i
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e
l
l
i
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nc
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-
26
t
h
A
us
t
r
a
l
a
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i
a
n
J
oi
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C
onf
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r
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nc
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,
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oc
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”
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i
an J
oi
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yi
ng
a
nd
m
e
a
s
ur
i
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de
ve
l
opm
e
nt
s
i
n
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
,”
O
E
C
D
Sc
i
e
nc
e
,
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
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I
ndus
t
r
y
W
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i
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J
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l
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i
j
ne
n,
a
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O
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H
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F
r
a
nc
o,
“
O
pt
i
m
a
l
da
t
a
ba
s
e
c
om
bi
na
t
i
ons
f
or
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
s
i
n
s
ys
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
r
e
vi
e
w
s
:
A
pr
os
pe
c
t
i
ve
e
xpl
or
a
t
or
y s
t
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Sy
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t
e
m
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e
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t
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“
D
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t
a
ba
s
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
on
a
nd
da
t
a
ga
t
he
r
i
ng
m
e
t
hods
i
n
s
ys
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
r
e
vi
e
w
s
of
qua
l
i
t
a
t
i
ve
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
r
e
ga
r
di
ng
di
a
be
t
e
s
m
e
l
l
i
t
us
-
a
n
e
xpl
o
r
a
t
i
ve
s
t
udy,”
B
M
C
M
e
di
c
al
R
e
s
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M
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t
hodol
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a
t
e
m
e
nt
:
a
n
upda
t
e
d
gui
de
l
i
ne
f
or
r
e
por
t
i
ng
s
ys
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
r
e
vi
e
w
s
,”
J
ou
r
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L
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al
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M
A
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:
a
n
e
xt
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ns
i
on
t
o
t
he
P
R
I
S
M
A
s
t
a
t
e
m
e
nt
f
or
r
e
por
t
i
ng
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
s
i
n
s
ys
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
r
e
vi
e
w
s
,”
Sy
s
t
e
m
at
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R
e
v
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a
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f
yi
ng
dom
a
i
n
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s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
t
e
xt
doc
um
e
nt
s
c
ont
a
i
ni
ng
a
m
bi
guous
ke
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or
ds
,”
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at
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e
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B
l
a
i
z
ot
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al
.
,
“
U
s
i
ng
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
m
e
t
hods
f
or
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
r
e
vi
e
w
i
n
he
a
l
t
h
s
c
i
e
nc
e
s
:
a
s
ys
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
r
e
vi
e
w
,”
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
Sy
nt
he
s
i
s
M
e
t
hods
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E
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l
s
on
a
nd C
. S
a
l
e
m
, “
L
e
a
r
n a
bout
C
ons
e
n
s
us
,”
C
ons
e
ns
us
.
[
O
nl
i
ne
]
. A
va
i
l
a
bl
e
:
ht
t
ps
:
/
/
c
ons
e
ns
u
s
.a
pp/
hom
e
/
a
bout
-
us
/
[
59]
T
e
c
hnour
c
e
,
“
W
ha
t
i
s
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on
s
e
ns
u
s
AI
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
ngi
n
e
&
how
t
o
us
e
c
on
s
e
n
s
us
A
pp?
,”
T
e
c
hnour
c
e
,
2023.
A
c
c
e
s
s
e
d
:
S
e
p.
04,
2023
.
[
O
nl
i
ne
]
. A
va
i
l
a
bl
e
:
ht
t
ps
:
/
/
w
w
w
.t
e
c
hnour
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e
.c
om
/
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og/
w
ha
t
-
is
-
c
on
s
e
ns
u
s
-
a
i
/
[
60]
I
.
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a
n
da
s
a
m
y
a
n
d
N
.
A
.
R
a
h
i
m
,
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C
om
pe
t
i
t
i
ve
a
d
a
p
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
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n
t
h
e
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ge
o
f
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r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
:
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n
a
m
b
i
d
e
x
t
e
r
i
t
y
i
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ov
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t
i
on
pe
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s
p
e
c
t
i
ve
,”
i
n
I
E
E
E
T
e
c
hn
o
l
o
gy
an
d
E
n
gi
ne
e
r
i
n
g
M
an
a
ge
m
e
nt
S
oc
i
e
t
y
C
o
nf
e
r
e
nc
e
:
A
s
i
a
-
P
a
c
i
f
i
c
(
T
E
M
SC
O
N
-
A
S
P
A
C
2
02
4
)
,
20
2
4,
p
p
.
1
–
8
.
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61]
M
.
R
e
nko,
A
.
E
l
T
a
r
a
bi
s
hy,
A
.
L
.
C
a
r
s
r
ud,
a
nd
M
.
B
r
ä
nnba
c
k,
“
U
nde
r
s
t
a
ndi
n
g
a
nd
m
e
a
s
ur
i
ng
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
i
a
l
l
e
a
de
r
s
hi
p
s
t
yl
e
,”
J
our
nal
of
Sm
al
l
B
us
i
ne
s
s
M
anage
m
e
nt
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–
74, 2015, doi
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j
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A
.
N
e
w
m
a
n,
H
.
H
.
M
.
T
s
e
,
G
.
S
c
hw
a
r
z
,
a
nd
I
.
N
i
e
l
s
e
n,
“
T
he
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
of
e
m
pl
oye
e
s
’
c
r
e
a
t
i
ve
s
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
on
i
nnova
t
i
ve
be
ha
vi
or
:
T
he
r
ol
e
of
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
i
a
l
l
e
a
de
r
s
hi
p,”
J
our
nal
of
B
us
i
ne
s
s
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
, vol
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10.1016/
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Q
.
L
i
n
a
nd
L
.
Y
i
,
“
T
he
m
ul
t
i
l
e
ve
l
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
ve
ne
s
s
of
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
i
a
l
l
e
a
de
r
s
hi
p:
A
m
e
t
a
-
a
na
l
ys
i
s
,”
J
our
nal
of
M
anage
m
e
nt
and
O
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gani
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on
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Q
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L
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n
a
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i
,
“
S
u
r
vi
v
a
l
o
f
t
he
f
i
t
t
e
s
t
:
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he
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
pa
t
hs
o
f
e
n
t
r
e
p
r
e
ne
u
r
i
a
l
l
e
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d
e
r
s
hi
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dr
i
v
i
n
g
a
da
pt
i
ve
i
n
nov
a
t
i
on
i
n
u
nc
e
r
t
a
i
n
e
nv
i
r
on
m
e
n
t
,”
E
ur
o
pe
a
n J
our
n
al
o
f
I
n
nov
at
i
on
M
an
age
m
e
n
t
,
vo
l
.
26
,
no.
4
, p
p.
1
150
–
11
67
, 2
02
3,
do
i
:
10
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108
/
E
J
I
M
-
10
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2
021
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0
48
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65]
A
.
F
ont
a
na
a
nd
S
.
M
us
a
,
“
T
he
i
m
pa
c
t
of
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
i
a
l
l
e
a
de
r
s
hi
p
on
i
nnova
t
i
on
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
a
nd
i
t
s
m
e
a
s
ur
e
m
e
nt
va
l
i
da
t
i
on,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
I
nnov
at
i
on Sc
i
e
nc
e
, vol
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M
.
A
kba
r
i
,
A
.
B
a
ghe
r
i
,
S
.
I
m
a
ni
,
a
nd
M
.
A
s
a
dne
z
ha
d,
“
D
oe
s
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
i
a
l
l
e
a
de
r
s
hi
p
e
nc
our
a
ge
i
nnova
t
i
on
w
or
k
be
ha
vi
or
?
t
he
m
e
di
a
t
i
ng
r
ol
e
of
c
r
e
a
t
i
ve
s
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
a
nd
s
uppor
t
f
or
i
nnova
t
i
on,”
E
ur
ope
an J
our
nal
of
I
nnov
at
i
on
M
anage
m
e
nt
,
vol
.
24,
no.
1,
pp. 1
–
22, 2021, doi
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10.1108/
E
J
I
M
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10
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2019
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0283.
[
67]
A
.
B
a
ghe
r
i
,
M
.
A
kba
r
i
,
a
nd
A
.
A
r
t
a
ng,
“
H
ow
doe
s
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
i
a
l
l
e
a
de
r
s
hi
p
a
f
f
e
c
t
i
nnova
t
i
on
w
o
r
k
be
ha
vi
or
?
t
he
m
e
di
a
t
i
ng
r
o
l
e
of
i
ndi
vi
dua
l
a
nd
t
e
a
m
c
r
e
a
t
i
vi
t
y
s
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y,”
E
ur
ope
an
J
our
nal
of
I
nnov
at
i
o
n
M
anage
m
e
nt
,
vol
.
25,
no.
1,
pp.
1
–
18,
2022,
doi
:
10.1108/
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M
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2020
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0281.
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68]
A
.
I
qba
l
,
T
.
N
a
z
i
r
,
a
nd
M
.
S
.
A
hm
a
d,
“
E
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
i
a
l
l
e
a
de
r
s
hi
p
a
nd
e
m
pl
oye
e
i
nnova
t
i
ve
be
ha
vi
or
:
a
n
e
xa
m
i
na
t
i
on
t
hr
ough
m
ul
t
i
pl
e
t
he
or
e
t
i
c
a
l
l
e
ns
e
s
,”
E
ur
ope
an
J
our
nal
of
I
nnov
at
i
on
M
anage
m
e
nt
,
vol
.
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no.
1,
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–
190,
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10.1108/
E
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06
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2020
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69]
G
. N
i
e
t
al
.
, “
I
nf
l
ue
nc
e
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
of
or
ga
ni
z
a
t
i
ona
l
f
l
e
xi
bi
l
i
t
y on e
nt
e
r
pr
i
s
e
c
o
m
pe
t
i
t
i
ve
ne
s
s
:
t
he
m
e
di
a
t
i
ng r
ol
e
of
or
ga
ni
z
a
t
i
ona
l
i
nnova
t
i
on,”
Sus
t
ai
nabi
l
i
t
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C
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H
a
n
a
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S
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ha
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“
M
ul
t
i
pl
e
s
t
r
a
t
e
gi
c
or
i
e
nt
a
t
i
ons
a
nd
s
t
r
a
t
e
gi
c
f
l
e
xi
bi
l
i
t
y
i
n
pr
oduc
t
i
nnova
t
i
on,”
E
ur
ope
an
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
on
M
anage
m
e
nt
and B
us
i
ne
s
s
E
c
onom
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Y
.
Y
u,
X
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Z
ha
ng,
S
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H
ua
ng,
Z
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C
he
n,
a
nd
Z
.
C
he
n,
“
E
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
i
a
l
l
e
a
de
r
s
hi
p
a
nd
i
nnova
t
i
on
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
i
n
ne
w
ve
nt
ur
e
s
:
e
xa
m
i
ni
ng
t
he
r
ol
e
s
of
s
t
r
a
t
e
gi
c
f
l
e
xi
bi
l
i
t
y
a
nd
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
t
ur
bul
e
nc
e
,”
E
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
u
r
s
hi
p
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
J
our
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D
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M
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S
t
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i
ni
nge
r
,
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L
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nki
ng
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on
s
ys
t
e
m
s
a
nd
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
s
hi
p:
a
r
e
vi
e
w
a
nd
a
ge
nda
f
or
I
T
-
a
s
s
oc
i
a
t
e
d
a
nd
di
gi
t
a
l
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
s
hi
p r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,”
I
nf
or
m
at
i
on Sy
s
t
e
m
s
J
ou
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