I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
o
wer
E
lect
ro
nics
a
nd
Driv
e
S
y
s
t
em
(
I
J
P
E
DS)
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
,
p
p
.
1124
~
1
1
3
6
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijp
ed
s
.
v
16
.i
2
.
p
p
1
1
2
4
-
1
1
3
6
1124
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
p
e
d
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
O
ptimi
zed d
esig
n and
develo
pmen
t
of a v
ehicle
-
mo
u
nted
v
ertic
a
l axis
wind
t
urbin
e f
o
r
defe
n
se
cut
-
o
ff
loca
tion
s a
nd it
s
performa
nce ana
l
y
sis
M
.
P
riy
a
dh
a
rsin
i,
S
un
il K
u
m
a
r
G
up
t
a
,
M
a
no
j
G
up
t
a
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
P
o
o
r
n
i
m
a
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,
Ja
i
p
u
r
,
I
n
d
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Ap
r
2
8
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
Feb
1
5
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
Ma
r
1
,
2
0
2
5
Th
is
p
a
p
e
r
p
re
se
n
ts
a
v
e
h
icle
-
m
o
u
n
ted
v
e
rti
c
a
l
-
a
x
is
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
(VA
WT
)
d
e
sig
n
e
d
to
g
e
n
e
ra
te
p
o
we
r
in
m
o
ti
o
n
a
n
d
a
t
c
u
t
-
o
ff
l
o
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
P
a
rti
c
u
larly
,
i
ts
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
to
m
il
it
a
r
y
v
e
h
icle
s
is
e
x
p
lo
re
d
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
u
n
in
terru
p
te
d
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
p
o
we
r
f
o
r
ra
d
io
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
li
g
h
ti
n
g
n
e
e
d
s
i
n
re
m
o
te
a
re
a
s.
Th
e
d
e
sig
n
u
se
s
a
h
e
li
c
a
l
win
d
tu
rb
in
e
f
o
r
its
c
o
m
p
a
c
tn
e
ss
,
li
g
h
tw
e
ig
h
t,
a
n
d
su
it
a
b
il
it
y
f
o
r
v
e
h
icle
m
o
u
n
ti
n
g
with
o
u
t
h
e
a
v
y
s
u
p
p
o
rt
str
u
c
tu
r
e
s.
Th
e
se
tu
rb
i
n
e
s
h
a
v
e
lo
w
sta
rti
n
g
win
d
sp
e
e
d
s,
m
in
ima
l
v
ib
ra
ti
o
n
,
p
o
rtab
il
i
ty
,
a
ffo
rd
a
b
il
i
ty
,
a
n
d
lo
w
m
a
in
ten
a
n
c
e
re
q
u
irem
e
n
ts.
Util
izin
g
fi
b
e
rg
la
ss
b
lad
e
s,
th
e
tu
rb
in
e
u
n
it
m
e
a
su
re
s
1
0
3
m
m
in
h
e
ig
h
t
a
n
d
2
7
.
5
m
m
in
d
iam
e
ter,
a
c
h
iev
in
g
o
p
ti
m
a
l
rp
m
a
n
d
to
r
q
u
e
fo
r
g
iv
e
n
wi
n
d
sp
e
e
d
s.
Op
e
ra
ti
n
g
with
in
t
h
e
win
d
sp
e
e
d
ra
n
g
e
o
f
1
0
k
m
/h
to
4
0
k
m
/h
,
t
h
e
VA
WT
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
s
a
n
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
ra
n
g
i
n
g
fr
o
m
5
V
to
5
5
V,
with
a
m
a
x
imu
m
win
d
t
u
rb
i
n
e
p
o
we
r
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
1
1
2
0
w
a
tt
s
a
t
a
wi
n
d
sp
e
e
d
o
f
1
2
m
/s.
Th
e
fi
n
a
l
g
e
n
e
ra
to
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
we
r
o
b
tai
n
e
d
wit
h
th
e
a
b
o
v
e
wi
n
d
tu
rb
in
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
1
1
2
0
w
a
tt
s
is
3
5
2
w
a
tt
s.
A
p
ro
t
o
ty
p
e
u
n
it
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
tes
ted
a
n
d
m
o
u
n
te
d
o
n
a
n
a
ll
-
terra
i
n
v
e
h
icle
fo
r
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
p
a
p
e
r
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
d
e
tailed
d
e
sig
n
ste
p
s,
c
a
lcu
latio
n
s,
a
n
d
in
sig
h
ts
fo
r
o
p
ti
m
izi
n
g
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
fa
c
il
it
a
ti
n
g
l
a
rg
e
-
sc
a
le
imp
lem
e
n
tatio
n
in
th
e
f
u
tu
re
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Ax
ial
f
lu
x
p
e
r
m
an
en
t
m
ag
n
et
C
u
t
-
o
f
f
lo
ca
tio
n
s
Ma
g
n
etic
lev
itatio
n
R
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
Swep
t a
r
ea
T
ip
s
p
ee
d
r
atio
Ver
tical
ax
is
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Su
n
il Ku
m
ar
Gu
p
ta
Dep
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
E
lectr
o
n
ics E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
Po
o
r
n
im
a
Un
iv
er
s
ity
J
aip
u
r
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
s
u
n
il.g
u
p
ta@
p
o
o
r
n
im
a
.
ed
u
.
in
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
d
ep
letio
n
o
f
co
n
v
en
tio
n
a
l
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
ev
e
r
-
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
d
u
e
to
in
d
u
s
tr
ializatio
n
h
av
e
s
p
u
r
r
e
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
esear
ch
o
n
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
h
a
r
n
ess
in
g
p
r
im
ar
y
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
n
atu
r
al
s
o
u
r
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
an
d
win
d
en
er
g
y
.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
ese,
win
d
en
er
g
y
s
tan
d
s
o
u
t a
s
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
astes
t
-
g
r
o
win
g
s
o
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
elec
tr
icity
g
en
er
atio
n
.
W
in
d
tu
r
b
in
es p
l
ay
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
co
n
v
er
tin
g
th
e
m
ec
h
an
ical
en
er
g
y
in
h
er
en
t in
w
in
d
in
to
elec
tr
ical
en
e
r
gy.
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
win
d
en
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
atio
n
in
v
o
l
v
es
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
k
in
etic
en
er
g
y
o
f
win
d
to
p
r
o
p
el
a
win
d
t
u
r
b
in
e,
th
e
r
eb
y
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
e
win
d
'
s
k
i
n
etic
en
er
g
y
in
to
r
o
tatio
n
al
k
in
etic
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
is
r
o
tatio
n
al
en
e
r
g
y
is
th
en
c
o
n
v
er
ted
in
to
elec
tr
ica
l
en
er
g
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
g
en
er
at
o
r
s
,
wi
th
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
lied
to
elec
tr
ical
e
q
u
ip
m
e
n
t.
Ax
ial
f
lu
x
g
en
e
r
ato
r
s
,
o
p
er
atin
g
as
p
e
r
m
an
e
n
t
m
ag
n
et
alt
er
n
ato
r
s
,
a
r
e
in
te
g
r
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
t
h
is
s
etu
p
.
T
h
ese
g
en
er
ato
r
s
f
ea
tu
r
e
an
air
g
ap
s
u
r
f
ac
e
p
er
p
e
n
d
icu
l
ar
t
o
th
e
r
o
tatin
g
ax
is
,
g
en
er
atin
g
m
ag
n
etic
f
l
u
x
es
p
a
r
allel
to
th
e
ax
is
.
Ax
ial
f
lu
x
p
e
r
m
an
en
t
m
ag
n
et
(
AFPM)
m
ac
h
in
es
with
co
r
eless
to
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
f
er
d
is
tin
ct
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
o
v
er
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
p
er
m
an
en
t
m
ag
n
et
m
ac
h
in
es,
d
eli
v
er
in
g
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
,
to
r
q
u
e
-
to
-
weig
h
t r
ati
o
s
,
an
d
g
eo
m
etr
ically
h
ig
h
er
asp
ec
t r
ati
o
s
[
1
]
-
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
s
u
ch
as c
u
t
-
o
f
f
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Op
timiz
ed
d
esig
n
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
men
t o
f a
ve
h
icle
-
mo
u
n
ted
ve
r
tica
l a
xis w
in
d
tu
r
b
in
e
fo
r
…
(
M.
P
r
iya
d
h
a
r
s
in
i
)
1125
wh
er
e
a
co
n
s
tan
t
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
c
e
is
ess
en
tial f
o
r
o
p
e
r
atin
g
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t,
r
elia
n
ce
s
o
lely
o
n
s
to
r
ag
e
b
atter
ies
b
ec
o
m
es
in
ad
eq
u
ate.
T
h
e
d
em
an
d
ca
lls
f
o
r
en
e
r
g
y
g
en
er
atio
n
s
etu
p
s
th
at
ar
e
p
o
r
tab
le,
lig
h
tweig
h
t,
an
d
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
o
f
f
u
el
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
f
o
r
lo
n
g
-
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
h
ig
h
-
altitu
d
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
.
R
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
s
o
lar
,
p
o
r
tab
le
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
,
an
d
win
d
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
em
e
r
g
e
as
s
u
itab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
s
u
ch
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
a
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
m
o
d
el
t
h
at
is
im
p
lem
en
te
d
o
n
a
m
o
v
in
g
v
eh
icle
a
n
d
n
o
t in
a
f
ix
ed
lo
ca
tio
n
,
wh
ic
h
is
u
n
iq
u
e
in
its
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
u
s
es
a
f
i
b
er
g
lass
m
ater
ial
f
o
r
th
e
b
lad
e
d
esig
n
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
weig
h
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
ef
f
i
cien
cy
o
f
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
is
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
b
y
o
p
tim
izin
g
t
h
e
an
g
le
o
f
attac
k
,
s
wep
t
ar
ea
with
an
an
g
le
o
f
(
1
3
5
-
1
8
0
)
d
eg
r
ee
s
,
with
a
m
i
n
im
u
m
o
f
two
b
lad
es
,
wh
ile
o
th
er
d
esig
n
s
u
s
e
4
b
lad
es.
T
h
e
d
r
ag
f
o
r
ce
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
alo
n
g
with
s
o
f
t
b
r
ak
in
g
,
wh
ic
h
is
u
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
u
n
its
,
is
p
r
ac
tically
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
th
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
m
o
d
el
,
wh
ile
o
th
er
wo
r
k
p
r
ese
n
ts
o
n
ly
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
u
s
es
n
o
b
all
b
ea
r
in
g
s
b
u
t
m
ag
n
etic
lev
itatio
n
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
f
r
ictio
n
al
lo
s
s
,
s
elf
-
s
tar
tin
g
to
r
q
u
e
,
an
d
wea
r
an
d
tear
o
f
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
p
r
esen
ted
is
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
m
o
d
el
o
f
a
v
er
tical
-
ax
is
win
d
t
u
r
b
in
e
s
p
ec
if
ically
tailo
r
ed
f
o
r
m
o
u
n
tin
g
o
n
v
e
h
icle
r
o
o
f
to
p
s
.
T
h
e
en
v
is
io
n
ed
tu
r
b
in
e
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
its
lig
h
tweig
h
t
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
co
m
p
a
ct
s
ize,
ea
s
e
o
f
in
s
tallatio
n
,
an
d
lo
w
-
co
s
t
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
f
o
r
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
in
itially
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
esig
n
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
s
tep
s
,
o
p
tim
i
za
tio
n
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
d
esig
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
,
an
aly
s
is
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
with
th
e
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
m
o
d
el
,
a
n
d
its
im
p
lem
en
t
ati
o
n
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
o
p
e
r
atio
n
.
2.
DE
S
I
G
N
AND
D
E
VE
L
O
P
M
E
NT
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
e
m
p
lo
y
s
an
AFPM
d
esig
n
with
an
ir
o
n
less
r
o
to
r
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
-
to
-
to
r
q
u
e
r
atio
,
to
r
q
u
e
-
to
-
weig
h
t
r
atio
,
m
ec
h
an
ical
s
tr
en
g
th
,
an
d
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
with
o
u
t
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
g
e
n
er
ato
r
'
s
s
ize.
Su
ch
attr
ib
u
tes
r
en
d
e
r
it
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
d
ep
l
o
y
m
en
t
in
v
a
r
io
u
s
m
o
v
in
g
v
e
h
icles,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
h
ip
s
,
f
o
r
win
d
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
.
Op
er
atio
n
a
lly
,
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
th
e
win
d
m
o
v
es,
with
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
en
er
g
y
o
f
th
e
win
d
ca
u
s
in
g
th
e
t
u
r
b
in
e
b
lad
e
s
to
r
o
tate
th
e
r
o
t
o
r
s
h
af
t,
th
e
r
eb
y
g
e
n
er
atin
g
elec
tr
icity
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
v
er
tical
-
ax
is
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es,
th
e
g
en
e
r
ato
r
is
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
a
g
ea
r
b
o
x
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
s
p
ee
d
.
Ma
g
n
etic
lev
itatio
n
is
a
m
eth
o
d
in
wh
ich
an
o
b
ject
is
co
n
n
ec
t
ed
with
o
u
t
an
y
m
ec
h
an
ical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
th
e
r
th
an
m
a
g
n
etic
f
o
r
ce
.
T
h
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
o
r
ce
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
e
r
m
an
e
n
t
m
ag
n
et
is
u
s
ed
t
o
b
ala
n
ce
t
h
e
g
r
a
v
itatio
n
f
o
r
ce
an
d
to
lift
th
e
o
b
ject
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
is
id
ea
is
ap
p
lied
in
a
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
to
r
ed
u
ce
f
r
ictio
n
lo
s
s
es
d
u
r
in
g
elec
tr
icity
g
en
er
at
io
n
.
I
n
a
v
e
r
tical
-
ax
is
win
d
tu
r
b
i
n
e
(
VA
W
T
)
,
th
e
b
lad
es
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
r
o
to
r
u
s
in
g
p
er
m
an
en
t m
ag
n
ets
(
PM)
,
wh
i
ch
g
en
er
ate
a
m
ag
n
etic
f
o
r
ce
t
o
lift
th
e
s
h
ar
p
b
lad
es.
T
h
is
r
e
d
u
ce
s
th
e
wea
r
an
d
tear
b
etwe
en
th
e
b
lad
e
an
d
th
e
b
all
b
ea
r
in
g
as
well
as
m
in
i
m
izes
th
e
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
.
Usi
n
g
th
e
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
m
a
g
n
etic
lev
itatio
n
,
th
e
f
r
ictio
n
al
lo
s
s
in
a
v
er
tical
-
ax
is
,
v
e
h
icle
-
m
o
u
n
t
ed
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
is
ca
p
a
b
le
o
f
o
p
e
r
atin
g
at
b
o
th
l
o
w
an
d
h
i
g
h
win
d
s
p
ee
d
s
(
2
.
7
m
/s
to
1
2
m
/s
)
,
in
cr
ea
s
es
ef
f
icien
cy
b
y
2
0
%
[
1
3
]
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
,
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
f
ailu
r
e
r
ates
b
y
u
p
to
8
0
–
9
0
%
in
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
test
in
g
.
Ver
tical
-
ax
is
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es (
VAWTs)
ar
e
class
if
ied
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
p
r
im
ar
y
d
r
iv
in
g
f
o
r
ce
: lif
t o
r
d
r
a
g
[
1
4
]
.
B
a
s
ed
o
n
lift
,
VAWTs
ar
e
with
v
ar
io
u
s
s
h
ap
es lik
e
s
tr
aig
h
t,
h
elica
l,
a
n
d
c
u
r
v
e
d
.
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
s
tr
aig
h
t
-
b
la
d
e
VAWT,
th
e
h
elica
l b
lad
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
g
iv
es
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
with
less
er
n
o
is
e
em
is
s
io
n
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
h
o
r
izo
n
t
al
ax
is
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
(
HAWT
)
is
u
s
ed
in
m
ar
in
e
t
u
r
b
in
es
an
d
v
eh
icles
f
o
r
lo
w
p
o
wer
f
l
u
ctu
atio
n
.
T
h
e
b
la
d
es
ar
e
m
ad
e
with
NACA0
0
1
8
air
f
o
ils
f
o
r
s
m
all
to
m
ed
iu
m
-
s
ca
le
v
e
r
tical
-
ax
is
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es
.
I
n
HAWT
,
r
o
t
o
r
s
an
d
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
ar
e
ar
r
a
n
g
ed
v
e
r
tically
o
n
a
s
h
af
t
f
o
r
m
ec
h
an
ical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
n
d
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
h
elica
l
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
d
esig
n
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
s
tr
o
n
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
to
wer
;
th
er
ef
o
r
e
,
it
is
ea
s
y
t
o
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
n
d
ass
em
b
le
in
a
cu
t
-
o
f
f
p
o
s
t.
T
h
e
HAWT
h
as
a
lo
w
s
tar
tin
g
win
d
s
p
ee
d
an
d
lo
w
v
ib
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
ax
ial
-
f
lu
x
p
e
r
m
an
e
n
t
m
ag
n
et
(
AFPM
)
g
en
er
ato
r
h
as
a
h
ig
h
to
r
q
u
e
d
en
s
i
ty
,
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
co
m
p
ac
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
is
g
en
er
a
to
r
g
iv
es
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
d
e
n
s
ity
with
less
s
p
ac
e
an
d
weig
h
t.
I
n
a
cu
t
-
o
f
f
p
o
s
t,
s
p
ac
e
an
d
weig
h
t
ar
e
cr
itical
p
ar
am
eter
s
;
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
ax
ial
f
lu
x
p
er
m
an
en
t
m
a
g
n
et
(
AFPM)
g
en
er
ato
r
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
-
d
e
n
s
ity
ap
p
lic
atio
n
s
.
I
n
th
e
ax
ial
f
lu
x
ty
p
e
g
en
er
ato
r
m
o
d
el
with
a
d
o
u
b
l
e
-
s
id
ed
r
o
to
r
,
co
r
e
co
r
eless
ar
m
atu
r
e,
an
d
n
o
n
-
o
v
er
lap
p
in
g
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
c
o
ils
ar
e
u
s
ed
.
I
n
an
AFPM,
th
e
r
o
to
r
is
m
a
d
e
o
f
n
eo
d
y
m
iu
m
-
ir
o
n
-
b
o
r
o
n
p
er
m
a
n
en
t
m
ag
n
ets,
an
d
th
e
s
tato
r
is
a
co
r
eless
ar
m
atu
r
e,
s
im
ila
r
to
th
o
s
e
in
o
th
er
g
en
er
ato
r
s
.
I
t w
o
r
k
s
u
n
d
er
Far
ad
ay
’
s
law
o
f
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
d
u
ctio
n
.
I
n
AFPM
[
1
6
]
-
[
2
4
]
,
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
s
ar
e
p
ar
allel
to
th
e
a
x
is
o
f
r
o
tatio
n
,
an
d
th
e
r
o
to
r
a
n
d
s
tar
ter
ar
e
with
co
-
a
x
ial
d
is
cs
an
d
w
o
r
k
m
o
s
tly
in
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es
with
m
o
d
er
ate
t
o
r
q
u
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
.
I
n
th
is
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
,
m
ag
n
etic
s
o
f
t
b
r
ak
in
g
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
.
I
n
th
is
m
eth
o
d
,
two
co
p
p
er
p
lates
ar
e
p
lace
d
to
h
o
ld
th
e
m
ag
n
ets.
T
h
e
m
ag
n
ets
ar
e
p
e
r
m
an
en
t
m
a
g
n
ets,
an
d
th
e
b
r
a
k
in
g
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
an
g
u
lar
v
elo
city
is
1
3
m
/s
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
o
u
b
le
-
s
id
e
d
r
o
to
r
AFPM g
en
er
ato
r
,
an
d
its
f
lu
x
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ates
th
e
s
o
f
t
b
r
ak
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
with
m
ag
n
etic
b
r
a
k
in
g
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
an
g
u
la
r
v
elo
city
o
f
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
,
u
n
lik
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
.
A
cu
r
r
en
t sen
s
in
g
cir
cu
it is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
d
etec
t th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
ab
o
v
e
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
p
ee
d
lim
it
,
an
d
it
is
lim
ited
to
1
2
m
/s
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
VAWT
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
with
h
elica
l
b
lad
es
is
co
s
t
-
ef
f
e
ctiv
e
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
1
1
2
0
watts
at
1
2
m
/s
win
d
s
p
ee
d
,
an
d
it
is
lig
h
tweig
h
t
,
co
m
p
ac
t
,
an
d
ea
s
y
to
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
an
d
m
o
u
n
t
o
n
th
e
v
e
h
icle
r
o
o
f
to
p
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
1
2
4
-
1136
1126
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
m
o
d
el
in
s
eq
u
e
n
tial step
s
f
o
r
b
u
ild
in
g
a
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
s
ca
led
-
up
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
ea
s
y
m
ass
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
u
n
its
an
d
also
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
as
a
f
u
tu
r
e
s
co
p
e.
T
h
e
d
esi
g
n
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
wh
ic
h
is
ad
o
p
ted
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
VAWT
d
esig
n
,
an
d
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
e
d
VAWT
wo
r
k
in
g
is
sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ma
g
n
etic
lev
itatio
n
[
1
3
]
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Helica
l w
in
d
tu
r
b
in
e
b
lad
e
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Do
u
b
le
-
s
id
ed
r
o
to
r
AFPM g
en
er
ato
r
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Flu
x
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
i
n
AFPM g
en
er
ato
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Op
timiz
ed
d
esig
n
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
men
t o
f a
ve
h
icle
-
mo
u
n
ted
ve
r
tica
l a
xis w
in
d
tu
r
b
in
e
fo
r
…
(
M.
P
r
iya
d
h
a
r
s
in
i
)
1127
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Desig
n
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
o
f
VAWT
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Pro
t
o
ty
p
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
2
.
1
.
Wind
t
urbin
e
T
h
e
d
esig
n
p
a
r
am
eter
s
f
o
r
a
v
er
tical
ax
is
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
a
r
e
a
)
tip
s
p
ee
d
r
atio
,
b
)
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
lad
es
,
c
)
b
lad
e
ch
o
r
d
,
d
)
s
wep
t
ar
ea
,
e
)
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
,
f
)
p
o
wer
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
,
g
)
s
o
lid
ity
,
a
n
d
h
)
i
n
itial
an
g
le
o
f
attac
k
.
a
)
T
ip
s
p
ee
d
r
atio
[
T
SR
]
T
h
e
p
o
wer
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
th
e
tip
s
p
ee
d
r
atio
.
I
t
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
r
atio
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
tan
g
en
tial
s
p
ee
d
at
th
e
b
lad
e
tip
an
d
t
h
e
ac
tu
al
win
d
s
p
ee
d
[
1
1
]
.
=
0
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
ω
=
an
g
u
lar
v
elo
city
in
r
ad
/s
,
R
=
r
o
to
r
r
ad
iu
s
in
m
et
er
s
,
an
d
V
0
=
atm
o
s
p
h
er
ic
win
d
s
p
ee
d
in
m
/s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
m
o
d
el
is
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
h
av
e
a
T
SR
v
alu
e
b
etwe
en
2
.
3
to
3
.
5
f
o
r
an
a
n
g
le
o
f
1
3
5
° t
o
1
8
0
°.
b
)
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
b
lad
es [
N]
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
b
lad
es
d
ec
id
e
s
th
e
s
m
o
o
th
n
ess
o
f
r
o
to
r
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
s
o
lid
ity
.
Mo
r
e
b
l
ad
es
m
ay
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
b
etw
ee
n
b
lad
es
an
d
af
f
ec
t
th
e
lift
a
n
d
d
r
ag
f
o
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
it
g
iv
es
to
o
o
p
tim
is
tic
r
esu
lts
.
A
s
m
aller
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
lad
es
will
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
etter
s
elf
-
s
tar
tin
g
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
tu
r
b
in
e
h
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
1
2
4
-
1136
1128
two
s
im
ilar
h
elica
l
b
lad
es
wi
t
h
1
8
0
°
to
r
s
io
n
,
a
n
d
b
o
t
h
b
lad
es
ar
e
p
lace
d
in
s
u
ch
a
way
th
at
to
h
av
e
3
6
0
°
o
f
s
wee
p
ar
ea
.
T
h
e
b
la
d
es a
r
e
m
a
d
e
u
p
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
f
ib
er
c
o
m
p
o
s
ite
an
d
ass
em
b
led
o
n
a
1
.
0
3
m
s
teel
s
h
af
t.
c
)
B
lad
e
ch
o
r
d
[
c]
T
h
e
ch
o
r
d
is
th
e
b
lad
e
le
n
g
th
b
etwe
en
th
e
lead
in
g
ed
g
e
a
n
d
th
e
tr
ailin
g
ed
g
e
o
f
th
e
b
lad
e.
T
h
e
b
lad
e
cu
r
v
atu
r
e
a
n
d
th
ic
k
n
ess
ar
e
d
ef
in
ed
as
a
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
th
e
ch
o
r
d
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
h
a
v
e
a
ch
o
r
d
len
g
th
o
f
8
3
0
m
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws th
e
C
AD
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
b
lad
e
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
VAWT.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
2
D
s
k
etch
in
g
o
f
th
e
b
lad
e
d
)
Swep
t a
r
ea
[
A]
T
h
e
s
wep
t
ar
ea
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
t
h
e
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
air
th
at
en
clo
s
es
th
e
tu
r
b
in
e
an
d
ca
u
s
es
th
e
r
o
to
r
to
r
o
tate
o
n
its
ax
is
.
I
n
a
h
elica
l
v
er
tical
ax
is
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e,
th
e
s
wep
t
ar
ea
h
as
a
cy
lin
d
r
ical
s
h
ap
e
,
an
d
it
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
as
(
2
)
,
wh
er
e
D
is
th
e
d
iam
ete
r
o
f
th
e
r
o
to
r
=
0
.
5
5
m
an
d
h
i
s
th
e
h
eig
h
t o
f
th
e
r
o
to
r
=
1
.
0
3
m
.
A
=
(
D
×
h
)
in
m
2
(
2
)
e
)
Ma
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
[
Pm
a
x
]
T
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
v
er
tical
ax
is
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
is
(
3
)
,
wh
er
e
ρ
(
air
d
en
s
ity
)
=
1
.
2
3
k
g
/m
3
,
A
=
s
wep
t a
r
ea
in
m
2
,
an
d
Vi
=
in
let
win
d
v
elo
city
i
n
m
/s
.
Pm
ax
=
1
2
ρ
.
A.
Vi
3
in
w
atts
(
3
)
f
)
Po
wer
co
ef
f
icien
t
[
C
p
]
I
t
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
r
atio
o
f
ca
p
t
u
r
ed
m
ec
h
an
ical
p
o
wer
b
y
th
e
b
lad
es
an
d
a
v
ailab
le
p
o
wer
in
t
h
e
win
d
.
Fo
r
HAWT
,
th
e
lim
it is
1
6
/2
7
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
co
ef
f
icien
t is d
en
o
ted
as C
p
.
g
)
So
lid
ity
[
σ
]
T
h
is
s
o
lid
ity
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
r
atio
b
etwe
en
th
e
to
tal
b
lad
e
ar
ea
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
jecte
d
ar
ea
.
I
t
i
s
a
n
o
n
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
p
ar
am
eter
as
s
h
o
wn
in
(
4
)
,
wh
e
r
e
c
is
th
e
ch
o
r
d
len
g
th
,
N
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
lad
es,
an
d
R
is
th
e
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
th
e
r
o
to
r
.
I
n
HAWT,
th
e
s
o
lid
ity
σ
>
=
0
.
4
,
a
n
d
in
t
h
e
d
esig
n
ed
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
it is
0
.
9
6
1
.
σ =
.
22
(
4
)
h
)
I
n
itial a
n
g
le
o
f
attac
k
[
α
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Op
timiz
ed
d
esig
n
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
men
t o
f a
ve
h
icle
-
mo
u
n
ted
ve
r
tica
l a
xis w
in
d
tu
r
b
in
e
fo
r
…
(
M.
P
r
iya
d
h
a
r
s
in
i
)
1129
T
h
e
in
itial
an
g
le
o
f
attac
k
is
th
e
an
g
le
at
wh
ich
th
e
r
elativ
e
w
in
d
m
ee
ts
th
e
b
lad
e.
T
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
g
le
o
f
attac
k
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
a
n
g
u
la
r
s
p
ee
d
r
an
g
e
,
b
u
t
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
an
g
le
o
f
attac
k
r
e
d
u
ce
s
th
e
a
n
g
u
la
r
s
p
ee
d
r
an
g
e.
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
u
n
it
,
th
e
an
g
le
o
f
attac
k
is
s
et
at
0
°.
2
.
2
.
M
a
g
net
ic
lev
i
t
a
t
io
n
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
,
th
e
m
a
g
n
ets
ar
e
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
th
e
m
a
g
n
etic
f
o
r
ce
t
h
at
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
co
u
n
ter
ac
t
th
e
weig
h
t
o
f
t
h
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
r
o
to
r
.
T
h
e
m
a
g
n
etic
s
tr
en
g
th
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
s
e
lectio
n
o
f
m
ag
n
etic
m
ater
ial.
T
h
e
p
er
m
an
e
n
t
m
ag
n
et
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
th
e
d
esig
n
is
an
Nd
FeB
m
ag
n
et
with
an
o
u
ter
d
iam
eter
o
f
1
0
m
m
an
d
an
i
n
n
er
d
iam
eter
o
f
5
m
m
.
T
h
ese
ar
e
r
i
n
g
-
s
h
ap
e
d
m
ag
n
ets with
n
ick
el
p
lated
.
T
o
tal
f
o
r
ce
F =
0
m
.
g
–
Fm
=
0
Fm
=
m
.
g
W
h
er
e,
Fm
is
a
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
m
ag
n
etic
f
o
r
ce
,
m
is
to
tal
m
a
s
s
o
f
th
e
win
d
r
o
to
r
to
b
e
le
v
itated
,
an
d
g
is
th
e
g
r
av
itatio
n
al
f
o
r
ce
.
I
n
t
h
is
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
m
o
d
el
weig
h
t
is
3
k
g
an
d
th
e
f
o
r
ce
is
2
9
.
4
3
New
to
n
s
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
u
s
es
two
Neo
d
y
m
iu
m
m
ag
n
ets b
etwe
en
th
e
s
tato
r
an
d
r
o
to
r
with
a
5
m
m
air
g
ap
.
2
.
3
.
G
ener
a
t
o
r
T
h
e
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
u
n
it
is
d
esig
n
ed
with
an
ax
ial
f
lu
x
p
er
m
an
en
t
m
ag
n
et
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
g
en
er
ato
r
(
AFPMSG)
wi
th
a
d
o
u
b
le
-
s
id
e
d
r
o
to
r
.
T
h
e
g
en
e
r
a
to
r
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
u
s
in
g
an
ir
o
n
less
r
o
to
r
with
a
m
ag
n
etic
p
u
ll
b
etwe
en
th
e
m
ag
n
ets.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
4
p
o
les
,
a
n
d
ea
ch
r
o
to
r
h
as
two
o
f
th
em
.
T
h
e
s
tato
r
o
f
AFPM is a
s
lo
tles
s
co
r
e
wo
u
n
d
with
8
0
0
t
u
r
n
s
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
1
0
u
n
its
,
ea
ch
u
n
it
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
8
0
t
u
r
n
s
.
T
h
e
u
n
it
s
ar
e
p
l
ac
ed
in
s
u
ch
a
wa
y
th
at
th
e
a
d
jace
n
t
u
n
it
h
as
o
p
p
o
s
ite
p
o
lar
ity
,
an
d
th
e
m
ag
n
et
ic
f
ield
is
5
m
W
b
.
T
h
e
g
en
er
a
to
r
h
as
a
m
ax
im
u
m
s
p
ee
d
o
f
5
0
0
r
p
m
,
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
a
p
u
ls
atin
g
DC
o
u
tp
u
t
th
at
is
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
co
n
v
e
r
ted
to
p
u
r
e
DC
u
s
in
g
a
co
n
v
er
ter
cir
cu
it.
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
ws th
e
co
i
l a
n
d
m
ag
n
et
ar
r
a
n
g
em
en
t
o
f
AFPM.
2
.
4
.
M
a
x
i
m
um
po
wer
po
int
t
ra
ck
ing
[
M
P
P
T
]
T
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
t
r
ac
k
in
g
is
a
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es.
T
h
e
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
ch
an
g
e
in
th
e
win
d
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
f
in
d
th
e
o
p
tim
u
m
g
en
er
ato
r
s
p
ee
d
th
at
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
m
ax
im
u
m
win
d
en
e
r
g
y
.
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
h
elp
in
ad
ju
s
tin
g
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
m
ax
im
u
m
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
f
o
r
h
ig
h
er
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
Mo
r
e
p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
atio
n
an
d
lo
wer
c
o
s
t
o
v
er
tim
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
u
n
it
u
s
es
a
co
n
v
e
r
ter
with
an
MPPT
o
f
5
5
V
a
n
d
5
0
0
W
,
s
in
g
le
p
h
ase
,
an
d
with
r
ev
er
s
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
p
r
o
tectio
n
.
T
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
p
o
we
r
r
atin
g
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
s
elec
ted
as
p
er
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
g
e
n
er
ato
r
o
u
tp
u
t sp
ec
i
f
icatio
n
s
.
2
.
5
.
Rec
t
if
ier
T
h
e
d
esire
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
PW
M
m
o
d
el
,
an
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
PW
M
is
ad
ju
s
ted
with
th
e
ap
p
lied
g
ate
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
i
s
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
lo
w
-
s
id
e
N
-
ch
an
n
el
MO
SF
E
T
s
witch
in
g
r
eg
u
lato
r
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
tu
r
n
s
ON
with
2
.
9
7
V
,
an
d
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
v
o
ltag
e
is
u
p
to
4
0
V.
T
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
is
1
0
0
Hz
,
an
d
th
e
i
n
d
u
ctan
ce
an
d
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
v
al
u
es
wer
e
ca
lcu
lated
f
o
r
th
e
s
w
itch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
s
h
o
ws th
e
r
ec
tifie
r
with
a
lo
w
-
p
ass
f
ilter
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
d
esig
n
.
2
.
6
.
So
f
t
bra
k
ing
des
ig
n
Usi
n
g
th
e
m
ag
n
et
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
d
etec
tio
n
ci
r
cu
it
,
th
e
b
r
a
k
in
g
s
y
s
tem
d
ev
elo
p
s
s
m
o
o
th
an
d
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
r
ak
in
g
at
h
ig
h
s
p
ee
d
s
in
a
win
d
tu
r
b
i
n
e.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
g
iv
es
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
a
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
d
etec
tio
n
cir
cu
it
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
b
etwe
en
th
e
g
en
er
ato
r
s
an
d
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
b
r
ak
e
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
th
e
b
r
ak
in
g
s
y
s
tem
to
av
o
id
t
h
e
in
ter
f
e
r
en
ce
b
etwe
en
ea
ch
co
m
p
o
n
en
t [
2
5
]
-
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
m
en
t
o
f
in
e
r
tia
u
s
in
g
b
r
ak
in
g
to
r
q
u
e
in
a
co
n
tr
o
lled
m
ag
n
etic
b
r
ak
in
g
s
y
s
tem
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
(
5
)
,
wh
er
e
J
=
m
o
m
e
n
t
o
f
in
e
r
ti
a
o
f
th
e
b
lad
e
in
k
g
m
2
,
Pw
=
win
d
p
o
wer
in
watts,
T
r
=
f
r
ictio
n
to
r
q
u
e
in
Nm
,
T
m
=
p
er
m
an
en
t
m
a
g
n
etic
b
r
ak
e
to
r
q
u
e
in
Nm
,
D
f
=
d
e
cisi
o
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
tim
e
an
d
s
p
ee
d
,
D
f
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
(
α
(
ω
A
–
ω
r
)
.
W
h
er
e,
α
=
1
0
° in
th
is
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
d
esig
n
,
ω
A
=
ac
t
u
al
win
d
s
p
ee
d
m
/s
,
an
d
ω
r
=
r
ef
er
en
ce
win
d
s
p
ee
d
m
/s
.
J
=
Pw
–
Tr
–
T
m
.
D
f
(
5
)
T
h
e
d
ec
is
io
n
f
u
n
cti
o
n
will
ac
tiv
ate
wh
en
th
e
ac
tu
al
win
d
s
p
ee
d
ex
ce
ed
s
th
e
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
p
ee
d
.
T
h
e
b
r
ak
in
g
t
o
r
q
u
e
ca
n
b
e
wr
it
ten
as
(
6
)
,
wh
er
e
Qm
=
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
b
y
th
e
p
er
m
an
en
t
m
a
g
n
et,
Qs
=
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
b
y
th
e
c
o
p
p
er
p
late,
an
d
d
=
d
i
s
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
p
p
er
p
late
an
d
m
a
g
n
et.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
1
2
4
-
1136
1130
T
m
=
(
Qm
.
Qs
)
(
4
π
µ
d2
)
(
6
)
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
b
lo
c
k
d
iag
r
am
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
with
a
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
en
s
in
g
cir
cu
it
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
s
en
s
e
at
1
3
m
/s
an
d
ac
tiv
ate
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
co
p
p
er
p
late
an
d
m
ag
n
et
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
s
er
v
o
m
o
to
r
.
T
h
e
s
er
v
o
m
o
t
o
r
g
iv
es
in
p
u
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
en
s
in
g
cir
cu
it
an
d
ac
tiv
ates
th
e
b
r
a
k
in
g
s
y
s
tem
at
1
3
m
/s
a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
is
ap
p
licab
le
u
p
to
1
.
2
k
W
p
o
wer
in
a
s
m
al
l
-
s
ca
le
v
er
tical
-
ax
is
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
with
DC
o
u
tp
u
t.
I
n
th
is
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
,
th
e
p
er
m
an
en
t
m
ag
n
et
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
h
av
e
a
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
6
m
W
b
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
in
th
e
co
p
p
er
p
late
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
lim
it
,
an
d
th
e
p
late
g
ets
m
ag
n
etize
d
ab
o
v
e
2
0
A.
T
h
e
b
r
a
k
e
s
y
s
tem
g
ets ac
tiv
ated
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Sh
o
ws co
il a
n
d
m
a
g
n
et
ar
r
an
g
em
en
t o
f
AFPM [
1
7
]
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Sh
o
ws th
e
r
ec
tifie
r
with
lo
w
-
p
ass
f
ilter
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Op
timiz
ed
d
esig
n
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
men
t o
f a
ve
h
icle
-
mo
u
n
ted
ve
r
tica
l a
xis w
in
d
tu
r
b
in
e
fo
r
…
(
M.
P
r
iya
d
h
a
r
s
in
i
)
1131
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
C
u
r
r
en
t sen
s
in
g
cir
cu
it f
o
r
s
o
f
t
b
r
ak
in
g
2
.
7
.
P
r
o
t
o
t
y
pe
mo
del
T
h
e
in
itial
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
u
n
it
was
in
teg
r
ated
in
th
e
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
win
d
b
lad
es,
a
g
en
er
ato
r
,
a
DC
to
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
,
an
d
L
C
D
d
is
p
lay
u
n
its
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t.
T
h
e
test
in
g
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
with
a
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
b
lo
wer
to
s
im
u
late
win
d
in
s
id
e
t
h
e
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
an
d
r
o
tate
th
e
b
lad
es
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e'
s
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
t
p
u
t.
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
w
in
d
tu
r
b
in
e
in
teg
r
ated
at
th
e
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
f
o
r
test
in
g
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t.
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
m
o
d
el
an
d
its
in
teg
r
atio
n
to
th
e
v
e
h
icle
f
o
r
f
ield
tr
ial
,
alo
n
g
with
MPPT
an
d
th
e
v
eh
i
cle
b
atter
y
co
n
n
ec
ted
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
W
in
d
tu
r
b
i
n
e
in
teg
r
ated
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
Veh
icle
-
m
o
u
n
ted
V
AW
T
3.
CALCU
L
A
T
I
O
N
AN
D
RE
S
UL
T
S
3
.
1
.
L
if
t
a
nd
dra
g
f
o
rc
e
T
h
er
e
ar
e
two
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
ex
t
r
ac
tin
g
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
win
d
,
a
n
d
th
ey
d
ep
en
d
o
n
th
e
ae
r
o
d
y
n
a
m
ic
f
o
r
ce
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
d
r
ag
ty
p
e
ex
tr
ac
ts
less
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
win
d
b
u
t
with
h
ig
h
to
r
q
u
e.
Mo
s
tly
u
s
ed
in
VAWT
with
a
h
elica
l
b
lad
e
d
u
e
to
its
lo
w
s
ta
r
tin
g
s
p
ee
d
.
T
h
e
o
th
er
t
y
p
e
is
lift
ty
p
e
,
wh
ich
r
e
q
u
ir
es
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
th
e
in
itial r
o
tatio
n
,
m
o
s
tly
u
s
ed
in
VAWT
wit
h
a
Dar
r
ieu
s
tu
r
b
in
e.
I
n
th
is
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
,
t
h
e
m
ain
aim
is
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
s
tar
tin
g
s
p
ee
d
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
h
eli
ca
l
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
is
s
elec
ted
.
T
h
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
s
h
o
ws
th
at
with
th
e
an
g
le
o
f
attac
k
o
f
1
0
°
-
15
°
,
th
e
d
r
ag
f
o
r
ce
is
n
e
g
lig
ib
le.
B
o
th
f
o
r
ce
s
ca
n
b
e
wr
itten
a
s
(
7
)
,
L
if
t
f
o
r
ce
d
L
=
1
2
×
C
L
×
ρ
×
W
2
×
C
×
d
r
(
7
)
3
.
2
.
P
o
wer
T
h
e
k
in
etic
en
e
r
g
y
o
f
t
h
e
win
d
as
s
h
o
wn
in
(
8
)
,
wh
er
e
m
=
m
ass
f
lo
w
r
ate
o
f
b
lad
es
in
h
e
lical
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e,
m
=
ρ
AVw,
wh
er
e,
A
=
ar
ea
o
f
c
y
lin
d
r
ical
h
elica
l w
in
d
tu
r
b
in
e,
A
=
2
πR
h
,
wh
er
e
R
=
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
r
o
to
r
,
H
=
h
eig
h
t o
f
r
o
to
r
,
Vw
=
win
d
v
elo
city
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
1
2
4
-
1136
1132
E
=
1
2
m
Vw
2
(
8
)
m
=
2
πρ
R
h
Vw
(
9
)
Su
b
s
titu
tin
g
(
9
)
in
t
o
(
8
)
,
th
e
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
av
er
a
g
e
p
o
we
r
b
ec
o
m
es (
1
0
)
.
P =
(
1
0
)
B
u
t
with
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
h
a
v
in
g
co
n
s
tan
t w
in
d
v
elo
city
,
tim
e
t c
an
b
e
n
eg
lecte
d
h
en
ce
.
P =
1
2
(
2
πρ
R
h
Vw
3
)
(
1
1
)
Vw
is
th
e
ex
it
win
d
v
elo
city
.
I
n
a
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e,
th
e
in
let
a
n
d
ex
it
win
d
v
elo
cities
ar
e
n
o
t
th
e
s
am
e.
T
h
ey
ar
e
r
elate
d
b
y
th
e
eq
u
atio
n
Vw
=
2
3
Vi,
wh
er
e
Vi
is
th
e
in
let
win
d
v
elo
city
.
No
w:
Pm
ax
=
1
2
[
2
πρ
R
h
(
2
3
Vi
)
3
]
=
1
2
[(
16
27
)
ρ
R
h
Vi
3
]
(
1
2
)
T
h
is
p
o
wer
i
s
k
n
o
w
n
as th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
ta
b
le
f
r
o
m
a
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e.
3
.
3
.
P
o
wer
co
ef
f
icient
o
r
B
et
z
co
ns
t
a
nt
T
o
ca
lcu
late
th
e
p
o
wer
co
ef
f
i
cien
t
,
th
e
r
atio
o
f
th
e
in
let
a
n
d
o
u
tlet
win
d
v
elo
city
p
o
we
r
h
as
to
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
.
Pm
ax
/Pi
n
=
16
27
(
[
1
2
(
3
)
]
[
1
2
(
3
)
]
)
=
16
27
×
100
=
5
9
%
w
h
er
e
Pin
=
1
2
(
ρ
AVi
3
)
watt
Pm
ax
=
16
27
[
1
2
(
ρ
AVi
3
)
]
watt
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
r
atio
o
f
5
9
%
is
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
co
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
also
k
n
o
w
n
as
th
e
B
etz
co
n
s
tan
t.
T
h
is
co
n
s
tan
t g
iv
es t
h
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
th
at
it is
a
r
at
io
o
f
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
ted
b
y
th
e
tu
r
b
in
e
o
v
er
t
h
e
to
tal
p
o
wer
th
at
wo
u
ld
ex
is
t
at
th
e
s
am
e
p
lace
b
ef
o
r
e
p
lacin
g
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e.
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
t
o
r
q
u
e
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
cir
cu
m
f
er
en
tial f
o
r
ce
ac
tin
g
o
n
th
e
b
lad
e
,
an
d
th
e
to
r
q
u
e
is
g
en
er
ated
o
n
th
e
tu
r
b
in
e.
3
.
4
.
G
ener
a
t
o
r
po
wer
o
utput
T
h
e
g
en
e
r
ato
r
o
u
tp
u
t
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
13
),
an
d
th
e
Pd
c
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
th
e
g
en
e
r
ato
r
e
f
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
tu
r
b
in
e
ef
f
icien
cy
,
alo
n
g
with
o
th
er
d
e
s
ig
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
g
iv
e
n
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
Pd
c
=
1
2
(
2
πρ
R
h
Vi
3
η
G
η
T
)
(
1
3
)
W
h
er
e
Pd
c
=
Gen
er
ato
r
p
o
we
r
o
u
tp
u
t
,
η
G
=
Gen
er
ato
r
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
η
T
=
T
u
r
b
i
n
e
ef
f
icie
n
cy
.
T
h
e
g
e
n
er
ato
r
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
is
ca
lcu
lated
f
o
r
a
win
d
s
p
ee
d
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
2
.
7
m
/s
to
1
2
m
/s
,
with
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
d
esig
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
g
iv
en
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Desig
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
p
o
wer
esti
m
atio
n
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
V
a
l
u
e
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
V
a
l
u
e
R
0
.
2
7
5
m
Ρ
1
.
2
3
k
g
/
m
3
H
1
.
0
3
m
η
G
0
.
9
V
i
2
.
7
m
/
s t
o
1
2
m
/
s
η
T
0
.
3
5
3
.
5
.
M
a
x
i
m
um
po
wer
o
utpu
t
in
a
wind
t
urbin
e
I
n
th
is
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
,
w
ith
Vi
=
(
2
.
7
m
/s
t
o
1
2
m
/s
)
,
R
=
0
.
2
7
5
m
,
h
=
1
.
0
3
m
,
an
d
ρ
=
1
.
2
3
k
g
/m
3
,
th
e
Pm
ax
=
8
6
2
.
8
5
watt
at
1
1
m
/s
, t
o
r
q
u
e
at
1
1
m
/s
is
g
iv
en
b
y
T
m
ax
=
Pm
ax
/ ω
an
d
ω
=
2
πR
/6
0
r
ad
/s
.
Usi
n
g
th
e
g
iv
en
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
,
th
e
esti
m
ated
s
p
ee
d
f
o
r
1
1
m
/s
=
3
8
2
r
p
m
,
ω
=
4
0
r
ad
/
s
an
d
T
m
ax
=
2
1
.
5
7
Nm
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Op
timiz
ed
d
esig
n
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
men
t o
f a
ve
h
icle
-
mo
u
n
ted
ve
r
tica
l a
xis w
in
d
tu
r
b
in
e
fo
r
…
(
M.
P
r
iya
d
h
a
r
s
in
i
)
1133
th
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
g
en
e
r
ato
r
is
esti
m
ated
f
o
r
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
w
in
d
s
p
ee
d
s
f
r
o
m
4
m
/s
to
1
2
m
/
s
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
g
en
e
r
ato
r
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
wee
n
th
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
an
d
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
.
A
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
8
6
2
.
8
5
watts at
1
1
m
/s
was a
ch
iev
ed
with
th
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
m
o
d
el.
3
.
6
.
G
ener
a
t
o
r
o
utput
v
o
lt
a
g
e
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
th
e
d
esig
n
is
s
h
o
wn
in
(
1
4
)
,
wh
er
e
P
=
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
o
les,
φ
=
f
lu
x
p
er
p
o
le,
N
=
s
p
ee
d
in
r
p
m
,
an
d
Z
=
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
c
o
n
d
u
cto
r
s
.
Vo
ltag
e
E
=
60
(
1
4
)
E
=
(
2
5
10
−
3
417
800
)
60
=
5
5
V
B
o
th
Fig
u
r
e
s
1
5
a
n
d
1
6
d
e
p
ict
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
th
at
was
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
o
n
th
e
m
u
ltime
ter
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
6
also
d
ep
icts
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
v
o
ltag
e
in
c
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
with
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
v
alu
e
.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
v
o
ltag
e
is
lo
wer
th
an
th
e
esti
m
ated
v
alu
e
d
u
e
to
f
lu
x
lea
k
ag
e,
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
in
an
g
u
lar
v
elo
cit
y
,
a
n
d
d
r
o
p
in
th
e
c
o
n
d
u
cto
r
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
th
at
wer
e
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
eo
r
etica
l e
s
tim
atio
n
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Desig
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
esti
m
atio
n
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
V
a
l
u
e
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
V
a
l
u
e
P
2
Φ
5
mW
b
Z
8
0
0
N
9
4
t
o
4
1
7
r
p
m
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
.
Po
wer
o
u
t
o
f
g
en
er
ato
r
an
d
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
o
u
t
o
f
tu
r
b
i
n
e
with
an
g
u
lar
v
el
o
city
m
/s
Fig
u
r
e
1
5
.
Me
asu
r
ed
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
VAWT
Fig
u
r
e
1
6
.
Vo
ltag
e
with
an
g
u
l
ar
v
elo
city
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.