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%
[
1
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[
3
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.
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I
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itc
h
i
n
g
an
g
l
es
f
o
r
t
h
e
M
L
I
ex
h
i
b
i
ts
l
o
w
er
T
H
D% [
1
2
]
.
R
ec
en
tly
,
th
er
e
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
s
ev
er
al
in
clu
s
io
n
s
an
d
m
o
d
if
ic
atio
n
s
in
th
e
ML
I
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
s
ee
k
in
g
a
s
p
ec
if
ied
p
ar
am
eter
.
B
y
m
a
k
in
g
u
s
e
o
f
a
lev
el
s
h
if
ter
i
n
th
e
f
u
s
io
n
o
f
c
r
o
s
s
cr
o
s
s
-
co
n
n
ec
t
in
g
s
witch
in
v
er
ter
(
C
C
SI)
an
d
a
m
o
d
if
ied
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
(
MM
L
I
)
,
h
ig
h
er
lev
els
o
f
AC
o
u
tp
u
t
wer
e
ac
h
iev
ed
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
ML
I
with
o
n
ly
o
n
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
a
ca
p
ac
ito
r
attain
s
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
with
lo
w
d
is
to
r
tio
n
in
th
e
h
a
r
m
o
n
ics
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
itio
n
al
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
DC
in
p
u
ts
wil
l
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
in
th
e
ML
I
o
u
tp
u
t
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
p
ea
k
in
p
u
t
en
e
r
g
y
ca
n
b
e
h
ar
v
ested
with
a
m
u
lti
-
in
p
u
t
d
u
al
-
o
u
tp
u
t
ML
I
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
a
d
d
itio
n
o
f
a
s
witch
ca
p
ac
ito
r
h
as
b
ee
n
a
d
v
an
tag
eo
u
s
in
th
e
o
f
lo
we
r
r
ip
p
l
es,
lo
wer
s
witch
co
u
n
t,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
f
o
r
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
-
b
ased
ML
I
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
am
p
litu
d
e
o
f
th
e
h
a
r
m
o
n
ics
is
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
th
e
ML
I
cir
cu
i
t
an
d
f
in
d
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
a
n
d
d
e
f
en
s
e
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
an
d
h
ea
v
y
v
eh
icles [
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
i
n
teg
r
ated
b
o
o
s
t
f
ly
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
ter
en
h
a
n
ce
s
th
e
3
1
-
lev
el
ML
I
to
b
e
ef
f
icien
t
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
f
au
lt
to
ler
an
ce
in
th
e
ML
I
cir
cu
it
is
en
h
an
ce
d
b
y
th
e
a
d
d
itio
n
o
f
r
e
d
u
n
d
an
t
s
witch
es.
T
h
e
m
er
it
o
f
th
is
ad
d
itio
n
is
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
id
en
tify
m
u
ltip
le
f
au
lts
with
o
u
t a
f
f
e
ctin
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
in
v
er
ter
.
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
witch
es
with
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
in
p
o
s
itiv
e
lev
els
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
r
e
v
er
s
ed
in
n
eg
ativ
e
lev
els
o
f
th
e
ML
I
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
t
h
e
lo
s
s
o
f
5
0
%
i
n
T
HD%
is
th
e
s
am
e
as
th
e
s
p
e
cif
ied
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
-
b
ased
PW
M
is
in
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
th
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
AC
o
u
t
p
u
t
t
o
em
p
h
asize
th
e
f
l
u
ctu
atio
n
s
a
n
d
f
lic
k
er
in
th
e
ML
I
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
ad
v
e
n
t
o
f
FP
GA
with
th
e
s
witch
in
g
co
n
tr
o
l o
f
th
e
ML
I
cir
cu
it
is
ess
en
tial
to
g
en
er
ate
th
e
AC
o
u
tp
u
t
with
lo
w
co
s
t
an
d
lo
wer
T
HD%.
T
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
a
n
d
s
p
ee
d
o
f
s
witch
in
g
in
th
e
ML
I
cir
cu
its
ar
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
wh
en
im
p
lem
en
ted
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
FP
GA
d
ev
ice
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
FP
GA
d
ev
ice
u
s
ag
e
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
c
ascad
ed
ML
I
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
T
HD%
an
d
elim
in
ates
3
rd
an
d
5
th
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
.
T
h
is
p
a
p
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
an
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
witch
in
g
an
g
le
alg
o
r
ith
m
with
th
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
SOC
)
lay
o
u
t f
o
r
t
h
e
3
5
-
lev
el
L
UO
-
b
ased
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
s
witch
ed
lad
d
er
i
n
v
er
ter
.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
D:
I
C
L
AYO
U
T
F
O
R
T
H
E
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
3
5
-
L
E
V
E
L
L
UO
P
R
O
G
RE
SS
I
O
N
-
B
AS
E
D
M
UL
T
I
-
L
E
V
E
L
I
N
VE
R
T
E
R
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
co
n
ce
n
t
r
ates
o
n
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
I
C
lay
o
u
t
p
lan
f
o
r
th
e
s
witch
in
g
p
atter
n
s
o
f
th
e
m
u
lti
-
lev
el
in
v
er
te
r
(
M
L
I
)
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
an
im
p
r
o
v
ed
n
o
n
-
ca
r
r
ier
s
witch
in
g
a
n
g
le
m
et
h
o
d
.
i
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
th
e
s
witch
p
atter
n
s
ar
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
ML
I
t
h
at
h
as
its
in
p
u
t
DC
v
alu
es
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
L
UO
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
.
T
h
e
L
UO
p
r
o
g
r
e
s
s
io
n
-
b
ased
ML
I
to
p
o
lo
g
y
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
1
4
s
witch
es
to
b
e
d
r
i
v
en
to
g
en
er
ate
th
e
AC
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
ch
allen
g
e
lies
in
th
e
p
r
ec
is
e
p
atter
n
in
g
o
f
t
h
ese
s
witch
es
a
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
f
o
r
th
e
AC
g
en
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
f
lo
w
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
is
d
e
p
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
co
u
ld
g
en
e
r
ate
an
y
lev
el
o
f
ML
I
f
r
o
m
3
to
8
1
.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
th
e
35
-
lev
el
L
UO
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
-
b
ased
ML
I
is
u
s
ed
to
g
en
er
ate
th
e
AC
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
L
UO
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
-
b
ased
ML
I
u
s
es
th
e
p
o
wer
cir
cu
itry
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
as
g
iv
en
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
L
UO
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
-
b
ased
m
u
lti
-
lev
el
in
v
er
ter
u
s
es th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
as g
i
v
en
in
(
1
)
a
n
d
(
2
)
.
V
i
=
i
,
if
i
≤
2
;
(
1
)
=
7
X
3
i
−
2
,
if
i
≥
3
(
2
)
W
h
er
e
Vi
is
th
e
in
p
u
t v
o
ltag
es
o
f
th
e
L
UO
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
in
v
er
ter
.
Fo
r
th
e
3
5
-
lev
el
L
UO
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
-
b
ased
ML
I
cir
cu
it,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
1
V,
2
V,
7
V,
an
d
2
1
V
ar
e
u
s
ed
t
o
g
i
v
e
1
7
p
o
s
itiv
e
le
v
els,
1
7
n
eg
ativ
e
lev
els,
an
d
1
ze
r
o
lev
el
f
o
r
t
h
e
AC
o
u
t
p
u
t.
T
h
e
lev
el
v
o
ltag
es
co
m
b
in
ed
f
o
r
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
AC
o
u
tp
u
t
a
r
e
g
iv
e
n
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
u
tili
ze
s
an
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
n
o
n
-
ca
r
r
ier
an
g
le
ev
alu
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
to
d
e
r
iv
e
th
e
lev
els
o
f
th
e
m
u
lti
-
lev
el
in
v
er
ter
.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
th
e
a
n
g
les
ar
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
ased
o
n
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
Half
Heig
h
t
E
v
en
t
m
an
ip
u
latio
n
m
et
h
o
d
wh
ich
ca
n
p
r
esen
t
t
h
e
an
g
les
in
s
eq
u
en
ce
till
th
e
h
alf
an
d
in
alter
n
ate
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
af
ter
th
e
h
alf
o
f
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
n
e
g
ativ
e
cy
cles
with
an
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
I
n
te
g
er
v
alu
e
‘
1
’
.
T
h
e
e
q
u
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
HHM
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
g
iv
en
in
(
3
)
.
α
=
−
1
[
(
(
−
1
2
)
2
−
1
)
+
1
]
(
3)
W
h
er
e
i =
1
,
2
,
….
−
1
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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4
I
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Dr
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t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
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2
,
J
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20
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ased
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u
r
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2
.
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ir
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it d
iag
r
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r
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n
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ased
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er
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u
lti
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el
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v
e
r
ter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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ased
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am
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er
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2
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h
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DC
v
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er
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g
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r
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o
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e
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el
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n
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er
ter
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esi
g
n
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As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
th
e
c
o
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e
f
o
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ed
m
eth
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s
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g
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h
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av
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o
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th
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g
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ate
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e
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atter
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.
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e
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n
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o
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ated
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d
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ak
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ased
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3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
I
C
lay
o
u
t
f
o
r
th
e
3
5
-
lev
el
L
UO
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
s
witch
ed
lad
d
er
m
u
lti
-
lev
el
in
v
e
r
ter
is
v
alid
ated
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
an
d
E
DA
ca
d
en
ce
to
o
l
.
T
h
e
MA
T
L
AB
to
o
l is u
tili
ze
d
to
v
er
if
y
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
o
f
t
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
to
co
r
r
ec
tly
g
en
er
ate
th
e
s
witch
p
atter
n
s
o
f
th
e
ML
I
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
Switch
p
atter
n
s
in
d
ig
ital
f
o
r
m
ar
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
H
DL
co
d
e
an
d
tr
an
s
lated
in
t
o
X
ilin
x
Simu
lin
k
B
lo
ck
to
b
e
cr
o
s
s
-
co
m
p
iled
as
g
iv
en
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
is
cr
o
s
s
-
co
m
p
ilin
g
o
p
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ity
to
in
ter
lin
k
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
n
o
n
-
ca
r
r
ier
-
b
ased
s
witch
p
atter
n
s
in
HDL
with
th
e
an
alo
g
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
th
e
s
witch
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lad
d
e
r
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ter
.
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ex
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tio
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o
f
th
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cr
o
s
s
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iled
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tp
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t
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th
e
3
5
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le
v
el
L
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O
p
r
o
g
r
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io
n
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ased
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as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
etr
ic
ev
alu
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
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s
ed
m
eth
o
d
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
f
o
r
th
e
T
HD
%
an
d
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
T
HD%
v
alu
e
f
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th
e
3
5
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lev
el
L
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to
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e
[
2
5
]
th
at
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s
ed
8
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its
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f
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tio
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f
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th
e
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n
th
e
s
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g
o
f
H
-
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e
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to
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lo
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ab
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2
p
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es
th
e
m
er
it
o
f
th
e
T
HD%
f
o
r
th
e
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p
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s
ed
m
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d
is
lo
w
in
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m
p
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is
o
n
with
th
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it.
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o
,
th
e
n
u
m
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er
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s
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tili
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d
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ly
6
f
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r
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e
L
PS
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I
wh
er
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th
e
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ML
I
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s
es
1
2
s
witch
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T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
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s
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ap
er
is
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n
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lo
wer
T
HD%
f
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r
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e
g
iv
en
3
5
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lev
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ased
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L
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b
y
m
ak
in
g
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
im
p
r
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v
ed
H
HM
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SAM.
T
ab
le
3
v
alid
ates t
h
e
en
h
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ce
m
e
n
t o
f
th
e
p
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ed
m
eth
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d
with
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e
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f
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.
5
9
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in
T
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c
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m
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h
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6
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in
T
HD
f
o
r
t
h
e
co
n
v
en
tio
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al
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alg
o
r
ith
m
.
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h
e
o
th
er
o
b
ject
o
f
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
th
e
SOC
is
d
ep
i
cted
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
I
C
lay
o
u
t
p
lan
f
o
r
t
h
e
3
5
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lev
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L
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L
I
s
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g
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o
r
ith
m
s
is
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ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
m
ak
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n
g
u
s
e
o
f
ca
d
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ls
.
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er
all,
th
r
ee
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e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
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e
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C
ch
ip
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o
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t
d
esig
n
n
am
ely
in
cisi
v
e,
g
e
n
u
s
,
an
d
in
n
o
v
u
s
f
o
r
s
im
u
latio
n
,
s
y
n
th
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d
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lay
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t
r
esp
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tiv
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.
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ab
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2
.
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m
p
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o
f
th
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e
t
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v
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l
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t
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R
e
s
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t
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2
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]
35
12
2
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&
2
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s
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3
.
C
o
m
p
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f
th
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p
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o
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im
p
r
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v
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d
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e
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e
t
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s
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l
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d
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2
.
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9
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
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8
8
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8
6
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4
I
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t J Po
w
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Vo
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16
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2
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J
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n
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20
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u
r
e
3
.
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lin
k
m
o
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el
f
o
r
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e
p
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o
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o
s
ed
3
5
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lev
el
L
UO
p
r
o
g
r
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n
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b
ased
Xilin
x
b
l
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Fig
u
r
e
4
.
AC
o
u
tp
u
t f
o
r
th
e
3
5
-
lev
el
L
UO
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o
g
r
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n
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ased
ML
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u
s
in
g
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e
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x
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lin
k
b
lo
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s
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
HD%
ca
lcu
latio
n
f
o
r
th
e
3
5
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lev
el
L
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p
r
o
g
r
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io
n
-
b
ased
ML
I
u
s
in
g
th
e
Xilin
x
Simu
lin
k
b
l
o
ck
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
S
ystem
-
on
-
ch
ip
d
esig
n
fo
r
imp
r
o
ve
d
s
w
itch
in
g
a
n
g
le
d
r
iven
3
5
-
leve
l LUO
…
(
Jo
s
ep
h
A
n
t
h
o
n
y
P
r
a
th
a
p
)
979
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
I
C
c
h
i
p
lay
o
u
t f
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]
B
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2
3
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[
2
4
]
E.
N
o
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sal
,
A
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o
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I
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.
[
2
5
]
J.
A
.
P
r
a
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p
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S
.
A
n
a
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d
h
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p
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o
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p
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th
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ich
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y
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h
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s
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e
d
B.
E
.
[El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
]
a
n
d
M
.
Tec
h
.
[VL
S
I
De
sig
n
]
d
e
g
re
e
s
in
2
0
0
3
a
n
d
2
0
0
7
,
re
sp
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c
ti
v
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ly
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a
n
d
t
h
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h
.
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b
a
se
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r
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n
v
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rters
in
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fr
o
m
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n
a
m
a
lai
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Tam
il
Na
d
u
,
I
n
d
ia.
He
h
a
s
p
u
t
i
n
22
y
e
a
rs
o
f
se
rv
ice
in
tea
c
h
in
g
a
n
d
re
se
a
rc
h
.
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is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
n
As
so
c
iate
P
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
in
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
t
P
re
sid
e
n
c
y
U
n
iv
e
r
sity
,
Be
n
g
a
l
u
ru
,
Ka
rn
a
tak
a
,
In
d
ia.
He
is
a
S
e
n
io
r
M
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
IEE
E
a
n
d
h
a
s
in
it
iate
d
t
h
e
fo
r
m
a
t
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
IEE
E
S
tu
d
e
n
t
C
h
a
p
ters
in
h
is
c
a
re
e
r.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
l
u
d
e
VLS
I
d
e
si
g
n
,
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
d
ig
it
a
l
sw
it
c
h
p
a
tt
e
rn
s,
F
P
G
A
c
o
n
tr
o
l
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
fo
r
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
v
e
rters
,
a
n
d
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
c
o
n
v
e
rters
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
jo
se
p
h
.
a
n
th
o
n
y
@p
re
sid
e
n
c
y
u
n
iv
e
rsit
y
.
in
.
J
.
K
a
n
ti
Pra
sa
d
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
p
u
rsu
i
n
g
a
B
a
c
h
e
lo
r
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(B.
Tec
h
.
)
i
n
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
t
P
re
sid
e
n
c
y
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
l
o
c
a
ted
in
Ba
n
g
a
l
o
re
,
In
d
ia.
Ac
ti
v
e
l
y
e
n
g
a
g
e
d
in
re
se
a
rc
h
p
ro
jec
ts,
he
d
e
m
o
n
stra
tes
a
c
o
m
m
it
m
e
n
t
to
in
terd
isc
i
p
li
n
a
r
y
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
e
s
in
a
d
d
re
ss
in
g
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s.
His
c
o
n
tri
b
u
t
io
n
s
wit
h
in
a
c
a
d
e
m
ia
a
n
d
in
d
u
stry
u
n
d
e
rsc
o
re
h
is
d
e
d
ica
ti
o
n
t
o
a
d
v
a
n
c
in
g
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
a
n
d
d
riv
i
n
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
in
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
e
n
c
o
m
p
a
ss
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
sy
ste
m
s
,
m
a
c
h
in
e
lea
rn
in
g
a
p
p
li
e
d
t
o
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s,
se
m
i
c
o
n
d
u
c
to
r
d
e
v
ice
fa
b
rica
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
wire
les
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
p
ro
t
o
c
o
ls.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
at
e
m
a
il
:
k
a
n
ti
p
ra
sa
d
8
1
0
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Viv
e
k
a
n
a
n
d
a
Re
d
d
y
is
p
u
rs
u
in
g
a
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
t
P
r
e
sid
e
n
c
y
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Ba
n
g
a
lo
re
,
I
n
d
ia.
Viv
e
k
a
n
a
n
d
a
a
c
ti
v
e
ly
d
e
m
o
n
stra
tes
h
is
c
o
m
m
it
m
e
n
t
to
th
e
p
r
o
fe
ss
io
n
t
h
ro
u
g
h
h
is
m
e
m
b
e
rsh
ip
in
th
e
In
stit
u
te
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
i
n
e
e
rs
(IE
EE
).
He
h
a
s
a
lrea
d
y
m
a
d
e
a
m
a
rk
in
th
e
field
with
a
p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
p
a
p
e
r
o
n
OTF
S
m
o
d
u
latio
n
a
t
a
n
IEE
E
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
.
His
p
a
ss
io
n
fo
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
is
m
u
l
ti
fa
c
e
ted
,
e
n
c
o
m
p
a
ss
in
g
VLS
I
d
e
sig
n
,
P
CB
la
y
o
u
t,
wire
les
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
a
n
d
t
h
e
e
v
e
r
-
e
v
o
lv
in
g
fiel
d
o
f
m
a
c
h
in
e
lea
rn
in
g
.
H
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
v
iv
e
k
a
n
a
n
d
a
re
d
d
y
0
5
0
1
@
g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Chi
n
th
a
p
a
ll
i
S
u
h
e
il
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
p
u
rsu
in
g
a
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(B.
Tec
h
.
)
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
t
P
re
sid
e
n
c
y
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
l
o
c
a
ted
in
Ba
n
g
a
l
o
re
,
In
d
ia.
His
p
ro
ficie
n
c
y
in
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
y
ste
m
s
is
e
v
id
e
n
t
t
h
ro
u
g
h
h
is
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
p
a
p
e
r
o
n
OTF
S
m
o
d
u
latio
n
,
wh
ich
sh
o
wc
a
se
s
h
is
e
x
p
e
rti
se
i
n
si
g
n
a
l
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s.
Ac
ti
v
e
l
y
e
n
g
a
g
e
d
in
re
se
a
rc
h
p
r
o
jec
ts,
he
d
e
m
o
n
stra
te
d
a
c
o
m
m
it
m
e
n
t
t
o
i
n
terd
isc
ip
li
n
a
ry
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
e
s
i
n
a
d
d
re
ss
in
g
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
e
n
c
o
m
p
a
ss
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
a
rti
ficia
l
in
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