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ly
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.
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s
:
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as e
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es
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as f
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lls
B
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as p
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Sti
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1.
I
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T
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co
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r
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s
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d
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s
eq
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t
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cr
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in
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lo
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s
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ea
ter
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
b
io
g
as
as
an
alter
n
ativ
e
f
u
el
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
o
v
e
r
all
en
er
g
y
d
em
an
d
,
p
ar
ticu
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ly
f
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clea
n
alter
n
ativ
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lik
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r
en
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s
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ce
s
,
is
in
f
lu
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ce
d
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
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s
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in
clu
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in
g
th
e
ex
p
an
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o
m
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a
ctiv
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,
in
cr
ea
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tr
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icat
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f
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ite
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ab
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u
p
p
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ity
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with
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an
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s
s
ity
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p
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v
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atility
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Fu
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th
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m
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r
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m
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itm
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to
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estrict
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r
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n
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E
ar
t
h
'
s
av
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ag
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t
em
p
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atu
r
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[
3
]
.
T
h
e
im
m
in
en
t
d
ep
letio
n
o
f
f
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s
il
f
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els
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d
co
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ce
r
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s
ab
o
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t
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th
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o
p
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g
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g
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ee
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h
o
u
s
e
g
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em
is
s
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s
an
d
g
lo
b
al
wa
r
m
in
g
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av
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p
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k
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d
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en
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ter
est
i
n
b
io
g
as
as
v
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f
u
el
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
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in
ter
est
is
f
u
r
th
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f
u
eled
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in
cr
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clim
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B
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ter
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I
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m
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th
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lo
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in
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h
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[
4
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
3
2
5
-
1340
1326
As
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
,
b
io
g
as
s
h
o
ws
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
o
m
is
e
f
o
r
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as
em
is
s
io
n
s
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
b
io
g
as
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
0
.
2
9
p
er
ce
n
t
o
f
Switzer
lan
d
'
s
o
v
er
all
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
i
n
2
0
1
4
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
o
v
er
ei
g
h
t
p
er
ce
n
t
t
o
th
e
c
o
u
n
tr
y
'
s
to
tal
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
g
en
er
atio
n
in
th
e
s
am
e
y
ea
r
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
less
to
x
ic
g
as
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
[
5
]
.
Similar
ly
,
in
2
0
1
5
,
E
u
r
o
p
e
s
aw
it
s
b
io
m
eth
an
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
r
o
m
b
io
g
as
at
wastewate
r
tr
ea
tm
en
t
p
lan
ts
d
o
u
b
le
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
r
eg
u
lar
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
lev
els
[
6
]
.
As
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
g
lo
b
al
ef
f
o
r
t
to
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
f
r
o
m
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els
to
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
an
d
lo
w
-
ca
r
b
o
n
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e
r
g
y
,
b
io
g
as
s
er
v
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im
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o
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tan
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u
ild
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g
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lo
ck
.
As
a
s
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s
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y
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el
s
o
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r
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b
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g
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is
ce
r
tain
ly
p
lay
i
n
g
a
v
ital r
o
le
i
n
th
e
s
h
if
t
awa
y
f
r
o
m
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
with
its
wid
esp
r
ea
d
u
s
e
in
b
io
g
as
-
to
-
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
e
r
s
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n
tech
n
o
lo
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ies
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d
its
tr
em
e
n
d
o
u
s
p
o
te
n
tial
f
o
r
g
en
er
atio
n
f
r
o
m
b
io
m
ass
[
7
]
.
R
is
in
g
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
el
d
ep
letio
n
,
an
x
ieties
o
v
er
en
er
g
y
s
ec
u
r
it
y
,
an
d
t
h
e
u
r
g
en
c
y
to
tack
l
e
g
lo
b
al
war
m
in
g
as
e
m
p
h
a
s
ized
in
th
e
Par
is
Ag
r
ee
m
en
t
h
a
v
e
f
u
eled
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
en
th
u
s
iasm
f
o
r
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
B
io
g
as
h
as
g
ar
n
er
e
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
atten
tio
n
as
a
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
o
p
tio
n
d
u
e
to
its
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
r
en
ewa
b
le
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
b
io
g
as
in
to
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tally
f
r
ie
n
d
ly
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
f
u
els
an
d
elec
tr
icity
g
en
er
atio
n
is
also
b
ec
o
m
in
g
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
ly
p
o
p
u
la
r
[
8
]
.
A
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
o
r
g
an
ic
waste
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
w
o
r
ld
wid
e,
cr
ea
tin
g
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
b
e
co
n
v
er
ted
i
n
to
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
.
Fo
r
e
x
a
m
p
le,
th
e
Un
ited
States
alo
n
e
g
en
er
ates
ar
o
u
n
d
7
0
m
illi
o
n
m
etr
ic
to
n
s
o
f
o
r
g
a
n
i
c
waste.
A
r
eliab
le
an
d
co
s
t
-
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
en
e
r
g
y
s
u
p
p
ly
is
cr
u
c
ial
f
o
r
m
ain
tain
in
g
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
p
r
o
g
r
ess
an
d
a
llev
iatin
g
p
o
v
e
r
ty
[
3
]
,
[
9
]
.
Du
e
to
t
h
eir
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
m
et
h
a
n
e
(
C
H
4
)
co
n
ten
t,
b
io
g
as r
eso
u
r
ce
s
o
f
f
er
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
s
o
lu
t
i
o
n
to
tack
le
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
en
er
g
y
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ch
allen
g
es.
T
h
is
m
eth
an
e
ca
n
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
as
a
f
u
el
in
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
elec
tr
ic
ity
g
en
er
atio
n
,
h
ea
tin
g
,
a
n
d
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
.
B
io
g
as
is
cr
ea
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
an
ae
r
o
b
ic
d
ig
esti
o
n
o
f
o
r
g
an
i
c
m
atter
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
I
t
s
er
v
es
as
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
waste
d
is
p
o
s
al
an
d
s
ter
ilizatio
n
m
eth
o
d
,
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as
em
is
s
io
n
s
an
d
o
th
e
r
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
tam
in
atio
n
.
Utilizin
g
waste
s
tr
ea
m
s
f
o
r
b
io
g
as
p
r
o
d
u
cti
o
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
in
im
izes
wast
e
d
is
p
o
s
al
th
r
o
u
g
h
less
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
b
en
ef
ici
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
s
u
ch
as
lan
d
f
illi
n
g
an
d
in
cin
er
atio
n
.
An
ae
r
o
b
ic
d
ig
esti
o
n
n
o
t
o
n
ly
g
en
er
ates
f
er
tili
ze
r
b
u
t
also
s
er
v
es
as
a
v
iab
le
alter
n
ativ
e
to
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
ch
em
icals
an
d
p
o
ly
m
e
r
s
.
W
h
en
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
waste
is
a
l
lo
wed
to
d
ec
ay
with
o
u
t
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t,
it
r
elea
s
e
s
lar
g
e
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
ex
tr
em
ely
p
o
ten
t
m
eth
an
e
in
to
t
h
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
C
H
4
h
as
a
g
r
ea
ter
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as
ef
f
ec
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
ca
r
b
o
n
d
io
x
id
e
(
C
O
2
)
,
to
th
e
p
o
in
t
wh
er
e
o
v
e
r
a
s
p
an
o
f
2
0
y
ea
r
s
,
C
H
4
ab
s
o
r
b
s
8
6
tim
es
m
o
r
e
h
ea
t
th
an
C
O
2
.
H
en
ce
,
th
e
r
eg
u
lated
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
b
io
g
as
y
ield
s
u
s
ef
u
l
f
u
el
a
n
d
m
itig
ates
th
e
ad
v
er
s
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
o
f
u
n
r
e
g
u
lated
b
io
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
[
1
0
]
.
B
io
g
as
p
o
we
r
g
e
n
e
r
at
io
n
is
r
elat
iv
el
y
n
o
v
e
l
g
lo
b
a
ll
y
,
w
it
h
t
h
e
ex
ce
p
t
io
n
o
f
a
f
ew
c
o
u
n
t
r
ies
li
k
e
Ger
m
a
n
y
i
n
t
h
e
d
e
v
el
o
p
e
d
wo
r
l
d
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
th
er
e
is
g
r
o
wi
n
g
i
n
te
r
est
i
n
a
p
p
l
y
i
n
g
b
io
g
as
f
o
r
ele
ct
r
ic
it
y
g
e
n
e
r
a
ti
o
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
te
c
h
n
o
lo
g
i
es
s
u
c
h
as
g
as
tu
r
b
i
n
es
,
i
n
t
er
n
a
l
c
o
m
b
u
s
ti
o
n
e
n
g
i
n
es
,
an
d
f
u
e
l
c
ells
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
g
lo
b
a
l
co
m
m
it
m
e
n
t
t
o
c
o
m
b
a
t
cli
m
at
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
a
n
d
g
r
e
e
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as
em
is
s
i
o
n
s
[
4
]
.
Uti
lizi
n
g
b
io
g
as
in
s
t
ea
d
o
f
s
o
l
id
b
i
o
m
ass
,
li
k
e
f
i
r
ew
o
o
d
,
ca
n
r
e
d
u
ce
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
w
o
o
d
u
s
e
d
.
B
y
t
h
e
y
e
a
r
2
0
4
0
,
ar
o
u
n
d
2
0
0
m
ill
io
n
p
e
o
p
l
e,
la
r
g
el
y
i
n
A
f
r
i
ca
a
n
d
Asi
a,
c
o
u
l
d
h
a
v
e
ac
c
es
s
to
cle
a
n
c
o
o
k
in
g
f
u
el
f
r
o
m
b
io
g
as
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
a
t
b
i
o
g
as
co
u
l
d
b
e
a
k
ey
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t i
n
ac
h
ie
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
S
u
s
ta
i
n
a
b
l
e
D
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
G
o
als
(
S
D
Gs).
B
i
o
m
et
h
a
n
e
,
a
m
o
r
e
p
o
te
n
t
f
u
el
s
o
u
r
ce
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
i
n
it
ial
b
i
o
g
as
,
is
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
ess
i
n
g
o
f
b
io
g
as
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
is
m
ak
es
b
i
o
g
as
a
v
ia
b
le
c
h
o
i
ce
i
n
t
h
e
t
r
an
s
i
ti
o
n
t
o
a
cl
ea
n
e
r
,
l
o
w
e
r
-
ca
r
b
o
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
an
d
el
ec
t
r
i
cit
y
m
ix
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
way
s
to
c
o
n
v
er
t
b
io
g
as
in
to
u
s
ab
le
e
n
er
g
y
an
d
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
as
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
in
to
th
e
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
v
a
r
io
u
s
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
in
ter
n
al
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
en
g
in
es
an
d
th
e
S
tirlin
g
en
g
in
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
ar
e
v
iab
le
o
p
tio
n
s
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
lo
ca
lized
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
.
C
o
m
p
ar
e
d
t
o
o
t
h
er
p
o
we
r
g
e
n
er
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
,
th
e
c
o
s
t
p
er
k
ilo
watt
-
h
o
u
r
(
k
W
h
)
g
en
e
r
ated
b
y
in
ter
n
al
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
en
g
in
es
is
lo
wer
[
1
1
]
.
W
ith
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
3
–
5
MW,
g
as
tu
r
b
i
n
es
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
icien
t
o
p
tio
n
,
d
esp
ite
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
a
h
i
g
h
o
v
er
all
ca
p
ital
in
v
estme
n
t
f
o
r
s
team
tu
r
b
in
e
a
n
d
g
as
tu
r
b
in
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
3
]
.
Mic
r
o
t
u
r
b
in
es
ca
n
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies
to
m
ax
im
ize
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
u
n
its
,
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
f
u
el
q
u
alit
y
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
ar
e
n
o
t
as st
r
in
g
en
t
as th
o
s
e
f
o
r
in
ter
n
al
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
en
g
i
n
es.
Mu
lti
-
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
i
n
g
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
co
m
m
o
n
f
o
r
u
tili
zin
g
in
ex
h
a
u
s
tib
le
f
u
el
s
o
u
r
ce
s
in
v
a
r
io
u
s
u
n
iq
u
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
to
war
d
s
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
an
d
clea
n
er
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
i
n
to
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
b
y
b
u
r
n
in
g
i
t
in
e
n
g
in
es
o
r
tu
r
b
in
es,
o
f
f
s
ettin
g
th
e
in
ter
m
itten
cy
o
f
r
e
n
e
wab
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
lik
e
s
o
lar
an
d
win
d
.
T
h
e
th
e
r
m
al
s
to
r
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
es
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
th
e
h
ea
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
d
u
r
in
g
b
io
g
as
g
en
e
r
atio
n
,
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
m
u
lti
-
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
B
io
m
e
th
an
e,
wh
ich
ca
n
s
er
v
e
as
a
ch
em
ical
s
to
r
ag
e
m
ed
iu
m
,
m
ay
b
e
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
d
in
to
ex
is
tin
g
n
atu
r
al
g
as
an
d
el
ec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
o
f
f
er
in
g
an
ea
s
ily
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
f
u
el
s
u
p
p
ly
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
r
o
les
o
f
b
io
g
as
an
d
b
io
m
eth
an
e
in
v
a
r
io
u
s
ap
p
lic
atio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
elec
tr
icity
g
en
er
atio
n
,
s
to
r
ag
e,
a
n
d
u
s
es
in
b
o
th
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
an
d
n
o
n
-
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
E
lectricity g
en
era
tio
n
a
n
d
mu
l
ti
-
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
fr
o
m
b
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g
a
s
a
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d
…
(
Mo
s
es J
eremia
h
B
a
r
a
s
a
K
a
b
ey
i
)
1327
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
io
g
as a
n
d
b
io
m
et
h
an
e
f
o
r
elec
tr
icity
g
en
er
atio
n
,
an
d
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
f
o
r
m
u
lti
-
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
u
s
e
2.
B
I
O
G
AS A
N
D
B
I
O
M
E
T
H
A
NE
I
N
E
L
E
C
T
RIC
I
T
Y
G
E
NE
RA
T
I
O
N
2
.
1
.
O
v
er
v
iew
Ma
n
y
co
u
n
tr
ies
g
lo
b
ally
h
av
e
s
et
am
b
itio
u
s
em
is
s
io
n
s
tar
g
ets
in
lin
e
with
th
e
Par
is
Ag
r
ee
m
en
t
an
d
o
th
er
r
e
g
io
n
al
a
n
d
n
atio
n
al
o
b
jectiv
es
to
m
itig
ate
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
a
n
d
e
n
h
an
ce
en
er
g
y
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u
p
p
ly
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
Fo
r
in
s
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ce
,
th
e
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
Un
i
o
n
d
ir
ec
tiv
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o
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s
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estab
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v
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g
a
5
0
%
sh
ar
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o
f
en
er
g
y
b
y
2
0
4
0
,
with
b
io
g
as
id
en
tifie
d
as
a
k
ey
co
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
an
ae
r
o
b
ic
d
ig
esti
o
n
f
o
r
b
io
g
as
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
is
an
estab
lis
h
ed
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n
d
o
th
e
r
d
ev
elo
p
ed
c
o
u
n
t
r
ies,
it
r
em
a
in
s
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
in
m
an
y
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
n
atio
n
s
,
wh
ich
p
o
s
s
ess
s
ig
n
if
ican
t p
o
ten
tia
l
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
2
0
1
4
,
ex
clu
d
in
g
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
w
er
,
Switzer
lan
d
'
s
b
io
g
as
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
ac
co
u
n
te
d
f
o
r
8
%
o
f
all
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
atio
n
an
d
0
.
2
9
%
o
f
th
e
n
atio
n
'
s
to
tal
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
[
5
]
.
Usi
n
g
b
io
g
as
in
s
tead
o
f
s
o
lid
b
io
m
ass
f
o
r
co
o
k
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
f
o
r
est
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
b
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
ater
ials
lik
e
f
i
r
ewo
o
d
.
B
y
2
0
4
0
,
b
io
g
as
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
clea
n
co
o
k
in
g
f
u
el
f
o
r
2
0
0
m
illi
o
n
p
eo
p
le,
m
o
s
tly
in
Af
r
ica
an
d
Asi
a
[
1
2
]
.
Giv
en
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
b
i
o
g
as,
it
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
ac
h
iev
e
d
with
o
u
t
it.
B
i
o
m
eth
an
e,
a
b
y
-
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
b
io
g
as
u
p
g
r
a
d
in
g
,
h
as
s
ev
er
al
ap
p
lic
atio
n
s
an
d
is
a
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
icien
t
f
u
el
s
o
u
r
ce
th
an
its
r
aw
b
io
g
a
s
p
r
ed
ec
ess
o
r
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
is
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
b
io
g
as'
s
p
o
s
iti
o
n
as
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
ac
h
iev
in
g
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
to
a
g
r
ee
n
an
d
l
o
w
-
ca
r
b
o
n
en
e
r
g
y
an
d
elec
tr
icity
m
ix
.
Ma
n
y
b
io
m
ass
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
v
ar
io
u
s
waste
s
tr
ea
m
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ty
p
es
o
f
o
r
g
an
ic
waste,
ar
e
av
ailab
le
as
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
b
i
o
g
as
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
b
o
th
cu
r
r
en
t
en
er
g
y
-
r
elate
d
a
n
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ch
allen
g
es.
B
io
g
as
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
an
ae
r
o
b
ic
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
o
f
a
v
a
r
iety
o
f
b
io
m
ass
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
as
an
im
al
d
u
n
g
,
cr
o
p
waste,
an
d
p
o
u
ltry
e
x
cr
em
en
t.
R
aw
b
io
g
as,
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
m
icr
o
b
ial
m
etab
o
lis
m
,
ca
n
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
h
ig
h
-
v
alu
e
m
o
lecu
le
s
in
th
e
en
er
g
y
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
s
ec
to
r
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
h
ea
t
an
d
elec
tr
icity
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
g
en
e
r
ated
r
aw
b
io
g
as
ca
n
b
e
f
u
r
th
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
clea
n
in
g
an
d
p
u
r
if
icatio
n
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
m
et
h
an
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
allo
win
g
it
to
b
e
in
jecte
d
in
to
n
atu
r
al
g
as p
ip
elin
es
as
a
s
u
b
s
titu
te
f
o
r
g
r
ee
n
f
u
el.
W
ith
s
u
ch
g
r
ea
t
p
o
ten
tial f
o
r
u
s
e
as a
r
en
ewa
b
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
,
it
co
u
ld
h
elp
r
ed
u
ce
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as e
m
is
s
io
n
s
[
1
6
]
.
B
io
g
as,
a
m
ix
tu
r
e
o
f
C
O
2
an
d
C
H
4
,
s
er
v
es
as
a
f
u
el
with
v
a
r
io
u
s
th
er
m
al
an
d
elec
tr
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
I
ts
ch
em
ical
p
r
o
f
iles
v
ar
y
b
a
s
ed
o
n
f
ee
d
s
to
c
k
s
an
d
lev
els
o
f
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
n
tr
o
l.
C
H
4
,
in
its
g
aseo
u
s
f
o
r
m
,
is
h
ig
h
ly
co
m
b
u
s
tib
le
an
d
ca
n
b
e
f
atal
in
en
clo
s
ed
s
p
ac
es
d
u
e
to
th
e
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t
o
f
o
x
y
g
e
n
(
O
2
)
.
I
ts
r
ad
iativ
e
f
o
r
ce
is
twen
ty
tim
es
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
th
at
o
f
C
O
2
o
v
er
2
0
y
e
ar
s
an
d
ca
n
r
em
ai
n
in
th
e
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
e
f
o
r
u
p
to
f
if
teen
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
o
f
b
i
o
g
as
m
u
s
t
b
e
clo
s
ely
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
an
d
s
tr
ictly
s
u
p
er
v
is
ed
to
p
r
ev
en
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
d
am
a
g
e.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
f
u
el
o
r
as
an
in
p
u
t
in
to
ch
em
ical,
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
(
H
2
)
,
a
n
d
s
y
n
th
esis
g
as
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
T
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
b
io
g
a
s
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
tr
ac
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
m
ak
in
g
th
eir
r
em
o
v
al
es
s
en
tial.
B
io
m
eth
an
e
ad
d
r
e
s
s
es
h
ig
h
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
ts
an
d
en
er
g
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
3
2
5
-
1340
1328
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
ass
o
ciate
d
with
b
io
g
as
u
p
g
r
ad
i
n
g
.
T
ab
le
1
lis
t
s
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
b
io
g
as,
wh
ich
is
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
g
ases
.
T
h
e
m
eth
a
n
e
co
n
ten
t o
f
b
io
g
a
s
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
cr
u
cial
f
ac
to
r
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
a
s
a
h
ea
tin
g
s
o
u
r
ce
.
B
io
g
as
c
o
n
tain
s
b
etw
ee
n
5
5
%
an
d
7
5
%
C
H
4
b
y
v
o
lu
m
e.
T
h
is
d
is
p
ar
ity
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
b
io
g
as'
s
lo
wer
h
ea
ti
n
g
v
alu
e
(
L
HV
)
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
1
6
t
o
2
8
MJ/m
3
,
r
ath
er
t
h
an
b
ein
g
a
c
o
n
s
tan
t
am
o
u
n
t.
T
h
e
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
o
f
b
io
g
as
r
elea
s
es
th
er
m
al
en
er
g
y
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
co
o
k
in
g
o
r
o
th
er
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
in
ter
n
al
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
en
g
i
n
es.
B
io
g
as's
u
s
ef
u
l
q
u
alities
as
a
f
u
el
ar
e
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t.
I
n
g
e
n
er
al,
b
io
g
as
en
g
in
e
f
u
el
r
eq
u
ir
es
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
.
˗
CH
4
co
n
ten
t n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
h
ig
h
.
˗
T
h
e
m
ix
o
f
wate
r
an
d
C
O
2
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
as lo
w
as p
o
s
s
ib
le
f
o
r
h
ig
h
ca
lo
r
ic
v
al
u
e.
˗
T
h
e
Su
lp
h
u
r
lev
el
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
a
s
lo
w
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
in
ce
it
p
r
o
m
o
tes
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
b
y
co
n
v
er
tin
g
to
ac
id
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
d
en
s
atio
n
a
n
d
c
o
m
b
u
s
tio
n
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Av
e
r
ag
e
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
b
io
g
as [
1
7
]
S
/
N
S
y
mb
o
l
V
a
l
u
e
(
%)
1
CH
4
5
5
-
75
2
CO
2
3
0
-
45
3
N
2
0
-
1
4
H
2
0
-
1
5
H
2
S
1
-
2
6
O
t
h
e
r
s
(
O
2
,
M
o
i
st
u
r
e
,
C
O
,
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
t
r
a
c
e
g
a
s
e
s)
0
.
8
3
W
h
ile
ch
em
ical,
b
io
lo
g
ical,
o
r
p
h
y
s
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
ca
n
b
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
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ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
H
2
S
co
n
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n
tr
atio
n
,
co
n
d
e
n
s
atio
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in
th
e
g
as
s
to
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ag
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o
r
alo
n
g
th
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as
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tr
ea
m
ca
n
lo
wer
th
e
m
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is
tu
r
e
co
n
ten
t.
A
h
ig
h
er
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
CH
4
r
esu
lts
in
b
io
g
as
with
a
ca
lo
r
if
ic
v
alu
e
th
at
in
cr
ea
s
es
f
r
o
m
5
,
0
0
0
to
7
,
0
0
0
k
ca
l/m
3
.
Ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
0
.
7
7
cu
b
ic
m
eter
s
o
f
n
atu
r
al
g
as,
0
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6
0
k
g
o
f
k
er
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0
.
4
0
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f
p
et
r
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3
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5
k
g
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f
wo
o
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,
1
2
k
g
o
f
d
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n
g
b
r
iq
u
ettes,
4
k
ilo
watt
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o
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r
s
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p
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wer
,
0
.
5
k
g
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
,
an
d
0
.
4
3
k
g
o
f
b
u
tan
e
m
ak
e
u
p
o
n
e
cu
b
ic
m
eter
o
f
b
io
g
as
[
1
8
]
.
B
elo
w,
at
s
tan
d
ar
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
2
7
3
K
an
d
0
.
1
0
1
3
MPa,
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
b
io
g
as,
wh
ic
h
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
6
0
% C
H
4
an
d
4
0
% C
O
2
,
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
.
B
io
g
as
h
as
an
ig
n
itio
n
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
b
e
twee
n
6
5
0
an
d
7
5
0
℃
,
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
h
ea
t
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
2
.
1
6
5
J
/g
·
K,
an
d
a
m
o
lar
m
ass
o
f
1
6
.
0
4
g
/
m
o
l,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
th
er
m
o
d
y
n
am
ics,
b
io
g
as
is
o
n
p
ar
wit
h
o
th
er
alter
n
ativ
e
f
u
els.
Du
e
t
o
its
p
o
s
itiv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ef
f
ec
ts
,
b
io
g
as
co
m
p
en
s
ates
f
o
r
its
s
lig
h
t
h
ea
t
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
e
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
f
o
s
s
il f
u
els.
I
n
T
ab
le
3
,
it is
ev
id
e
n
t h
o
w
b
io
g
as c
o
m
p
a
r
es to
o
th
er
f
u
els.
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
er
m
o
d
y
n
am
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
b
io
g
as [
1
8
]
P
r
o
p
e
r
t
y
S
y
mb
o
l
V
a
l
u
e
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
h
e
a
t
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
C
p
2
.
1
6
5
k
J
/
k
g
.
K
M
o
l
a
r
mass
M
1
6
.
0
4
G
a
s c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
R
0
.
5
1
8
k
J
/
k
g
N
o
r
mal
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
1
.
2
g
/
l
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
3
2
0
g
/
l
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
(
t
o
a
i
r
)
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
g
r
0
.
8
3
B
i
o
g
a
s
c
a
l
o
r
i
f
i
c
v
a
l
u
e
LC
V
2
2
.
6
M
j
/
m
3
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
T
C
-
2
.
5
℃
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
p
r
e
ss
u
r
e
p
7
.
3
–
8
.
9
M
P
a
F
l
a
mm
a
b
i
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y
l
i
m
i
t
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n
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r
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2
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r
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T
I
6
5
0
–
7
5
0
℃
T
ab
le
3
.
Fu
el
eq
u
iv
alen
ts
o
f
b
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as
A
l
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B
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m
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0
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2
5
A
d
v
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d
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D
r
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d
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(
c
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)
0
.
1
H
i
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r
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n
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b
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N
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9
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LPG
(
1
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1
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w
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c
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LPG
(
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k
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2
.
1
Lo
w
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c
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[
1
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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1329
Fro
m
T
ab
le
3
,
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
an
im
al
d
u
n
g
h
as
a
h
ig
h
e
r
en
er
g
y
v
alu
e
th
an
m
o
s
t
s
u
b
s
titu
te
f
u
els,
en
ab
lin
g
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
1
m
3
o
f
p
u
r
if
ied
b
io
g
as
with
a
n
en
er
g
y
v
alu
e
o
f
6
.
5
k
W
.
T
h
e
ca
lo
r
if
ic
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
b
io
g
as
g
en
er
ally
v
ar
ies
b
etwe
en
2
2
.
5
an
d
2
5
MJ/m
3
,
o
r
6
.
2
5
an
d
1
0
k
W
h
/m
3
,
ass
u
m
in
g
C
H
4
h
as
a
h
ea
tin
g
v
alu
e
o
f
3
5
.
8
MJ/m
3
.
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
ten
t
m
ay
b
e
e
n
h
an
ce
d
f
u
r
th
e
r
b
y
u
p
g
r
a
d
in
g
to
b
io
m
eth
an
e
[
1
7
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
B
io
g
as
with
5
5
%
C
H
4
h
as
an
av
er
a
g
e
ca
lo
r
if
ic
v
alu
e
o
f
ab
o
u
t
2
1
.
5
MJ/m
3
,
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
p
u
r
e
C
H
4
,
wh
ich
h
as
a
ca
lo
r
if
ic
v
al
u
e
o
f
ab
o
u
t
3
5
.
5
6
MJ/m
3
,
wh
i
ch
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
ain
r
ea
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
u
p
g
r
a
d
in
g
b
y
r
em
o
v
al
o
f
C
O
2
f
r
o
m
r
aw
b
i
o
g
as
[1
7
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
T
a
b
le
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ca
lo
r
if
ic
v
alu
e
o
f
b
io
g
as,
b
io
m
eth
a
n
e
a
n
d
co
m
m
o
n
f
o
s
s
il g
ases
.
Fro
m
T
ab
le
4
,
it
is
n
o
ted
th
at
b
io
g
as
h
as
th
e
lo
west
ca
lo
r
i
f
ic
v
alu
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
m
eth
a
n
e,
p
r
o
p
an
e,
b
u
tan
e,
n
atu
r
al
g
as
an
d
b
io
m
e
th
an
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
u
p
g
r
a
d
in
g
to
b
io
m
e
th
an
e
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
its
ca
lo
r
if
ic
v
alu
e.
T
h
e
elec
tr
icity
p
o
ten
tial o
f
b
io
g
as d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
p
r
im
e
m
o
v
er
s
elec
ted
an
d
th
e
s
p
ec
if
i
c
d
esig
n
s
et
u
p
,
an
d
h
en
ce
o
n
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
ic
ien
cy
o
f
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
an
d
d
ev
ices
u
s
ed
.
I
n
ter
n
al
co
m
b
u
s
t
io
n
en
g
in
es
ten
d
t
o
h
a
v
e
h
ig
h
er
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
lo
wer
im
p
lem
en
t
atio
n
co
s
ts
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
o
th
er
p
r
im
e
m
o
v
er
s
.
T
h
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
q
u
an
tity
o
f
b
io
g
as
av
ailab
le
an
d
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
ter
n
al
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
en
g
in
es
h
av
e
a
lo
wer
co
s
t
p
er
k
W
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
m
icr
o
-
tu
r
b
in
es
an
d
g
as
tu
r
b
in
e
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
in
ter
n
al
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
en
g
in
es
a
r
e
av
ailab
le
in
m
an
y
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
s
izes
an
d
d
esig
n
s
,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
m
o
r
e
f
lex
i
b
le
f
o
r
d
iv
er
s
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
3
]
.
B
io
g
as
tu
r
b
in
es
a
r
e
g
en
er
ally
u
s
ed
f
o
r
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
s
ch
em
es
with
a
h
i
g
h
er
b
io
g
as
g
en
er
atio
n
f
lo
w
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
m
o
r
e
th
an
3
MW,
an
d
m
o
r
e
ty
p
i
ca
lly
5
MW,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
is
m
a
y
v
ar
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
with
s
p
ec
if
ic
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
ain
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
g
as
tu
r
b
i
n
es
as
b
io
g
as
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
i
o
n
s
y
s
tem
s
is
th
at
th
ey
r
eq
u
ir
e
lo
wer
m
ain
te
n
a
n
ce
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
b
en
ef
its
in
clu
d
e
lo
w
m
ain
ten
an
ce
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
,
f
ac
ilit
y
ef
f
icien
cy
,
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
cy
t
h
at
ten
d
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
with
s
ize.
As
p
r
im
e
m
o
v
er
s
,
m
icr
o
-
tu
r
b
in
es
ca
n
b
e
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
in
s
er
ies
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
g
r
ea
te
r
f
le
x
ib
i
lity
in
ter
m
s
o
f
p
o
wer
o
u
t
p
u
t
an
d
f
ea
s
ib
le
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
k
ey
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
f
m
icr
o
-
tu
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3
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ab
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els
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1
7
]
F
u
e
l
(
e
l
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me
n
t
s)
C
a
l
o
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i
f
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c
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2
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5
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3
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h
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T
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m
ate
th
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tr
ical
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v
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in
b
io
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th
e
(
1
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ca
n
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e
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t
o
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e
f
in
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t
h
e
c
o
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v
er
s
io
n
o
f
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io
g
as to
u
s
ef
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l e
lectr
icity
a
n
d
(
2
)
,
th
e
g
en
e
r
ato
r
p
o
wer
r
atin
g
[
2
3
]
.
(
k
W
h
)
=
ƞ
∗
∗
∗
∗
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
E
: T
o
tal
elec
tr
icity
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
in
k
W
h
,
Ƞ: E
q
u
i
p
m
en
t
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
,
C
v
: L
o
wer
ca
lo
r
if
ic
v
alu
e,
M
f
: M
ass
f
lo
w
r
ate
o
f
b
io
g
as f
u
el
(
k
g
/s
)
,
Q:
Qu
a
n
tity
o
f
b
io
g
as a
v
ailab
le
p
er
y
ea
r
,
Α:
C
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
f
ac
to
r
o
f
MJ
h
ea
t e
n
er
g
y
to
elec
tr
icity
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
r
atin
g
o
f
th
e
g
en
er
ato
r
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
2
)
.
=
∗
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∗
(
2
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W
h
er
e
P:
Po
wer
o
f
t
h
e
g
e
n
er
a
to
r
(
k
W
h
/y
)
,
8
7
6
0
:
T
o
tal
h
o
u
r
s
av
ailab
le
in
a
y
ea
r
,
an
d
C
F
:
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h
e
ca
p
ac
ity
f
ac
to
r
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
p
la
n
t w
h
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is
g
e
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ally
ass
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m
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n
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T
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f
a
b
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p
o
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n
t,
it
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n
ec
es
s
ar
y
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
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in
itial
in
v
estme
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t,
to
tal
elec
tr
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ales
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en
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e,
an
d
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s
t
o
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o
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er
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tio
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m
ain
te
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ce
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t
h
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io
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lan
t
.
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h
en
th
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n
et
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r
esen
t
v
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N
PV)
,
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e
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elize
d
co
s
t
o
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L
C
OE
)
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th
e
i
n
ter
n
al
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ate
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f
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etu
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n
(
I
R
R
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d
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ay
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ac
k
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(
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P)
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o
r
tan
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ar
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eter
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in
g
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o
m
ic
v
iab
ilit
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o
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a
p
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wer
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t.
T
h
e
in
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ts
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en
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t
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ip
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d
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en
d
o
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th
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co
n
v
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tech
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s
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v
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a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
3
2
5
-
1340
1330
s
y
s
tem
in
v
o
lv
e
ex
p
e
n
s
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
tech
n
ical
p
er
s
o
n
n
el,
p
lan
t
s
u
p
p
lies
,
r
aw
m
ater
ials
,
an
d
b
asic
s
er
v
ices.
T
h
ey
ar
e
class
if
ied
in
to
f
ix
ed
co
s
ts
an
d
v
ar
iab
l
e
co
s
ts
o
n
an
an
n
u
al
b
asis
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
m
ain
ten
an
ce
c
o
s
ts
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
w
er
p
lan
t
ca
n
b
e
q
u
an
titativ
ely
v
alu
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
in
v
estme
n
t.
Fo
r
a
b
io
g
as
p
o
wer
p
lan
t,
th
ese
co
s
ts
ac
co
u
n
t f
o
r
7
.
4
% o
f
th
e
o
v
er
all
in
v
e
s
tm
en
t
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
en
e
f
its
o
f
a
p
o
wer
p
lan
t
d
ep
e
n
d
o
n
elec
tr
icity
s
ales
r
ev
en
u
e.
I
t
is
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
r
ev
en
u
e;
h
en
ce
,
th
e
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
r
ates
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
p
r
ev
ailin
g
f
ee
d
-
i
n
r
a
tes
o
r
tar
if
f
s
s
et
b
y
th
e
u
tili
ty
co
m
p
an
y
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r
e
cr
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cial.
T
h
e
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d
co
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t
o
f
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p
r
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v
id
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th
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m
in
im
u
m
co
s
t
in
USD/k
W
h
p
er
g
en
er
ated
u
n
it
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
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d
i
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
e
L
C
OE
ca
n
b
e
co
m
p
u
ted
u
s
in
g
(
3
)
,
wh
ile
(
4
)
to
(
6
)
s
h
o
w
th
e
NPV,
I
R
R
,
L
C
OE
,
an
d
PB
P,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
=
∑
[
+
]
∗
(
1
+
)
−
∑
∗
[
(
1
+
)
−
]
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
,
LC
OE
i
s
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s
t
o
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r
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n
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th
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p
lan
t
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s
p
a
n
(
USD/k
W
h
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,
I
n
v
t.
is
th
e
in
v
estme
n
t
f
o
r
a
y
ea
r
(
in
clu
d
in
g
in
ter
est
d
u
r
in
g
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
an
d
all
au
x
iliar
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ele
m
en
ts
an
d
elec
tr
ical
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e)
[
USD/k
W
h
]
,
OM
:
r
ef
er
s
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
a
n
d
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
co
s
t
f
o
r
a
y
ea
r
t
[
USD/k
W
h
]
,
r
is
th
e
d
is
co
u
n
tin
g
r
ate
,
E
lect
is
elec
tr
icity
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
in
th
e
y
ea
r
t
(
k
W
h
)
,
an
d
t
:
R
ef
er
s
to
th
e
u
s
ef
u
l
life
tim
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
p
lan
t
o
p
er
atio
n
(
y
ea
r
)
.
T
h
e
NPV
is
th
e
to
tal
co
s
ts
,
le
s
s
th
e
p
r
esen
t
v
alu
e
r
ev
en
u
es,
an
d
r
elate
d
to
a
p
r
o
ject
o
v
er
th
e
en
tire
u
s
ef
u
l
life
b
y
an
aly
zin
g
ca
s
h
in
f
lo
ws
an
d
o
u
tf
lo
ws.
T
h
e
p
r
o
f
it
is
th
en
co
m
p
u
ted
u
p
o
n
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
lo
ws
an
d
d
is
co
u
n
tin
g
th
e
i
n
itial in
v
estme
n
t,
as in
(
4
)
.
=
∑
(
1
+
)
=
0
(
4)
W
h
er
e
F
n
is
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
n
et
ca
s
h
f
lo
w
r
ate,
r
is
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
in
ter
est
r
ate,
an
d
t
is
th
e
to
t
al
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
y
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
e
I
R
R
is
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
at
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
h
ig
h
est
in
ter
est
r
ate
th
at
an
in
v
esto
r
ca
n
p
ay
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
m
in
im
al
r
is
k
.
I
t
is
a
u
s
ef
u
l
m
etr
ic
u
s
ed
wh
e
n
lo
a
n
s
f
in
a
n
ce
p
r
o
jects,
a
n
d
wh
en
a
p
r
o
ject
m
u
s
t
b
e
f
in
an
ce
d
,
a
n
et
p
r
o
f
it c
an
b
e
g
en
er
ate
d
.
T
h
e
I
R
R
is
r
elate
d
to
th
e
NPV
b
ec
au
s
e
it sets
th
e
latter
to
0
,
as in
(
5
)
.
=
∑
(
1
+
)
=
0
=
0
(
5)
W
h
er
e
F
n
is
th
e
n
et
ca
s
h
f
lo
w
r
ate,
I
R
R
is
th
e
in
te
r
n
al
r
ate
o
f
r
etu
r
n
,
an
d
n
is
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
y
ea
r
s
u
n
d
e
r
s
tu
d
y
.
C
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
p
er
io
d
in
w
h
ich
t
h
e
p
r
o
ject
co
s
t
is
b
alan
ce
d
,
i.e
.
,
PB
P,
(
6
)
is
th
e
s
im
p
lest
ca
lcu
latio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
(
)
=
(6
)
W
h
er
e,
I
n
v
t:
R
ef
er
s
to
co
s
t
o
f
in
v
estme
n
t
in
th
e
g
en
er
ati
o
n
(
USD)
an
d
C
F:
R
ef
er
s
to
is
th
e
ca
s
h
f
lo
w
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
an
n
u
al
r
ev
e
n
u
es f
r
o
m
en
e
r
g
y
s
av
e
d
(
USD/y
ea
r
)
.
T
o
m
itig
ate
s
er
io
u
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
an
d
h
ea
lth
r
is
k
s
,
b
io
m
ass
waste
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
tr
ea
ted
in
co
n
ju
n
ctio
n
with
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
th
e
an
ae
r
o
b
ic
d
ig
esti
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
u
tili
zin
g
ec
o
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
co
n
v
en
ti
o
n
al
an
d
em
er
g
in
g
clea
n
in
g
an
d
u
p
g
r
a
d
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
as
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
2
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
aim
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
m
in
im
ize
t
h
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
wate
r
p
o
llu
tio
n
,
an
d
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
i
g
estate
to
en
h
an
ce
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
.
Alo
n
g
s
id
e
tr
ea
tin
g
b
io
g
as
waste,
v
ar
io
u
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
a
d
v
an
ta
g
es
ca
n
b
e
d
er
iv
ed
,
s
u
ch
as
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
C
H
4
em
is
s
i
o
n
s
,
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
waste
h
an
d
lin
g
,
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
d
s
o
il
f
er
tili
ty
.
I
t
m
itig
ates
m
eth
an
e
em
is
s
io
n
s
o
r
ig
in
atin
g
f
r
o
m
la
n
d
f
ills
,
f
o
s
ter
s
a
cir
cu
lar
ec
o
n
o
m
y
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
lies
clea
n
en
er
g
y
to
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
.
B
io
g
as
n
o
t
o
n
ly
g
en
er
ates
em
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
b
u
t
also
lo
wer
s
wa
s
te
m
an
ag
em
en
t
ex
p
en
s
es
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
air
q
u
ality
b
y
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
p
o
ten
t
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
ases
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
it
i
s
ess
en
tial
to
tack
le
o
b
s
tacle
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
r
aw
m
ater
ials
,
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
d
ig
ester
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
an
d
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
v
ia
b
ilit
y
o
f
f
ee
d
s
to
ck
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
er
e
ar
e
ch
allen
g
es,
b
io
g
a
s
h
o
ld
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
o
m
is
e
f
o
r
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
f
u
t
u
r
e.
Su
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
is
s
u
es
in
a
n
ae
r
o
b
ic
d
ig
esti
o
n
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
av
ailab
ilit
y
,
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
m
ain
ten
an
ce
co
s
ts
,
o
p
er
atio
n
co
s
ts
,
q
u
ality
o
f
d
ig
estate,
an
d
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
an
d
c
o
s
t
b
en
ef
its
o
f
b
io
g
as
[
1
0
]
.
B
io
g
as
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
en
h
a
n
c
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
en
co
m
p
ass
b
io
d
ig
ester
s
,
lan
d
f
ill
g
as
r
ec
o
v
er
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
wastewate
r
tr
ea
tm
en
t
f
ac
i
liti
es.
B
io
d
ig
ester
s
ar
e
s
ea
led
co
n
tain
er
s
o
r
tan
k
s
in
wh
ich
o
r
g
an
ic
wastes
ar
e
m
ix
ed
with
wate
r
a
n
d
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
ed
b
y
m
icr
o
o
r
g
a
n
is
m
s
.
L
an
d
f
ill
g
as
is
g
e
n
er
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
an
ae
r
o
b
ic
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1331
d
ec
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itio
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u
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icip
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waste,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
co
ll
ec
ted
v
ia
p
ip
es
an
d
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
wells.
W
astewate
r
tr
ea
tm
en
t
f
ac
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ca
n
ex
tr
ac
t
ess
en
tial
n
u
tr
ien
ts
f
r
o
m
s
ewa
g
e
s
lu
d
g
e,
wh
ich
m
ay
s
er
v
e
a
s
f
ee
d
s
to
ck
in
an
an
ae
r
o
b
ic
d
ig
ester
.
2
.
2
.
B
io
g
a
s
t
o
bio
m
e
t
ha
ne
pro
du
ct
io
n
B
io
m
eth
an
e
is
an
u
p
g
r
ad
ed
b
i
o
g
as
th
at
h
as
d
r
awn
atten
tio
n
d
u
e
to
its
ea
s
e
o
f
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
f
r
o
m
r
aw
b
io
g
as,
s
to
r
ag
e,
a
n
d
u
tili
za
tio
n
in
v
a
r
io
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
t
r
an
s
p
o
r
tati
o
n
f
u
el,
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
h
ea
tin
g
an
d
r
ef
r
ig
er
atio
n
f
u
e
l,
an
d
th
e
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
co
m
b
in
ed
h
ea
t,
p
o
wer
,
an
d
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
B
io
m
eth
an
e
ca
n
also
b
e
in
jecte
d
in
to
th
e
g
as
g
r
id
s
.
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
ex
e
r
g
y
ef
f
icien
cies
o
f
b
io
g
as
ar
e
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
C
O
2
an
d
N
2
.
I
t
is
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
lim
it
t
h
e
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
at
io
n
o
f
t
h
ese
g
ases
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
i
o
u
s
b
io
g
as
-
u
p
g
r
a
d
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
lo
wer
ca
lo
r
if
ic
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
f
u
el
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
v
ar
io
u
s
u
p
g
r
ad
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
i
es
in
clu
d
e
ch
em
ical
s
cr
u
b
b
i
n
g
,
p
r
ess
u
r
e
s
win
g
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
,
an
d
m
em
b
r
an
e
s
ep
ar
atio
n
,
wh
ich
ar
e
f
av
o
r
ed
f
o
r
th
eir
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
lo
w
C
H
4
lo
s
s
,
an
d
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
t
o
r
em
o
v
e
H
2
S.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
cu
r
r
e
n
t
b
io
g
as
u
p
g
r
a
d
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
g
lo
b
e
,
as
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
in
th
e
I
E
A
b
io
en
er
g
y
r
ep
o
r
t
[
2
6
]
,
is
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
d
an
d
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
at
ch
em
ical
s
cr
u
b
b
in
g
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
wid
ely
u
s
ed
b
io
g
as
u
p
g
r
ad
in
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
g
lo
b
ally
,
at
ab
o
u
t
3
5
%,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
m
em
b
r
an
e
at
2
1
%,
wate
r
s
cr
u
b
b
in
g
at
2
0
%,
p
r
ess
u
r
e
s
win
g
a
d
s
o
r
p
t
io
n
at
ab
o
u
t
1
7
%,
an
d
o
r
g
a
n
ic
p
h
y
s
ical
s
cr
u
b
b
in
g
at
ab
o
u
t
5
%,
wh
ile
o
th
e
r
m
eth
o
d
s
ac
co
u
n
t f
o
r
ab
o
u
t 2
%
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
c
u
r
r
e
n
t b
io
g
as
-
u
p
g
r
a
d
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
wo
r
l
d
3.
B
I
O
G
AS
A
ND
B
I
O
M
E
T
H
ANE
I
N
E
L
E
C
T
R
I
CI
T
Y
CO
NVER
SI
O
N
A
ND
ST
O
RAG
E
SUST
AINA
B
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
C
H
4
to
elec
tr
icity
ca
n
b
e
esti
m
ated
u
s
in
g
(
7
).
(
k
W
h
)
=
[
(
4
)
∗
∗
4
∗
]
3
.
6
(
7
)
W
h
er
e
E
ff
r
ep
r
esen
ts
elec
tr
icity
g
en
er
atio
n
ef
f
icien
cy
,
CH
4
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
v
o
l
u
m
e
o
f
m
eth
a
n
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
,
4
is
th
e
lo
wer
ca
lo
r
if
ic
C
H
4
,
an
d
CF
is
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
f
ac
to
r
,
wh
ich
is
th
e
r
atio
,
waste
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
to
waste
th
at
co
u
ld
b
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
y
ea
r
i
f
th
e
p
lan
t w
o
r
k
s
o
n
f
u
ll c
ap
ac
ity
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
c
o
m
m
o
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
b
io
g
as
ar
e
d
ir
ec
t
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
ap
p
lian
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
as
s
to
v
es
an
d
lam
p
s
th
at
u
s
e
g
as.
Alth
o
u
g
h
i
t
is
n
o
t
y
et
wid
ely
u
s
ed
,
it
is
r
ap
id
ly
b
ec
o
m
in
g
th
e
n
o
r
m
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
atio
n
in
s
o
m
e
wea
lth
y
n
atio
n
s
,
lik
e
Ger
m
an
y
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
i
ca
l
s
ca
le
o
f
b
io
g
as
ap
p
licatio
n
s
v
ar
ies
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
r
e
g
io
n
o
r
lev
el
o
f
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
is
o
f
ten
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
d
o
p
tio
n
,
p
r
im
ar
ily
d
r
iv
en
b
y
af
f
o
r
d
a
b
ilit
y
.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
r
esea
r
ch
b
ased
o
n
p
r
o
jectio
n
s
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
n
atio
n
s
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
m
in
iatu
r
e
b
io
g
as
p
lan
ts
co
u
ld
n
o
t
g
en
er
ate
e
n
o
u
g
h
elec
tr
icity
f
r
o
m
b
io
g
as
to
b
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
v
iab
le
[
2
7
]
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
ar
e
m
o
r
e
r
ec
e
n
t
h
a
v
e
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
P
V,
d
iesel,
an
d
b
io
g
as
f
o
r
elec
tr
icity
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
in
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
T
o
p
r
o
m
o
te
t
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
m
allh
o
ld
er
an
d
m
ed
iu
m
-
s
ca
l
e
g
r
id
-
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
b
io
g
as
f
ac
ilit
ies,
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
ce
n
tiv
es
s
u
ch
as
attr
ac
tiv
e
f
ee
d
-
in
ta
r
if
f
s
a
n
d
o
th
e
r
tech
n
ical
an
d
f
in
an
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
tech
n
ical
ass
is
tan
ce
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
life
c
y
cle
m
an
ag
em
en
t o
f
b
io
g
as
-
b
io
m
eth
an
e
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Fo
r
b
io
g
as,
p
o
wer
f
ac
ilit
ies
to
b
e
f
in
a
n
cially
s
u
s
tain
ab
le,
s
u
b
s
id
ies,
h
ig
h
g
u
ar
an
tee
d
p
r
ice
s
,
o
r
f
ee
d
-
in
tar
if
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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I
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t J Po
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Dr
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t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
3
2
5
-
1340
1332
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
b
io
g
a
s
as
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
c
e
in
th
eir
n
atio
n
al
en
er
g
y
m
i
x
es,
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
o
r
elec
tr
icity
g
en
er
atio
n
,
an
d
n
o
t
n
ec
ess
ar
ily
f
o
r
s
to
r
ag
e
t
o
m
ee
t
p
ea
k
d
e
m
an
d
s
an
d
o
th
e
r
ap
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
.
B
io
g
as
an
d
b
io
m
et
h
an
e,
w
h
ich
ar
e
g
r
ee
n
er
s
u
b
s
titu
tes
f
o
r
c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els,
d
r
i
v
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
an
d
s
to
r
ag
e.
Al
th
o
u
g
h
p
etr
o
l
was
th
e
s
u
itab
le
f
u
el
f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
Otto
cy
cle
en
g
i
n
es,
th
e
d
eb
ate
o
v
er
b
io
g
as
f
o
r
ca
r
s
h
as
co
n
tin
u
ed
s
in
ce
th
e
1
9
5
0
s
.
R
ec
en
t
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
b
io
g
as
an
d
b
io
m
eth
a
n
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
h
av
e
r
ea
ch
e
d
a
s
ta
g
e
wh
er
e
th
e
y
ca
n
s
er
v
e
as
v
ia
b
le
en
g
in
e
f
u
els.
B
ey
o
n
d
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
,
b
io
g
as
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
o
we
r
g
en
er
atio
n
,
m
o
t
o
r
o
p
er
atio
n
,
tu
r
b
i
n
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
an
d
f
u
el
ce
ll u
s
e.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
o
p
tim
al
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
p
r
im
e
m
o
v
er
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
r
eliab
le,
af
f
o
r
d
ab
le,
an
d
e
asy
to
u
s
e.
Diesel
en
g
in
es
ca
n
o
p
er
ate
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
f
u
els,
in
clu
d
in
g
b
io
g
as,
b
io
m
eth
an
e
,
an
d
c
o
m
b
u
s
tio
n
g
ases
s
u
ch
as
s
ewa
g
e
g
as,
lan
d
f
ill
g
as,
a
n
d
ca
r
b
o
n
m
o
n
o
x
id
e.
Fu
n
ctio
n
i
n
g
ef
f
icien
tly
in
b
o
th
p
u
r
e
d
iesel
an
d
d
u
al
f
u
el
m
o
d
es,
th
ese
en
g
in
es
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
en
er
g
y
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
an
d
v
er
s
atility
th
r
o
u
g
h
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
en
er
g
y
co
n
ten
t
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
an
d
s
to
r
a
g
e
o
p
ti
o
n
s
will b
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
.
3
.
1
.
Co
nv
er
s
io
n wit
h
f
uel c
e
lls
I
t
is
th
eo
r
etica
lly
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
co
n
v
er
t
b
i
o
g
as
d
ir
ec
tly
in
to
el
ec
tr
icity
u
s
in
g
a
f
u
el
ce
ll,
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
es
v
er
y
clea
n
b
io
g
as
an
d
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
f
u
el
ce
lls
,
m
ak
in
g
b
io
m
eth
an
e
m
o
r
e
f
ea
s
ib
le
[
1
1
]
.
Sin
ce
th
e
C
H
4
in
b
io
g
as
h
as
f
o
u
r
tim
es
m
o
r
e
H
2
th
an
ca
r
b
o
n
,
it
ca
n
b
e
u
til
ized
in
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
H
2
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
f
u
el
ce
lls
.
B
io
g
as
-
p
o
wer
ed
f
u
el
ce
lls
c
an
g
en
e
r
ate
r
e
n
ewa
b
le,
lo
w
-
ca
r
b
o
n
elec
tr
icity
f
o
r
t
h
e
g
r
id
[
3
0
]
.
Fu
el
ce
lls
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
b
io
g
as.
A
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
b
io
g
as
f
u
el
ce
lls
is
th
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
in
itial
co
s
t
n
ec
ess
itat
ed
b
y
th
e
h
ig
h
p
u
r
ity
o
f
th
e
g
as
th
e
y
u
tili
ze
.
C
o
n
v
e
r
s
ely
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t
h
as
o
n
ly
ju
s
t
b
e
g
u
n
.
Steam
r
ef
o
r
m
in
g
o
f
b
io
g
as
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
"g
r
ee
n
"
H
2
,
wh
ic
h
,
wh
en
co
m
b
in
ed
with
am
b
ien
t
O
2
,
ca
n
b
e
e
m
p
l
o
y
ed
to
g
en
er
ate
th
e
r
m
al
en
er
g
y
,
s
team
,
an
d
elec
tr
icit
y
.
C
o
g
en
er
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
u
tili
zin
g
f
u
el
ce
lls
co
u
ld
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
b
en
ef
it
v
ar
io
u
s
estab
lis
h
m
en
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
h
e
alth
ca
r
e
f
ac
ilit
ies,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
an
d
r
em
o
te
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ce
n
ter
s
.
Fu
el
ce
lls
u
s
e
b
io
g
as
as
a
f
u
el
f
o
r
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
r
ea
ctio
n
s
th
at
g
en
er
ate
d
ir
ec
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
elec
tr
ic
ity
.
Fu
el
ce
lls
ar
e
m
o
r
e
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
th
an
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
as
th
ey
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
r
ed
u
ce
o
r
e
r
ad
icate
em
is
s
io
n
s
.
Per
m
an
en
tly
in
s
talled
b
io
g
as
f
u
el
ce
lls
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
o
lid
o
x
i
d
e
o
r
m
o
lten
ca
r
b
o
n
ate
f
u
el
c
ells
,
ty
p
ically
p
o
s
s
ess
h
ig
h
-
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
in
ter
n
al
r
ef
o
r
m
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Fu
el
ce
ll
s
g
en
er
ate
H
2
b
y
th
er
m
ally
r
ea
ctin
g
m
eth
an
e
with
s
team
;
th
is
H
2
is
th
en
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
elev
ate
d
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
es
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
a
r
ea
ctio
n
with
o
x
y
g
en
,
cu
lm
in
atin
g
i
n
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
elec
tr
icity
[
3
1
]
.
3
.
2
.
Use o
f
a
g
ener
a
t
o
r
a
nd
eng
ines
f
o
r
bio
g
a
s
po
wer
g
e
nera
t
io
n
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ac
tical
way
o
f
co
n
v
er
tin
g
b
io
g
as
t
o
elec
tr
icity
i
n
v
o
lv
es
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
an
elec
tr
ic
g
en
er
ato
r
s
et
p
o
wer
ed
b
y
a
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
p
r
im
e
m
o
v
er
,
s
u
c
h
as
an
en
g
in
e
o
r
g
as
tu
r
b
in
e.
B
i
o
g
as
h
as
s
tr
o
n
g
er
k
n
o
c
k
r
esis
tan
ce
th
an
n
atu
r
al
g
as,
all
o
win
g
f
o
r
h
ig
h
er
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
r
atio
s
th
at
b
o
o
s
t
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
p
o
wer
d
e
n
s
ity
wh
en
u
s
ed
as
a
f
u
el
in
in
ter
n
al
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
en
g
i
n
es
[
1
1
]
.
E
lectr
icity
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
s
p
in
n
in
g
o
f
a
g
en
er
ato
r
wh
en
b
io
g
as
is
u
s
ed
as
a
f
u
e
l
s
o
u
r
ce
f
o
r
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
en
g
i
n
es.
T
h
eo
r
etica
lly
,
b
io
g
as
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
b
y
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
e
n
g
in
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
g
as tu
r
b
in
es,
d
i
esel e
n
g
in
es,
S
tirlin
g
en
g
in
es,
an
d
o
th
e
r
s
[
1
1
]
.
C
h
em
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
b
i
o
g
as,
s
u
ch
as
c
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
a
n
d
p
u
r
ity
,
h
av
e
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
im
p
ac
t
o
n
an
in
ter
n
al
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
en
g
in
e'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
B
ec
au
s
e
b
io
m
eth
an
e
an
d
h
ig
h
p
u
r
ity
co
m
p
r
es
s
ed
n
atu
r
al
g
as
h
av
e
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
ch
em
ical
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
s
,
th
ey
ca
n
b
o
t
h
b
e
u
s
ed
as
f
u
el
in
au
t
o
m
o
b
iles
[
4
]
.
W
h
ile
attr
ib
u
tes
lik
e
fu
el
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
ea
s
e
o
f
o
p
er
ati
o
n
,
an
d
m
ain
te
n
an
ce
m
ay
r
e
n
d
er
alter
n
ativ
e
o
p
tio
n
s
f
o
r
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
m
o
r
e
b
en
ef
icial,
in
ter
n
al
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
en
g
in
es
o
f
f
er
a
lo
wer
c
o
s
t
p
er
u
n
it
o
f
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
atio
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
t
h
er
h
ea
t
en
g
in
es,
s
u
ch
as
g
as
tu
r
b
in
es
[
2
3
]
.
S
tirlin
g
en
g
in
es,
g
a
s
o
lin
e
en
g
in
es,
a
n
d
d
iesel
en
g
in
es
ca
n
all
o
p
er
ate
o
n
b
io
g
as a
n
d
b
io
m
eth
an
e
,
as
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
b
elo
w.
3
.
2
.
1
.
Stir
lin
g
eng
ines
Sev
er
al
y
ea
r
s
af
ter
R
u
d
o
lf
Di
esel
in
v
en
ted
th
e
d
iesel
en
g
in
e
in
1
8
1
6
,
R
o
b
er
t
Sti
r
lin
g
in
v
en
ted
th
e
Sti
r
lin
g
en
g
in
e,
o
f
ten
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
h
o
t
air
en
g
in
e
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
i
s
en
g
in
e
ca
n
r
u
n
o
n
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
f
u
els
in
a
clo
s
ed
th
er
m
o
d
y
n
am
ic
c
y
cle,
g
iv
i
n
g
it
a
h
ig
h
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
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lity
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T
h
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Sti
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im
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T
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ic
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io
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ac
to
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s
lim
itin
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th
e
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eliab
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y
an
d
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
Sti
r
lin
g
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in
es.
Sti
r
lin
g
en
g
i
n
es
ca
n
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
u
s
ed
in
m
icr
o
-
c
o
m
b
in
ed
h
ea
t
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d
p
o
wer
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te
m
s
th
at
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tili
ze
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lar
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er
g
y
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b
io
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as f
u
el,
o
r
m
ed
iu
m
-
lo
w
g
r
ad
e
waste
th
er
m
al
en
er
g
y
[
3
3
]
.
A
v
ar
iety
o
f
Sti
r
lin
g
en
g
in
es
ar
e
av
ailab
le
o
n
th
e
m
ar
k
et.
Sti
r
lin
g
en
g
in
es
ar
e
th
e
b
est
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
h
o
m
e
b
o
iler
s
s
in
ce
th
ey
h
av
e
a
th
er
m
al
p
o
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r
a
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o
f
5
k
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th
to
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5
k
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th
an
d
an
elec
tr
i
city
ca
p
ac
ity
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
to
9
kW
e
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
Sti
r
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r
an
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b
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8
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co
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n
er
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Fo
r
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tan
ce
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in
r
ef
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ce
[
3
5
]
,
a
Sti
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lin
g
en
g
i
n
e
was
d
ev
elo
p
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Utilizin
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3
.
2
.
2
.
Diesel
eng
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B
io
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d
b
i
o
m
eth
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e
ca
n
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v
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as
f
u
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d
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as
en
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es
o
r
in
d
u
al
-
f
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el
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o
d
e
with
p
ilo
t
d
iesel.
Diesel
m
ay
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r
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q
u
en
tly
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e
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clu
d
ed
i
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i
o
g
as
m
ix
t
u
r
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h
a
n
ce
th
e
ig
n
itio
n
an
d
th
er
m
al
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
b
io
g
as.
Sin
ce
n
ea
r
ly
all
d
iesel e
n
g
in
es
ca
n
th
eo
r
etica
lly
b
e
a
d
ap
ted
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p
er
ate
o
n
eith
er
g
a
s
o
lin
e
o
r
d
iesel
f
u
el
[
3
6
]
,
it m
ay
b
e
f
ea
s
ib
le
to
co
m
b
in
e
d
iesel with
an
alter
n
ativ
e
f
u
el,
o
f
ten
o
n
e
with
a
lo
wer
ca
lo
r
if
ic
v
alu
e
,
s
u
ch
as
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io
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as,
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io
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et
h
an
e,
o
r
n
atu
r
al
g
as,
in
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u
al
-
f
u
el
en
g
in
es.
Diesel
f
u
el,
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
o
r
to
air
p
o
llu
tio
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,
r
e
m
ain
s
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
d
u
al
-
f
u
el
en
g
in
es.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
d
ir
ec
t
in
jectio
n
en
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i
n
es,
p
ilo
t
in
jectio
n
en
g
in
es
m
ay
o
f
f
er
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
an
d
r
et
u
r
n
o
n
in
v
estme
n
t
f
o
r
s
m
aller
d
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en
g
in
es
(
u
p
to
ar
o
u
n
d
2
0
0
k
W
)
[
3
7
]
.
B
io
g
as,
alo
n
g
with
a
m
in
im
al
q
u
an
tity
o
f
ig
n
itio
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as,
ca
n
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s
ed
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o
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ap
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ate
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cr
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s
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itio
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il,
a
m
eth
o
d
k
n
o
wn
as
p
ilo
t
f
u
el
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
in
cip
al
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
f
d
u
al
-
f
u
el
en
g
in
es
with
b
io
d
iesel
b
len
d
is
th
eir
p
o
ten
tial
to
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
an
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
f
u
el
with
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
[
3
7
]
.
3
.
2
.
3
.
P
et
ro
l
eng
ines
Pe
tr
o
l
en
g
in
e
s
ca
n
b
e
cl
a
s
s
if
i
ed
a
s
ei
th
er
s
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ar
k
-
ig
n
it
io
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s
o
r
O
tt
o
cy
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e
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g
in
e
s
.
T
h
ey
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an
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e
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o
d
if
ied
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u
n
e
x
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lu
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iv
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o
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io
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a
s
in
s
t
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o
f
d
ie
s
e
l.
W
h
en
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ir
s
t
s
t
ar
tin
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io
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s
en
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e,
it
is
u
s
u
a
l
to
u
s
e
a
s
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al
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am
o
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n
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s
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t
il
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ev
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r
o
m
s
m
a
l
l
0
.
5
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o
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to
l
ar
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e
p
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we
r
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t
s
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C
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t
in
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p
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r
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l
e
n
g
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n
o
n
b
io
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a
s
r
eq
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ir
e
s
s
e
v
er
a
l
ch
an
g
e
s
s
in
c
e
b
io
g
a
s
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d
p
e
tr
o
l
h
a
v
e
d
i
s
t
in
ct
f
u
el
ch
a
r
ac
ter
i
s
t
ic
s
[
1
8
]
.
A
m
o
n
g
th
e
s
e
p
ar
t
s
ar
e
th
e
ex
h
au
s
t
s
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s
t
em
,
en
g
in
e
co
n
tr
o
l
u
n
it,
f
u
e
l
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
ig
n
it
io
n
tim
in
g
,
co
m
p
r
e
s
s
io
n
r
a
ti
o
,
an
d
f
u
el
d
el
iv
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y
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
.
Un
l
ik
e
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a
s
,
wh
ich
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s
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g
a
s
,
g
a
s
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lin
e
en
g
in
e
s
u
s
e
in
je
cto
r
s
to
d
e
liv
er
f
u
el
.
I
t
m
ay
b
e
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
to
a
d
ju
s
t
th
e
e
n
g
in
e
o
r
c
h
an
g
e
th
e
p
i
s
to
n
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
co
m
b
u
s
t
io
n
ef
f
i
ci
en
cy
.
T
h
e
ab
i
l
ity
to
m
o
d
if
y
s
o
m
e
p
e
tr
o
l
en
g
in
es
wi
th
b
i
-
f
u
e
l
ca
p
a
b
i
li
t
ie
s
h
el
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s
to
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ak
e
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e
tr
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s
i
ti
o
n
m
o
r
e
f
lex
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le.
T
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e
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
m
ay
r
eq
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ir
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f
ee
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in
t
ar
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s
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e
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n
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t
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ter
v
en
t
io
n
s
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ie
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e
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o
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s
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a
s
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m
p
r
o
v
in
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th
e
g
r
id
t
o
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co
m
m
o
d
a
te
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ec
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t
r
a
li
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d
p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
a
tio
n
i
s
e
s
s
en
t
ia
l.
Fig
u
r
e
3
i
llu
s
tr
a
te
s
a
s
tr
aig
h
t
f
o
r
wa
r
d
b
i
o
g
a
s
-
to
-
ele
ct
r
i
ci
ty
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
u
t
il
iz
in
g
an
en
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e.
Fro
m
F
ig
u
r
e
3
,
it
is
n
o
ted
th
at
b
i
o
g
as
t
o
e
le
ct
r
i
ci
ty
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
a
n
d
d
ev
i
ce
s
li
k
e
th
e
b
io
d
ig
e
s
ter
,
b
io
g
a
s
c
lea
n
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g
an
d
u
p
g
r
ad
in
g
s
y
s
t
em
s
,
b
io
g
a
s
a
n
d
b
io
m
e
th
an
e
s
to
r
ag
e
,
m
e
ter
in
g
s
y
s
t
em
s
,
th
e
p
r
im
e
m
o
v
er
s
,
g
en
e
r
a
t
o
r
,
an
d
e
le
ctr
ic
i
ty
s
t
o
r
ag
e
d
ev
ic
e
s
l
ik
e
b
a
tt
er
ie
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
B
io
g
as to
elec
tr
icity
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
u
s
in
g
an
en
g
in
e
Sev
er
al
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
co
n
v
er
tin
g
b
io
g
as
in
to
o
th
er
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
en
er
g
y
,
s
u
ch
as
h
ea
t
o
r
elec
t
r
icity
,
ar
e
lis
ted
in
T
ab
le
5
.
So
m
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
th
at
b
elo
n
g
to
th
is
ca
teg
o
r
y
in
clu
d
e
co
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
tr
i
g
en
er
atio
n
,
an
d
o
p
e
n
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
.
Diesel
en
g
in
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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1
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4
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1
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a
s
t
urbin
e
cy
cles
a
nd
m
icro
t
urbin
es
B
io
g
as
tu
r
b
in
es
ar
e
o
f
ten
u
tili
ze
d
in
lar
g
er
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
with
elec
tr
icity
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
3
MW
o
r
m
o
r
e
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
-
s
ca
le
b
io
g
as
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
B
io
g
as
tu
r
b
i
n
es
r
eq
u
ir
e
r
elativ
ely
lo
w
m
ain
ten
an
ce
,
an
d
th
eir
ef
f
icien
cy
in
cr
ea
s
es
wit
h
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
in
s
tallatio
n
.
Du
e
to
t
h
eir
co
m
p
ac
t
s
ize
an
d
ab
ilit
y
to
co
n
n
ec
t
m
u
ltip
le
u
n
its
in
s
er
ies,
m
icr
o
-
tu
r
b
i
n
es p
r
o
v
id
e
g
r
ea
te
r
f
lex
i
b
ilit
y
in
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
m
ain
a
d
v
an
tag
e
o
f
t
u
r
b
in
es
an
d
m
icr
o
-
t
u
r
b
in
es
is
th
eir
h
i
g
h
to
ler
an
ce
f
o
r
H
2
S
in
b
io
g
a
s
,
in
co
n
tr
ast
to
d
iesel
an
d
p
etr
o
l
en
g
in
es
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
er
e
h
as
b
ee
n
a
p
r
o
life
r
atio
n
o
f
s
m
all
b
io
g
as
p
o
wer
p
la
n
ts
,
ea
ch
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ci
n
g
3
0
to
7
5
k
W
o
f
elec
tr
icity
.
Desp
ite
th
eir
lo
w
co
s
t
an
d
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
g
as
tu
r
b
in
es
ar
e
n
o
t
wid
ely
u
s
ed
d
u
e
to
th
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
m
ater
ial
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
th
eir
d
esig
n
,
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
o
p
er
atio
n
,
an
d
m
ain
ten
an
ce
.
T
h
e
ter
m
"m
icr
o
tu
r
b
in
e"
r
e
f
er
s
to
g
as
tu
r
b
in
es
with
o
u
t
p
u
ts
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
2
5
-
3
0
k
W
to
3
5
0
k
W
.
A
m
icr
o
tu
r
b
in
e
o
p
er
ates
s
im
ilar
ly
to
a
g
as
t
u
r
b
in
e.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
m
icr
o
-
tu
r
b
in
es
an
d
t
u
r
b
in
es
in
clu
d
e
th
e
co
m
b
u
s
to
r
,
co
m
p
r
ess
o
r
,
an
d
t
u
r
b
in
e.
T
h
e
h
o
t
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
b
y
p
r
o
d
u
cts
ex
p
a
n
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
tu
r
b
in
e,
co
n
v
er
tin
g
th
er
m
al
en
er
g
y
in
to
m
ec
h
a
n
ic
al
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
r
ess
o
r
'
s
i
n
d
u
ctio
n
f
o
r
ce
p
u
s
h
es
air
in
to
th
e
m
icr
o
-
tu
r
b
in
e,
wh
er
e
it
is
co
m
p
r
ess
ed
to
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
p
r
ess
u
r
e.
I
n
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
lex
c
y
cles,
th
e
c
o
m
p
r
ess
ed
air
is
h
ea
te
d
b
y
t
h
e
waste
h
ea
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
h
a
u
s
t
g
ases
b
ef
o
r
e
b
ein
g
r
ed
ir
ec
ted
to
th
e
co
m
p
r
ess
o
r
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
u
s
to
r
r
ec
eiv
es
h
o
t,
co
m
p
r
es
s
ed
air
an
d
b
u
r
n
s
b
i
o
g
as
as
an
alter
n
ativ
e
f
u
el.
T
h
e
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
o
f
th
e
b
io
g
as
f
u
el
-
air
m
ix
tu
r
e
in
th
e
co
m
b
u
s
to
r
g
en
er
ates
v
e
r
y
h
ig
h
-
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
f
lu
e
g
ase
s
.
A
g
as
tu
r
b
in
e
u
tili
ze
s
th
e
ex
p
elled
g
ases
f
o
r
ex
p
an
s
io
n
f
u
el.
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