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[
1
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Ho
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[
5
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.
W
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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,
Vo
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16
,
No
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2
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J
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20
25
:
1
2
6
1
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1273
1262
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-
ter
m
in
ter
m
itten
cy
[
7
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
is
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
ity
ca
n
wo
r
s
en
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
p
o
wer
f
l
u
c
tu
atio
n
s
,
lead
in
g
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
s
tr
ess
o
n
b
atter
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
p
o
ten
tially
lar
g
er
s
izin
g
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
life
s
p
an
o
f
b
a
tter
ies
ca
n
b
e
ad
v
er
s
ely
a
f
f
ec
ted
[
8
]
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es,
co
m
b
in
in
g
b
atter
ies
with
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
in
a
h
y
b
r
id
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
te
m
(
HE
SS
)
ca
n
h
el
p
r
ed
u
ce
b
atter
y
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
a
n
d
m
in
im
ize
s
to
r
ag
e
s
ize.
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
,
L
ith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
y
is
u
tili
ze
d
d
u
e
to
h
ig
h
en
er
g
y
d
e
n
s
ity
,
an
d
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
tab
le
o
f
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
wit
h
o
th
er
b
atter
ies
is
g
iv
en
in
T
a
b
le
1
[
9
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
s
in
ce
PV,
win
d
,
an
d
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
its
g
en
er
ally
o
p
er
ate
at
lo
we
r
v
o
ltag
es,
v
o
ltag
e
b
o
o
s
tin
g
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
.
T
h
is
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
co
n
v
er
te
r
ar
r
a
n
g
em
e
n
ts
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
teg
r
atin
g
H
E
SS
with
r
en
ewa
b
le
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
E
x
is
tin
g
r
esear
ch
h
as
d
is
co
v
er
ed
s
ev
er
al
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
f
o
r
in
ter
f
ac
in
g
b
att
er
y
-
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
-
b
ased
H
E
SS
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
,
as illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
(f)
(
e)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Dif
f
e
r
en
t H
E
SS
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
: (
a)
p
ass
iv
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
(
b
)
s
em
i
-
ac
tiv
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
(
c)
s
em
i
-
ac
tiv
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
(
d
)
f
u
lly
ac
tiv
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
with
two
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
(
e)
f
u
lly
ac
tiv
e
s
er
ies co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
an
d
(
f
)
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
allel
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
I
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
(
a
)
,
a
p
a
s
s
i
v
e
H
E
S
S c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
,
i
n
w
h
ic
h
b
o
t
h
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
u
l
t
r
a
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
a
r
e
d
i
r
e
c
t
l
y
li
n
k
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
l
o
ad
.
W
h
i
l
e
t
h
i
s
s
e
t
u
p
is
c
o
s
t
-
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
s
t
r
a
i
g
h
t
f
o
r
w
a
r
d
,
it
s
u
f
f
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
p
o
o
r
v
o
l
u
m
e
t
r
i
c
e
f
f
ic
i
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
l
a
c
k
s
t
h
e
a
b
i
li
t
y
t
o
h
a
n
d
l
e
t
r
a
n
s
i
e
n
t
p
o
w
e
r
s
h
a
r
i
n
g
e
f
f
e
ct
i
v
e
l
y
.
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
m
a
t
c
h
i
n
g
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
r
a
ti
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
b
a
tt
er
y
a
n
d
u
l
t
r
a
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
t
o
t
h
e
DC
l
i
n
k
v
o
lt
a
g
e
c
o
m
p
l
i
ca
t
es
t
h
e
s
i
z
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
H
E
SS
.
T
h
e
s
e
m
i
-
a
c
ti
v
e
H
E
SS
t
o
p
o
lo
g
i
e
s
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
a
n
d
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
(
c
)
o
f
f
e
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
s
o
v
e
r
t
h
e
p
a
s
s
i
v
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
.
I
n
t
h
e
a
b
o
v
e
-
m
e
n
t
i
o
n
e
d
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
,
ei
t
h
e
r
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
o
r
t
h
e
u
l
t
r
a
ca
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
is
l
i
n
k
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
.
A
l
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
es
e
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
ti
o
n
s
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
s
o
m
e
l
i
m
i
t
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
a
s
s
i
v
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s
et
u
p
,
t
h
e
y
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
i
r
i
s
s
u
es
.
F
o
r
i
n
s
t
a
n
c
e,
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
m
a
y
l
e
a
d
t
o
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
l
i
f
e
d
u
e
t
o
h
i
g
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
,
w
h
i
l
e
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
(
c
)
c
a
n
e
x
p
er
i
e
n
c
e
c
h
a
l
le
n
g
e
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
th
e
l
i
n
e
a
r
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
/
d
is
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
o
f
t
h
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u
l
t
r
a
c
a
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it
o
r
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e
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u
c
e
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v
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m
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f
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e
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c
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a
n
d
t
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e
e
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s
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ti
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o
r
a
l
a
r
g
e
r
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l
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r
a
c
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p
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ci
t
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r
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Fu
lly
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ig
u
r
atio
n
s
,
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
1
(
d
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-
1
(
f
)
,
u
s
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
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to
in
t
er
f
ac
e
b
o
th
th
e
b
atter
y
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d
u
ltra
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ac
ito
r
.
T
h
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co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
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to
o
v
er
co
m
e
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es
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n
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o
l.
Ho
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er
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icu
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ch
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g
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r
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ito
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ito
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ip
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r
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atter
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allel
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co
n
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ig
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I
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[
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2
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e
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g
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r
ce
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atter
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u
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ito
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as
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All
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u
r
ce
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ices
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u
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r
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r
iate
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e
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ter
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v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
[
1
3
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-
[
1
6
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h
as
u
tili
ze
d
s
im
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i
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r
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ac
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iev
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o
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ically
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[
1
6
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[
2
7
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Fig
u
r
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2
.
Stan
d
a
r
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
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o
f
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
T
o
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d
r
ess
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es,
a
n
o
v
el
m
u
lti
-
s
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u
r
ce
co
n
v
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ter
to
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o
lo
g
y
d
esig
n
ed
to
in
te
g
r
ate
PV,
win
d
,
b
atter
y
,
an
d
u
ltra
ca
p
a
cito
r
s
y
s
tem
s
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
tly
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a
)
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
aim
s
t
o
r
eso
lv
e
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e
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s
u
es
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
ith
tr
ad
itio
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al
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etu
p
s
b
y
elim
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atin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
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d
ed
icate
d
co
n
v
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ter
s
a
n
d
s
im
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lify
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g
c
o
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tr
o
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a
n
is
m
s
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t
is
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ar
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ly
s
u
itab
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f
o
r
DC
m
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o
g
r
id
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
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h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
t
h
e
p
lan
n
e
d
s
y
s
tem
in
clu
d
e:
i)
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
m
an
y
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o
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s
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ts
,
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in
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in
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en
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c
ap
ab
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iii)
b
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in
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tr
o
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o
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u
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atic
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o
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o
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d
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T
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p
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as:
i)
Sectio
n
2
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x
p
lo
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th
e
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y
s
tem
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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&
Dr
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t
,
Vo
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16
,
No
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2
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J
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20
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co
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f
ig
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m
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es;
ii)
Sectio
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3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
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tr
o
l
s
tr
u
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th
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p
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;
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d
iii)
Sectio
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s
4
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d
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k
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in
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d
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e
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en
ce
s
.
2.
M
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T
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SO
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P
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WE
R
CO
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UP
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
ar
r
a
n
g
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e
n
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in
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u
r
e
3
.
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e
m
atic
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tatio
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in
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3
(
a)
,
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d
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ter
s
tr
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r
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in
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u
r
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3
(
b
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.
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p
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o
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m
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g
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tr
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r
e
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clu
d
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te
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k
u
s
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DC
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DC
b
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o
s
t
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n
v
er
ter
.
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o
th
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an
d
win
d
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
im
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e
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ac
k
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o
r
ith
m
t
o
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ax
im
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tp
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t.
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h
e
L
i
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b
atter
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ty
p
e
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co
n
s
id
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ed
in
th
e
p
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ed
wo
r
k
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wh
ich
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ailab
le
in
MA
T
L
A
B
(
2
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1
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)
.
L
ith
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m
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atter
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d
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[
1
1
]
.
I
n
t
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atter
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em
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ated
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r
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l
with
i
n
ter
n
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tan
ce
.
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h
e
b
atter
y
g
ets
p
er
i
o
d
ically
ch
ar
g
ed
o
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d
r
ain
ed
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n
d
in
g
o
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ch
ar
g
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d
th
e
a
m
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n
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f
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tr
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p
o
wer
g
e
n
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ated
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n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
th
e
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
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r
m
o
d
el
is
u
tili
ze
d
,
wh
ich
is
av
aila
b
le
in
M
AT
L
AB
(
2
0
1
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)
.
T
h
e
u
ltra
ca
p
a
cito
r
is
m
o
d
elled
as
a
r
eg
u
lated
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
with
in
ter
n
al
r
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tan
ce
.
T
h
e
in
te
r
n
al
r
esis
tan
ce
,
n
o
m
in
al
ca
p
ac
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ce
,
to
tal
s
to
r
ed
ch
ar
g
e,
an
d
o
th
er
v
a
r
iab
les
af
f
ec
t
th
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
o
f
th
e
u
ltr
ac
ap
ac
ito
r
'
s
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Sy
s
tem
p
ar
am
eter
d
etails
ar
e
g
iv
en
i
n
T
ab
le
2
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
b
atter
y
an
d
u
ltra
c
ap
ac
ito
r
is
u
tili
ze
d
as HE
SS
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
u
lti
-
s
o
u
r
ce
w
ith
h
y
b
r
i
d
en
er
g
y
g
en
er
atin
g
s
o
u
r
ce
s
k
ey
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
ar
e
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
s
.
L
p
h
,
L
w,
an
d
L
b
,
w
h
ich
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
s
o
f
th
e
PV
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
(
HE
S)
co
n
v
er
ter
,
win
d
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
,
an
d
HE
S
d
ec
o
u
p
lin
g
in
d
u
cto
r
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
PV,
b
atter
y
,
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
HE
SS
,
win
d
,
an
d
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
es
n
o
tatio
n
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ar
e
as
f
o
llo
ws
Vp
v
,
Vb
a,
Vs,
Vh
ess
,
Vw,
an
d
Vd
c.
C
u
r
r
en
t
n
o
tatio
n
s
ar
e
ip
v
,
ilh
,
ib
a,
is
c,
iw,
an
d
id
c,
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
,
HE
SS
,
b
atter
y
,
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
win
d
s
y
s
tem
,
an
d
DC
b
u
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
L
o
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
,
in
ter
n
al
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
b
atter
y
,
an
d
u
ltr
ac
ap
ac
ito
r
in
ter
n
al
r
esis
tan
ce
ar
e
d
en
o
ted
as
R
d
c,
r
b
,
an
d
r
s
c.
Switch
es
S1
an
d
S2
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
an
d
HE
S
co
n
v
er
te
r
,
wh
i
le
s
witch
es
D3
an
d
S4
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
win
d
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Du
ty
cy
cles
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
an
d
HE
S
co
n
v
er
ter
,
an
d
win
d
co
n
v
er
ter
a
r
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as Dp
v
a
n
d
Dw.
W
h
en
PV
p
o
we
r
is
a
v
ailab
le,
s
witch
es
S1
an
d
S2
m
an
a
g
e
th
e
b
atter
y
ch
a
r
g
in
g
o
r
d
is
ch
a
r
g
in
g
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
at
es
at
its
MPP.
I
n
th
e
a
b
s
en
c
e
o
f
PV
p
o
we
r
,
th
e
HE
SS
m
ain
tain
s
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
PV
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
C
p
v
)
to
n
o
r
m
alize
th
e
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
at
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
alu
e
(
v
d
cr
)
b
y
ad
ju
s
tin
g
S1
an
d
S2
.
Similar
ly
,
s
witch
es D
3
an
d
S4
co
n
tr
o
l th
e
win
d
s
y
s
tem
to
ac
h
iev
e
MPP o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
HE
SS
h
an
d
les
th
e
s
u
r
p
lu
s
o
r
s
h
o
r
ta
g
e
o
f
p
o
wer
at
th
e
DC
b
u
s
,
with
th
e
b
atter
y
m
an
a
g
in
g
av
er
ag
e
p
o
wer
an
d
th
e
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
h
an
d
lin
g
o
s
cillato
r
y
p
o
wer
.
T
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
d
ec
o
u
p
lin
g
b
etwe
en
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
L
b
,
C
s
c,
r
s
c,
a
n
d
r
b
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
p
o
wer
b
alan
ce
p
r
in
ci
p
le
an
d
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
er
atio
n
m
o
d
e
[
2
8
]
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
eq
u
atio
n
s
ar
e
g
iv
en
.
W
h
en
s
witch
S1
is
o
n
:
ℎ
=
(
1
)
=
+
ℎ
(
2
)
T
h
e
(
1
)
an
d
(
2
)
g
i
v
e
th
e
s
tatu
s
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
wh
e
n
s
witch
1
is
o
n
.
W
h
er
e
ℎ
is
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
v
o
ltag
e.
W
h
en
s
witch
S2
is
en
g
ag
ed
,
in
th
is
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
:
ℎ
=
ℎ
(
3
)
=
+
ℎ
(
4
)
T
h
e
(
3
)
a
n
d
(
4
)
g
i
v
e
th
e
s
tatu
s
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
w
h
en
s
witch
2
is
o
n
.
T
h
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at,
in
b
o
th
o
p
er
atio
n
al
m
o
d
es,
th
e
DC
-
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
is
th
e
co
m
b
in
ed
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
PV
an
d
HE
SS
v
o
ltag
es,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
in
h
er
e
n
t
en
h
an
cin
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
lan
n
ed
s
y
s
tem
.
Ov
er
a
s
witch
in
g
p
er
io
d
T
s
,
th
e
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
HE
S
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as g
iv
en
i
n
(
5
)
.
ℎ
=
1
−
(
5
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
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6
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4
A
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ters
fo
r
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in
teg
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to
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(
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t
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1265
(
a)
(
b
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F
i
g
u
r
e
3.
P
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
DC
m
ic
r
o
g
r
i
d
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
:
(
a
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s
c
h
e
m
at
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d
i
a
g
r
a
m
o
f
a
s
t
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c
r
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d
w
i
t
h
m
u
l
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r
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o
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r
t
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s
t
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r
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s
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t
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d
m
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l
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r
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e
c
o
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v
e
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r
Similar
ly
,
wh
en
s
witch
es D3
an
d
S4
ar
e
ac
tiv
e
,
th
en
t
h
e
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
DC
-
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
6
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.
=
1
−
(
6
)
T
h
e
s
tead
y
s
tate
co
n
d
itio
n
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
7
)
.
ℎ
=
ℎ
+
(
7
)
T
h
u
s
,
b
o
th
ip
v
an
d
ih
ess
ca
n
b
e
r
eg
u
lated
b
y
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
PH)
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
wh
en
s
witch
es
S1
an
d
S4
ar
e
ac
tiv
e
wh
ile
S2
i
s
in
ac
tiv
e.
T
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
s
L
p
h
an
d
L
w
ar
e
ch
ar
g
e
with
cu
r
r
en
t
s
lo
p
es
o
f
ℎ
ℎ
an
d
,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
ly
.
Du
r
in
g
t
h
is
p
er
io
d
,
ca
p
a
cito
r
C
h
d
is
ch
ar
g
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
HE
SS
,
an
d
th
e
lo
ad
is
p
o
wer
ed
b
y
th
e
DC
lin
k
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
C
d
c)
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
wh
en
S1
a
n
d
S4
ar
e
in
ac
tiv
e
a
n
d
S2
is
ac
tiv
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th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
s
L
p
h
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d
L
w
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
HE
SS
an
d
th
e
lo
ad
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
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r
in
g
th
is
tim
e,
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
d
eliv
er
s
p
o
wer
to
th
e
lo
ad
an
d
th
e
DC
lin
k
ca
p
ac
ito
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
L
p
h
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
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8
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4
I
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2
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20
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l
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p
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me
t
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a
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i
m
u
m
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mp
)
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a
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m
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t
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6
B
o
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st
c
o
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3.
P
RO
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D
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p
u
l
s
e
s
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
d
e
p
i
c
t
s
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
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o
f
t
h
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
-
H
E
S
S
c
o
n
t
r
o
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e
r
a
n
d
w
i
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d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
t
r
a
t
eg
y
.
W
h
e
n
P
V
i
s
n
o
t
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
,
t
h
e
r
e
f
e
r
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ce
v
o
l
t
a
g
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(
)
f
o
r
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h
e
v
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t
a
g
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c
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r
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l
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r
i
s
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h
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d
i
f
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r
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t
w
e
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t
h
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r
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f
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r
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D
C
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u
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v
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a
g
e
a
n
d
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e
H
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S
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v
o
l
ta
g
e
ℎ
a
s
d
e
p
i
c
te
d
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
m
u
lti
-
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
tr
o
l stra
teg
y
PV
-
HE
SS
C
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
wh
e
n
PV p
o
wer
is
(
a)
av
ailab
le
an
d
(
b
)
n
o
t a
v
aila
b
le
I
n
th
e
win
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
etu
p
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
win
d
MPP
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
cu
r
r
en
t.
T
h
e
ac
tu
al
w
in
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
r
ef
er
en
c
e
cu
r
r
en
t
,
an
d
th
e
r
esu
ltan
t
er
r
o
r
is
in
p
u
t
to
a
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
in
teg
r
al
(
PI)
cu
r
r
en
t
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
PI
co
n
t
r
o
ller
th
en
d
ete
r
m
in
es
th
e
n
ec
e
s
s
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ty
cy
cle
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Po
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&
Dr
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s
t
I
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N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
d
va
n
ce
d
mu
lti
-
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
ve
r
ters
fo
r
D
C
micro
g
r
id
s
:
in
teg
r
a
tin
g
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
…
(
S
u
g
a
n
t
h
i Neela
g
ir
i
)
1267
m
in
im
ize
th
e
er
r
o
r
.
T
o
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
witch
in
g
p
u
ls
es
,
th
is
d
u
t
y
cy
cle
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
a
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
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e
n
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ig
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al,
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ic
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ets th
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co
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witch
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g
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r
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u
e
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cy
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
is
u
tili
ze
d
to
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o
n
d
u
ct
s
im
u
latio
n
s
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
p
lan
n
ed
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
e
r
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
e
r
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
s
im
u
latio
n
is
g
iv
e
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
o
test
th
e
u
s
ef
u
ln
e
s
s
o
f
th
e
p
lan
n
e
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
win
d
MPP
cu
r
r
en
t,
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
o
f
PV,
a
n
d
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
ar
e
in
ten
tio
n
all
y
ch
an
g
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Simu
latio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
la
n
n
ed
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
with
m
u
lti
-
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
v
er
ter
s
4
.
1
.
Wit
h o
nly
P
V
po
wer
g
e
nera
t
io
n wit
h lo
a
d v
a
ria
t
i
o
ns
T
h
e
s
c
en
a
r
i
o
is
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
d
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
.
I
n
t
h
is
ca
s
e,
s
o
l
a
r
p
o
we
r
is
a
v
ai
la
b
l
e,
b
u
t w
i
n
d
p
o
wer
is
n
o
t.
T
h
e
s
o
la
r
i
r
r
a
d
ia
n
c
e
d
r
o
p
s
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
t
o
5
0
0
W
/m
2
,
c
au
s
i
n
g
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
i
n
PV
cu
r
r
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
2
.
5
A
t
o
1
.
5
A,
as
i
n
d
i
ca
t
ed
in
t
h
e
I
p
v
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
c
u
r
v
e
a
t
t
=
2
.
5
s
.
L
o
a
d
d
is
t
u
r
b
a
n
ce
s
ar
e
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
r
e
g
u
la
r
l
y
at
t
=
3
s
,
t
=
5
s
,
a
n
d
t
=
8
s
,
as o
b
s
e
r
v
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
I
l
o
a
d
cu
r
v
e
.
T
h
e
DC
-
b
u
s
v
o
lt
a
g
e
,
d
e
p
i
cte
d
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
,
r
e
m
ai
n
s
s
ta
b
l
e
d
es
p
it
e
t
h
e
v
a
r
ia
ti
o
n
s
in
PV
g
e
n
e
r
a
ti
o
n
an
d
l
o
a
d
.
Ad
d
i
ti
o
n
all
y
,
t
h
e
u
l
tr
ac
ap
ac
i
to
r
a
n
d
b
att
er
y
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
v
a
r
i
ati
o
n
s
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
t
o
PV
p
o
w
er
an
d
l
o
a
d
p
o
w
er
v
a
r
i
ati
o
n
s
ar
e
e
v
i
d
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
I
s
c
a
n
d
I
b
c
u
r
v
es
.
I
t
is
e
v
i
d
e
n
t
t
h
at
th
e
u
lt
r
a
ca
p
a
cit
o
r
r
es
p
o
n
d
s
t
o
s
u
d
d
e
n
v
ar
iat
io
n
s
w
h
il
e
t
h
e
b
a
tte
r
y
a
d
d
r
ess
es
av
e
r
a
g
e
p
o
w
e
r
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
ts
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
r
em
ain
s
s
tab
le
at
5
0
V.
I
n
an
o
t
h
er
s
im
ilar
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
,
o
n
ly
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
in
PV g
en
er
atio
n
wa
s
an
aly
ze
d
with
o
u
t lo
ad
v
ar
iat
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
is
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
PV
p
o
wer
is
av
ailab
le
wh
ile
t
h
e
win
d
p
o
wer
is
n
o
t.
T
h
e
PV
p
o
wer
g
en
er
at
io
n
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
at
r
eg
u
lar
in
ter
v
als,
as
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
I
p
v
cu
r
r
en
t
c
u
r
v
e.
T
h
e
DC
-
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
r
es
p
o
n
d
s
to
th
ese
ch
an
g
es
in
PV
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
v
ar
iatio
n
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
,
an
d
r
em
ain
s
s
tab
le.
T
h
e
I
s
c
an
d
I
b
c
u
r
v
es,
wh
ic
h
r
ep
r
ese
n
t
th
e
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
an
d
b
atter
y
cu
r
r
e
n
t
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
PV
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
also
r
e
f
lect
th
ese
ch
an
g
es.
I
t
is
n
o
ticed
th
at
th
e
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
r
ea
cts
to
s
u
d
d
en
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
wh
ile
th
e
b
atter
y
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
av
er
ag
e
p
o
wer
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
DC
-
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
r
em
ain
s
s
tab
le
at
5
0
V.
4
.
2
.
Wit
h o
nly
wind
po
wer
g
ener
a
t
io
n,
wit
h a
nd
wit
ho
ut
lo
a
d c
ha
ng
e
T
h
is
s
itu
atio
n
is
d
e
p
icted
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
8
.
I
n
th
is
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
PV
p
o
wer
is
n
o
t
a
v
ailab
le,
wh
ile
w
in
d
p
o
wer
is
av
ailab
le.
W
in
d
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
in
cr
ea
s
es
at
t
=
5
s
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
I
w
cu
r
v
e,
an
d
lo
ad
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
ar
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
at
r
eg
u
lar
in
ter
v
al
s
at
t
=
3
s
,
t
=
5
s
,
an
d
t
=
8
s
.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
DC
-
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
to
t
h
ese
ch
an
g
es
in
win
d
g
e
n
er
atio
n
a
n
d
lo
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
is
v
is
ib
le
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
an
d
r
em
ain
s
s
tab
le.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
I
s
c
an
d
I
b
cu
r
v
es,
wh
ich
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
a
n
d
b
atter
y
cu
r
r
en
t
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
r
elat
io
n
to
win
d
p
o
wer
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
2
6
1
-
1273
1268
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
lo
ad
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
,
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
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s
u
d
d
en
v
ar
iatio
n
s
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ile
th
e
b
atter
y
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
a
v
er
ag
e
p
o
wer
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
As a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
DC
-
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
r
em
ain
s
r
e
g
u
lated
at
5
0
V.
Fig
u
r
e
9
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
ch
an
g
e
in
win
d
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
wh
en
th
er
e
is
n
o
v
ar
iatio
n
in
l
o
ad
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
is
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
PV
p
o
wer
is
n
o
t
av
aila
b
le.
W
in
d
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
at
r
eg
u
lar
in
ter
v
als as sh
o
wn
b
y
th
e
win
d
cu
r
r
en
t c
u
r
v
e
(
I
w)
.
T
h
e
DC
-
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e,
d
is
p
lay
e
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
,
r
em
ain
s
s
tab
le
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
ese
ch
a
n
g
e
s
in
win
d
g
e
n
er
atio
n
v
a
r
iatio
n
.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
v
ar
iatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
I
s
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a
n
d
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atter
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in
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elatio
n
to
win
d
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o
wer
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en
e
r
atio
n
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r
e
r
ep
r
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te
d
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th
e
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u
r
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es.
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t
is
o
b
v
io
u
s
th
at
th
e
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ltra
ca
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ac
ito
r
r
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o
n
d
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u
d
d
e
n
v
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iatio
n
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ile
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e
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atter
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wer
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iatio
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ltima
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o
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u
lated
DC
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I
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.