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r
e
s
p
e
ct
i
v
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
s
a
r
e
l
i
n
k
e
d
t
o
a
c
o
m
m
o
n
D
C
b
u
s
.
A
p
a
r
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
u
l
k
y
n
a
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
c
o
s
t
o
f
s
u
c
h
a
s
e
t
u
p
,
t
h
i
s
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
f
a
c
e
s
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
o
f
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
s
w
it
c
h
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
,
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
.
F
o
r
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
e
m
p
o
r
a
r
y
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
-
i
n
p
u
t
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
t
h
e
i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
R
E
s
o
u
r
c
es
a
r
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
.
T
h
i
s
r
e
s
u
l
ts
in
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
c
o
s
t a
n
d
s
i
z
e
.
H
e
n
c
e
,
th
e
M
I
C
r
e
c
e
i
v
es
e
n
e
r
g
y
f
r
o
m
al
l
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
a
n
d
d
e
li
v
e
r
s
p
o
w
e
r
t
o
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
a
s
d
e
s
i
r
e
d
,
i
r
r
es
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
o
f
t
h
e
in
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
R
E
v
o
l
ta
g
e
l
e
v
e
ls
.
T
h
e
M
I
C
is
wi
d
e
l
y
u
s
e
d
d
u
e
t
o
it
s
c
a
p
a
b
il
i
t
y
t
o
d
r
a
w
p
o
w
e
r
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
l
y
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
l
t
an
e
o
u
s
l
y
f
r
o
m
R
E
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
a
n
d
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
t
o
a
l
o
a
d
.
A
m
u
ltip
le
-
in
p
u
t
co
n
v
er
ter
th
at
elim
in
ates
th
e
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
an
in
d
u
cto
r
in
th
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
was
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
T
h
is
to
p
o
lo
g
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
th
e
s
witch
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
tech
n
iq
u
e.
W
h
ile
th
is
co
n
v
er
ter
ac
h
iev
ed
r
ed
u
ce
d
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tr
ess
es,
h
ig
h
o
u
tp
u
t
r
ip
p
le
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
leak
a
g
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
p
e
r
s
is
t.
I
n
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
,
a
lo
n
e
in
d
u
cto
r
h
as
b
ee
n
a
d
d
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
s
witch
ed
-
ca
p
a
cito
r
-
d
io
d
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
was
ac
h
iev
ed
in
[
9
]
b
y
u
s
in
g
co
u
p
led
in
d
u
cto
r
s
a
n
d
a
clam
p
in
g
ci
r
cu
it.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
MI
C
[
1
0
]
ca
n
elim
in
ate
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
i
p
p
le
s
an
d
h
as
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
.
T
h
e
M
I
C
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
f
l
y
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
ter
ca
n
d
eliv
e
r
a
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
in
b
u
ck
o
r
b
o
o
s
t m
o
d
e
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
n
o
n
-
in
v
e
r
ted
.
T
h
e
d
o
u
b
le
-
in
p
u
t
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
i
n
[
1
2
]
a
p
p
lied
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
ca
s
ca
d
ed
ch
a
r
g
e
p
u
m
p
m
eth
o
d
.
I
t
h
as
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
cu
r
r
en
t
o
n
th
e
in
p
u
t
p
o
r
ts
,
wh
ic
h
is
g
o
o
d
f
o
r
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
o
u
r
ce
.
A
Z
-
Qu
asi
R
eso
n
an
t n
etwo
r
k
was p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
o
f
th
e
d
u
al
-
i
n
p
u
t
co
n
v
er
ter
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
an
d
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
[
1
4
]
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
PV
s
to
r
ag
e.
T
w
o
u
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
r
ts
s
u
f
f
ice.
B
u
ck
an
d
b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
s
t te
ch
n
iq
u
e
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
at
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
b
u
f
f
er
s
tag
e.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
ce
ll
as
a
m
ea
n
s
o
f
attain
in
g
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
in
MI
C
s
h
as
b
ee
n
in
v
esti
g
ated
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
s
tag
es
f
o
ll
o
w
an
in
te
r
leav
ed
b
o
o
s
t
s
tag
e.
A
b
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
o
r
a
s
to
r
ag
e
elem
e
n
t
was
ad
d
ed
[
1
6
]
b
y
lo
o
p
in
g
a
b
atter
y
-
b
ased
PVSC
in
p
u
t
.
Mo
h
s
en
i
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
ex
p
lain
ed
th
at
m
u
ltip
le
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
r
ts
wer
e
ad
d
ed
af
te
r
t
h
e
d
io
d
e
-
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
tag
es.
T
h
ese
co
n
v
er
ter
s
s
u
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
h
ig
h
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
lo
s
s
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
ass
iv
e
elem
en
ts
.
T
o
r
ed
u
ce
lo
s
s
es
,
an
au
x
iliar
y
Z
VT
cir
cu
it wa
s
ad
d
ed
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
co
u
p
led
in
d
u
cto
r
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
was u
s
ed
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
Z
C
S
[
1
9
]
.
A
d
o
u
b
le
-
i
n
p
u
t
an
d
d
o
u
b
le
-
o
u
tp
u
t
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
t
er
h
as
b
e
en
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
i
n
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
a
c
h
ie
v
e
d
ac
c
ep
ta
b
l
e
ef
f
i
cie
n
cy
.
H
o
we
v
er
,
h
as
a
h
ig
h
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
ass
iv
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
A
b
r
i
d
g
e
-
t
y
p
e
d
o
u
b
le
-
i
n
p
u
t
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
was
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
i
n
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
t
er
h
as
a
s
i
m
p
le
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
e
a
n
d
lo
w
c
o
s
t.
L
o
w
v
o
lta
g
e
g
a
in
is
a
d
r
aw
b
a
ck
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
r
t
er
.
At
h
i
k
k
al
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
d
es
cr
ib
e
d
a
s
witc
h
e
d
i
n
d
u
ct
o
r
m
o
d
u
le
p
o
s
it
io
n
e
d
a
f
t
er
th
e
d
u
al
in
p
u
t
s
ta
g
e
w
as
em
p
l
o
y
e
d
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
g
a
in
.
I
n
th
e
m
o
d
u
la
r
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
in
[
2
3
]
,
ea
ch
ad
d
it
io
n
al
i
n
p
u
t
p
o
r
t
is
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
a
n
i
n
t
er
lea
v
ed
i
n
d
u
ct
o
r
b
r
a
n
c
h
i
n
a
ca
s
ca
d
e
d
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
e
.
T
h
e
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
i
n
p
u
t
p
o
r
t
is
a
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
t
er
l
if
te
d
b
y
a
c
ap
ac
i
to
r
.
I
t
h
as
a
l
o
w
v
o
l
tag
e
s
t
r
ess
.
T
h
e
M
I
C
s
d
is
c
u
s
s
e
d
i
n
[
5
]
–
[
2
3
]
h
a
v
e
n
o
d
i
r
e
cti
o
n
al
b
at
te
r
y
p
o
r
t
.
As
s
u
c
h
,
t
h
ey
c
an
n
o
t
s
e
r
v
e
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
wh
en
a
ll
t
h
e
R
E
s
o
u
r
c
es
ar
e
l
o
w
i
n
p
o
we
r
.
Fo
r
MI
C
s
h
av
in
g
a
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e,
[
2
4
]
h
as
a
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
,
an
d
th
e
b
atter
y
ca
n
o
n
ly
b
e
ch
ar
g
ed
b
y
o
n
e
R
E
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
l
ar
s
witch
ed
in
d
u
cto
r
s
wer
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
in
th
e
m
u
lti
-
in
p
u
t
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
d
r
awb
ac
k
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
ize
an
d
co
s
t.
An
o
th
er
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
er
th
at
p
o
s
s
ess
es
an
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
elem
en
t
h
as
b
ee
n
ad
ap
ted
f
o
r
PV,
f
u
el
ce
ll
,
an
d
b
atter
y
in
p
u
ts
[
2
6
]
.
I
t
u
s
ed
a
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
n
o
n
e
u
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
in
p
u
t
an
d
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
n
th
e
o
th
e
r
in
p
u
t.
T
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
was
u
s
ed
o
n
b
o
th
in
p
u
ts
to
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
f
o
r
R
E
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
2
7
]
.
So
m
e
wea
k
n
ess
es
o
f
t
h
ese
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
th
e
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
,
esp
ec
ially
i
n
th
e
b
atter
y
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
e.
T
h
er
e
is
also
lo
w
ef
f
icien
cy
d
u
e
to
p
ass
iv
e
elem
en
ts
.
T
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
in
[
2
4
]
–
[
2
7
]
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
b
atter
y
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
is
lo
wer
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
n
o
n
-
co
u
p
led
i
n
d
u
cto
r
/b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
te
r
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
t
o
ac
h
ie
v
e
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
f
o
r
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
m
o
d
e
s
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
-
i
n
teg
r
ated
th
r
ee
-
in
p
u
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
ed
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e.
E
x
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
h
as
ig
n
o
r
ed
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
d
u
r
in
g
b
atter
y
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
p
er
at
io
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
c
o
m
b
in
es
two
R
E
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
a
b
atter
y
.
T
h
e
n
o
n
-
co
u
p
led
in
d
u
cto
r
co
n
f
ig
u
r
at
io
n
h
elp
s
d
eliv
er
a
wid
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
an
g
e
an
d
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
tp
u
t
d
esp
ite
th
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
in
p
u
t
p
o
wer
lev
els
in
th
e
b
atter
y
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
e.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
ws
:
i)
T
h
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
an
d
liter
atu
r
e
r
e
v
iew
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ec
tio
n
;
ii)
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ec
tio
n
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
er
te
r
,
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
an
aly
s
is
,
d
y
n
am
ic
m
o
d
elin
g
,
an
d
p
o
wer
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
;
iii)
E
x
p
e
r
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
an
d
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
a
r
e
s
h
o
wn
a
n
d
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
e
th
ir
d
s
ec
tio
n
; iv
)
Sectio
n
f
o
u
r
p
r
o
v
id
es c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
s
to
t
h
e
p
a
p
er
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
e
r
ter
will
b
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
m
o
d
es
an
d
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
s
witch
in
g
s
tates
will
b
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
.
T
h
e
s
ec
tio
n
will
co
n
clu
d
e
with
th
e
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
an
aly
s
is
,
co
m
p
o
n
en
t d
esi
g
n
,
d
y
n
am
ic
m
o
d
ellin
g
,
an
d
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t a
lg
o
r
ith
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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8
8
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8
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4
I
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t J Po
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lec
&
Dr
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s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
0
2
4
-
1037
1026
2
.
1
.
T
o
po
lo
g
y
o
f
t
he
pro
po
s
ed
co
nv
er
t
er
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a)
.
T
h
e
r
i
g
h
t
s
id
e
o
f
th
is
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
is
a
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
On
th
e
lef
t
s
id
e
is
a
n
o
n
-
c
o
u
p
le
d
in
d
u
cto
r
-
b
ased
co
n
v
er
ter
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
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h
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
in
p
u
ts
th
at
ca
n
b
e
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en
tifie
d
as
V
1
,
V
2
,
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d
V
b
,
V
1
is
tied
to
th
e
s
im
p
le
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
,
V
2
s
er
v
es th
e
u
n
co
u
p
led
in
d
u
cto
r
-
b
ased
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
.
V
b
i
s
a
b
atter
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
wich
e
d
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
f
o
u
r
p
o
wer
s
witch
es,
S
1
,
S
2
,
S
3
,
a
n
d
S
4
in
t
h
e
cir
cu
it.
Switch
es
S
1
an
d
S
2
s
er
v
e
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
th
e
n
o
n
-
co
u
p
le
d
in
d
u
cto
r
-
b
ased
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Switch
es
S
3
an
d
S
4
s
er
v
e
t
o
ch
ar
g
e
o
r
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
th
e
b
atter
y
as
well
as
co
m
p
lete
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t.
Oth
e
r
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
in
clu
d
e
th
r
ee
in
d
u
ct
o
r
s
(
L
1
,
L
2
,
L
3
)
,
f
iv
e
d
io
d
es
(
D
o
,
D
1
,
D
b1
,
D
b2
,
D
m
)
,
an
d
f
o
u
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
(
C
o
,
C
1
,
C
2
,
C
3
)
.
W
h
ile
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
d
eliv
er
s
v
o
ltag
e
as
ex
p
ec
ted
,
th
e
n
o
n
-
co
u
p
led
i
n
d
u
ct
o
r
/cap
ac
ito
r
p
air
in
g
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
g
r
ea
ter
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
.
T
h
is
in
d
u
c
to
r
/cap
ac
ito
r
p
air
is
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
in
d
u
ct
o
r
s
L
2
,
L
3
,
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
C
2
,
C
3
.
Dio
d
e
D
m
i
s
d
ed
icate
d
to
f
r
ee
wh
ee
lin
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
2
.
2
.
O
pera
t
io
n mo
de
o
ne
(
b
a
t
t
er
y
by
pa
s
s
ed)
T
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
m
o
d
e
o
c
c
u
r
s
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
v
o
lt
a
g
e
f
o
r
V
1
a
n
d
V
2
c
a
n
s
a
t
is
f
y
t
h
e
e
x
i
s
t
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n
g
l
o
a
d
.
T
h
i
s
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
v
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l
v
e
s
f
o
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r
s
w
i
tc
h
i
n
g
s
t
at
e
s
.
A
ls
o
,
a
t
t
h
i
s
p
o
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n
t
,
t
h
e
b
a
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d
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y
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i
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4
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n
d
D
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o
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3
a
n
d
D
b2
.
T
h
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
s
t
at
e
s
ar
e
d
e
s
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r
i
b
e
d
.
a.
S
w
it
c
h
i
n
g
s
t
a
t
e
1
(
t
0
–
t
1
)
:
S
1
,
S
2
a
n
d
S
3
a
r
e
t
u
r
n
e
d
o
n
.
S
4
s
t
a
y
s
t
u
r
n
e
d
o
f
f
w
i
t
h
D
b1
t
o
c
u
t o
f
f
th
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
t
o
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
.
T
h
e
e
q
u
i
v
a
l
e
n
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
i
s
d
e
p
i
c
t
e
d
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
.
L
1
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
d
b
y
V
1
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
S
1
.
S
i
m
i
la
r
l
y
,
L
2
is
c
h
a
r
g
e
d
b
y
V
2
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
S
2
.
C
3
c
h
a
r
g
e
s
L
3
a
n
d
C
2
.
C
1
is
i
n
t
h
e
i
d
l
e
s
t
a
te
.
C
o
s
e
r
v
e
s
t
h
e
lo
a
d
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
i
s
s
w
it
c
h
i
n
g
s
ta
t
e
.
D
o
,
D
1
,
a
n
d
D
m
d
o
n
o
t
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
.
b.
S
w
it
c
h
i
n
g
s
t
at
e
2
(
t
1
–
t
2
)
:
T
h
e
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
is
i
l
l
u
s
t
r
at
e
d
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
(
c
)
.
S
1
i
s
t
u
r
n
e
d
o
f
f
w
h
i
l
e
S
2
s
ta
y
s
o
n
,
l
i
k
e
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
l
y
.
D
o
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
s
,
h
e
n
c
e
L
1
a
n
d
C
1
,
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
i
n
c
o
n
s
o
n
a
n
c
e
w
i
t
h
V
1
t
o
d
el
i
v
e
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
t
o
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
.
c.
S
w
it
c
h
i
n
g
s
t
a
t
e
3
(
t
2
–
t
3
)
:
T
h
e
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
i
s
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
(
d
)
.
S
1
is
t
u
r
n
e
d
o
n
,
S
2
a
n
d
S
3
a
r
e
t
u
r
n
e
d
o
f
f
.
S
4
a
n
d
D
b1
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
.
D
o
i
s
t
u
r
n
e
d
o
f
f
w
h
i
l
e
D
1
a
n
d
D
m
a
r
e
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
.
L
1
is
c
h
a
r
g
e
d
b
y
V
1
.
C
3
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
d
b
y
V
2
a
n
d
L
2
.
L
3
c
h
a
r
g
e
s
C
1
,
a
n
d
C
o
s
e
r
v
e
s
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
.
S
w
it
c
h
i
n
g
s
t
a
t
e
4
(
t
3
–
T
)
:
S
1
an
d
S
2
a
r
e
t
u
r
n
e
d
o
n
.
D
o
is
t
u
r
n
ed
o
f
f
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
e
x
h
i
b
i
t
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
p
a
tt
e
r
n
a
s
i
n
s
w
i
tc
h
i
n
g
s
t
a
t
e
1
.
C
o
s
e
r
v
e
s
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
.
T
h
e
r
el
e
v
a
n
t
e
q
u
a
t
io
n
s
a
r
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
(
1
)
-
(
8
)
,
W
h
er
e,
d
1
is
th
e
d
u
ty
r
atio
n
o
f
s
witch
S
1
;
d
2
is
th
e
d
u
ty
r
atio
o
f
s
witch
S
2
;
V
C1
i
s
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
ca
p
ac
i
to
r
C
1
;
V
C2
is
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
2
;
V
C3
is
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
3
;
T
s
is
th
e
to
tal
p
er
io
d
;
V
o
is
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e;
an
d
G
V
is
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
.
2
:
2
2
+
2
−
3
(
1
−
2
)
=
0
(
1
)
2
:
2
2
+
2
+
2
−
1
(
1
−
2
)
=
0
(
2
)
1
:
1
1
+
1
+
1
−
(
1
−
2
)
=
0
(
3
)
3
=
2
2
1
−
2
(
4
)
2
=
3
2
2
−
2
2
(
5
)
1
=
3
2
2
−
2
2
+
2
2
1
−
2
(
6
)
=
1
+
(
1
(
1
−
1
)
)
1
−
1
(
7
)
=
=
1
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1
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e
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o
f
f
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a
l
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t
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r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
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1
−
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a)
(
b
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(
c)
(
d
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u
r
e
1
.
Pro
p
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c
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2
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d
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3
2
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4
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h
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3
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d
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w
it
c
h
i
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g
s
ta
t
e
1
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t
0
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t
1
)
:
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w
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h
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s
t
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1
o
f
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e
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o
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y
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h
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r
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1
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2
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:
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t
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d
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o
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.
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a
t
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er
y
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h
a
r
g
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n
g
.
c.
Switch
in
g
s
tate
3
(
t
2
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t
3
)
:
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
d
)
.
On
ly
S
2
,
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
.
D
b1
an
d
D
b2
co
n
d
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ct.
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b
is
ch
ar
g
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with
C
3
b
y
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th
V
1
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V
2
,
an
d
en
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g
y
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d
is
ch
ar
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ed
f
r
o
m
L
2
.
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o
d
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er
p
o
wer
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th
e
lo
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d.
S
w
it
c
h
i
n
g
s
t
a
t
e
4
(
t
3
–
T
)
:
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wi
t
c
h
i
n
g
s
t
a
te
4
o
f
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
o
p
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r
a
t
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n
m
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p
l
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c
a
te
d
.
N
o
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
c
h
a
r
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n
g
.
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h
e
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
r
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s
h
o
w
n
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n
(
1
8
)
-
(
2
6
)
.
2
:
2
2
−
(
2
−
3
−
(
1
−
4
)
)
(
1
−
2
)
=
0
(
1
8
)
2
:
2
2
+
2
+
2
−
1
(
1
−
2
)
=
0
(
1
9
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
0
2
4
-
1037
1028
1
:
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1
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1
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0
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2
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3
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2
1
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1
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1
−
4
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+
2
+
3
(
2
−
4
)
(
2
2
)
3
=
2
+
(
1
−
2
+
4
+
2
4
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1
−
2
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2
3
)
2
=
2
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3
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1
−
2
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−
2
2
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2
4
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1
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2
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2
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1
−
2
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4
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2
4
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1
−
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2
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2
2
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2
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1
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2
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2
4
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−
2
(
2
5
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1
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(
(
1
−
4
)
)
+
(
(
1
(
1
−
1
)
)
1
−
1
(
2
6
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
witch
in
g
p
atter
n
f
o
r
o
p
er
atio
n
m
o
d
e
o
n
e.
T
h
e
s
witch
in
g
p
atter
n
s
f
o
r
m
o
d
es
two
an
d
th
r
ee
ar
e
d
ep
icted
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
c)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
o
f
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
ts
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
s
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
d
)
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
u
r
r
e
n
t p
ath
s
f
o
r
o
p
er
atio
n
m
o
d
es 2
an
d
3
(
a
)
s
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in
g
s
tate
1
,
(
b
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s
witch
in
g
s
ta
te
2
,
(
c)
s
witch
in
g
s
tate
3
,
an
d
(
d
)
s
witch
in
g
s
tate
3
o
f
o
p
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atio
n
m
o
d
e
3
(
a
)
(
b
)
(
c
)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Key
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
(
a)
m
o
d
e
1
,
(
b
)
m
o
d
e
2
,
(
c)
m
o
d
e
3
,
an
d
(
d
)
i
L1
,
i
L2
,
i
L3
,
V
C1
,
V
C2
&
V
C3
2
.
5
.
Desig
n o
f
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rs
T
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r
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d
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c
t
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n
m
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(
C
C
M
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h
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r
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t
.
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e
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c
e
,
f
o
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i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
s
L
1
a
n
d
L
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
B
a
tter
y
in
teg
r
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ted
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ee
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p
u
t
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1029
1
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∆
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is
I
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e
s
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e
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ti
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e
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d
e
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t
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as
(
2
8
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1
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2
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4
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2
(
2
8
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T
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
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r
r
en
ts
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
an
d
n
o
n
-
c
o
u
p
led
in
d
u
ct
o
r
s
id
es
o
f
th
e
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n
v
er
ter
,
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
b
y
(
2
7
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an
d
(
2
8
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,
ca
n
b
e
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n
tr
o
lled
b
y
v
ar
y
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g
d
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n
d
d
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r
esp
ec
tiv
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y
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n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
cu
r
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en
t o
f
L
3
is
th
e
s
am
e
as
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
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n
t o
f
t
h
e
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n
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er
ter
.
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n
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
m
i
n
im
u
m
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
s
,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
o
p
er
atio
n
m
o
d
e
is
to
b
e
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o
n
s
id
er
ed
.
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h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
V
1
an
d
V
2
g
en
er
ate
th
e
lo
west
en
er
g
y
in
th
is
m
o
d
e.
Su
c
h
a
s
ce
n
ar
io
co
u
ld
r
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lt
in
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
er
atin
g
in
d
is
co
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
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n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e
(
DC
M)
.
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h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
s
’
cu
r
r
en
t
r
i
p
p
les
in
th
e
s
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o
n
d
o
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er
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n
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
as
in
(
2
9
)
.
∆
1
=
1
1
+
4
1
,
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2
=
2
2
+
4
2
(
2
9
)
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e
n
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e
,
t
h
e
v
a
l
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es
o
f
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h
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n
d
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c
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s
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L
1
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L
2
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a
n
d
L
3
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a
n
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e
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t
ain
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d
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s
(
3
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1
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1
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2
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4
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2
(
3
0
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t
ca
n
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e
s
ee
n
f
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m
(
2
9
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n
d
(
3
0
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th
at
th
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r
eq
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i
r
ed
in
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ac
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ig
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d
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alu
es a
r
e
a
p
p
li
ed
to
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ed
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ce
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d
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ip
p
l
e
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r
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en
t.
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n
o
r
d
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to
p
r
o
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ly
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esig
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ter
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i
t
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en
tial
t
h
at
th
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v
o
ltag
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d
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u
r
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n
t
s
tr
ess
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th
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em
ico
n
d
u
cto
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d
ev
ices
a
r
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ta
k
en
in
to
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g
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ce
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e
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l
tag
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s
tr
ess
o
f
th
e
d
ev
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a
ls
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k
n
o
wn
as
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k
in
v
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s
e
v
o
ltag
e.
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t
is
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
v
o
ltag
e
en
co
u
n
ter
e
d
b
y
th
e
d
e
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ice
with
o
u
t
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ein
g
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estro
y
ed
w
h
en
it
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
f
f
.
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r
in
g
C
C
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th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
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d
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tr
e
s
s
o
f
th
e
d
ev
ices
ar
e
g
iv
en
in
T
ab
le
1
.
I
t
is
v
ital
th
at
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
,
C
o
,
C
1
,
C
2
,
an
d
C
3
ca
n
p
er
m
it
a
ch
an
g
e
in
th
e
ch
ar
g
e
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
v
ar
i
atio
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
r
an
g
es.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
C
C
M,
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
av
er
ag
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
m
u
s
t
b
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
h
alf
o
f
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
r
ip
p
le
c
u
r
r
en
t.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
s
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
(
3
1
)
.
1
≥
2
(
1
−
1
)
∆
1
,
2
=
3
≥
2
−
(
1
−
1
)
∆
2
,
3
,
≥
1
∆
(
3
1
)
T
ab
le
1
.
Vo
ltag
e
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
en
t s
tr
ess
o
f
th
e
d
ev
ices
D
e
v
i
c
e
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
t
r
e
ss
D
e
v
i
c
e
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
st
r
e
s
s
S
1
,
D
1
−
1
S
1
1
+
2
S
2
,
D
m
3
S
2
2
+
3
D
2
−
1
+
3
S
3
,
D
3
1
+
2
+
3
S
3
,
S
4
,
D
3
,
D
4
D
1
1
D
2
2
+
3
D
m
2
+
3
−
1
2
.
6
.
Dy
na
m
ic
m
o
del o
f
t
he
co
nv
er
t
er
T
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
m
o
d
e
u
s
e
s
t
w
o
a
ct
i
v
e
-
d
u
t
y
r
a
ti
o
s
(
d
1
,
d
2
)
,
w
h
i
l
e
t
h
e
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
n
d
t
h
i
r
d
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
m
o
d
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s
u
s
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t
h
r
e
e
al
t
e
r
n
a
t
e
d
u
t
y
r
a
t
i
o
s
(
d
1
,
d
2
,
d
4
).
T
h
e
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
d
e
s
c
r
i
p
ti
o
n
i
n
d
i
c
a
te
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
er
e
a
r
e
s
e
v
e
n
p
a
s
s
i
v
e
e
l
e
m
e
n
ts
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
.
T
h
e
s
e
a
r
e
L
1
,
L
2
,
L
3
,
C
1
,
C
2
,
C
3
,
a
n
d
C
o
.
T
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
s
i
x
s
t
a
t
e
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
es
a
d
o
p
t
e
d
.
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h
e
s
e
a
r
e
L
1
,
L
2
,
C
1
,
C
2
,
C
3
,
a
n
d
C
o
.
I
n
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
in
g
s
m
all
-
s
ig
n
al
m
o
d
ellin
g
,
it
is
ass
u
m
ed
th
at
two
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
m
ak
e
u
p
th
e
s
tate
v
ar
iab
les,
d
u
ty
r
atio
s
,
a
n
d
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
es
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
ese
ar
e
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
s
(
̃
,
̃
,
̃
)
an
d
d
c
v
a
lu
es
(
̅
,
̅
,
̅
)
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
in
(
3
2
)
.
=
̅
+
̃
;
=
̅
+
̃
;
=
̅
+
̃
(
3
2
)
B
y
i
g
n
o
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
e
c
o
n
d
-
o
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d
e
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ts
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a
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a
s
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l
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s
w
i
tc
h
i
n
g
p
e
r
i
o
d
,
s
m
a
l
l
-
s
i
g
n
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
s
a
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
.
T
h
e
s
m
a
l
l
-
s
i
g
n
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
s
i
n
m
a
t
r
i
x
f
o
r
m
a
r
e
a
s
i
n
(
3
3
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
0
2
4
-
1037
1030
̇
=
̃
+
̃
,
=
̃
+
̃
(
3
3
)
I
n
(
3
3
)
,
̃
is
t
h
e
s
t
ate
v
a
r
i
a
b
le
v
ec
t
o
r
,
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h
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o
n
tr
o
l
v
a
r
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les
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ec
t
o
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n
d
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h
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t
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t
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r
.
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h
e
m
a
tr
ix
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
m
al
l
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s
ig
n
al
m
o
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els
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r
e
p
r
es
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te
d
.
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r
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
o
p
e
r
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ti
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n
m
o
d
e
,
t
h
e
s
m
all
-
s
ig
n
al
m
o
d
el
is
(3
4
)
an
d
(
3
5
)
.
=
[
0
0
1
−
̅
1
1
0
0
̅
1
−
1
1
0
0
0
0
̅
2
−
1
2
0
1
−
̅
2
1
1
−
̅
2
1
0
0
0
2
−
2
̅
1
1
̅
2
2
2
̅
2
−
2
2
0
0
0
0
−
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2
3
1
−
̅
2
3
0
0
0
0
2
−
2
̅
1
0
0
0
0
−
1
]
,
B
=
[
̅
−
̅
1
1
0
0
̅
3
2
̅
1
2
1
̅
2
−
̅
1
1
0
2
̅
2
2
0
−
̅
2
3
−
̅
1
0
]
(
3
4
)
=
[
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
]
,
̃
=
[
̃
1
̃
2
̃
1
̃
2
̃
3
̃
]
,
̃
=
[
̃
1
̃
2
]
,
=
0
(
3
5
)
F
o
r
t
h
e
s
e
c
o
n
d
o
p
e
r
a
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
,
t
h
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s
m
a
ll
-
s
i
g
n
a
l
m
o
d
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is
(
3
6
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a
n
d
(
3
7
)
.
=
[
0
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1
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1
1
0
0
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1
−
1
1
0
0
0
0
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2
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1
2
0
1
−
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2
1
1
−
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2
1
0
0
0
2
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2
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1
1
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2
2
2
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2
−
2
2
0
0
0
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2
3
1
−
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2
3
0
0
0
0
2
−
2
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1
0
0
0
0
−
1
]
,
B
=
[
̅
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1
1
0
2
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1
0
̅
3
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(
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
B
a
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r
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ted
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in
p
u
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n
y
o
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b
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a
b
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o
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l
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d
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r
m
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m
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im
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n
p
r
o
p
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l
y
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cr
u
cial.
T
h
e
lo
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p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV
(
P
PV
)
an
d
th
e
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
FC
(
P
FC
)
ar
e
id
e
n
tifie
d
.
Als
o
,
u
p
p
er
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d
lo
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SOC
r
ef
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ce
s
(
B
L
an
d
B
U
)
ar
e
i
d
en
tifie
d
f
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th
e
b
atter
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h
e
lo
ad
p
o
wer
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t,
P
L
,
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
n
o
te
th
at
th
e
o
p
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atin
g
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ic
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
h
a
n
d
les
h
o
w
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o
p
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m
o
d
e
is
ch
o
s
en
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
in
s
tan
t.
Switch
in
g
b
etwe
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o
p
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o
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es
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d
e
p
en
d
o
n
a
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
cir
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u
it
an
d
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atter
y
m
an
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e
m
en
t
s
y
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tem
,
w
h
ich
ar
e
n
o
t
with
in
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
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T
h
e
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
f
o
r
m
a
n
a
g
i
n
g
p
o
we
r
i
s
e
x
p
l
ai
n
e
d
:
a.
W
h
e
n
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
l
o
a
d
,
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L
i
s
c
o
n
t
r
a
s
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
e
it
h
e
r
P
PV
a
n
d
P
FC
o
r
P
PV
+
P
FC
.
P
PV
i
s
g
i
v
e
n
p
r
i
o
r
i
t
y
i
n
t
h
e
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
.
T
h
e
S
OC
is
e
x
am
i
n
e
d
t
o
s
e
e
i
f
i
t
is
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
B
U
i
f
P
PV
i
s
a
b
le
t
o
m
e
e
t
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
,
P
L
.
T
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
m
o
d
e
k
i
c
k
s
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n
w
h
e
n
th
e
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O
C
e
x
c
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e
d
s
t
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e
B
U
a
n
d
b
y
p
a
s
s
es
t
h
e
b
at
t
e
r
y
.
b.
W
h
e
n
P
PV
,
P
FC
,
o
r
P
PV
+
P
FC
c
a
n
n
o
t
s
e
r
v
e
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
,
t
h
e
a
l
g
o
r
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t
h
m
c
h
e
c
k
s
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h
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s
ta
t
u
s
.
I
f
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O
C
>
B
U
,
t
h
e
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e
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d
o
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d
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e
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a
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d
i
s
c
h
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I
t
f
u
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e
r
c
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k
s
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f
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O
C
<
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o
l
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a
s
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>
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L
,
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
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d
i
s
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h
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g
m
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c
o
n
t
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e
s
.
I
f
S
O
C
<
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L
,
t
h
e
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
r
e
t
u
r
n
s
t
o
t
h
e
s
t
a
r
t
p
o
s
i
ti
o
n
o
r
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o
m
m
a
n
d
.
c.
A
s
c
a
n
b
e
s
e
e
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
a
l
g
o
r
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t
h
m
,
t
h
e
t
h
i
r
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o
p
e
r
a
t
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o
n
m
o
d
e
i
s
a
d
o
p
t
e
d
w
h
e
n
P
PV
,
P
FC
o
r
P
PV
+
P
FC
i
s
g
r
e
a
t
e
r
t
h
a
n
P
L
a
n
d
S
OC
<
B
L
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
w
ill
b
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
an
g
e
will
also
b
e
es
tab
lis
h
ed
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
will b
e
co
m
p
a
r
ed
with
s
im
ilar
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
.
3
.
1
.
E
x
perim
ent
a
l r
esu
lt
s
I
n
v
alid
atin
g
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
e
r
ter
,
a
h
ar
d
war
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
h
as
b
ee
n
im
p
lem
en
ted
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a)
.
R
E
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
V
1
at
1
2
V,
an
d
V
2
at
2
4
V,
we
r
e
r
ep
licated
b
y
DC
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s
u
p
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,
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ile
a
1
2
V
r
ec
h
ar
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le
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id
b
at
ter
y
s
u
f
f
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d
as
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g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
d
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T
h
e
d
SP
AC
E
DS1
1
0
4
d
i
g
ital
co
n
t
r
o
ller
b
o
ar
d
was
u
s
ed
to
g
en
e
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ate
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e
s
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u
ls
es
f
o
r
all
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e
s
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I
n
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
d
er
i
v
ed
e
q
u
atio
n
s
,
th
e
o
th
e
r
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
r
atin
g
s
ar
e
ch
o
s
en
as
lis
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
.
Switch
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
0
2
4
-
1037
1032
S
1
to
S
4
ar
e
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n
f
in
eo
n
G2
5
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2
0
3
I
GB
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s
,
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ile
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e
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N5
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0
0
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ial
s
ilico
n
r
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tifie
r
d
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d
es.
B
ased
o
n
(
3
0
)
,
th
e
cr
itical
in
d
u
ctan
ce
s
at
a
ch
o
s
en
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
o
f
1
5
k
Hz
an
d
1
0
% r
ip
p
le,
L
1
≥
3
0
0
.
6
m
H,
L
2
=
L
3
≥
1
5
7
.
6
m
H
ar
e
o
b
tain
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.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
L
1
=
3
5
0
m
H,
L
2
=
L
3
=
2
0
0
m
H
ar
e
s
elec
ted
.
Fo
r
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
,
u
s
in
g
(
3
1
)
with
p
er
m
itted
v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le
o
f
1
%,
C
1
≥
7
8
.
1
µ
F,
C
2
≥
4
2
.
5
µF,
C
3
≥
3
1
.
8
µF,
an
d
C
o
≥
5
0
µF
ar
e
s
elec
ted
.
Hen
ce
,
C
1
=
C
2
=
C
3
=
1
0
0
µF
(
1
0
0
u
F,
4
0
0
V,
E
lite
PF
2
G1
0
1
MN
N1
8
3
2
)
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
C
o
=
2
7
0
µF
(
2
7
0
u
F 4
0
0
V,
Nich
i
co
n
L
GL
2
G2
7
1
ME
L
Z
3
5
)
.
At
d
u
ty
r
atio
s
o
f
0
.
7
5
an
d
0
.
7
f
o
r
d
1
an
d
d
2
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
b
tain
ed
in
m
o
d
e
o
n
e
is
3
1
5
.
5
3
V.
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
V
1
,
V
2
,
an
d
V
o
d
u
r
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
m
o
d
e
o
n
e.
T
h
e
d
u
ty
r
atio
s
o
f
S
3
an
d
S
4
ar
e
s
et
to
0
.
5
ea
ch
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
es,
V
C1
,
V
C2
,
an
d
V
C3
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
c)
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
v
o
ltag
es
ar
e
1
2
7
.
1
9
V
f
o
r
V
C2
,
1
3
9
.
5
4
V
f
o
r
V
C3
.
V
C1
is
2
6
6
.
6
9
V
an
d
is
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
V
C2
an
d
V
C3
.
C
1
is
id
l
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
witch
in
g
s
tates
1
an
d
3
.
T
h
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
o
f
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
ts
ar
e
p
r
esen
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in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
d
)
.
W
h
en
S
1
an
d
S
2
ar
e
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
f
i
r
s
t swi
tch
in
g
s
tate,
i
L1
an
d
i
L2
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
lin
ea
r
ly
as a
r
esu
lt o
f
t
h
e
L
1
an
d
L
2
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ein
g
ch
ar
g
ed
b
y
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1
an
d
V
2
,
r
esp
e
ctiv
ely
.
At
t
2
-
t
1
,
i
L1
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
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ile
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L2
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d
i
L3
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o
n
tin
u
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
.
I
n
d
u
ct
o
r
cu
r
r
en
ts
,
i
L2
an
d
i
L3
,
lin
ea
r
ly
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
with
a
n
eg
ativ
e
s
lo
p
e
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
th
ir
d
s
witch
in
g
s
tat
e
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en
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2
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o
es
n
o
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u
ct
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h
ile
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ea
s
es
f
o
r
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n
s
ec
u
tiv
e
s
witch
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g
s
tates.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
ts
ar
e
2
.
1
2
A,
4
.
2
3
A
,
an
d
0
.
3
0
5
A
f
o
r
i
L1
,
i
L2
,
an
d
i
L3
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
ab
le
2
.
E
x
p
er
im
en
tal
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
P
a
r
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me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
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a
r
t
n
u
m
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e
r
P
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r
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r
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l
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e
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r
t
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m
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e
r
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n
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t
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l
t
a
g
e
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1
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2
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,
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2
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4
V
,
V
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C
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a
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r
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o
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F
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1
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2
C
3
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F
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e
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e
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c
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k
H
z
D
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e
s
20
A
1
0
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1
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P
o
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e
r
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h
I
n
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i
n
e
o
n
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2
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1
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G
B
T
Lo
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d
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n
d
u
c
t
o
r
s
L
1
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3
5
0
mH
,
L
2
,
L
3
=
2
0
0
mH
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Op
e
r
atio
n
m
o
d
e
1
r
e
s
u
lts
:
(
a)
s
etu
p
,
(
b
)
V
1
,
V
2
&
V
o
(
c)
V
C1
,
V
C2
&
V
C3
,
an
d
(
d
)
i
L1
,
i
L2
&
i
L3
T
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
o
p
er
atio
n
m
o
d
e
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a)
.
V
1
an
d
V
2
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
6
V
a
n
d
1
2
V
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Du
ty
r
atio
s
o
f
0
.
7
5
,
0
.
7
,
a
n
d
0
.
7
5
f
o
r
d
4
,
d
2
an
d
d
1
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ap
p
lied
.
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h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
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is
3
1
1
.
5
7
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Sin
ce
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am
e
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atter
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1
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S
2
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atio
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o
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e
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cto
r
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r
r
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ts
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t
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r
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ess
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o
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es
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ly
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ag
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n
o
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ef
o
r
m
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e
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o
r
m
s
o
f
i
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d
i
L2
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e
s
h
o
wn
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Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
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.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
o
n
S
3
an
d
S
4
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r
e
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
c)
.
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is
eq
u
al
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th
e
b
atter
y
s
u
p
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ly
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b
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th
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o
r
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e
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atter
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r
r
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i
b
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u
r
e
6
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o
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t
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.
4
9
A
d
u
r
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g
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ir
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th
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tates
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r
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r
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u
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s
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m
m
atio
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o
f
th
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r
r
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ts
.
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r
e
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ess
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ess
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Fi
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e
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s
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n
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r
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e
s
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n
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e
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,
i
L2
,
a
n
d
i
b
a
r
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
7
(
d
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.
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t
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n
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i
c
a
t
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a
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k
e
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t
1
A
w
h
e
n
D
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n
d
D
b2
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
.
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h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tally
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
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a
n
g
e
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
.
At
V
1
=1
2
V,
V
2
=
2
4
V,
th
e
d
u
ty
r
atio
d
1
=
d
2
=
d
,
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v
a
r
ied
f
r
o
m
0
.
0
5
to
0
.
7
5
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
a
n
g
es
b
etwe
en
8
4
V
an
d
3
8
1
V.
T
h
e
lo
west
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
2
1
.
4
V
was
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
wh
en
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1
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is
o
lated
a
t
a
0
.
0
5
d
u
ty
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atio
.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
wid
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
.
3.
2
.
Co
m
pa
riso
n w
it
h si
m
ila
r
t
o
po
lo
g
ies
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
with
s
im
ilar
to
p
o
lo
g
ies.
E
ac
h
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
h
as
two
in
p
u
t
p
o
r
ts
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
a
b
atter
y
p
o
r
t.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
m
p
a
r
ed
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
s
'
v
o
ltag
e
b
o
o
s
t
in
g
m
eth
o
d
h
as
b
ee
n
esta
b
lis
h
ed
.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
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in
p
u
t
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
M
I
C
in
[
2
5
]
is
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n
s
id
er
e
d
.
Alth
o
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g
h
th
e
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r
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o
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te
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ap
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r
s
to
h
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e
m
o
r
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
th
an
th
e
o
th
er
s
,
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
o
n
th
e
n
o
n
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co
u
p
le
d
in
d
u
cto
r
s
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e
o
f
th
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n
v
er
t
er
h
elp
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
h
ig
h
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
d
eliv
er
y
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
b
y
[
2
6
]
s
h
o
ws
a
s
m
aller
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
t
h
an
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
,
d
esp
ite
b
o
asti
n
g
lo
wer
to
tal
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
co
u
n
ts
.
T
h
e
[
2
5
]
claim
e
d
a
lar
g
e
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
,
h
o
wev
e
r
,
th
is
ca
n
al
s
o
b
e
attr
ib
u
tab
le
to
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
co
u
n
t.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
p
e
cu
lated
th
at
[
2
5
]
will
h
av
e
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
co
s
t.
I
n
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
a
co
s
t
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
th
e
c
o
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
,
t
h
e
p
r
ice
esti
m
ates o
f
th
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
ea
ch
co
n
v
er
ter
h
av
e
b
ee
n
cu
lled
f
r
o
m
th
e
MO
USER we
b
s
ite.
Fo
r
th
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
,
[
2
5
]
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
t
o
h
av
e
th
e
h
ig
h
est
co
s
t,
wh
ile
[
2
6
]
h
as
th
e
lo
west
co
s
t.
T
h
e
co
s
t o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
is
lo
wer
th
an
th
at
o
f
[
2
5
]
b
u
t
is
3
1
.
6
% h
ig
h
er
th
an
[
2
6
]
.
I
t s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
te
d
th
at
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
[
2
6
]
is
lo
wer
th
an
th
at
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
i
n
[
2
4
]
h
as
th
e
lo
west
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
an
d
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
h
ig
h
est
p
ar
ts
co
u
n
t.
T
h
e
[
2
7
]
s
y
s
tem
,
in
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
,
h
as
a
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
wh
ile
h
av
in
g
th
e
f
ewe
s
t
p
ar
ts
,
a
tie
w
ith
[
2
6
]
.
Du
e
to
th
e
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
o
n
th
e
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
d
e
v
ices
an
d
th
e
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ass
iv
e
p
ar
ts
(
m
o
s
tly
r
esis
to
r
s
)
in
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
d
escr
ib
e
d
b
y
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
ese
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
h
av
e
h
ig
h
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
m
o
d
e
2
h
as
b
ee
n
c
o
m
p
u
ted
f
o
r
th
e
co
m
p
ar
e
d
c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
d
eliv
er
ed
th
e
h
i
g
h
est o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
b
at
ter
y
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
m
o
d
e.
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