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o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
s
,
am
o
n
g
o
th
er
s
,
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
a
1
7
1
.
3
6
k
W
p
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
p
la
n
t c
o
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
t
h
e
I
s
lan
d
o
f
C
r
ete
b
y
Mu
n
g
k
i
n
et
a
l.
[
2
]
.
T
h
i
r
teen
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
s
co
u
p
led
to
elec
tr
ical
n
etwo
r
k
s
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
we
r
e
e
v
alu
a
ted
b
y
T
o
u
r
e
et
a
l.
[
3
]
in
two
l
o
ca
tio
n
s
in
d
i
f
f
er
en
t c
o
u
n
tr
ies (
C
y
p
r
u
s
an
d
Ger
m
an
y
)
.
S
o
l
a
r
E
n
e
r
g
y
C
e
n
t
e
r
i
n
I
n
d
i
a
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
a
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
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v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
i
n
g
o
f
,
t
h
i
n
f
i
l
m
s
,
m
o
n
o
c
r
y
s
t
a
l
l
i
n
e
s
i
l
i
c
o
n
,
a
n
d
p
o
l
y
c
r
y
s
t
a
l
l
i
n
e
s
i
l
i
c
o
n
[
4
]
.
N
o
u
a
d
j
e
et
a
l
.
[
5
]
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
d
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
a
3
0
0
K
W
c
s
o
l
a
r
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
p
o
w
e
r
p
l
a
n
t
c
o
n
n
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c
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
a
t
D
J
I
B
O
U
T
I
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
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v
a
r
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o
u
s
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
.
S
h
a
r
m
a
et
a
l
.
[
6
]
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
d
t
h
e
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
-
p
h
a
s
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
r
e
a
c
t
i
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
i
n
j
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
t
n
i
g
h
t
,
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
i
n
g
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
p
r
o
f
i
l
e
s
.
A
n
e
w
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
t
o
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
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t
y
a
n
d
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
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t
y
o
n
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w
a
b
l
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n
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g
i
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s
w
a
s
p
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v
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d
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p
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t
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v
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l
y
b
y
I
c
h
i
m
-
B
u
r
l
a
c
u
e
t
a
l
.
[7
]
a
n
d
A
n
u
r
a
g
e
t
a
l
.
[
8
]
.
Ma
e
t
a
l
.
[
9
]
w
o
r
k
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
d
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
r
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
i
d
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
p
o
w
e
r
g
r
i
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
.
T
h
e
f
l
e
x
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
e
d
b
y
B
l
a
a
b
j
e
r
g
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
a
n
u
r
b
a
n
a
r
e
a
o
f
M
e
x
i
c
o
,
F
e
r
r
e
i
r
a
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
1
]
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
d
a
n
a
u
t
o
n
o
m
o
u
s
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
A
s
t
u
d
y
o
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
m
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l
t
i
-
s
t
a
t
e
c
o
n
v
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t
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r
w
a
s
c
a
r
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d
o
u
t
b
y
B
l
a
a
b
j
e
r
g
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
2
]
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
t
h
is
wo
r
k
h
as
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
ev
alu
atin
g
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
o
f
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
s
,
a
n
d
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
co
n
v
er
ter
s
an
d
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
f
o
r
in
s
ta
lled
PVs
.
Ou
r
wo
r
k
will
b
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
m
o
d
elin
g
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
s
o
lar
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
to
h
elp
th
e
d
is
p
atch
e
r
,
p
r
ed
ict
a
r
eliab
le
esti
m
ate
o
f
p
u
r
ch
ases
f
r
o
m
Ma
n
an
tali
a
n
d
th
e
in
ter
c
o
n
n
e
ctio
n
o
f
C
ô
te
d
'
I
v
o
ir
e
s
u
p
p
li
er
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
B
ay
esian
n
etwo
r
k
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
th
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
y
s
tem
to
m
ee
t
th
r
ee
ess
en
tial
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
:
s
tab
ilit
y
,
ec
o
n
o
m
y
a
n
d
ab
o
v
e
all
co
n
tin
u
ity
o
f
s
er
v
ice.
T
h
is
is
n
o
t
alwa
y
s
th
e
ca
s
e,
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
is
o
f
ten
e
x
p
o
s
ed
t
o
in
cid
e
n
ts
th
at
ca
n
in
ter
r
u
p
t
th
is
s
er
v
ice
an
d
ca
u
s
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
in
an
cial
lo
s
s
es
f
o
r
in
d
u
s
tr
y
an
d
in
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
f
o
r
o
r
d
in
a
r
y
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
.
Ou
r
m
ajo
r
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
t
o
co
m
b
i
n
e
an
aly
tical
an
d
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
m
o
d
els
with
th
e
B
ay
esian
n
e
two
r
k
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
h
av
e
a
r
ea
l
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
to
o
l
th
at
will
allo
w
th
e
d
is
p
atch
in
g
s
er
v
ice
to
m
ak
e
b
etter
p
u
r
c
h
asin
g
p
r
ec
is
io
n
f
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
an
d
t
h
er
m
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
o
v
er
all
co
s
ts
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
th
e
em
is
s
io
n
o
f
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as
es.
Fo
r
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
,
we
h
av
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
r
ee
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
ca
s
es.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
is
to
m
ain
tain
th
er
m
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
as
we
h
av
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
s
ee
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
s
o
lar
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
n
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
d
ec
o
l
o
g
ical
lev
e
l.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ce
n
ar
io
is
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
en
er
g
i
es
p
u
r
c
h
ased
b
y
allo
win
g
s
o
lar
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
to
r
e
d
u
ce
th
er
m
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
with
th
e
s
am
e
o
b
jectiv
es
th
at
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
s
ce
n
ar
io
is
to
p
lay
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
o
n
th
er
m
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
p
u
r
c
h
ased
en
er
g
y
to
allo
w
th
e
d
is
p
atch
in
g
s
er
v
ice
to
r
ed
u
ce
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
ec
o
lo
g
ical
im
p
ac
ts
as
m
u
ch
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
W
e
h
av
e
ap
p
lied
o
u
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
n
th
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
o
f
Ma
li.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
as
f
o
llo
ws:
i)
Sectio
n
2
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
B
ay
esian
esti
m
atio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
;
ii)
Sectio
n
3
p
r
esen
ts
a
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
;
iii)
Sectio
n
4
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
th
e
b
est
p
r
ed
ictio
n
; a
n
d
iv
)
Fin
ally
,
Sectio
n
5
p
r
o
v
id
es th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
an
d
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
I
ntr
o
du
ct
io
n
I
n
t
h
e
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
B
a
y
es
i
a
n
n
e
tw
o
r
k
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
i
n
s
ev
e
r
a
l
s
t
u
d
i
es
,
b
u
t
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
s
t
u
d
i
es
u
s
e
t
h
e
m
f
o
r
p
r
e
d
i
c
ti
v
e
m
ai
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
.
P
e
r
e
a
-
M
o
r
e
n
o
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
3
]
an
d
C
h
e
n
et
a
l
.
[
1
4
]
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
a
s
t
u
d
y
o
n
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
v
e
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
u
s
i
n
g
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
s
ti
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
W
e
b
e
r
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
5
]
a
n
d
S
a
m
é
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
6
]
h
a
v
e
s
t
u
d
i
e
d
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
v
e
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
o
f
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
m
u
l
t
i
-
s
ta
t
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
w
i
th
a
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
.
K
a
r
e
em
a
n
d
O
w
o
l
a
b
i
h
a
v
e
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
e
d
m
a
i
n
te
n
a
n
c
e
p
l
a
n
n
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
i
al
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
s
e
c
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
B
a
y
es
ia
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
[
1
7
]
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
u
s
ed
B
ay
esian
n
etwo
r
k
s
in
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
ec
to
r
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
W
e
ca
n
m
en
tio
n
,
am
o
n
g
o
t
h
er
s
,
Sica
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
,
wh
o
s
tu
d
ied
a
co
g
n
itiv
e
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
th
e
d
ef
au
lt
p
r
o
g
n
o
s
is
in
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
,
an
d
L
ee
an
d
P
an
[
2
1
]
h
a
v
e
a
co
s
t
-
b
en
ef
it
an
aly
s
is
o
f
o
f
f
s
h
o
r
e
win
d
en
er
g
y
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
B
ay
esian
n
etwo
r
k
ca
n
b
e
u
s
e
d
in
s
ev
er
al
d
o
m
ain
s
to
m
ak
e
th
e
r
i
g
h
t
p
r
ed
ictio
n
an
d
d
ia
g
n
o
s
is
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
o
u
r
wo
r
k
,
we
u
s
ed
it
in
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
elec
tr
icity
g
r
id
,
wh
i
ch
co
n
s
titu
tes
o
u
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
t
h
is
co
n
tex
t
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
1
(
a)
an
d
1
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
PV
g
e
n
er
ato
r
n
o
d
e
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
3
1
4
-
1324
1316
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
o
u
r
ce
,
wh
ich
h
a
s
as
ch
ild
n
o
d
es c
o
n
tr
o
l M
PP
T
an
d
co
n
v
er
ter
DC
/DC
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l
n
o
d
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ls
th
e
DC
/DC
co
n
v
er
ter
to
m
ain
tain
t
h
e
PV
g
en
er
ato
r
at
its
m
ax
im
u
m
o
u
t
p
u
t
.
It
is
b
ased
o
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV to
d
r
iv
e
th
e
DC
/DC
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
DC
/AC
in
v
er
ter
n
o
d
e
,
w
h
o
s
e
p
ar
e
n
t
n
o
d
e
is
t
h
e
DC
/DC
co
n
v
er
ter
n
o
d
e,
c
o
n
v
er
ts
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
PV
g
en
er
ato
r
in
to
alter
n
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
th
e
s
am
e
n
atu
r
e
as
th
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
e'
s
th
er
m
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
h
y
d
r
o
elec
tr
ic
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
an
d
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
a
r
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
th
at
co
n
s
titu
te
th
e
ch
ild
r
en
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
n
o
d
e
.
T
h
e
g
r
id
n
o
d
e
is
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
its
ch
ild
n
o
d
es
th
at
h
a
v
e
a
s
in
g
le
p
o
in
t
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tatio
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
o
d
e
h
as
f
o
r
p
a
r
en
ts
DC
/AC
an
d
g
r
id
in
v
e
r
ter
n
o
d
es,
wh
ich
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
th
e
two
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
th
em
to
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
.
I
n
o
u
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
we
h
av
e
co
m
b
in
ed
an
aly
tical
an
d
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
m
o
d
els
with
th
e
B
ay
esi
an
n
etwo
r
k
in
o
r
d
er
to
h
a
v
e
a
r
ea
l
d
ec
is
i
o
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
t
o
o
l
th
at
will
allo
w
th
e
d
is
p
atch
in
g
s
er
v
ice
to
m
ak
e
b
etter
p
r
ec
is
e
p
u
r
ch
ase
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
an
d
th
e
r
m
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
o
b
jec
tiv
e
is
to
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
o
v
er
all
c
o
s
ts
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
th
e
em
is
s
io
n
o
f
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
ases
.
2
.
2
.
G
l
o
ba
l a
pp
ro
a
ch
B
ased
o
n
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
s
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
les
,
a
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
is
d
esig
n
ed
with
a
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
f
o
r
PV
m
o
d
u
les
.
T
h
en
,
we
cr
ea
te
a
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
with
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
in
clu
d
in
g
:
h
y
d
r
o
elec
tr
ic
p
o
wer
s
tatio
n
s
,
im
p
o
r
te
d
en
er
g
y
,
a
n
d
th
e
r
m
al
p
o
wer
s
tatio
n
s
.
On
ce
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic/p
o
wer
g
r
id
,
we
m
o
d
el
an
d
o
p
tim
ize
t
h
is
s
y
s
tem
in
th
r
ee
s
tep
s
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
w
h
ich
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
m
y
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
is
as
f
o
llo
ws:
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
th
r
ee
p
h
ases
(
Fig
u
r
e
2
)
.
Ste
p
1
in
v
o
lv
es
d
esig
n
in
g
a
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
o
r
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
i
n
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT)
o
f
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
an
d
in
teg
r
at
in
g
it
with
th
e
elec
tr
i
c
g
r
id
.
I
n
s
tep
2
,
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaics
o
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
h
as
b
ee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
,
an
d
we
h
a
v
e
an
aly
ze
d
t
h
e
co
s
t
o
f
th
e
i
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
u
p
p
ly
s
er
v
ice
an
d
C
O
2
em
is
s
io
n
s
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Mo
d
elin
g
a
PV sy
s
tem
: (
a)
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
elec
tr
i
city
g
r
id
an
d
(
b
)
g
lo
b
al
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
g
r
id
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Glo
b
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
o
u
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
E
co
n
o
mic
a
n
d
ec
o
l
o
g
ica
l c
o
n
s
tr
a
in
ts
o
f h
yb
r
id
s
ystems
w
ith
…
(
A
ma
d
o
u
F
o
u
s
s
ey
n
i To
u
r
e
)
1317
2
.
3
.
M
o
dellin
g
o
f
t
he
hy
brid s
y
s
t
em
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
o
n
ce
th
ese
h
y
b
r
id
p
lan
ts
ar
e
in
s
talled
,
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
m
an
ag
in
g
th
e
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
o
f
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
u
n
p
o
s
es
a
m
ajo
r
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
e
B
ay
esian
n
etwo
r
k
ca
n
co
m
b
in
e
a
n
aly
tical
an
d
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
m
o
d
els
in
o
r
d
er
to
h
av
e
a
r
ea
l
d
ec
is
io
n
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
o
l
th
at
allo
ws
th
e
d
is
p
atch
in
g
s
er
v
ice
to
m
ak
e
b
etter
p
u
r
ch
asin
g
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
th
er
m
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
[
2
4
],
[
25
]
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
tatio
n
s
an
d
lo
ad
s
will
b
e
m
o
d
eled
b
y
B
ay
esian
n
etwo
r
k
s
an
d
th
en
we
will d
ev
elo
p
a
tim
ed
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
iag
r
am
wh
er
e
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
wi
ll b
e
in
jecte
d
in
to
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
o
f
in
ter
est at
ea
ch
m
o
m
e
n
t.
Fro
m
th
is
B
ay
esian
n
etwo
r
k
,
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
ex
p
er
t
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
an
d
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
a
d
atab
ase,
we
ca
n
ac
t
o
n
th
er
m
al
p
r
o
d
u
ct
io
n
,
wh
ic
h
is
a
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
p
o
llu
tio
n
,
d
e
p
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
a
lter
n
ativ
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
d
em
a
n
d
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
d
is
p
atch
er
ca
n
b
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
PV
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
d
aily
,
m
o
n
t
h
ly
,
o
r
ev
en
an
n
u
al
p
u
r
ch
ases
n
ea
r
i
n
ter
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
s
u
p
p
lier
s
.
Fo
r
th
e
m
ath
em
atica
l m
o
d
elin
g
,
we
w
ill u
s
e
th
e
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
er
v
atio
n
,
wh
ich
s
tates th
at
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
en
er
g
ies
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
m
u
s
t
b
e
eq
u
al
to
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
en
er
g
ies
co
n
s
u
m
ed
p
lu
s
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
lo
s
s
es.
Fo
r
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
o
in
t w
e
h
av
e
(
1
)
.
∀
ℕ
∑
(
)
=
1
=
∑
(
é
)
=
1
+
∑
(
)
=
1
(
1
)
F
ig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
o
u
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
wh
ic
h
in
clu
d
es
th
e
ess
en
tial
elem
en
ts
o
f
an
elec
tr
ical
in
ter
co
n
n
e
ctio
n
n
et
wo
r
k
,
n
am
ely
:
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
a
p
o
s
t
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
,
an
d
a
p
o
in
t
o
f
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
(
lo
ad
)
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atin
g
p
r
in
cip
le
is
s
u
ch
th
at
at
p
o
s
t
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
1
(
PD1
)
,
if
th
er
m
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
(
T
h
P)
an
d
h
y
d
r
o
elec
tr
ic
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
(
HP)
ar
e
n
o
t
s
u
f
f
ici
en
t
to
ass
u
r
e
th
e
elec
tr
ici
ty
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
th
e
lo
ad
1
(
L
1
)
,
p
o
s
t
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
2
(
P
D2
)
will
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
it
to
co
m
p
en
s
ate
f
o
r
th
e
o
v
er
lo
a
d
.
At
p
o
s
t
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
2
,
if
th
e
elec
tr
icity
d
em
a
n
d
s
o
f
th
e
lo
ad
2
(
L
2
)
an
d
th
e
d
em
an
d
o
f
th
e
p
o
s
t
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
1
(
P
D
1
)
ar
e
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
s
o
lar
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
(
SP
)
,
th
e
n
th
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
will
co
m
e
in
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
(
I
N)
.
W
e
h
av
e
m
o
d
eled
th
is
o
p
er
atin
g
p
r
in
cip
le
u
s
in
g
(
2
)
a
n
d
(
3
)
:
-
At
th
e
p
o
s
t o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
1
.
{
1
−
ℎ
−
≥
0
⇒
2
=
1
−
ℎ
−
1
−
ℎ
−
<
0
⇒
2
=
0
(
2
)
-
At
th
e
p
o
s
t o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
2
.
{
2
+
1
−
≥
0
⇒
=
2
+
1
−
2
+
1
−
<
0
⇒
=
0
(
3
)
Fo
r
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
B
ay
esian
m
o
d
el,
we
u
s
e
th
es
e
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
els
,
(
9
)
a
n
d
(
10
)
to
d
ef
in
e
a
b
in
ar
y
s
tate
v
ar
iab
le
o
f
th
e
p
o
s
t o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
P
D2
(
t)
an
d
t
h
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
n
etwo
r
k
I
N
(
t)
as
(
4
)
.
∀
:
(
2
(
)
)
=
(
1
|
ℎ
,
)
(
(
)
)
=
(
(
2
+
1
)
|
)
(
4
)
I
n
o
th
e
r
wo
r
d
s
:
2
(
)
=
{
1
1
−
ℎ
−
≥
0
0
(
5
)
(
)
=
{
1
2
+
1
−
≥
0
0
(
6
)
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
ies
f
o
r
all
in
ter
v
als
m
u
s
t
b
e
eq
u
al
to
1
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
v
ar
iab
les
th
at
h
av
e
p
ar
en
t
n
o
d
es,
s
u
ch
as
Po
s
t
B
am
ak
o
,
it
u
s
es
th
e
in
ter
v
als
d
ef
i
n
ed
f
o
r
th
e
th
er
m
al
p
o
wer
s
tatio
n
n
o
d
e
an
d
th
o
s
e
d
escr
ib
ed
f
o
r
th
e
lo
ad
B
am
ak
o
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
u
s
er
m
u
s
t
b
e
ex
p
er
t
en
o
u
g
h
to
d
eter
m
in
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
d
is
cr
et
e
in
ter
v
als
f
o
r
ea
ch
co
n
tex
t
v
ar
iab
le
s
o
th
at
all
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
(
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
p
ar
en
t
in
ter
v
als
an
d
v
ar
iab
le)
in
c
lu
d
e
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
d
ata
f
o
r
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
c
alcu
latio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
is
ca
lled
f
o
r
m
atio
n
wh
en
B
N
d
e
f
in
es
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
v
alu
es
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ata.
B
y
u
s
in
g
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
v
alu
es
with
p
o
s
s
ib
le
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
,
th
e
B
Ns
ca
n
d
ed
u
ce
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ev
id
en
ce
(
o
b
s
er
v
ed
d
ata)
.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
o
n
ce
f
o
r
m
ed
,
t
h
e
B
Ns
ca
n
a
n
s
wer
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
q
u
esti
o
n
:
"Wh
at
is
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
a
tar
g
et
n
o
d
e
(
eg
,
p
u
r
ch
ase
R
C
I
)
,
g
iv
en
th
e
v
alu
es o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
o
r
th
e
v
a
r
iab
le
co
n
tex
t (
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
th
er
m
al
p
o
wer
s
tatio
n
an
d
s
o
la
r
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
3
1
4
-
1324
1318
3.
M
O
DE
L
L
I
NG
AND
S
I
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
W
e
a
p
p
li
e
d
o
u
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
t
o
t
h
e
M
ali
e
n
er
g
y
in
te
r
c
o
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
g
r
i
d
(
E
DM
-
s
a
)
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
3,
wh
i
ch
en
s
u
r
es
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
o
f
ele
ctr
ici
ty
to
4
r
e
g
i
o
n
s
an
d
t
h
ei
r
m
aj
o
r
cit
ies
,
as
we
ll
as
t
h
e
c
a
p
it
al
o
f
M
ali
.
Hy
d
r
o
ele
ct
r
ic
p
o
we
r
p
l
an
ts
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
to
th
e
E
DM
,
t
h
e
r
m
al
p
o
wer
p
l
a
n
ts
,
a
n
d
a
la
r
g
e
p
a
r
t
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
p
u
r
c
h
ase
d
eit
h
e
r
f
r
o
m
a
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
in
g
c
o
u
n
t
r
y
(
I
v
o
r
y
C
o
as
t)
o
r
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
cti
o
n
o
f
M
an
a
n
ta
li
(
a
p
r
iv
a
te
s
e
ct
o
r
)
e
n
s
u
r
e
Ma
li'
s
ele
ct
r
ic
it
y
d
e
m
a
n
d
.
T
h
r
ee
3
0
MW
s
o
l
ar
p
o
we
r
p
l
an
ts
wer
e
c
o
n
n
e
ct
ed
t
o
3
el
ec
tr
icit
y
d
is
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
p
o
in
t
s
(
Ka
y
es
,
Kita
,
an
d
F
a
n
a
)
.
T
h
e
r
m
al
p
r
o
d
u
cti
o
n
is
co
lo
r
ed
r
ed
,
E
DM
-
s
a'
s
o
w
n
h
y
d
r
o
el
ec
t
r
i
c
p
r
o
d
u
ct
io
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
c
o
l
o
r
e
d
b
lu
e,
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
aic
p
r
o
d
u
cti
o
n
is
g
r
ee
n
,
a
n
d
p
u
r
ch
ase
p
o
i
n
ts
a
r
e
p
u
r
p
le
.
Dis
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
s
t
ati
o
n
s
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
p
o
i
n
ts
ar
e
c
o
d
e
d
in
y
e
ll
o
w
an
d
b
l
ac
k
,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
ely
.
F
r
o
m
t
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
t
h
es
e
d
a
ta
,
w
e
n
o
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
th
e
ele
ct
r
ic
it
y
s
u
p
p
ly
s
e
r
v
i
ce
o
f
M
ali
b
o
u
g
h
t
5
4
%
a
g
a
in
s
t
4
6
%
f
r
o
m
its
o
wn
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ct
io
n
.
Am
o
n
g
th
es
e
4
6
%
,
t
h
er
m
al
p
r
o
d
u
ct
io
n
is
3
4
%
,
a
n
d
1
2
%
h
y
d
r
o
ele
ct
r
i
c
p
r
o
d
u
ct
io
n
,
wh
ic
h
i
s
i
n
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
.
3
.
1
.
E
nv
iro
nm
ent
a
l
a
s
s
ess
m
ent
F
o
r
o
u
r
c
a
s
e
s
t
u
d
y
,
t
h
e
t
h
e
r
m
al
p
o
w
e
r
p
l
a
n
t
s
u
s
e
f
u
e
l
o
i
l
as
a
f
u
e
l
s
o
u
r
c
e
,
s
o
t
h
ei
r
e
m
is
s
i
o
n
r
a
t
e
s
a
r
e
7
3
0
g
/
k
W
h
a
n
d
o
n
t
h
i
s
b
a
s
i
s
,
w
e
c
a
n
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
C
O
2
e
m
i
t
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
M
a
l
i
.
T
h
i
s
r
at
e
w
i
l
l
b
e
m
u
l
ti
p
l
i
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
a
n
n
u
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
5
8
9
,
8
3
8
.
9
4
M
W
h
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
o
u
r
d
a
t
a
b
a
s
e
.
A
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
ti
o
n
s
,
t
h
e
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
p
l
a
n
t
s
e
m
i
t
t
ed
4
3
0
,
5
8
2
,
4
2
8
k
g
o
f
C
O
2
in
a
y
e
a
r
.
T
h
e
e
m
is
s
i
o
n
r
a
t
e
f
o
r
h
y
d
r
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
s
6
g
/
k
W
h
an
d
s
u
m
m
i
n
g
a
l
l
t
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
o
u
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
w
e
wi
l
l
h
a
v
e
1
,
1
3
6
,
3
2
5
G
W
h
/
y
e
a
r
[
2
3
]
.
A
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
t
h
e
e
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
f
r
o
m
h
y
d
r
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
r
e
6
,
8
1
7
,
9
5
0
k
g
/
y
e
a
r
.
T
h
e
t
o
t
a
l
C
O
2
e
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
is
4
3
7
,
4
0
0
,
3
7
8
k
g
/
y
e
a
r
.
3
.
2
.
Co
ns
t
ruct
io
n o
f
t
he
B
a
y
esia
n m
o
del
T
h
e
B
ay
esian
n
etwo
r
k
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
(
a)
is
th
e
ty
p
ical
m
o
d
el
o
f
o
u
r
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
n
et
wo
r
k
,
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
is
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
m
o
d
el
o
f
Ma
li’s
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
th
e
B
ay
esian
n
etwo
r
k
is
d
o
n
e
s
o
th
at
at
th
e
B
am
ak
o
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
o
s
t,
if
t
h
er
m
al
p
r
o
d
u
cti
o
n
an
d
its
o
w
n
h
y
d
r
o
elec
tr
ic
p
o
wer
s
tatio
n
s
ar
e
n
o
t
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
co
v
er
th
e
lo
a
d
s
o
f
th
e
city
o
f
B
am
ak
o
,
th
e
p
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
city
o
f
Fan
a
will
co
m
e
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
co
m
p
en
s
ate
f
o
r
t
h
e
o
v
er
lo
ad
.
At
th
e
Fan
a
p
o
s
t,
if
th
e
lo
ad
o
f
th
e
city
o
f
Fan
a
a
n
d
th
e
d
em
an
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
B
am
ak
o
p
o
s
t
ar
e
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
e
av
ailab
le
s
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lar
p
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d
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n
o
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Fan
a,
th
en
th
e
Seg
o
u
p
o
s
t
will
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
Sik
ass
o
's
p
o
s
t
wo
r
k
s
th
e
s
am
e
way
as
Fan
a'
s
.
I
f
n
o
PV
an
d
th
er
m
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
is
av
ailab
le,
all
th
e
ch
ar
g
es
will
b
e
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
th
e
o
wn
h
y
d
r
o
elec
tr
ic
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
th
e
I
v
o
r
y
C
o
ast an
d
Ma
n
an
tali
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
is
th
at
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
r
m
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
s
h
o
u
l
d
r
ed
u
ce
p
u
r
c
h
ases
at
th
e
lev
els o
f
Ma
n
an
tali a
n
d
th
e
I
v
o
r
y
C
o
ast.
Ou
r
m
o
d
el
w
as m
o
d
eled
an
d
s
im
u
lated
u
s
in
g
B
ay
esian
L
ab
n
etwo
r
k
s
s
o
f
twar
e
(
Fig
u
r
e
4
).
I
n
o
u
r
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
n
o
d
es
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
,
ea
ch
h
av
in
g
a
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
3
0
MW,
wh
ich
d
o
n
’
t
h
a
v
e
p
ar
en
tal
n
o
d
es,
wer
e
d
is
cr
etize
d
u
s
in
g
t
en
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
in
te
r
v
als
eq
u
i
d
is
tan
t
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilis
tic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
T
h
eir
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
ar
e
m
ad
e
o
n
th
e
b
asis
o
f
s
o
lar
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
s
ites
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
es o
f
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
lo
a
d
s
ar
e
d
is
cr
etize
d
o
n
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
in
ter
v
als with
a
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
es
o
f
th
e
p
o
s
ts
f
o
llo
we
d
d
eter
m
in
is
tic
r
elatio
n
s
wit
h
co
n
d
itio
n
al
e
q
u
atio
n
s
a
n
d
we
r
e
d
is
cr
etize
d
o
n
eq
u
id
is
tan
t
in
te
r
v
als.
T
h
e
Ma
n
an
tali
an
d
I
v
o
r
y
C
o
ast
p
u
r
ch
asin
g
n
o
d
es,
wh
ich
ca
n
tak
e
o
n
all
th
e
ch
ar
g
es
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
u
n
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
o
th
er
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
ar
e
d
is
cr
etize
d
o
v
er
eq
u
id
is
tan
t
in
ter
v
als
an
d
f
o
llo
w
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilis
tic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
ies
f
o
r
all
in
ter
v
al
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
eq
u
al
to
1
.
Fo
r
th
e
wo
r
k
,
we
r
elied
o
n
th
e
o
n
e
-
y
ea
r
d
ata
b
ase
co
llected
at
th
e
lev
el
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
icity
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
i
n
Ma
li.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Ma
li'
s
elec
tr
icity
s
u
p
p
ly
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
E
co
n
o
mic
a
n
d
ec
o
l
o
g
ica
l c
o
n
s
tr
a
in
ts
o
f h
yb
r
id
s
ystems
w
ith
…
(
A
ma
d
o
u
F
o
u
s
s
ey
n
i To
u
r
e
)
1319
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
B
ay
esian
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
Ma
li in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
: (
a)
d
y
n
am
ic
B
ay
esian
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
Ma
li
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
an
d
(
b
)
u
n
d
er
B
ay
esian
L
ab
s
o
f
twar
e
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Fo
r
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
,
we
in
jecte
d
th
e
8
7
6
0
d
ata
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
y
s
tem
(
eq
u
i
v
alen
t
to
o
n
e
y
ea
r
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
)
in
to
o
u
r
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
co
s
ts
o
f
th
e
SEL
I
NGUE
an
d
SOTU
B
A
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
n
o
t
b
ee
n
e
x
am
in
ed
,
s
in
ce
th
ey
a
r
e
E
DM
'
s
o
wn
h
y
d
r
o
elec
tr
ic
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
an
d
wh
i
ch
h
av
e
n
e
g
lig
ib
le
ec
o
lo
g
ical
im
p
ac
ts
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
er
m
a
l
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
.
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
(
a)
,
we
ca
n
s
ee
a
r
ed
u
c
tio
n
in
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
s
ti
ll
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
b
u
t
th
ese
v
alu
es
ar
e
o
n
ly
th
e
em
is
s
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
p
u
r
ch
ased
.
T
h
e
to
tal
C
O
2
em
itted
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ed
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
4
5
8
,
5
0
3
,
5
2
5
k
g
/y
ea
r
to
4
5
5
,
3
5
8
,
7
1
4
k
g
/
y
ea
r
.
Her
e
,
we
h
av
e
m
ad
e
a
s
im
u
latio
n
u
s
in
g
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
with
o
u
t
p
l
ay
in
g
o
n
a
n
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
(
th
er
m
al
an
d
p
u
r
c
h
ased
en
er
g
y
)
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
s
ee
if
it
wo
u
ld
b
e
b
en
ef
icial
to
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
th
e
en
er
g
ies p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
PV s
y
s
tem
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
en
er
g
ies p
u
r
c
h
ased
an
d
th
e
r
m
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
An
o
th
er
im
p
o
r
tan
t
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
p
ar
t
is
to
g
et
an
id
ea
o
f
h
o
w
m
an
y
MW
p
er
d
ay
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
s
er
v
ice
m
u
s
t
b
u
y
to
s
tay
in
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
Fo
r
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
,
we
f
ix
ed
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
en
er
g
y
p
u
r
ch
ases
an
d
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
it
g
r
ad
u
ally
s
o
as
to
b
alan
ce
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
Fo
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
th
e
s
er
v
ice
m
u
s
t b
u
y
ar
o
u
n
d
1
3
6
.
1
3
5
MW
p
er
d
ay
.
Fo
r
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
,
t
h
e
s
er
v
ice
m
u
s
t p
lan
to
b
u
y
1
6
4
.
1
5
7
MW p
er
d
ay
to
r
em
ain
in
t
h
is
s
ce
n
ar
io
.
Af
ter
h
av
in
g
f
o
u
n
d
th
e
c
o
n
d
i
tio
n
s
o
f
p
u
r
ch
ase
f
o
r
t
h
e
two
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
we
p
r
o
ce
ed
e
d
to
a
s
er
ies
o
f
s
im
u
latio
n
s
b
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
p
o
wer
s
to
b
u
y
.
T
h
ese
s
im
u
latio
n
s
h
av
e
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
p
lay
i
n
g
with
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
co
s
t
.
W
e
h
av
e
an
aly
ze
d
th
e
f
o
r
ec
ast
ca
s
es
o
f
1
7
5
MW,
2
0
0
MW,
2
5
0
MW
,
an
d
3
0
0
MW
in
Fig
u
r
es
4
-
6
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
illu
s
tr
at
es
th
e
tr
e
n
d
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
p
o
we
r
d
em
a
n
d
.
W
e
n
o
te
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
3
1
4
-
1324
1320
th
at
th
e
m
o
r
e
th
e
f
o
r
ec
ast
o
f
en
er
g
y
p
u
r
ch
ases
in
cr
ea
s
es
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
er
m
al
en
er
g
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
T
h
er
m
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
b
ec
o
m
es
lo
wer
th
an
s
o
lar
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
wh
e
n
we
p
lan
to
b
u
y
2
5
0
MW/d
ay
.
Fo
r
a
p
u
r
ch
ase
f
o
r
ec
as
t o
f
3
0
0
MW/d
ay
,
th
er
m
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
is
alm
o
s
t in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
em
i
s
s
io
n
b
alan
ce
f
o
r
ca
r
b
o
n
d
i
o
x
id
e
(
C
O
2
)
,
wh
ich
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
llu
tin
g
elem
en
t
in
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
ases
.
W
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
at
th
e
C
O
2
em
i
s
s
io
n
s
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
t
h
e
t
h
er
m
al
p
r
o
d
u
cti
o
n
an
d
in
v
er
s
ely
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
p
u
r
ch
ase
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
.
Fo
r
a
p
u
r
ch
ase
f
o
r
ec
ast
o
f
1
3
6
,
1
3
5
MW/d
,
th
er
e
was
an
an
n
u
al
en
er
g
y
p
u
r
ch
ase
o
f
8
0
3
.
3
6
GW
h
/y
ea
r
an
d
th
er
m
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
5
8
9
.
8
4
GW
h
/y
ea
r
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
an
em
is
s
io
n
o
f
4
5
8
,
5
0
0
,
0
0
0
k
g
/y
e
ar
(
Fig
u
r
e
5
)
.
T
h
is
em
is
s
io
n
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
to
8
7
,
8
4
0
,
0
0
0
k
g
/y
ea
r
an
d
1
5
,
6
6
0
,
0
0
0
k
g
/y
ea
r
f
o
r
a
p
u
r
ch
ase
f
o
r
ec
a
s
t
o
f
2
5
0
MW
an
d
3
0
0
MW,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
to
an
an
n
u
al
th
er
m
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
1
0
3
.
8
6
GW
h
/y
ea
r
an
d
9
.
5
4
GW
h
/y
ea
r
(
Fig
u
r
e
6
).
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
E
c
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
im
p
ac
t o
f
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
PV sy
s
tem
s
: (
a)
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as e
m
is
s
io
n
s
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
PV sy
s
tem
s
; a
n
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ly
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.
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h
e
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o
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ay
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e
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o
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ex
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en
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iv
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at
a
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d
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5
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n
FC
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s
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er
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al
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o
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d
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s
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en
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g
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6
.
1
9
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illi
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n
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u
r
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7,
c
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.
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u
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t
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ig
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u
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ig
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r
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,
t
h
e
r
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l
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ir
ab
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a
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I
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I
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2088
-
8
6
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co
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u
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itted
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Fig
u
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h
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al
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th
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t p
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5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
Ma
li
elec
tr
icity
s
u
p
p
ly
s
er
v
ice
ca
lled
Ma
li
en
er
g
y
(
E
DM
-
s
a)
in
clu
d
es
its
p
r
o
d
u
cti
o
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
co
n
s
titu
tin
g
h
y
d
r
o
elec
tr
ic
p
o
wer
s
tatio
n
s
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d
th
er
m
al
p
o
w
er
s
tatio
n
s
,
p
r
o
d
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ctio
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s
y
s
tem
s
Ma
n
an
tali
an
d
th
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in
ter
co
n
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ec
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
I
v
o
r
y
C
o
ast
,
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o
s
e
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er
v
ice
b
u
y
s
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
to
tal
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
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c
ed
d
u
r
in
g
2
0
1
8
was
1
,
7
2
6
,
1
6
4
GW
h
/y
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r
,
o
f
w
h
ich
2
3
7
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0
4
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h
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r
was
p
u
r
ch
ased
f
r
o
m
th
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eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
co
u
n
tr
y
,
I
v
o
r
y
C
o
ast,
i.e
.
1
4
%
o
f
to
tal
p
r
o
d
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ctio
n
,
an
d
6
9
7
,
8
1
8
GW
h
/y
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ar
was
p
u
r
ch
ased
o
n
th
e
in
te
r
co
n
n
ec
ted
g
r
id
o
f
Ma
n
an
tali,
4
0
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
to
tal
en
er
g
y
p
u
r
ch
ased
b
y
Ma
li'
s
elec
tr
icity
s
u
p
p
ly
s
er
v
ice
was
9
3
4
,
8
6
4
GW
h
/y
ea
r
(
7
5
%
f
o
r
Ma
n
an
tali
an
d
2
5
%
f
o
r
I
v
o
r
y
C
o
ast).
T
h
er
m
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
was
5
8
9
,
8
3
9
GW
h
/y
ea
r
o
r
3
4
%
o
f
to
tal
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
an
d
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
ele
ctr
ic
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
to
E
DM
Selin
g
u
e
an
d
So
tu
b
a
was,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
1
6
9
.
7
3
GW
h
/y
ea
r
an
d
3
1
,
7
3
1
G
W
h
/y
ea
r
,
i.e
.
1
0
%
an
d
2
%
o
f
to
tal
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
W
e
h
av
e
u
s
ed
B
ay
esian
Netwo
r
k
s
to
m
o
d
el
o
u
r
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
was
to
allo
w
th
e
d
is
p
atch
in
g
s
er
v
ice
to
h
av
e
a
d
ec
is
io
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
o
l
th
at
wo
u
ld
allo
w
th
e
d
is
p
atch
in
g
s
er
v
ice
to
m
ak
e
b
etter
p
u
r
c
h
asin
g
p
r
ec
is
io
n
f
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
3
1
4
-
1324
1322
en
er
g
y
an
d
th
er
m
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
Fo
r
th
at
,
we
h
av
e
co
m
b
i
n
ed
a
n
aly
tical
an
d
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilis
tic
m
o
d
els
with
t
h
e
B
ay
esian
n
etwo
r
k
.
A
f
ir
s
t
s
im
u
latio
n
was
m
ad
e
with
o
u
t
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
s
to
m
ak
e
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
ec
o
lo
g
ical
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
y
ea
r
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
th
is
s
ce
n
ar
io
d
o
es
n
o
t
b
r
in
g
e
n
o
u
g
h
ef
f
ec
t
;
th
e
to
tal
co
s
t
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
n
ly
r
ed
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
1
4
5
.
7
6
b
illi
o
n
FC
FA
to
1
3
6
.
5
5
b
illi
o
n
FC
FA
p
er
y
ea
r
,
a
g
ain
o
f
9
.
2
1
b
illi
o
n
FC
FA
,
an
d
C
O
2
em
i
s
s
io
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
e
d
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
4
5
8
,
5
0
3
,
5
2
5
k
g
/y
ea
r
to
4
5
5
,
3
5
8
,
7
1
4
k
g
/y
ea
r
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ce
n
ar
io
was
to
p
lay
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
o
n
th
er
m
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
an
d
p
u
r
ch
ased
e
n
er
g
ies
in
o
r
d
er
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
co
s
t
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
icity
s
u
p
p
ly
s
er
v
ice
in
Ma
li
u
s
in
g
PV.
I
n
th
is
p
ar
t,
we
h
av
e
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
th
e
f
o
r
ec
ast
o
f
th
e
en
e
r
g
ies
to
b
u
y
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
ec
o
lo
g
ical
ef
f
ec
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
h
o
wed
u
s
t
h
at
b
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
p
u
r
ch
ase
f
o
r
ec
ast,
th
e
to
tal
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
co
s
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
,
as
well
as th
e
C
O
2
em
is
s
io
n
s
.
I
n
co
n
cl
u
s
i
o
n
,
th
er
m
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
is
th
e
co
s
tlies
t e
co
n
o
m
ically
an
d
e
co
lo
g
ically
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
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M
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h
e
au
th
o
r
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wo
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th
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f
o
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u
p
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r
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r
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Hig
h
e
r
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s
titu
te
o
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h
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ies (
T
ec
h
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f
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