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2
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2
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T
h
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
i
cles
(
E
Vs)
p
o
s
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
allen
g
es
in
th
e
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
(
E
VC
S),
esp
ec
ially
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
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e
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g
y
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en
s
u
r
e
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
in
E
VC
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th
at
tak
es
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
asp
ec
ts
.
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h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
b
ei
n
g
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
is
s
p
ec
if
ically
cr
ea
ted
f
o
r
a
1
0
0
k
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E
VC
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d
u
tili
ze
s
th
e
f
ir
ef
ly
alg
o
r
ith
m
to
m
ax
im
ize
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
an
d
m
in
im
ize
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
co
s
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
in
clu
d
es
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
n
o
p
t
im
izatio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
co
m
b
in
es
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
with
th
e
f
ir
ef
ly
-
b
ased
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
wh
ich
co
n
s
id
er
s
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
,
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
,
a
n
d
tar
if
f
f
lu
ct
u
at
io
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s
.
Simu
lati
o
n
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
alg
o
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ith
m
is
ab
le
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
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p
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ile
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cin
g
ch
ar
g
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s
ts
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u
r
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g
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
also
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h
asize
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e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
r
ea
l
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tim
e
en
er
g
y
m
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a
g
em
en
t
t
o
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ess
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em
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d
f
lu
ctu
a
ti
o
n
s
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
a
d
v
er
s
e
im
p
a
cts
o
n
th
e
elec
tr
icity
g
r
id
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
clu
d
es
th
at
th
e
f
ir
ef
l
y
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
e
n
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
in
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
-
b
ased
E
VC
S,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
ess
en
tial
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
w
ith
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
lectr
ic
v
eh
icle
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
E
n
er
g
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
Fire
f
ly
alg
o
r
ith
m
Op
tim
izatio
n
R
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Sy
af
ii
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
Facu
lty
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Un
iv
er
s
itas
An
d
alas
L
im
au
Ma
n
is
,
Pad
an
g
2
5
1
6
3
,
W
est Su
m
atr
a,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail:
s
y
af
ii@
en
g
.
u
n
an
d
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
m
o
v
e
to
war
d
s
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icles
(
E
Vs)
m
ar
k
s
a
m
ajo
r
ch
an
g
e
in
th
e
au
to
m
o
tiv
e
s
ec
to
r
,
p
r
o
p
elled
b
y
th
e
u
r
g
e
n
t
n
ee
d
to
lo
we
r
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as
em
is
s
io
n
s
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
r
elian
ce
o
n
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els.
As
s
tate
au
th
o
r
ities
wo
r
ld
wid
e
im
p
lem
en
t
p
o
licies
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
E
V
ad
o
p
tio
n
,
th
e
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
is
tr
an
s
itio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
(
E
VC
Ss
)
,
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
f
o
ca
l
p
o
in
t
o
f
r
esear
ch
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
r
is
in
g
co
u
n
t
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
o
n
th
e
s
tr
ee
ts
n
ec
ess
itates
a
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
ex
p
a
n
s
io
n
o
f
c
h
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
to
en
s
u
r
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
f
o
r
u
s
er
s
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
aim
s
to
e
x
p
lo
r
e
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
ch
allen
g
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
E
V
C
S
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
in
u
r
b
a
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
an
d
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
o
f
f
er
ed
b
y
a
d
v
an
ce
d
e
n
er
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
in
teg
r
ate
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
o
p
tio
n
s
,
lik
e
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV
)
s
y
s
tem
s
,
in
to
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
i
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Op
timiz
in
g
en
erg
y
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t in
elec
tr
ic
ve
h
icle
ch
a
r
g
in
g
u
s
in
g
fir
efly
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
R
id
h
a
F
a
u
z
i
)
865
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
E
VC
S
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
is
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
,
e
n
co
m
p
ass
in
g
is
s
u
es
r
elate
d
to
s
ite
s
elec
tio
n
,
ca
p
ac
ity
p
lan
n
in
g
,
a
n
d
i
n
teg
r
a
tio
n
with
ex
is
tin
g
p
o
wer
g
r
id
s
.
T
h
e
r
a
p
id
g
r
o
wth
o
f
E
V
o
w
n
er
s
h
ip
h
as
led
to
a
s
u
r
g
e
in
c
h
ar
g
in
g
d
e
m
an
d
,
wh
i
ch
ca
n
s
tr
ain
lo
ca
l
elec
tr
ical
g
r
id
s
if
n
o
t
m
an
ag
e
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
.
R
esear
ch
in
d
icate
s
th
at
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
ca
n
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
im
p
ac
t
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
,
n
ec
ess
it
atin
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
th
a
t
o
p
tim
ize
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
o
p
er
atio
n
s
an
d
m
in
im
ize
th
eir
ef
f
e
cts
o
n
th
e
g
r
i
d
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
s
tr
ateg
ic
p
lace
m
en
t
o
f
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tatio
n
s
is
cr
u
cial
to
m
ee
t
u
s
er
d
e
m
an
d
wh
ile
en
s
u
r
in
g
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
v
ia
b
ilit
y
f
o
r
o
p
er
ato
r
s
.
Stu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
em
p
lo
y
in
g
d
ata
-
d
r
iv
en
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
c
an
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t,
u
ltima
tely
lead
in
g
to
b
etter
s
er
v
ice
f
o
r
E
V
u
s
er
s
[
5
]
−
[
7
]
.
E
n
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
(
E
MS)
p
lay
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
in
to
E
VC
Ss
.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
o
p
tim
izi
n
g
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
g
en
er
ated
b
y
PV
in
s
tallatio
n
s
,
th
er
eb
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
r
elian
ce
o
n
g
r
id
elec
tr
icity
an
d
lo
wer
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
ts
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tatio
n
o
p
er
ato
r
s
.
R
ec
en
t
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
E
MS
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
in
teg
r
atin
g
b
atter
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
s
with
PV
to
b
u
ild
a
m
o
r
e
d
u
r
a
b
le
a
n
d
ec
o
-
f
r
ien
d
l
y
ch
a
r
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
[
8
]
−
[
13]
.
B
y
e
m
p
lo
y
i
n
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
b
u
tter
f
l
y
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
r
ese
ar
ch
er
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ab
le
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
E
MS
in
m
an
ag
in
g
th
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
f
lo
w
b
etwe
en
th
e
g
r
id
,
P
V
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
E
VC
Ss
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
d
em
an
d
s
ar
e
m
et
ef
f
icien
tly
w
h
ile
m
a
x
im
izin
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
[
1
0
]
−
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
ad
v
an
ce
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
ts
in
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
o
p
tim
izatio
n
h
a
v
e
en
jo
y
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
,
esp
ec
ial
ly
wit
h
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
a
tiv
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
an
d
m
o
d
elin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es.
T
h
e
b
u
tter
f
ly
o
p
tim
izatio
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
,
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
h
as
ev
o
lv
e
d
i
n
to
a
v
al
u
ab
le
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
o
f
E
VC
S
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
ite
s
elec
tio
n
,
lo
ad
f
o
r
ec
ast
in
g
,
an
d
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
[
1
3
]
−
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
m
im
ics
th
e
n
atu
r
al
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
b
u
tter
f
lies
in
s
ea
r
ch
o
f
f
o
o
d
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
d
o
m
ai
n
to
f
in
d
o
p
tim
al
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
an
d
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
h
as
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
an
ce
d
th
e
c
ap
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
E
MS,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
a
n
d
ad
a
p
tiv
e
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t o
f
c
h
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
1
6
]
−
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
ap
er
s
ee
k
s
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
co
m
p
en
d
iu
m
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
b
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
g
ap
s
in
cu
r
r
e
n
t
liter
atu
r
e
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
E
VC
Ss
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
d
v
an
ce
d
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
f
o
u
n
d
in
its
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
s
tr
ateg
y
to
war
d
in
teg
r
atin
g
r
en
e
wab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
with
cu
ttin
g
-
ed
g
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
b
u
tter
f
ly
o
p
tim
izat
io
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
in
c
lu
d
e
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
c
o
s
t
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
an
d
m
in
im
izin
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
E
VC
Ss
.
B
y
ac
h
iev
in
g
th
ese
o
b
jectiv
es,
th
is
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
d
eliv
er
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
p
o
licy
m
ak
e
r
s
,
u
r
b
an
p
lan
n
er
s
,
an
d
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
er
s
i
n
th
eir
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
d
e
v
elo
p
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
an
d
ef
f
icien
t E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
e
[
1
9
]
−
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
AI
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
to
ev
alu
ate
th
eir
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
in
teg
r
atin
g
E
Vs
with
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
in
g
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
is
o
u
tlin
ed
as
f
o
llo
ws:
i)
T
h
e
r
em
ain
d
e
r
o
f
t
h
is
p
ap
er
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
ar
r
a
n
g
e
d
as
d
etailed
b
elo
w
;
ii)
I
n
s
ec
ti
o
n
2
,
th
e
m
eth
o
d
is
p
r
esen
ted
;
iii)
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
; a
n
d
iv
)
L
astl
y
,
s
ec
tio
n
4
c
o
n
tain
s
th
e
co
n
clu
d
in
g
r
em
ar
k
s
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tatu
s
o
f
E
Vs
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
a
g
r
a
d
u
al
in
c
r
ea
s
e
in
ad
o
p
tio
n
,
with
p
r
o
jectio
n
s
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
q
u
an
tity
o
f
E
Vs
is
ex
p
ec
te
d
t
o
r
ea
ch
n
ea
r
ly
2
0
0
,
0
0
0
u
n
its
b
y
th
e
e
n
d
o
f
2
0
2
4
.
T
h
is
g
r
o
wth
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
a
d
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
b
atter
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
with
m
an
y
E
Vs
n
o
w
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
b
atter
ies
th
at
h
av
e
a
ca
p
ac
ity
r
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
3
0
to
1
0
0
k
W
h
,
e
n
ab
lin
g
a
d
r
iv
i
n
g
r
an
g
e
o
f
u
p
to
4
0
0
k
il
o
m
eter
s
o
n
a
s
in
g
le
ch
ar
g
e
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
l
y
m
o
d
e
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
th
ese
v
e
h
icles
p
r
e
d
o
m
in
an
tly
u
tili
ze
s
alter
n
atin
g
c
u
r
r
en
t
(
AC
)
at
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
,
with
ch
ar
g
e
r
v
o
ltag
es
ty
p
ically
r
a
n
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
2
2
0
to
4
8
0
V,
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
ch
a
r
g
er
u
s
ed
[
2
3
]
.
C
h
ar
g
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
s
h
o
ws
a
p
r
ef
er
e
n
c
e
f
o
r
n
ig
h
t
-
tim
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
,
ca
p
italizin
g
o
n
lo
wer
elec
tr
icity
r
ates
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
g
r
id
d
em
an
d
d
u
r
i
n
g
o
f
f
-
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
.
Pu
b
lic
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
ch
ar
g
e
an
a
v
er
ag
e
r
ate
o
f
I
DR
1
,
5
0
0
to
I
DR
2
,
5
0
0
/
k
W
h
,
wh
ile
r
esid
en
tial c
h
ar
g
in
g
r
ates a
r
e
s
lig
h
tly
lo
wer
,
a
v
er
ag
in
g
I
DR
1
,
2
0
0
to
I
DR
1
,
8
0
0
/
k
W
h
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
is
p
r
icin
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
in
ce
n
tiv
izin
g
E
V
ad
o
p
tio
n
,
as
it
d
ir
ec
tly
im
p
ac
ts
th
e
r
atio
n
al
co
s
ts
f
o
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
.
I
n
p
ar
allel,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
'
s
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
p
r
esen
ts
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
ten
tial,
with
a
n
av
e
r
ag
e
in
s
o
latio
n
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
4
.
8
k
W
h
/m
²/d
ay
,
wh
ich
is
co
n
d
u
civ
e
f
o
r
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
atio
n
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
iatio
n
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia
ty
p
ically
s
p
a
n
s
ar
o
u
n
d
5
to
7
h
o
u
r
s
/
d
ay
,
d
ep
e
n
d
i
n
g
o
n
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
lo
ca
tio
n
an
d
s
ea
s
o
n
al
v
ar
iatio
n
s
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ts
f
o
r
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
ar
e
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
,
with
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
aim
in
g
to
in
s
tall
an
o
v
er
all
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
6
.
5
G
W
o
f
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
f
ac
il
ities
b
y
2
0
2
5
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
in
s
talled
ca
p
ac
ity
,
wh
ich
s
tan
d
s
at
ar
o
u
n
d
1
4
5
.
8
1
MWp
[
2
7
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
o
lar
h
o
m
e
s
y
s
tem
s
(
SHS)
h
as
g
ain
ed
tr
ac
tio
n
,
with
o
v
er
3
0
0
,
0
0
0
s
y
s
tem
s
in
s
talled
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
in
r
u
r
al
a
r
ea
s
wh
er
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
th
e
g
r
i
d
is
lim
ited
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
is
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
n
o
t
o
n
ly
en
h
an
ce
s
en
er
g
y
ac
ce
s
s
b
u
t
also
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
o
v
er
all
g
o
al
o
f
tr
an
s
itio
n
in
g
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
th
er
eb
y
m
i
n
im
izin
g
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
n
f
o
s
s
il f
u
els an
d
allev
iatin
g
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
im
p
ac
ts
[
2
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
8
6
4
-
8
7
2
866
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
On
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
an
E
MS
is
to
h
an
d
le
t
h
e
in
t
er
m
itten
cy
an
d
v
ar
ia
b
ilit
y
ass
o
ciate
d
with
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
As
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
b
y
Xia
et
a
l.
,
[
3
0
]
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
E
MS
h
a
s
b
ee
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
ts
in
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ie
s
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
(
I
C
T
)
,
wh
ich
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
cr
e
atio
n
o
f
n
et
-
ze
r
o
e
n
er
g
y
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
s
[
3
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
y
s
tem
lay
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
E
VC
S.
T
h
e
s
tatio
n
is
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
a
1
0
0
k
W
PV
s
y
s
tem
,
h
as
two
u
n
its
’
lev
el
3
DC
f
ast
ch
ar
g
in
g
f
ac
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
g
r
id
is
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
d
in
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
u
ti
lizatio
n
o
f
a
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
a
n
d
a
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
,
wh
er
e
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
is
lin
k
ed
to
th
e
b
u
s
v
ia
a
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
is
u
s
ed
f
ir
s
t
to
c
h
ar
g
e
th
e
E
V.
I
f
th
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
is
n
o
t
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
E
V's
n
ee
d
s
,
th
en
t
h
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
s
h
all
b
e
d
iv
er
te
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
o
wer
g
r
id
to
m
ee
t
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
f
ir
ef
ly
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
u
s
ed
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
c
o
s
t f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
E
Vs at
d
is
tin
ct
p
er
io
d
s
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
av
ail
ab
ilit
y
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t,
th
e
E
V'
s
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
,
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
er
io
d
,
an
d
th
e
p
r
esen
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
r
ate
ar
e
tak
en
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
as
in
p
u
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
T
h
e
c
o
s
t o
f
lo
a
d
in
g
an
d
u
s
ag
e
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
ar
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
as
a
n
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
ar
am
eter
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sy
s
tem
lay
o
u
t o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
E
VC
S
2
.
1
.
F
iref
ly
o
ptim
iza
t
io
n a
lg
o
ri
t
hm
-
ba
s
ed
ener
g
y
ma
na
g
e
m
ent
s
y
s
t
em
s
T
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
a
i
m
s
t
o
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
tw
o
g
o
a
l
s
:
r
e
d
u
ci
n
g
t
h
e
r
a
te
o
f
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
a
n
d
m
a
x
i
m
i
z
i
n
g
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
es
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
e
o
b
j
e
c
tiv
e
s
c
o
u
l
d
b
e
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
te
d
i
n
d
e
ta
i
l
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
(
1
)
.
Min
(
C
Charging
)
an
d
Ma
x
(
R
en
Ut
ilization
)
(
1
)
T
h
is
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
p
er
at
es with
in
th
ese
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
:
S
O
C
max
≥
S
O
C
i
≥
S
O
C
min
=
–
ℎ
;
(
2
)
0
≤
T
D
≤
2
and
L
Ch
=
3
≥
(
3
)
w
h
er
e
T
D
d
e
n
o
tes
th
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
c
h
ar
g
in
g
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
h
o
u
r
s
,
an
d
r
a
n
g
es
f
r
o
m
0
to
2
.
L
Ch
in
d
icate
s
th
e
lev
el
o
f
ch
a
r
g
in
g
.
W
ith
in
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
,
we
u
s
e
a
le
v
el
3
ch
a
r
g
er
(
2
2
-
5
0
k
W
)
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
p
o
wer
,
d
e
n
o
ted
as
PGen
,
is
co
n
tin
g
en
t
u
p
o
n
t
h
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
it
is
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
f
lu
ct
u
atio
n
s
in
elec
tr
icity
p
r
i
ce
s
with
in
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
E
VC
S.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Op
timiz
in
g
en
erg
y
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t in
elec
tr
ic
ve
h
icle
ch
a
r
g
in
g
u
s
in
g
fir
efly
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
R
id
h
a
F
a
u
z
i
)
867
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
SOC
)
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
is
ap
p
lied
to
p
r
ev
en
t
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
E
V
b
atter
y
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
b
atter
y
also
h
as
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
m
ee
tin
g
t
h
e
f
ast
o
r
s
lo
w
ch
ar
g
in
g
r
ate,
wh
ich
is
g
en
er
ally
in
lin
e
with
th
e
SOC
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
e
r
ef
f
icien
t E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
T
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
o
f
th
e
E
V
a
r
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
b
o
th
th
e
SOC
an
d
th
e
ca
p
ac
i
ty
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
.
I
n
th
e
m
o
d
el
p
u
t
f
o
r
war
d
,
t
h
e
m
in
im
u
m
an
d
m
a
x
im
u
m
SO
C
ar
e
s
et
a
t
2
0
%
an
d
8
0
%,
r
es
p
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
ca
p
a
cities
f
o
r
th
e
E
Vs
in
q
u
esti
o
n
ar
e
1
7
.
3
k
W
h
a
n
d
2
6
.
7
k
W
h
.
Nex
t,
t
h
e
elec
tr
icity
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
E
VC
S
o
n
its
o
w
n
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
at
least
eq
u
iv
alen
t
to
th
e
p
o
wer
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
E
VC
S.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
l
e
en
er
g
y
is
m
ax
im
ized
.
Du
r
atio
n
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
T
D
is
th
e
tim
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
f
u
lly
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
th
e
b
atter
y
.
T
h
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
is
s
tated
as d
etailed
:
T
D
= T
stop
−
T
start
− T
w
(
4
)
T
start
in
d
icate
s
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tar
t tim
e,
T
stop
in
d
icate
s
th
e
d
ep
a
r
tu
r
e
tim
e,
an
d
T
w
s
ig
n
if
ies th
e
waitin
g
tim
e.
T
h
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
f
alls
with
in
th
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tar
t
tim
e
an
d
th
e
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
te
r
m
in
atio
n
tim
e.
T
h
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
p
e
r
io
d
,
T
C
,
is
ca
teg
o
r
ize
d
in
to
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
(
5
PM
-
11
PM
)
a
n
d
o
f
f
-
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
(
1
1
PM
-
5
AM
).
T
h
e
to
tal
r
e
al
-
tim
e
co
s
t
o
f
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
d
e
p
e
n
d
s
o
n
f
o
u
r
in
p
u
t
p
a
r
am
eter
s
:
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
p
o
wer
,
th
e
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
o
f
t
h
e
E
V,
th
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
p
er
io
d
,
an
d
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t t
ar
if
f
.
R
ea
l
-
tim
e
co
s
t
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
f
o
r
E
Vs,
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
f
c,
is
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
s
ev
er
al
f
ac
to
r
s
,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
th
e
p
r
esen
t
r
ate
o
f
c
h
ar
g
in
g
r
ate,
r
(
t)
,
SOC
,
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
b
atter
y
(
C
Batt
)
,
an
d
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
(
T
D
)
.
E
Vs
at
lo
w
SOC
lev
els
ten
d
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
wil
l
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
t
o
tal
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
at
E
VC
S.
C
h
ar
g
in
g
co
s
t
v
ar
iat
io
n
s
o
cc
u
r
at
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
p
er
io
d
s
,
b
o
th
o
n
-
p
ea
k
an
d
o
f
f
-
p
ea
k
,
w
h
ich
ar
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
ased
o
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
o
f
f
-
p
ea
k
an
d
p
ea
k
tim
es
in
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
t
h
e
r
eg
io
n
an
aly
ze
d
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
o
ca
lcu
late
f
c,
a
ce
r
tain
in
teg
r
atio
n
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
in
th
e
tim
e
s
p
an
b
etwe
en
T
s
t
ar
t a
n
d
T
s
to
p
,
as e
x
p
lain
ed
b
el
o
w:
=
∫
(
−
)
(
)
(
5
)
2
.
2
.
F
iref
ly
o
ptim
iza
t
io
n mo
del
T
h
e
f
ir
ef
ly
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
a
m
et
h
o
d
in
s
p
ir
e
d
b
y
n
at
u
r
al
p
h
en
o
m
en
a,
wh
ich
is
ce
n
ter
ed
o
n
t
h
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
lig
h
t th
at
is
em
itted
b
y
f
ir
ef
lies
wh
en
th
ey
f
lash
.
T
h
is
f
lash
in
g
lig
h
t
u
s
u
ally
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
to
attr
ac
t th
e
atten
tio
n
o
f
id
ea
l
m
atin
g
p
a
r
tn
er
s
.
T
h
e
p
atter
n
o
f
lig
h
t
f
lash
es
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
an
d
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
th
e
li
g
h
t
p
u
ls
es p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
.
I
n
its
o
p
er
ati
o
n
,
th
e
f
ir
ef
ly
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
b
as
ed
o
n
t
h
r
ee
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
p
r
in
ci
p
les
[
3
2
]
:
−
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
f
ir
ef
l
ies,
all
in
d
iv
id
u
als
o
f
th
is
s
p
ec
ies
s
h
o
w
in
ter
est
in
ea
ch
o
th
er
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
g
e
n
d
er
.
−
T
h
is
in
ter
est is
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
th
e
lig
h
t e
m
itte
d
.
Fire
f
lies
th
at
em
it lig
h
t
with
lo
wer
i
n
ten
s
ity
ten
d
to
b
e
attr
ac
ted
to
f
ir
ef
lies
th
at
em
it
b
r
ig
h
ter
lig
h
t.
I
f
t
h
e
b
r
ig
h
tn
ess
o
f
lig
h
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
f
i
r
ef
lies
is
at
th
e
s
am
e
lev
el,
th
e
y
will
m
o
v
e
in
a
r
a
n
d
o
m
p
atter
n
.
I
n
ad
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i
tio
n
,
th
is
attr
ac
tio
n
also
in
c
r
ea
s
es
b
etwe
en
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
als.
−
T
h
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
lig
h
t e
m
itted
i
s
also
af
f
ec
ted
u
s
in
g
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
r
ele
v
an
t o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
T
o
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
ce
r
t
a
i
n
f
l
as
h
i
n
g
t
r
ai
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
f
i
r
e
f
li
e
s
a
r
e
i
d
e
al
i
z
e
d
.
T
h
e
f
i
r
e
f
l
y
alg
o
r
i
t
h
m
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
1
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1
.
B
ase
f
ir
ef
ly
alg
o
r
ith
m
p
s
eu
d
o
-
co
d
e
1: t = 0; s* =
∅
; γ = 1.0;
// setup: generation counter, optimal
solution, attractiveness
2:
P
(0)
= InitializeFA();
// setup a population
3:
while
(
t < MAX_
FES)
do
4:
α
(t)
= AlphaNew();// evaluate a new value for
α
5:
EvaluateFA(
P
(t)
,
f(s
)); // assess
based on
(
)
6:
OrderFA(
P
(t)
,
f(s
)); // sort
s
based on
f
(s)
7:
s*
= FindTheBestFA(
P
(t)
,
f(s
)); // identify the optimal solution
8:
P
(t+1)
= Move FA
(
P
(t)
);
//adjust the attractiveness as needed
9:
t = t +
1
;
10:
end while
T
h
e
d
ef
in
i
n
g
f
ea
tu
r
es o
f
th
e
f
i
r
ef
ly
alg
o
r
ith
m
:
=
0
−
2
(
6
)
=
‖
−
‖
=
√
∑
(
,
−
,
)
2
=
1
(
7
)
_
=
_
+
0
−
2
(
_
−
_
)
+
(
−
1
2
)
)
(
8
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
8
6
4
-
8
7
2
868
Sin
ce
th
e
f
ir
ef
ly
attr
ac
tiv
en
es
s
d
ir
ec
tly
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
b
r
ig
h
tn
ess
p
er
ce
iv
ed
b
y
t
h
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
f
ir
ef
lies
,
th
e
attr
ac
tiv
en
ess
β
at
a
d
is
tan
ce
r
ca
n
b
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
u
s
in
g
(
6
)
.
β0
is
th
e
attr
ac
tiv
en
ess
wh
e
n
r
=
0
,
an
d
γ
is
th
e
lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
th
at
m
a
n
ag
es
th
e
d
ec
lin
e
in
illu
m
in
ati
o
n
s
tr
en
g
t
h
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
p
er
c
ep
tio
n
,
th
e
in
ter
v
al
s
ep
ar
atin
g
f
ir
ef
lies
an
d
,
d
e
n
o
ted
b
y
xi
an
d
xj
,
is
f
o
r
m
u
lat
ed
in
(
7
)
.
,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
-
th
elem
en
t
o
f
th
e
s
p
atial
co
o
r
d
in
ate
.
b
elo
n
g
i
n
g
to
f
ir
ef
ly
i
,
an
d
d
th
e
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
al
q
u
an
tity
.
T
h
e
m
o
tio
n
o
f
f
ir
ef
l
y
i
d
r
aw
n
to
th
e
m
o
r
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
i
r
ef
ly
is
f
o
r
m
u
lated
in
(
8
)
.
T
h
e
f
ir
ef
l
y
o
p
tim
izatio
n
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
is
em
p
l
o
y
ed
in
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
E
VC
S to
d
er
iv
e
a
n
o
p
tim
ized
ch
ar
g
in
g
r
ate
f
o
r
th
e
i
n
teg
r
ati
o
n
o
f
r
e
n
e
wab
le
en
er
g
y
u
n
d
er
d
iv
er
s
e
in
p
u
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
p
u
t
to
th
e
f
ir
ef
ly
m
o
d
el
in
clu
d
e
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
,
th
e
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
el
ec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles,
th
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
in
te
r
v
al,
an
d
th
e
p
r
e
v
ailin
g
tar
if
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
t
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
th
at
ar
e
ev
alu
ated
as o
u
tp
u
ts
co
m
p
r
is
e
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
co
s
ts
an
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
elec
tr
icity
f
r
o
m
E
VC
S
is
co
n
tin
g
en
t
u
p
o
n
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
in
p
u
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
lik
e
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ity
f
o
r
th
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
m
a
y
b
e
en
h
an
ce
d
in
ca
s
e
th
e
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
in
p
u
t
is
ad
eq
u
ate.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
wh
en
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
is
u
n
a
v
ailab
le,
ele
ctr
icity
g
en
er
atio
n
is
m
ar
k
ed
ly
d
im
in
is
h
ed
.
T
h
e
en
e
r
g
y
d
em
a
n
d
s
o
f
an
E
V
ar
e
af
f
ec
te
d
b
y
b
o
th
th
e
ca
p
ac
i
ty
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
th
e
SOC
.
Var
iatio
n
s
in
p
o
wer
d
em
a
n
d
ar
is
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
ac
t th
at
E
Vs at
ch
a
r
g
in
g
f
ac
ilit
ies ex
h
ib
it d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
b
o
th
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
SOC
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
p
o
wer
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
f
lu
ctu
ate
d
u
e
to
th
e
h
eter
o
g
en
eity
in
b
atter
y
an
d
S
OC
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
am
o
n
g
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
i
cles a
t c
h
a
r
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
tim
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
ch
ar
g
e
el
ec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
u
tili
zin
g
ch
ar
g
in
g
lev
el
3
,
co
m
m
o
n
ly
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
DC
Fas
t
C
h
ar
g
in
g
,
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
is
co
n
tin
g
en
t
u
p
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
ele
m
en
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
th
e
v
eh
icle,
th
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
as
well
as
th
e
s
tate
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
at
t
h
e
tim
e
o
f
i
n
itiatio
n
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
T
y
p
ically
,
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
DC
Fas
t
C
h
ar
g
in
g
en
a
b
les
th
e
r
ep
len
is
h
m
e
n
t
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
b
atter
ies to
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
8
0
% with
in
a
tim
ef
r
am
e
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
3
0
m
in
u
tes to
2
h
o
u
r
s
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
tili
ze
s
th
e
f
ir
ef
ly
alg
o
r
i
th
m
.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
e
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
d
ep
en
d
o
n
th
e
en
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
ated
f
r
o
m
r
en
ewa
b
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
ch
a
r
g
in
g
d
u
r
atio
n
o
r
tim
e,
p
o
wer
d
em
a
n
d
f
r
o
m
E
Vs
,
an
d
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
tar
if
f
.
T
h
ese
tar
if
f
s
a
r
e
d
iv
id
e
d
in
to
two
,
n
am
ely
,
b
ased
o
n
p
ea
k
an
d
o
f
f
-
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
.
Nev
er
t
h
eless
,
ap
p
ly
in
g
th
is
r
u
le
r
eg
u
lato
r
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
tar
if
f
f
lu
ctu
ates a
cc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
v
ar
ie
d
in
t
er
v
als
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
is
a
th
r
ee
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
g
r
ap
h
d
ep
ictin
g
th
e
r
elatio
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s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
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is
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g
elec
tr
ici
ty
tar
if
f
s
,
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
,
an
d
ch
a
r
g
in
g
co
s
ts
,
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
ch
ar
g
in
g
co
s
ts
v
ar
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
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ased
o
n
ch
an
g
es
in
tar
if
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an
d
p
o
we
r
d
em
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n
d
.
C
o
s
t
v
ar
iat
io
n
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ar
e
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ee
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e
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ig
h
e
r
at
h
ig
h
er
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o
wer
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em
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d
s
,
with
ch
ar
g
in
g
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s
ts
r
ea
ch
in
g
u
p
to
I
DR
1
2
,
0
0
0
at
1
2
k
W
d
e
m
an
d
.
T
h
is
g
r
a
p
h
i
n
d
icate
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th
a
t
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if
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s
d
eter
m
i
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ed
b
y
tim
e
p
e
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d
s
(
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o
f
f
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p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
)
an
d
f
lu
ctu
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n
s
in
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
g
r
ea
tly
a
f
f
ec
t
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
co
s
ts
.
T
h
is
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
e
n
er
g
y
u
s
e
an
d
m
a
n
ag
in
g
ch
ar
g
in
g
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s
ts
,
s
o
t
h
at
it
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
in
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
tar
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f
s
ettin
g
s
an
d
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
e
n
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t stra
teg
ies.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
at
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
ca
n
d
ir
ec
tly
m
ee
t
th
e
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles,
r
ed
u
ce
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
n
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els,
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
o
v
e
r
all
en
er
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y
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.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
s
o
lar
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p
o
wer
ed
E
VC
S
th
at
s
u
p
p
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icity
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
d
ay
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n
m
o
t
iv
ate
E
V
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er
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ch
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g
e
d
u
r
in
g
o
f
f
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p
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k
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o
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r
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at
a
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s
t,
in
cr
ea
s
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g
ef
f
icien
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d
co
s
t
s
av
in
g
s
.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
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en
er
g
y
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r
ce
p
lan
n
in
g
an
d
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t,
as
well
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p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
s
tr
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ies f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a
)
e
x
p
l
ai
n
s
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
g
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n
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n
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ati
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r
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iti
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o
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h
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r
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Vs
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o
f
f
-
p
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ak
h
o
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r
s
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Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
s
h
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th
e
c
h
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o
f
ch
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em
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h
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t
in
cr
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p
o
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s
m
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th
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SOC
o
f
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atter
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V
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h
e
ch
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p
atter
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o
f
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V
b
atter
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is
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lu
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y
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,
wh
er
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SOC
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s
e
a
s
ig
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ican
t sp
ik
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in
p
o
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e
m
an
d
.
T
h
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o
r
e,
a
n
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e
r
g
y
m
a
n
ag
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en
t
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tem
is
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ize
ch
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g
in
g
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u
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ts
,
e
s
p
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in
lim
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ch
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g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
an
d
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
elec
tr
icity
p
r
ices.
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
c)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ch
an
g
e
in
R
en
ewa
b
le
u
tili
za
tio
n
to
war
d
s
p
o
wer
g
en
er
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n
.
C
h
a
n
g
es
in
th
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u
tili
za
t
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o
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en
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y
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o
lar
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s
,
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ig
n
if
ican
tly
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f
ec
t
th
e
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er
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ce
s
s
in
th
is
E
VC
S.
T
h
is
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VC
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y
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te
m
is
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esig
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ely
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o
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r
r
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m
ain
c
o
m
p
o
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en
t
i
n
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e
n
er
atin
g
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tr
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Ho
wev
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av
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icity
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e
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I
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s
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em
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atio
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Fig
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5
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V
ch
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s
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g
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e
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ir
ef
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o
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ith
m
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d
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t
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e
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ir
ef
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ith
m
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ly
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ir
ef
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ith
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th
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3
8
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DR
3
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0
0
.
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s
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ith
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r
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le,
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n
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DR
4
,
5
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I
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f
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o
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ig
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DR
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e
s
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tiv
ely
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h
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s
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ir
ef
ly
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o
t
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ly
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ed
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ce
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ch
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ts
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u
t
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er
s
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m
o
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o
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ical
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t so
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tio
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ak
i
n
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it a
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e
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ch
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g
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tech
n
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lo
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r
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g
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in
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n
d
o
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PT.
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as
th
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e
r
s
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e
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r
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r
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R
eg
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ased
o
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e
Min
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r
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n
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r
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r
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atter
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ased
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to
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Veh
icles,
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e
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ar
g
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at
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lic
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tr
ic
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cle
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et
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D
R
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h
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y
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s
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g
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e
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ir
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o
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m
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e
o
p
tim
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o
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VC
S
with
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y
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r
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ates f
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r
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u
r
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5
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h
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o
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t w
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t
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4.
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NCLU
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O
N
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ir
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ly
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ased
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o
n
s
tr
ated
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ig
n
if
ican
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im
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n
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n
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b
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r
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NC
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[
1
]
Y
.
Ji
a
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g
,
“
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y
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[
2
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P
.
D
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3
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e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
S
e
p
u
l
u
h
No
p
e
m
b
e
r
In
sti
tu
te
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
S
u
ra
b
a
y
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
,
i
n
2
0
1
1
.
He
is
a
d
o
c
to
ra
l
stu
d
e
n
t
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
F
a
c
u
l
ty
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
i
v
e
rsitas
An
d
a
las
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
His
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
e
lec
tri
c
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s
,
a
rti
ficia
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
re
n
e
wa
b
le
d
istri
b
u
ted
e
n
e
rg
y
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
rid
h
a
fa
u
z
i@u
m
ri
.
a
c
.
i
d
.
Az
r
iy
e
n
n
i
Az
h
a
r
i
Z
a
k
r
i
re
c
e
iv
e
d
t
h
e
b
a
c
h
e
l
o
r’s
d
e
g
re
e
fro
m
Un
iv
e
rsitas
B
u
n
g
Ha
tt
a
(UBH
),
P
a
d
a
n
g
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
He
r
M
a
ste
r'
s
a
n
d
P
h
.
D
d
e
g
re
e
s
fro
m
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
(UTM
),
Jo
h
o
r
Ba
h
ru
,
M
a
lay
sia
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
S
in
c
e
1
9
9
9
u
n
ti
l
n
o
w,
sh
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
Lec
tu
re
r
a
n
d
Re
se
a
rc
h
e
r,
a
lso
P
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
in
th
e
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
r
in
g
De
p
a
rtme
n
t,
Un
iv
e
rsitas
Riau
,
P
e
k
a
n
b
a
r
u
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
He
r
r
e
se
a
rc
h
in
te
re
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
p
o
we
r
s
y
ste
m
s
,
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
se
rv
a
ti
o
n
,
PMU
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t,
sm
a
rt
g
rid
,
d
istri
b
u
ted
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
in
telli
g
e
n
t
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
,
a
n
d
e
n
e
rg
y
sto
ra
g
e
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
a
z
riy
e
n
n
i@e
n
g
.
u
n
ri.
a
c
.
i
d
.
S
y
a
fi
i
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
B.
S
c
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
fr
o
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
N
o
rth
S
u
m
a
tera
in
1
9
9
7
a
n
d
a
n
M
.
T.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
Ba
n
d
u
n
g
I
n
stit
u
te
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
i
n
2
0
0
2
a
n
d
a
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
fro
m
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
i
n
2
0
1
1
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
fu
ll
-
ti
m
e
p
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
in
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
i
v
e
rsitas
An
d
a
las
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
a
re
re
n
e
wa
b
le
d
istri
b
u
t
e
d
e
n
e
rg
y
re
so
u
rc
e
s,
sm
a
rt
g
rid
,
a
n
d
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
c
o
m
p
u
tat
io
n
.
He
is
a
S
e
n
io
r
M
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
In
stit
u
te
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rs
(IE
EE
).
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
sy
a
fii
@e
n
g
.
u
n
a
n
d
.
a
c
.
id
.
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