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F
ig
u
r
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1
il
lu
s
t
r
ates
t
h
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g
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n
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m
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ltai
c
s
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m
[
1
]
.
T
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i
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p
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t
a
n
d
o
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t
p
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D
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/DC
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a
x
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m
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m
p
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n
t
tr
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g
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MPP
T
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c
o
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t
r
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r
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e
n
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ates
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p
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a
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p
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MPPT
c
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PV
a
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cu
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v
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[
2
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,
[
3
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o
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p
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[
4
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,
[
5
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.
Par
tial
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PS
C
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e
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th
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m
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n
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b
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PS
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s
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o
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ates
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ter
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atch
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T
h
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
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t
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MPP)
o
f
a
PV
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y
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ep
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P
V
m
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Fig
u
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b
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illu
s
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t
tech
n
iq
u
es
o
f
MPPT
[
6
]
−
[
9
]
.
An
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
(
ANN)
is
u
s
ed
in
th
is
wo
r
k
as
an
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
b
en
e
f
its
o
f
u
s
in
g
th
e
ANN
tech
n
iq
u
e
with
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
its
in
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
f
r
o
m
a
d
ee
p
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
in
ter
n
al
s
y
s
tem
c
h
ar
a
cter
is
tics
an
d
its
ab
ilit
y
t
o
i
d
en
tify
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
d
ep
e
n
d
e
n
t a
n
d
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t v
a
r
iab
les.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
y
p
ical
b
lo
c
k
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Po
wer
v
s
d
u
ty
cy
cle
o
f
a
PV sy
s
tem
f
o
r
(
a)
s
h
ad
in
g
p
atter
n
A
a
n
d
(
b
)
s
h
ad
in
g
p
atter
n
B
2.
T
H
E
O
RI
T
I
CAL A
NAL
YSI
S
2
.
1
.
Art
if
ici
a
l
neura
l net
wo
rk
An
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
(
ANN)
is
an
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
o
c
ess
in
g
m
o
d
el
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
h
u
m
an
b
r
ain
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
ANN
n
o
r
m
ally
s
tar
ts
with
th
e
in
p
u
t
lay
er
a
nd
en
d
s
with
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
lay
er
.
T
h
e
r
e
is
/ar
e
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
h
id
d
en
lay
e
r
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
lay
er
s
,
s
h
o
win
g
an
ANN
with
o
n
e
h
id
d
en
lay
er
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates
an
ANN
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
with
o
n
e
h
i
d
d
en
lay
e
r
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
lay
er
r
ec
eiv
e
d
in
p
u
t
d
ata
wh
ich
it
is
p
r
ef
er
ab
le
th
at
th
e
r
an
g
e
is
b
etwe
en
ze
r
o
an
d
o
n
e.
ANN
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
te
r
co
n
n
ec
ted
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
u
n
its
,
wh
ich
ar
e
ca
lled
n
eu
r
o
n
s
,
to
s
o
lv
e
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
p
r
o
b
lem
.
E
ac
h
n
e
u
r
o
n
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
o
t
h
er
n
e
u
r
o
n
s
b
y
a
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
lin
k
.
E
ac
h
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
lin
k
is
ass
o
ciate
d
with
weig
h
ts
th
at
c
o
n
tain
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
u
tili
ze
d
b
y
th
e
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
t
o
ad
d
r
ess
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
a
n
ar
tific
ial
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
(
ANN)
is
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
its
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
l
ea
r
n
,
r
ec
all,
an
d
g
en
er
alize
tr
ai
n
in
g
p
atter
n
s
o
r
d
ata,
m
im
ick
i
n
g
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
o
f
th
e
h
u
m
a
n
b
r
ain
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
elem
en
ts
in
an
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
(
AN
N)
ar
e
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
n
eu
r
o
n
s
.
E
ac
h
n
eu
r
o
n
p
o
s
s
ess
es
its
o
wn
in
ter
n
al
s
tate,
wh
ic
h
is
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
n
eu
r
o
n
'
s
ac
tiv
atio
n
lev
el.
T
h
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
s
ig
n
al
o
f
a
n
eu
r
o
n
is
tr
an
s
m
itted
to
o
th
er
n
eu
r
o
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
a
n
eu
r
o
n
in
ANN
an
d
th
e
lin
ea
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t o
f
a
n
eu
r
o
n
.
T
h
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
to
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
ity
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
n
e
u
r
o
n
s
ca
n
b
e
p
r
esen
ted
as
[
1
2
]
,
y
= f(
z
)
,
with
(
1
)
.
=
∑
+
=
1
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
y
is
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
n
eu
r
o
n
,
f
is
th
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
f
u
n
c
tio
n
,
m
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
p
u
ts
,
w
m
is
th
e
weig
h
t
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
in
c
o
m
in
g
in
p
u
t x
m
,
an
d
b
is
an
o
f
f
s
et.
2
.
2
.
Act
iv
a
t
i
o
n f
un
ct
io
ns
2
.
2
.
1
.
Sig
m
o
id
T
h
e
s
ig
m
o
id
ac
tiv
atio
n
f
u
n
cti
o
n
is
a
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
ac
tiv
a
tio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
1
3
]
.
I
t
m
ap
s
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
alu
e
to
a
r
an
g
e
b
etwe
en
0
a
n
d
1
.
Ma
th
em
ati
ca
lly
,
it is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
2
)
[
1
4
]
.
(
)
=
1
1
+
−
(
2
)
T
h
e
s
ig
m
o
id
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
its
S
-
s
h
ap
ed
cu
r
v
e
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
I
t
ta
k
es
an
y
r
ea
l
-
v
alu
ed
in
p
u
t a
n
d
s
q
u
ash
es it to
th
e
(
0
,
1
)
r
an
g
e,
m
a
k
in
g
it
u
s
ef
u
l f
o
r
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
ies o
r
b
i
n
ar
y
class
if
icatio
n
s
.
2
.
2
.
2
.
H
y
perbo
lic
t
a
ng
ent
T
h
e
h
y
p
e
r
b
o
lic
tan
g
en
t
ac
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a
tio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
co
m
m
o
n
ly
k
n
o
wn
as
T
an
h
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is
an
o
th
er
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o
p
u
l
ar
ch
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ice.
T
an
h
is
an
ac
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atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
th
at
is
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
s
ig
m
o
i
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
b
u
t it
m
ap
s
its
in
p
u
t
to
a
r
a
n
g
e
b
etwe
en
-
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
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8
6
9
4
I
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t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
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20
25
:
1
1
7
4
-
1183
1176
1
an
d
1
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
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a
wid
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u
t
p
u
t
r
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g
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t
h
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th
e
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ig
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n
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1
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h
e
T
an
h
ac
tiv
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f
u
n
ct
io
n
is
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ef
in
ed
as
(
3
)
[
1
5
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.
(
)
=
−
−
+
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(
3
)
T
an
h
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
u
p
o
n
t
h
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
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e
s
ig
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n
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m
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te
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wh
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elp
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r
ev
en
t
th
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a
n
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g
g
r
ad
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o
b
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o
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e
ex
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n
t.
Ho
wev
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it
s
till
s
u
f
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
v
an
is
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g
g
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e
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th
e
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g
e
[
-
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1
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,
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e
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tr
ain
in
g
f
o
r
d
ee
p
n
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r
k
s
.
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esp
ite
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g
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etter
th
an
th
e
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ig
m
o
id
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
s
o
m
e
ca
s
es,
T
an
h
s
till
h
as
s
o
m
e
s
h
o
r
tco
m
in
g
s
th
at
h
av
e
led
to
th
e
p
o
p
u
lar
ity
o
f
th
e
r
ec
tifie
d
lin
ea
r
u
n
it
(
R
eL
U)
an
d
its
v
ar
ian
ts
.
T
h
e
m
ain
d
r
awb
ac
k
o
f
T
an
h
is
th
at
it
ca
n
ex
h
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it
s
atu
r
ated
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eh
a
v
io
r
o
u
t
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id
e
th
e
r
an
g
e
[
-
1
,
1
]
,
lea
d
in
g
t
o
s
lo
w
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
an
d
g
r
a
d
ien
ts
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
g
ze
r
o
in
th
o
s
e
r
e
g
io
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
ill
u
s
tr
ates
th
e
T
an
h
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
ANN
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Stru
ctu
r
e
o
f
n
eu
r
o
n
i
n
ANN
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Sig
m
o
id
f
u
n
ctio
n
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
a
n
h
f
u
n
ctio
n
2
.
2
.
3
.
Rec
t
if
ied
lin
ea
r
un
it
T
h
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
o
f
Sig
m
o
id
a
n
d
T
a
n
h
ac
tiv
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ar
e
th
eir
te
n
d
en
c
y
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
atu
r
ated
o
u
tp
u
ts
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
h
eig
h
ten
ed
c
o
m
p
lex
ity
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
r
ec
tifie
d
lin
e
ar
u
n
it
(
R
eL
U)
h
as
em
er
g
ed
as
th
e
lea
d
in
g
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
ac
tiv
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
d
u
e
to
its
s
im
p
licity
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
wr
itten
as
(
4
)
[
1
6
]
.
(
)
=
{
if
≥
0
0
othe
r
w
ise
(
4
)
T
h
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
R
eL
u
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
2
.
2
.
4
.
So
f
t
plu
s
T
h
e
s
o
f
tp
lu
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
er
v
es
as
a
s
m
o
o
th
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
o
f
th
e
R
eL
U
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
e
lim
in
atin
g
th
e
co
r
n
er
p
o
i
n
t
in
th
e
R
eL
U
g
r
ap
h
an
d
s
u
b
s
titu
tin
g
it
with
a
g
en
tle
cu
r
v
e.
So
f
tp
lu
s
p
r
ese
n
ts
an
alter
n
ativ
e
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
S
o
ft p
lu
s
fu
n
ctio
n
tr
a
in
ed
a
r
tifi
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eu
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k
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a
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ma
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m
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Ha
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1177
R
eL
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d
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if
f
er
en
tiab
ilit
y
an
d
th
e
ea
s
e
with
wh
i
ch
its
d
er
iv
ativ
e
ca
n
b
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
.
T
h
e
(
5
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
o
f
tp
lu
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
o
r
m
u
la
[
1
7
]
.
(
)
=
ln
(
1
+
)
(
5
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates th
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
s
o
f
t
p
lu
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
R
eL
U
f
u
n
ctio
n
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
So
f
t
p
lu
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
3.
M
O
T
I
VAT
I
O
N
AND
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
Fro
m
th
e
r
ev
iew
o
f
ANN
-
b
ased
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
s
[
1
8
]
−
[
2
6
]
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
d
esig
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
u
tili
ze
th
e
s
ig
m
o
id
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
th
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
o
r
ANN.
Ho
wev
er
,
n
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
d
esig
n
s
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
f
tp
lu
s
ac
tiv
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
r
in
clu
d
e
h
ar
d
war
e
v
alid
atio
n
f
o
r
ANN
-
b
ased
MPPT.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
m
o
ti
v
atio
n
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
is
to
d
esig
n
a
s
o
f
tp
lu
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
tr
ai
n
ed
ANN
-
b
ased
MPPT
(
SP
-
AN
N
MPPT)
u
s
in
g
b
y
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
is
th
e
n
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
w
ith
a
s
ig
m
o
id
f
u
n
ctio
n
tr
ain
ed
ANN
-
b
ased
MPPT
(
SM
-
ANN
MPPT)
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
l
o
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
MPPT.
T
h
e
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
y
p
r
ac
ticin
g
ANN.
A
m
u
lti
-
lay
er
p
er
ce
p
tr
o
n
(
M
L
P)
is
elec
ted
in
th
i
s
p
ap
er
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
lay
er
s
ar
e
th
e
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
o
f
ea
ch
PV
m
o
d
u
le
an
d
th
e
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
h
id
d
en
lay
e
r
co
n
tain
s
1
5
0
n
eu
r
o
n
s
,
wh
ich
r
ec
eiv
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
p
u
t
lay
er
an
d
s
en
d
it
to
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
lay
e
r
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
lay
e
r
co
n
tain
s
a
n
eu
r
o
n
t
h
at
in
d
icate
s
th
e
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
o
f
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
is
ev
alu
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
o
th
s
im
u
la
tio
n
an
d
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
test
in
g
.
Fo
r
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
ev
alu
atio
n
,
a
Simu
lin
k
m
o
d
el
is
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
,
as illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
T
h
e
elec
t
r
ical
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
ar
e
s
et
ar
e
L
=
1
0
0
µH
,
C
=
2
0
µF,
an
d
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
(
f
s
w)
is
3
1
k
Hz.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
is
to
co
llect
d
ata
f
o
r
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
o
f
th
e
ANN.
T
o
g
at
h
er
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
d
ata
v
alu
es,
th
e
m
o
d
el
is
test
ed
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
wea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
w
ith
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
r
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
5
0
0
to
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
30
°C
to
4
0
°C
.
T
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
(
MPP)
an
d
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
d
u
ty
cy
cle
f
o
r
ea
ch
wea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
ar
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
.
T
h
e
d
ataset
is
d
i
v
id
ed
i
n
to
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
:
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
v
alid
atio
n
d
a
ta.
T
h
e
t
r
ain
in
g
d
ata
is
u
s
ed
to
tr
ain
th
e
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
wh
il
e
th
e
v
alid
ati
o
n
d
ata
is
u
tili
ze
d
to
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
tr
ai
n
ed
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
I
n
th
is
s
im
u
latio
n
,
th
e
d
ataset
co
m
p
r
is
es
1
5
tr
ain
in
g
s
am
p
les
an
d
5
v
alid
atio
n
s
a
m
p
les.
B
o
th
th
e
S
P
-
ANN
an
d
SM
-
ANN
m
o
d
els ar
e
tr
ain
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
ac
k
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
[
2
7
]
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
in
MA
T
L
AB
.
Nex
t,
an
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
ev
alu
a
t
io
n
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
A
m
ai
n
b
o
ar
d
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
a
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
m
o
d
u
les
f
o
r
s
en
s
in
g
v
o
ltag
e,
c
u
r
r
en
t,
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e,
an
d
ir
r
ad
i
an
ce
was
d
esig
n
ed
an
d
f
ab
r
ica
ted
as
a
s
in
g
le
PC
B
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
ar
e
i
d
en
tic
al
to
th
o
s
e
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
s
im
u
lat
io
n
m
o
d
el
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
An
Ar
d
u
in
o
Me
g
a
2
5
6
0
was
s
elec
ted
as
t
h
e
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
in
ter
f
ac
i
n
g
wi
th
th
e
m
ain
b
o
ar
d
v
ia
h
ea
d
er
p
in
s
,
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
as
an
MPPT
ch
ar
g
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
.
Fig
u
r
e
s
1
2
(
a)
a
n
d
12
(
b
)
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
o
f
a
PV
m
o
d
u
le
an
d
th
e
o
v
er
all
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
.
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
les
ar
e
s
h
ad
ed
with
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
atter
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
les’
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
s
,
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e,
an
d
t
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
d
u
ty
c
y
cl
es
ar
e
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
to
f
o
r
m
th
e
d
at
aset
f
o
r
tr
ain
in
g
a
n
d
v
alid
atio
n
.
T
h
e
d
ata
is
s
en
t
to
t
h
e
lap
to
p
v
ia
s
er
ial
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
.
I
n
th
is
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
ev
a
lu
atio
n
,
1
0
0
d
ata
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
3
0
d
ata
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
v
alid
atio
n
.
T
h
e
b
ac
k
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Af
ter
tr
ain
in
g
,
th
e
o
p
tim
ized
weig
h
ts
an
d
b
iases
w
er
e
th
en
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
an
A
r
d
u
in
o
Me
g
a
2
5
6
0
,
wh
ich
s
er
v
e
as
an
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
1
7
4
-
1183
1178
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
ANN
-
b
ase
d
MPPT
s
y
s
tem
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Simu
lin
k
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
s
im
u
latio
n
v
alid
atio
n
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
is
ev
alu
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
o
th
s
im
u
la
tio
n
an
d
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
test
in
g
.
Fo
r
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
ev
alu
atio
n
,
a
Simu
lin
k
m
o
d
el
is
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
,
as illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
T
h
e
elec
t
r
ical
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
ar
e
s
et
ar
e
L
=
100
µH
,
C
=
2
0
µF,
an
d
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
(
f
s
w)
is
3
1
k
Hz.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
is
to
co
llect
d
ata
f
o
r
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
o
f
ANN.
T
o
g
ath
e
r
v
ar
iety
o
f
d
ata
v
alu
es,
th
e
m
o
d
el
is
test
ed
u
n
d
er
v
ar
i
o
u
s
wea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
with
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
5
0
0
t
o
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
an
d
t
em
p
er
at
u
r
e
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
3
0
°C
to
4
0
°C
.
T
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
(
MPP)
an
d
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
d
u
ty
cy
cle
f
o
r
ea
ch
wea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
ar
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
.
T
h
e
d
ataset
is
d
i
v
id
ed
i
n
to
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
:
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
v
alid
atio
n
d
ata.
T
h
e
t
r
ain
in
g
d
ata
is
u
s
ed
to
tr
ain
th
e
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
wh
il
e
th
e
v
alid
ati
o
n
d
ata
is
u
tili
ze
d
to
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
tr
ai
n
ed
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
I
n
th
is
s
im
u
latio
n
,
th
e
d
ataset
co
m
p
r
is
es
1
5
tr
ain
in
g
s
am
p
les
an
d
5
v
alid
atio
n
s
a
m
p
les.
B
o
th
th
e
SP
-
ANN
an
d
SM
-
ANN
m
o
d
els ar
e
tr
ain
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
ac
k
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
[
2
7
]
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
in
MA
T
L
AB
.
Nex
t,
an
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
ev
alu
at
io
n
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
A
m
ai
n
b
o
ar
d
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
a
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
m
o
d
u
les
f
o
r
s
en
s
in
g
v
o
ltag
e,
c
u
r
r
en
t,
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e,
an
d
ir
r
ad
i
an
ce
was
d
esig
n
ed
an
d
f
ab
r
ica
ted
as
a
s
in
g
le
PC
B
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
ar
e
i
d
en
tic
al
to
th
o
s
e
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
s
im
u
lat
io
n
m
o
d
el
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
An
Ar
d
u
in
o
Me
g
a
2
5
6
0
was
s
elec
ted
as
t
h
e
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
in
ter
f
ac
i
n
g
wi
th
th
e
m
ain
b
o
ar
d
v
ia
h
ea
d
er
p
in
s
,
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
as
an
MPPT
ch
ar
g
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
.
Fig
u
r
es
1
2
(
a)
a
n
d
1
2
(
b
)
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
o
f
a
PV
m
o
d
u
le
an
d
th
e
o
v
er
all
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
.
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
les
ar
e
s
h
ad
ed
with
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
atter
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
les’
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
s
,
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e,
an
d
t
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
d
u
ty
c
y
cl
es
ar
e
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
to
f
o
r
m
th
e
d
at
aset
f
o
r
tr
ain
in
g
a
n
d
v
alid
atio
n
.
T
h
e
d
ata
is
s
en
t
to
t
h
e
lap
to
p
v
ia
s
er
ial
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
.
I
n
th
is
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
ev
a
lu
atio
n
,
1
0
0
d
ata
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
3
0
d
ata
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
v
alid
atio
n
.
T
h
e
b
ac
k
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Af
ter
tr
ain
in
g
,
th
e
o
p
tim
ized
weig
h
ts
an
d
b
iases
w
er
e
th
en
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
an
A
r
d
u
in
o
Me
g
a
2
5
6
0
,
wh
ich
s
er
v
es
as
an
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
S
o
ft p
lu
s
fu
n
ctio
n
tr
a
in
ed
a
r
tifi
cia
l n
eu
r
a
l n
etw
o
r
k
b
a
s
ed
ma
ximu
m
p
o
w
er
…
(
Lio
n
g
Ha
n
Wen
)
1179
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
MPPT
ch
ar
g
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
: (
a)
to
p
v
iew
an
d
(
b
)
s
id
e
v
iew
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
E
x
p
e
r
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
f
o
r
(
a
)
PV
m
o
d
u
le
an
d
(
b
)
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
4.
RE
SU
L
T
AND
DI
SCUS
SI
O
N
4
.
1
.
Sim
ula
t
i
o
n
re
s
ults
Fig
u
r
es
1
3
an
d
1
4
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
v
alid
atio
n
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
p
lo
ts
f
o
r
SP
-
ANN
an
d
SM
-
ANN
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
Simu
lin
k
m
o
d
el
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
T
h
e
tr
ain
i
n
g
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
R
-
s
q
u
ar
ed
v
alu
e
s
f
o
r
SP
-
ANN
an
d
SM
-
ANN
ar
e
0
.
7
9
2
2
a
n
d
0
.
5
5
6
1
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
w
h
ile
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
R
-
s
q
u
ar
e
d
v
alu
es
ar
e
0
.
9
1
6
6
an
d
0
.
6
8
8
7
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
SP
-
ANN
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
SM
-
ANN.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
p
r
o
v
id
es m
o
tiv
atio
n
to
f
u
r
t
h
er
v
alid
ate
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
ex
p
er
im
en
tally
.
4
.
2
.
E
x
perim
ent
a
l r
esu
lt
s
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
5
d
ep
i
c
t
s
th
e
m
e
an
s
q
u
ar
e
d
e
r
r
o
r
(
M
S
E
)
p
lo
t
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
s
o
f
tp
l
u
s
f
u
n
c
t
io
n
t
r
a
in
ed
A
N
N
(
S
P
-
A
N
N
)
an
d
s
i
g
m
o
i
d
f
u
n
c
t
io
n
tr
a
i
n
ed
A
N
N
(
S
M
-
A
N
N)
f
o
r
th
e
ex
p
e
r
i
m
en
t
a
l m
o
d
e
l a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
2
(
b
)
.
B
o
t
h
t
h
e
t
r
a
i
n
in
g
an
d
v
a
l
i
d
a
t
io
n
c
u
r
v
e
s
a
r
e
d
ec
r
e
a
s
in
g
,
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
t
h
at
t
h
e
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
wo
r
k
s
a
r
e
t
r
a
i
n
ed
w
e
l
l
.
T
h
e
s
m
o
o
th
n
e
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
u
r
v
e
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
5
(
a
)
i
s
h
ig
h
e
r
th
a
n
th
a
t
o
f
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
5
(
b
)
.
T
h
i
s
i
n
d
ic
a
t
e
s
t
h
a
t
S
P
-
A
NN
c
a
n
le
a
r
n
in
a
s
t
ab
l
e
an
d
co
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
t
m
a
n
n
e
r
i
f
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
w
it
h
S
M
-
A
N
N.
T
h
e
b
e
s
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
S
P
-
A
N
N
a
n
d
S
M
-
A
N
N
tr
a
i
n
in
g
s
was
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
d
a
t
ep
o
ch
1
0
0
0
0
0
an
d
6
4
3
1
0
,
an
d
t
h
e
M
S
E
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
d
is
0
.
0
0
3
1
7
a
n
d
0
.
0
6
3
.
Ad
d
i
t
io
n
a
l
ly
,
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
en
c
e
b
e
t
w
ee
n
t
h
e
tr
a
i
n
in
g
a
n
d
v
a
l
id
a
t
i
o
n
c
u
r
v
e
s
o
f
S
P
-
A
N
N
i
s
s
m
a
l
ler
t
h
a
n
t
h
a
t
o
f
S
M
-
A
N
N.
T
h
i
s
in
d
i
c
a
te
s
t
h
a
t
S
P
-
A
N
N
ca
n
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
th
e
d
u
ty
c
y
c
l
e
m
o
r
e
a
cc
u
r
a
t
e
ly
th
an
S
M
-
A
N
N
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
s
e
e
n
a
n
d
u
n
s
e
en
s
i
t
u
a
t
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
SP
-
ANN
an
d
SM
-
ANN
is
f
u
r
th
er
v
alid
ated
b
y
u
s
in
g
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
1
6
a
n
d
1
7
.
Fro
m
th
e
s
tatis
tical
r
esu
lts
,
it
is
ev
id
en
t
th
at
SM
-
ANN
s
tr
u
g
g
les
to
ac
cu
r
ately
p
r
ed
ict
d
u
ty
cy
cles
b
elo
w
0
.
4
.
SP
-
ANN
s
h
o
ws
an
ex
ce
llen
t
R
-
s
q
u
ar
ed
in
b
o
t
h
tr
a
in
in
g
a
n
d
v
alid
atio
n
if
co
m
p
a
r
ed
with
SM
-
ANN.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
SP
-
ANN
ca
n
b
etter
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
d
ata
th
an
SM
-
ANN.
I
n
th
e
f
i
n
al
s
tep
,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
SP
-
ANN
an
d
SM
-
ANN
-
b
ased
MPPT
m
e
th
o
d
s
wa
s
ev
alu
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
ield
test
s
co
n
d
u
cted
o
u
td
o
o
r
s
o
n
s
u
n
n
y
d
ay
s
.
T
h
e
test
s
in
clu
d
ed
th
r
ee
v
alid
atio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
:
u
n
s
h
ad
e
d
(
p
atter
n
1
)
,
s
h
ad
ed
at
PV
m
o
d
u
le
1
(
p
atter
n
2
)
,
an
d
s
h
a
d
ed
at
PV
m
o
d
u
le
2
(
p
atter
n
3
)
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
8
.
T
h
e
MPP t
r
ac
k
ed
b
y
b
o
th
m
eth
o
d
s
wer
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
f
r
o
m
7
AM
to
7
PM
,
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
9
.
T
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
1
7
4
-
1183
1180
h
ig
h
est
p
o
wer
tr
ac
k
ed
b
y
SP
-
ANN
f
o
r
p
atter
n
s
1
,
2
,
an
d
3
was
4
.
3
5
W
,
3
.
8
W
,
an
d
3
.
7
3
W
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
h
ig
h
est
p
o
wer
tr
ac
k
ed
b
y
SM
-
ANN
f
o
r
th
e
s
am
e
p
atter
n
s
wa
s
3
.
8
8
W
,
2
.
7
7
W
,
an
d
2
.
9
6
W
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
r
esu
l
ts
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
SP
-
ANN
b
ased
MPPT
is
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
icien
t
t
h
an
th
e
SM
-
ANN
b
ased
MPPT.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
13.
T
r
ain
in
g
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
p
lo
t o
f
(
a)
SP
-
ANN
an
d
(
b
)
S
M
-
ANN
f
o
r
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
.
Valid
atio
n
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
p
lo
t
o
f
(
a
)
SP
-
ANN
an
d
(
b
)
SM
-
ANN
f
o
r
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
5
.
MSE
p
lo
t o
f
(
a)
SP
-
ANN
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
(
b
)
SM
-
ANN
tr
ain
in
g
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
6
.
T
r
ain
in
g
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
p
lo
t o
f
(
a)
SP
-
ANN
an
d
(
b
)
S
M
-
ANN
f
o
r
th
e
h
a
r
d
war
e
m
o
d
el
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
S
o
ft p
lu
s
fu
n
ctio
n
tr
a
in
ed
a
r
tifi
cia
l n
eu
r
a
l n
etw
o
r
k
b
a
s
ed
ma
ximu
m
p
o
w
er
…
(
Lio
n
g
Ha
n
Wen
)
1181
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
7
.
Valid
atio
n
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
p
lo
t
o
f
(
a
)
SP
-
ANN
an
d
(
b
)
SM
-
ANN
f
o
r
th
e
h
ar
d
war
e
m
o
d
el
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
1
8
.
T
est s
etu
p
to
s
im
u
l
ate
(
a)
p
atter
n
1
,
(
b
)
p
atter
n
2
,
an
d
(
c)
p
atter
n
3
s
h
ad
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
1
9
.
SP
-
ANN
an
d
SM
-
ANN
b
ased
MPPT
f
o
r
(
a)
p
att
er
n
1
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b
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CO
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Me
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B
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with
d
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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16
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RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
M
.
M
.
A
.
A
w
a
n
,
M
.
Y
.
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v
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,
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sm
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4
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.
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.
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[
5
]
M
.
N
.
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.
Ja
mal
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.
,
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.
[
6
]
M
.
F
.
J
a
l
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l
,
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.
K
h
a
t
o
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,
I
.
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n
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d
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q
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s,
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a
t
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a
l
J
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[
7
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.
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b
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,
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.
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3
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.
[
8
]
E.
S
.
W
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.
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[
9
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M
.
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a
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d
J.
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.
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,
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