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[
1
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-
[
5
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I
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I
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Vo
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16
,
No
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2
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J
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20
25
:
1
1
3
7
-
1146
1138
C
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ts
[
6
]
-
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
im
p
r
o
v
es
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
p
h
aso
r
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
u
n
its
'
(
PM
Us)
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
a
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
co
o
r
d
i
n
ated
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
s
o
lar
P
V
in
v
er
ter
s
,
B
E
SS
,
an
d
OL
T
C
s
,
in
co
n
tr
ast
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
at
r
ely
o
n
s
lo
wer
SC
AD
A
d
ata.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
t
r
o
l
m
et
h
o
d
p
r
i
o
r
itizes
s
o
lar
PV
in
v
er
ter
s
w
h
ile
s
tr
ea
m
lin
in
g
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
g
o
f
th
ese
d
ev
ices
an
d
lo
wer
in
g
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
B
E
SS
cy
clin
g
an
d
OL
T
C
tap
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
.
I
t
also
p
lace
s
a
s
tr
o
n
g
em
p
h
asis
o
n
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ef
f
icien
c
y
b
y
l
o
wer
in
g
u
tili
ty
ex
p
en
s
es.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
ea
l
-
w
o
r
ld
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
an
d
MA
T
L
AB
-
S
im
u
lin
k
s
im
u
lati
o
n
s
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
is
v
er
if
ied
,
g
u
ar
a
n
t
ee
in
g
ad
h
e
r
en
ce
t
o
u
tili
ty
-
im
p
o
s
ed
lim
its
[
1
1
]
-
[
1
5
]
.
R
is
in
g
s
o
lar
P
V
in
s
tal
latio
n
s
wo
r
ld
wid
e
b
etwe
en
2
0
1
0
an
d
2
0
2
0
(
f
r
o
m
4
0
,
3
3
4
MW to
7
0
9
,
6
7
4
MW)
h
av
e
g
lo
b
al
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ca
p
ac
ity
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
4
0
,
3
3
4
MW
to
7
0
9
,
6
7
4
MW
b
etw
ee
n
2
0
1
0
a
n
d
2
0
2
0
,
ca
u
s
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
o
s
cillatio
n
s
to
r
aise
co
n
ce
r
n
s
a
b
o
u
t
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
.
R
ap
id
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
in
s
u
n
li
g
h
t
ca
u
s
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
f
o
r
tr
ad
itio
n
al
OL
T
C
s
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
b
an
k
s
,
wh
ic
h
is
wh
y
in
v
er
ter
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
B
E
SS
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
m
o
r
e
p
o
p
u
lar
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
v
o
ltag
e
v
io
latio
n
s
,
p
r
o
lo
n
g
e
q
u
ip
m
e
n
t
life
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ef
f
icien
cy
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
ests
a
co
m
b
in
ed
OL
T
C
-
B
E
SS
co
n
tr
o
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
B
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
s
o
il
o
r
g
an
ic
ca
r
b
o
n
(
SOC
)
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
,
th
e
s
tr
ateg
y
lo
wer
s
in
v
estme
n
t
co
s
ts
an
d
B
E
SS
cy
cles.
B
y
ad
ju
s
tin
g
tap
s
m
o
r
e
o
f
te
n
,
OL
T
C
s
im
p
r
o
v
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
l
atio
n
[
1
6
]
-
[
2
0
]
.
Fo
r
e
x
am
p
le,
d
u
r
in
g
p
er
io
d
s
o
f
p
ea
k
s
o
lar
g
en
er
atio
n
,
th
e
y
m
ay
ch
an
g
e
th
e
tap
s
f
r
o
m
-
5
to
-
2
in
s
tead
o
f
-
5
t
o
-
4.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
an
d
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
OL
T
C
tap
o
p
er
atio
n
s
ar
e
co
n
tr
asted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
OL
T
C
t
ap
s
o
p
er
atio
n
in
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
c
o
n
tr
o
l
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
ar
ticle
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
a
6
.
5
-
m
eg
awa
tt
PV
p
o
wer
p
la
n
t
a
t
Alig
ar
h
Mu
s
lim
Un
iv
er
s
ity
in
I
n
d
ia
,
wh
ich
is
p
lan
n
ed
to
h
a
v
e
a
1
MW,
1
.
5
MWh
B
E
SS
.
T
h
e
p
lan
t'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
s
tu
d
ied
u
n
d
e
r
lo
w
lo
a
d
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
wh
er
e
d
em
an
d
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
2
.
4
MW
to
4
.
7
3
M
W
an
d
PV
g
en
er
atio
n
ca
n
s
u
r
p
ass
lo
ad
b
y
u
p
to
2
.
7
tim
es.
A
3
-
k
ilo
m
eter
,
3
3
k
V
f
ee
d
er
co
n
n
ec
ts
th
e
PV
f
ac
ilit
y
,
an
d
an
OL
T
C
lo
ca
ted
2
.
5
k
ilo
m
eter
s
awa
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
r
eg
u
lates
v
o
ltag
e
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
m
an
ag
e
B
E
SS
o
p
er
atio
n
s
with
tr
ad
itio
n
al
d
r
o
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
5
-
m
in
u
te
cy
c
le
ch
an
g
es,
PV
in
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
PMU,
SC
ADA,
an
d
PLC
s
y
s
tem
s
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
s
f
o
r
th
e
OL
T
C
th
at
i
s
s
itu
ated
in
th
e
ce
n
te
r
o
f
th
e
33
-
k
ilo
v
o
lt
f
ee
d
er
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es p
o
wer
to
t
h
e
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
lo
ad
ar
e
lis
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
h
o
w
th
e
s
o
la
r
PV
in
v
er
te
r
in
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
ll
o
ws
a
p
r
e
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
d
r
o
o
p
cu
r
v
e
f
o
r
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
r
estrictio
n
s
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
t
h
e
p
o
wer
f
ac
t
o
r
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
,
wh
ich
is
lim
ited
to
0
.
9
lag
g
in
g
an
d
0
.
9
lead
i
n
g
.
Fo
u
r
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
p
o
in
ts
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
d
r
o
o
p
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
en
ab
le
v
o
ltag
e
r
e
g
u
latio
n
,
th
e
d
r
o
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l
u
s
es
a
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
p
o
wer
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ac
to
r
to
ac
tiv
ate
wh
en
th
e
s
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s
tem
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
s
b
elo
w
th
e
p
r
ed
eter
m
in
ed
th
r
esh
o
ld
.
T
h
e
in
v
er
te
r
,
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
ad
ap
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f
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co
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wh
en
th
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v
o
ltag
e
in
cr
ea
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T
h
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
e
s
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o
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o
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n
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ig
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f
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ex
p
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th
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Dif
f
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t
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tates
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av
e
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i
f
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er
en
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atin
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itu
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o
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ith
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ates
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o
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o
wer
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d
B
E
SS
SO
C
to
r
ed
u
ce
v
o
lt
ag
e
s
win
g
s
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
aily
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
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p
o
wer
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en
er
atio
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d
lo
a
d
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em
an
d
.
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e
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r
o
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ar
iatio
n
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t
em
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atu
r
e
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r
ad
iatio
n
,
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
m
ig
h
t
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u
s
e
s
win
g
s
in
PV
p
o
wer
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en
er
atio
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clu
d
e
d
u
s
t
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llectio
n
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in
v
e
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ter
r
esp
o
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e
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e,
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in
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I
n
s
tab
ilit
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n
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e
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ed
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y
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en
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a
b
r
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p
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ally
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ay
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en
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u
les
an
d
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
cu
t
-
o
f
f
[
2
5
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
OL
T
C
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
P
o
w
e
r
r
a
t
i
n
g
9
m
e
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v
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p
s
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
3
3
k
i
l
o
v
o
l
t
s
Ta
p
se
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
t
i
m
e
2
se
c
o
n
d
s
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
t
a
p
s
1
6
(
+
/
-
8)
Ta
p
t
r
a
n
s
i
t
i
o
n
t
i
m
e
6
0
mi
l
l
i
se
c
o
n
d
s
D
e
a
d
b
a
n
d
1
.
2
5
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
o
r
s
1
S
t
e
p
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
0
.
6
5
%
o
f
r
a
t
e
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
V
r
e
f
0
.
9
9
1
p
e
r
u
n
i
t
W
a
i
t
p
e
r
i
o
d
1
5
0
s
e
c
o
n
d
s
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
d
iag
r
am
f
o
r
Alig
ar
h
Mu
s
lim
Un
iv
er
s
ity
in
o
n
e
lin
e
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Gr
a
p
h
o
f
p
o
wer
f
ac
t
o
r
d
r
o
o
p
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
1
3
7
-
1146
1140
C
o
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
:
Sy
s
tem
ex
p
en
s
es
ar
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
b
y
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
co
o
r
d
in
at
ed
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
e,
wh
ich
r
ed
u
ce
s
v
o
ltag
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
with
o
u
t
r
eq
u
ir
i
n
g
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
in
v
er
ter
s
an
d
OL
T
C
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
p
r
im
ar
y
b
lo
ck
s
to
it:
a.
Data
lo
g
g
in
g
b
lo
ck
:
Gath
er
s
SC
ADA
/PMU
d
ata,
s
u
ch
as
P
PV
,
Q
PV
,
P
B
,
Q
B
,
an
d
SOC
.
F
o
r
ec
asts
SO
C
d
ev
iatio
n
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
d
ev
iatio
n
(
Δ
PV
).
b.
Op
tim
izatio
n
b
lo
ck
:
Ma
k
es
u
s
e
o
f
g
ath
er
ed
d
ata
to
ap
p
ly
an
o
p
tim
i
z
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
to
r
ed
u
ce
v
o
ltag
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
.
Q
PV
,
Δ
P
B
,
an
d
Δ
Q
B
ar
e
all
o
p
tim
i
z
ed
v
al
u
es th
at
ar
e
g
en
er
ate
d
.
c.
SOC
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
b
lo
ck
i
n
b
i
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
b
r
in
g
s
SOC
clo
s
er
to
its
r
e
f
er
en
ce
v
alu
e
b
y
ad
ju
s
tin
g
Δ
P
B
,
g
u
ar
an
teein
g
B
E
SS
av
ailab
ilit
y
.
T
r
an
s
m
its
u
p
d
ated
co
n
tr
o
l c
o
m
m
an
d
s
f
o
r
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
to
SC
ADA.
T
h
is
s
tr
ateg
y
g
u
ar
an
tees
t
h
at
OL
T
C
o
n
ly
m
an
ag
es m
ild
v
o
l
tag
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
av
o
id
s
p
r
em
at
u
r
e
B
E
SS
d
ep
letio
n
,
an
d
g
i
v
es
p
r
io
r
ity
to
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
.
B
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
an
ag
i
n
g
v
o
ltag
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
b
y
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
atin
g
B
E
SS
,
OL
T
C
,
an
d
PV
in
v
er
ter
s
,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
m
eth
o
d
elim
in
ates
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ex
p
en
s
i
v
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
o
u
tes.
R
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
we
r
co
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
f
r
o
m
PV
in
v
er
ter
s
is
g
iv
en
p
r
io
r
ity
,
an
d
wh
en
r
eq
u
ir
ed
,
B
E
SS
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
is
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
m
ak
es su
r
e
OL
T
C
r
u
n
s
ef
f
icien
tly
an
d
m
o
d
if
ies v
o
ltag
e
d
ev
iatio
n
t
o
av
o
id
ea
r
ly
B
E
SS
f
atig
u
e.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
o
f
co
o
r
d
i
n
ated
co
n
tr
o
l is illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
a
n
d
(
1
)
a
n
d
(
2
)
.
=
∆
+
|
−
(
/
2
)
−
−
|
[
+
∆
−
]
(
1
)
W
h
en
+
∆
<
.
=
∆
+
|
−
−
(
/
2
)
−
|
[
−
−
−
∆
]
|
(
2
)
W
h
en
+
∆
>
.
R
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
is
g
iv
en
p
r
io
r
ity
in
t
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
alg
o
r
ith
m
in
o
r
d
er
to
r
e
d
u
c
e
v
o
ltag
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
an
d
i
n
d
ir
ec
tly
p
r
e
s
er
v
e
B
E
SS
en
er
g
y
.
Δ
P
B
is
ch
an
g
ed
to
Δ
P
Bu
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
av
o
id
p
r
e
m
atu
r
e
B
E
SS
ex
h
au
s
tio
n
,
g
u
ar
a
n
teein
g
t
h
at
SOC
s
tay
s
clo
s
e
to
its
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
alu
e,
SOC
MI
DDL
E
.
W
ith
a
SOC
r
an
g
e
o
f
4
0
%
to
8
0
%,
th
e
B
E
SS
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
6
0
0
k
W
h
o
f
u
s
ab
le
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
SOC
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
c
h
an
g
e
s
Δ
P
B
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
SOC
lev
el,
in
cr
e
asin
g
ch
ar
g
in
g
wh
en
SOC
is
lo
w
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
it
wh
e
n
SOC
is
h
ig
h
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
av
o
id
s
B
E
SS
m
is
u
s
e
o
r
d
ep
letio
n
wh
ile
k
ee
p
i
n
g
SOC
with
in
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
b
o
u
n
d
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
f
SOC
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t.
B
y
k
ee
p
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
en
er
g
y
at
1
,
7
0
1
.
8
7
k
W
h
in
s
tead
o
f
9
,
4
0
0
.
3
k
W
h
u
s
in
g
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
em
e
d
r
am
atica
lly
lo
wer
s
B
E
S
S
en
er
g
y
u
s
e.
A
2
.
1
2
5
-
f
o
l
d
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
OL
T
C
tap
o
p
er
atio
n
s
is
also
m
ad
e,
d
o
wn
to
3
2
tap
s
.
T
a
b
le
2
p
r
esen
ts
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Daily
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
PV
p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
atio
n
a
n
d
l
o
ad
d
em
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
S
u
g
g
ested
co
n
t
r
o
l p
l
an
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
vo
lta
g
e
s
ta
b
ilit
y
in
a
ctive
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etw
o
r
ks th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
la
r
…
(
La
ksh
mi
Dh
a
n
d
a
p
a
n
i)
1141
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Me
th
o
d
o
f
SOC
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
T
ab
le
2
.
B
E
SS
an
d
OL
T
C
en
e
r
g
y
h
a
n
d
lin
g
C
i
r
c
u
ms
t
a
n
c
e
s
B
ESS
e
n
e
r
g
y
h
a
n
d
l
i
n
g
O
LTC
e
n
e
r
g
y
h
a
n
d
l
i
n
g
(
t
a
p
s c
o
u
n
t
s)
P
r
e
v
i
o
u
s PV
N
/
A
19
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
9
4
0
0
.
3
k
W
h
68
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
1
7
0
1
.
8
7
0
k
W
h
32
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Bi
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
SOC
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
en
s
u
r
es
a
s
m
o
o
th
er
v
o
l
tag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
a
n
d
k
ee
p
s
v
o
lt
ag
e
with
in
ac
ce
p
tab
le
b
o
u
n
d
s
,
p
r
o
l
o
n
g
in
g
th
e
life
o
f
th
e
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
.
I
t
m
in
im
izes
f
r
eq
u
en
t
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
b
y
o
p
tim
izin
g
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
we
r
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t,
wh
ich
lo
wer
s
B
E
SS
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
f
r
o
m
9
,
4
0
0
.
3
k
W
h
t
o
1
7
0
1
.
8
7
k
W
h
.
B
y
u
s
in
g
s
o
lar
in
v
er
ter
s
'
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
b
ef
o
r
e
B
E
SS
elec
tr
icity
,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
also
r
ed
u
ce
s
OL
T
C
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
s
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
iles
an
d
SOC
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
es
7
an
d
8
.
U
n
d
er
two
d
is
tin
ct
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
p
atter
n
s
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
:
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
a)
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
th
at
was
o
b
tain
ed
with
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
a
n
d
F
ig
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
p
r
o
f
ile
th
at
was
attain
ed
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
m
eth
o
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
illu
s
tr
ates
h
o
w
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
r
ed
u
ce
s
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
ip
s
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
er
e
will
b
e
s
lig
h
t
wa
v
ef
o
r
m
d
is
to
r
tio
n
s
clo
s
e
to
th
e
lo
wer
clip
p
in
g
zo
n
e
as
a
r
esu
lt.
Asy
m
m
etr
y
:
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
d
o
es
n
o
t
m
ir
r
o
r
its
elf
ar
o
u
n
d
a
ce
n
tr
al
r
e
f
er
en
ce
v
al
u
e,
lik
ely
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
r
io
r
itiz
atio
n
o
f
m
itig
atin
g
h
ig
h
v
o
lta
g
e
ex
cu
r
s
io
n
s
o
v
er
lo
w
o
n
es.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws th
e
p
r
o
f
iles
o
f
p
o
wer
in
jectio
n
f
o
r
s
o
lar
PV in
v
er
ter
s
an
d
B
E
SS
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
r
o
f
iles
o
f
p
o
wer
in
jectio
n
f
o
r
s
o
lar
PV
in
v
er
ter
s
an
d
B
E
SS
.
A
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
th
at
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izes so
lar
PV in
v
er
ter
s
,
B
E
SS
,
an
d
OL
T
C
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
to
co
n
tr
o
l
b
o
th
r
ap
id
an
d
g
r
a
d
u
al
v
o
lta
g
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
wea
k
g
r
i
d
s
with
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
PV
p
e
n
etr
atio
n
.
T
o
m
a
x
im
ize
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
en
ef
its
,
th
e
p
lan
m
in
im
izes
B
E
SS
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
wh
ile
g
iv
in
g
p
r
io
r
ity
to
PV
a
n
d
B
E
SS
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
T
o
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
B
E
SS
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
d
ay
,
a
n
o
v
el
b
i
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
SOC
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
i
s
p
r
esen
ted
.
B
y
lim
itin
g
v
o
lta
g
es
with
in
s
p
ec
if
ied
b
o
u
n
d
s
a
n
d
s
m
o
o
th
in
g
o
u
t
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
.
Ver
if
ied
b
y
f
ield
-
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
o
v
er
ca
s
t
d
ay
d
ata,
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
less
B
E
S
S
en
er
g
y
cy
c
lin
g
,
wh
ich
lo
wer
s
PV
p
lan
t
o
wn
er
s
'
o
p
er
atin
g
ex
p
en
s
es.
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
r
etain
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
im
ilar
to
p
r
e
-
PV
in
teg
r
atio
n
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
t
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
also
m
in
im
izes
OL
T
C
tap
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es.
Alth
o
u
g
h
e
f
f
icien
t,
t
h
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
s
tu
d
y
with
en
h
a
n
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
clu
d
in
g
id
ea
l
B
E
SS
s
izin
g
an
d
ac
cu
r
ate
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
test
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
s
ch
em
e'
s
p
o
ten
tial
to
less
en
r
elian
ce
o
n
m
ass
iv
e
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
d
ev
ices f
o
r
r
u
r
al
n
et
wo
r
k
s
with
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t v
o
ltag
e
r
e
g
u
latio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
1
3
7
-
1146
1142
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
A
s
o
lar
PV
-
in
teg
r
ate
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
'
s
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
iles
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
tr
o
l sch
em
es a
r
e
co
n
tr
asted
in
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
w
ith
(
a)
ex
is
tin
g
co
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
(
b
)
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
SOC
p
r
o
f
ile
T
ab
le
3
.
Sh
o
ws
p
r
o
f
iles
o
f
p
o
wer
in
jectio
n
f
o
r
s
o
lar
PV in
v
er
ter
s
an
d
B
E
SS
Ti
me
(
h
o
u
r
s)
P
PV
(
M
W
)
Q
PV
(
M
V
A
r
)
P
B
(
M
W
)
Q
B
(
M
V
A
r
)
0
0
0
0
0
6
1
-
1
0
.
5
0
.
1
8
2
.
5
-
2
.
5
0
.
7
0
.
2
10
3
.
5
-
3
0
.
9
0
.
3
12
4
-
2
.
8
1
0
.
4
14
3
-
2
.
5
0
.
8
0
.
2
16
2
-
1
.
5
0
.
6
0
.
1
18
0
.
5
-
0
.
5
0
.
3
0
.
0
5
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
vo
lta
g
e
s
ta
b
ilit
y
in
a
ctive
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etw
o
r
ks th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
la
r
…
(
La
ksh
mi
Dh
a
n
d
a
p
a
n
i)
1143
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Pro
f
iles
o
f
p
o
wer
in
j
ec
tio
n
f
o
r
s
o
lar
PV in
v
er
ter
s
a
n
d
B
E
SS
an
d
l
o
ad
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
wea
k
n
etwo
r
k
s
with
a
h
ig
h
p
en
etr
atio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
PV,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
co
o
r
d
i
n
ated
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
c
o
n
tr
o
l su
cc
ess
f
u
lly
r
eso
lv
es v
o
ltag
e
f
lu
ct
u
atio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
C
o
o
r
d
i
n
atin
g
s
o
lar
P
V
in
v
er
ter
s
,
B
E
SS
,
an
d
OL
T
C
allo
ws
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
to
s
h
o
w
n
o
tab
le
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
g
ain
s
.
Prin
cip
al
n
u
m
er
ical
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
:
i)
Vo
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
:
B
y
ef
f
icien
tly
m
itig
at
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
,
th
e
s
u
g
g
este
d
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
e
g
u
ar
an
tees th
at
v
o
lt
ag
e
lev
els s
tay
with
in
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
r
an
g
es
;
ii)
R
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
B
E
SS
en
er
g
y
cy
cle
:
B
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
B
E
SS
en
er
g
y
cy
clin
g
,
th
e
n
o
v
el
b
i
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
SOC
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
e
p
r
o
lo
n
g
s
b
atter
y
life
.
T
h
e
p
lan
m
in
im
izes
OL
T
C
tap
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
,
wh
ich
lo
wer
s
m
ain
ten
an
ce
ex
p
e
n
s
es
wh
ile
p
r
eser
v
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
;
an
d
iii)
E
co
n
o
m
ic
b
en
ef
its
:
B
y
d
r
asti
ca
lly
lo
wer
in
g
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
b
y
B
E
SS
,
th
e
o
p
tim
ized
co
n
tr
o
l
en
s
u
r
es
s
o
lar
PV
p
lan
t
o
wn
er
s
ca
n
af
f
o
r
d
it.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
’
s
p
r
ac
tical
v
iab
ilit
y
is
f
u
r
th
er
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
b
y
f
ield
ap
p
licatio
n
at
Alig
ar
h
Mu
s
lim
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
ws
b
etter
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
an
d
less
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
wea
r
.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
ca
n
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
o
n
ad
v
an
ce
d
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
,
b
etter
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
ass
es
s
m
en
t,
an
d
id
ea
l
B
E
SS
s
izin
g
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
ed
g
r
id
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
We
wo
u
ld
lik
e
to
ex
p
r
ess
our
h
ea
r
tf
elt
g
r
atitu
d
e
to
Dr
.
S.
Dee
p
a
f
o
r
h
er
in
v
alu
a
b
le
g
u
id
an
ce
,
in
s
ig
h
tf
u
l
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
,
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
en
co
u
r
ag
e
m
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
o
f
o
u
r
Ph
.
D.
r
esear
ch
.
We
ar
e
also
d
ee
p
ly
th
an
k
f
u
l
to
Dr
.
S.
Selv
i,
Hea
d
o
f
th
e
Dep
ar
tm
en
t,
Pan
im
alar
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
C
o
lleg
e,
f
o
r
h
er
u
n
wav
er
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
k
i
n
d
ass
is
tan
ce
,
wh
ich
h
av
e
b
ee
n
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
in
th
e
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
l
co
m
p
letio
n
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
1
3
7
-
1146
1144
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
L
ak
s
h
m
i D
h
an
d
a
p
an
i
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Pu
s
h
p
a
Sre
en
iv
asan
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
San
g
ee
th
a
Mu
r
u
g
an
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Hela
r
ia
Ma
r
ia
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Su
d
ip
ta
B
an
er
jee
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
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z
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t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
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y
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So
f
t
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r
e
Va
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Va
l
i
d
a
t
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o
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Fo
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Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
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i
s
I
:
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n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
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R
:
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e
so
u
r
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e
s
D
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D
a
t
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r
a
t
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r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
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r
i
t
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n
g
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R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
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su
a
l
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z
a
t
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o
n
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:
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p
e
r
v
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s
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P
:
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r
o
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t
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n
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Fu
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Fu
n
d
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M
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T
h
e
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th
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ec
lar
e
th
at
th
ey
h
av
e
n
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k
n
o
w
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m
p
etin
g
f
in
an
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ter
ests
o
r
p
er
s
o
n
al
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el
atio
n
s
h
ip
s
th
at
co
u
ld
h
av
e
ap
p
ea
r
ed
t
o
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
wo
r
k
r
e
p
o
r
te
d
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
.
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
ter
est.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
th
e
d
ata
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
a
v
ailab
le
with
in
th
e
ar
ticle
an
d
its
s
u
p
p
lem
en
tar
y
m
ater
ials
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
M
.
H
.
M
o
r
a
d
i
a
n
d
M
.
A
b
e
d
i
n
i
,
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A
c
o
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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I
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16
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25
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1146
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l
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),
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.
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