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d
r
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b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
R
E
S)
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
ad
o
p
tio
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o
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ar
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at
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f
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s
,
wh
ich
c
o
n
tr
i
b
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te
to
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
[
2
]
.
C
u
r
r
en
tly
,
R
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S
lik
e
wi
n
d
an
d
s
o
lar
en
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g
y
h
av
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e
m
er
g
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as
p
r
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m
is
in
g
alter
n
ativ
es
d
u
e
to
th
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co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
,
en
v
ir
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n
m
en
ta
l
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
,
an
d
lo
w
em
is
s
io
n
s
[
3
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
win
d
a
n
d
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
o
n
n
atu
r
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
wea
th
er
c
o
n
d
i
tio
n
s
.
T
o
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
th
e
s
e
c
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allen
g
es,
m
o
d
e
r
n
f
u
el
ce
ll
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
is
b
ei
n
g
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as a
v
iab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
Fu
el
ce
lls
ar
e
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ic
al
d
ev
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th
at
g
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ate
ele
ctr
ical
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er
g
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th
r
o
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g
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elec
tr
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ch
em
ical
r
ea
ctio
n
s
.
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h
e
b
asic
s
tr
u
ctu
r
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o
f
a
f
u
el
ce
ll
co
n
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is
ts
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el
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tr
o
ly
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lay
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s
an
d
wich
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b
etwe
en
an
an
o
d
e
a
n
d
a
ca
th
o
d
e
[
4
]
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
ty
p
es
o
f
f
u
el
ce
lls
,
p
r
o
t
o
n
ex
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a
n
g
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m
em
b
r
an
e
f
u
el
ce
lls
(
PEM
F
C
s
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ar
e
p
r
ev
alen
t
i
n
th
e
au
to
m
o
tiv
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u
s
tr
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e
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ate
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lo
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d
s
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p
p
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t
q
u
ick
s
tar
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-
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p
p
r
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ce
s
s
es
[
5
]
.
Ho
wev
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,
th
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
r
esp
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s
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o
f
P
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ly
in
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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I
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Vo
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16
,
No
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2
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J
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20
25
:
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2
1
9
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1229
1220
r
ea
ctio
n
r
ates,
esp
ec
ially
at
th
e
ca
th
o
d
e.
As a
r
esu
lt,
PEM
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C
s
m
ay
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o
t b
e
id
ea
l f
o
r
s
tan
d
alo
n
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ap
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s
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ey
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tr
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g
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le
t
o
d
eliv
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t
h
e
p
o
wer
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
r
ap
id
l
o
ad
ch
a
n
g
es [
6
]
.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
PEM
FC
s
in
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
s
u
d
d
en
lo
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iatio
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a
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y
s
tem
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ated
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n
th
is
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e
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p
,
th
e
PEM
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y
s
tem
ty
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ica
lly
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
,
wh
ile
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
(
E
SS
)
h
an
d
les
p
ea
k
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
s
.
T
h
e
E
SS
m
u
s
t
b
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
lo
a
d
f
o
r
u
p
to
t
wo
s
ec
o
n
d
s
to
allo
w
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll's
p
o
wer
to
r
am
p
u
p
f
r
o
m
1
0
%
to
9
0
%,
wh
ile
also
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll's
life
s
p
an
[
7
]
.
As
a
r
esu
l
t,
PEM
FC
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
e
n
h
an
ce
d
d
y
n
am
ic
r
esp
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n
s
es
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d
h
elp
e
x
ten
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t
h
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
life
s
p
an
o
f
th
e
PEM
FC
[
8
]
.
B
atter
ies
f
u
n
ctio
n
b
y
co
n
v
er
tin
g
elec
tr
o
ch
e
m
ical
en
er
g
y
in
to
elec
tr
icity
an
d
v
ice
v
er
s
a,
wh
ile
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
(
SC
s
)
s
to
r
e
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
an
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
[
9
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
SC
s
h
av
e
a
m
u
ch
lo
wer
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er
g
y
d
en
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p
ar
e
d
to
b
atter
ies,
th
ey
o
f
f
er
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
er
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
PEM
FC
s
,
b
atter
ies,
an
d
S
C
s
is
m
an
ag
ed
b
y
an
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
(
E
MS)
,
wh
ich
en
s
u
r
es
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
R
esear
ch
o
n
f
u
el
ce
ll
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
was
in
itially
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles.
Stu
d
ies
s
h
o
w
th
at
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
ies
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
tw
ice
as
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
as
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
1
]
.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
a
k
ey
ch
allen
g
e
in
t
h
e
PEM
FC
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
ec
to
r
is
th
e
p
r
em
at
u
r
e
ag
in
g
o
f
b
o
th
t
h
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
y
s
tem
an
d
t
h
e
b
atter
y
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
e
n
er
g
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
is
cr
u
cial
to
r
ed
u
c
e
s
tr
ess
o
n
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
an
d
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
m
ax
im
ize
th
eir
life
s
p
an
s
,
an
d
o
p
tim
ize
f
u
el
s
av
in
g
s
.
A
s
im
p
le
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
tr
ateg
y
was
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
1
3
]
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
a
f
u
el
ce
ll
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
we
r
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
s
tr
ateg
y
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
s
lo
w
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
PEM
FC
s
an
d
th
e
f
ast
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
b
atter
ies
a
n
d
SC
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
d
id
n
o
t
c
o
n
s
id
er
f
u
el
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
r
th
e
s
tate
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e
(
SOC
)
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
.
Pre
v
iew
s
tu
d
y
[
1
4
]
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ll
er
(
FL
C
)
f
o
r
m
an
ag
in
g
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
s
was
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
B
o
th
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ed
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
in
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
k
e
y
li
m
itatio
n
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
th
e
E
MS'
s
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
y
to
cy
cle
ch
an
g
es,
as
it
r
eli
es
o
n
a
n
o
f
f
lin
e
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
t
h
is
s
y
s
tem
m
ay
d
ep
e
n
d
h
ea
v
ily
o
n
t
h
e
ac
c
u
r
a
cy
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
d
ata
co
llected
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
A
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
th
r
ee
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
f
u
el
ce
ll
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
wa
s
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
[
1
5
]
,
wh
e
r
e
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
f
ac
t
o
r
s
im
p
ac
tin
g
th
e
life
s
p
an
o
f
ea
c
h
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
wer
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
as
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
ev
alu
atin
g
E
MS
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
th
at
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
ea
ch
s
ch
em
e
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
cr
iter
ia.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
tr
ateg
ies
s
u
ch
as
th
e
e
x
ter
n
al
e
n
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
s
tr
ateg
y
(
E
E
MS)
s
u
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
th
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
ch
atter
in
g
p
h
en
o
m
en
a,
wh
ich
ca
u
s
es
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
s
witch
in
g
b
etwe
en
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
lead
in
g
to
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
an
d
ele
ctr
ical
s
tr
ess
.
T
h
i
s
n
o
t
o
n
ly
r
e
d
u
ce
s
th
e
life
s
p
an
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
lik
e
f
u
el
ce
lls
,
b
atter
ies,
an
d
SC
s
b
u
t
also
r
e
s
u
lts
in
o
p
er
atio
n
al
in
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
s
tr
ateg
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
is
is
s
u
e
b
y
r
ef
o
r
m
u
latin
g
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
m
o
o
th
e
r
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
lar
g
ely
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
o
n
f
u
el
ce
ll
-
b
atter
y
-
s
u
p
e
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
y
s
tem
s
with
o
u
t
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
o
th
e
r
R
E
S
lik
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
f
ills
th
at
g
ap
b
y
s
h
o
wca
s
in
g
t
h
e
clea
r
b
en
ef
its
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
PV
en
er
g
y
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
te
g
r
atio
n
en
h
a
n
ce
s
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
’
s
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
,
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
an
d
alig
n
m
en
t
with
f
u
tu
r
e
e
n
er
g
y
tr
en
d
s
th
at
f
av
o
u
r
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
O
n
e
c
h
a
l
l
en
g
e
th
a
t
ar
i
s
e
s
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
o
p
er
a
t
io
n
o
f
a
f
u
e
l
c
e
l
l
h
y
b
r
i
d
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
s
th
e
in
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
u
t
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
G
i
v
e
n
t
h
e
h
ig
h
c
o
s
t
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
g
a
s
,
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
(
E
M
S
)
m
u
s
t
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
e
P
E
M
F
C
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
cr
i
t
er
i
a
i
n
to
i
t
s
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
s
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
i
s
b
e
co
m
es
p
a
r
t
i
cu
l
a
r
ly
im
p
o
r
t
an
t
wh
en
P
E
M
F
C
h
y
b
r
i
d
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
s
w
o
r
k
i
n
c
o
n
j
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
o
th
e
r
R
E
S
t
o
m
ee
t
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
lo
a
d
d
e
m
an
d
s
,
a
s
h
ig
h
l
ig
h
t
ed
i
n
[
1
9
]
a
n
d
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
i
s
p
a
p
er
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
a
n
o
p
er
a
t
io
n
a
l
s
t
r
a
te
g
y
f
o
r
a
f
u
e
l
c
e
l
l
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
we
r
s
y
s
t
em
a
i
m
e
d
a
t
m
a
x
im
i
z
i
n
g
b
o
th
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
an
d
ef
f
i
c
i
en
cy
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
w
i
t
h
an
d
w
i
th
o
u
t
t
h
e
i
n
te
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
n
ad
d
i
t
io
n
a
l
R
E
S
s
o
u
r
c
e,
s
p
e
c
if
i
c
a
l
l
y
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
(
P
V
)
,
i
s
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
.
T
h
i
s
co
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
s
e
r
v
e
s
a
s
a
r
ef
e
r
en
c
e
f
o
r
e
v
a
lu
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
P
V
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
f
u
e
l
c
e
l
l
s
an
d
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
te
s
h
o
w
p
o
we
r
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
en
a
b
l
e
s
f
u
e
l
ce
l
l
s
t
o
m
e
e
t
lo
ad
r
e
q
u
i
r
em
e
n
t
s
u
n
d
er
s
t
a
b
l
e
co
n
d
i
t
io
n
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
t
h
e
i
s
s
u
e
o
f
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
ed
s
t
r
e
s
s
d
u
e
t
o
R
E
S
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
io
n
in
f
u
e
l
c
e
l
l
h
y
b
r
i
d
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
i
s
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
p
t
i
m
iz
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
ch
n
iq
u
e
s
.
T
h
i
s
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
a
h
o
l
is
t
i
c
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
to
h
y
b
r
i
d
p
o
we
r
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
,
f
o
cu
s
e
d
o
n
e
n
h
an
c
in
g
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
en
cy
,
s
y
s
t
em
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
,
a
n
d
s
u
s
t
a
in
a
b
i
l
i
ty
.
T
h
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
i
s
s
t
r
u
c
tu
r
ed
a
s
f
o
l
lo
w
s
:
i
)
S
e
c
t
io
n
2
d
e
s
c
r
ib
e
s
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
ch
m
e
th
o
d
w
h
i
ch
i
n
c
lu
d
e
s
a
s
y
s
t
e
m
d
es
c
r
i
p
t
i
o
n
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
lg
o
r
i
th
m
,
n
am
e
l
y
th
e
m
o
d
if
i
e
d
E
E
M
S
;
w
h
i
le
i
i)
S
ec
t
i
o
n
3
d
i
s
cu
s
s
e
s
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
la
t
io
n
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
;
a
n
d
i
i
i
)
F
in
a
l
l
y
,
s
e
c
t
io
n
4
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
th
e
co
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Dev
elo
p
men
t o
f o
p
era
tio
n
s
tr
a
teg
y
fo
r
P
V
-
fu
el
ce
ll h
y
b
r
id
p
o
w
er sys
tem
to
…
(
K
a
th
erin
I
n
d
r
ia
w
a
ti
)
1221
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Sy
s
t
e
m
des
cr
iptio
n
T
h
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
y
s
tem
is
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
to
m
ee
t
th
e
p
o
wer
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
o
f
th
e
lo
ad
in
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
with
o
th
er
R
E
S,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
PV sy
s
tem
s
.
B
atter
ies
an
d
SC
ar
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t b
o
th
s
u
s
tain
ed
an
d
tr
an
s
ien
t
p
ea
k
p
o
wer
d
em
a
n
d
s
,
wh
er
e
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll,
d
u
e
to
its
s
lo
w
d
y
n
am
ics,
ca
n
n
o
t
m
ee
t
s
u
ch
lo
ad
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
.
T
o
p
r
ev
en
t
o
v
e
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
f
th
e
b
atter
ies
an
d
SC
,
s
af
ety
r
esis
to
r
s
ar
e
in
s
talled
in
p
ar
allel.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
f
u
el
ce
l
l
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
E
n
er
g
y
f
lo
ws
ar
e
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
b
lu
e
lin
es,
wh
ile
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t sig
n
als an
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l sig
n
als ar
e
in
d
icate
d
b
y
r
e
d
an
d
g
r
ee
n
c
o
lo
r
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
On
th
e
in
p
u
t sid
e,
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
is
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
a
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
r
eg
u
lato
r
f
ea
tu
r
in
g
a
f
ee
d
f
o
r
wa
r
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
e
f
ee
d
f
o
r
war
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al
is
g
en
er
ated
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
f
u
el
ce
ll
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t
v
al
u
es.
T
h
e
ac
tu
ato
r
in
t
h
is
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
is
a
co
n
tr
o
l v
alv
e
th
at
r
eg
u
lates
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
f
lo
w.
On
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
id
e,
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
i
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
DC
/D
C
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
A
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
lato
r
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
m
ai
n
tain
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
'
s
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
in
lin
e
with
th
e
s
etp
o
in
t
b
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
its
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
,
wh
ich
is
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
o
u
tp
u
t
(
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
4
1
V
u
n
d
er
n
o
m
in
al
co
n
d
i
tio
n
s
)
.
T
h
e
s
etp
o
in
t
v
alu
e
f
o
r
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
E
MS,
an
d
is
ad
ju
s
ted
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
th
e
DC
b
u
s
v
alu
e
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
2
7
0
V
.
T
h
e
n
o
m
in
al
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
is
1
0
k
W
,
with
a
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
we
r
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
1
2
.
5
k
W
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
p
an
s
f
r
o
m
3
0
to
6
0
V
.
T
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
o
f
3
2
0
A
o
cc
u
r
s
at
a
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
3
9
.
2
V
,
wh
ile
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
p
o
wer
is
ac
h
iev
ed
at
a
cu
r
r
en
t o
f
2
5
0
A
an
d
a
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
4
1
V
.
T
h
e
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
ec
eiv
e
a
lo
ad
ex
ce
ed
in
g
3
2
0
A,
m
ain
tain
in
g
an
ef
f
ici
en
cy
o
f
8
5
%.
At
a
1
0
% lo
ad
,
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
in
cr
ea
s
es to
9
0
%.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
lato
r
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
h
as a
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e
o
f
0
.
1
s
ec
o
n
d
s
an
d
o
p
er
ates w
ith
a
lo
a
d
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
o
f
1
5
.
6
F.
T
h
e
b
atter
ies
u
s
ed
i
n
th
is
s
y
s
tem
ar
e
o
f
th
e
Li
-
i
o
n
t
y
p
e,
r
ated
at
4
8
V
an
d
4
0
Ah
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
f
o
u
r
b
atter
ies
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
i
n
s
er
ies.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
(
B
MS)
co
n
tr
o
ls
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
c
ess
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
two
DC
/
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
:
A
4
k
W
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
f
o
r
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
a
1
.
2
k
W
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
B
o
th
co
n
v
er
te
r
s
ar
e
ca
lib
r
ated
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
eir
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
es a
lig
n
with
th
e
s
etp
o
in
t
v
alu
es
wh
il
e
also
lim
itin
g
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
ts
to
p
r
ev
en
t
e
x
ce
ed
in
g
m
a
x
im
u
m
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
.
T
h
e
s
etp
o
in
t v
o
ltag
e
an
d
m
ax
i
m
u
m
cu
r
r
e
n
t v
alu
es a
r
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
E
MS.
T
h
e
SC
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
s
ix
ce
lls
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies,
ea
ch
with
a
v
o
ltag
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
4
8
.
6
V
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
an
o
v
er
all
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
2
9
1
.
6
V
an
d
a
to
tal
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
o
f
1
5
.
6
F.
T
h
e
s
af
ety
r
esis
to
r
s
ar
e
r
ated
at
1
5
k
W
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
lated
lo
ad
is
r
esis
tiv
e,
elim
in
atin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
co
n
v
er
ti
n
g
DC
s
ig
n
als to
AC
.
T
h
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
e
x
h
ib
its
a
s
lo
w
d
y
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
r
e
q
u
ir
in
g
t
h
e
b
atter
y
a
n
d
/o
r
SC
to
s
u
p
p
l
y
tr
an
s
ien
t
en
er
g
y
d
em
a
n
d
s
a
n
d
p
ea
k
lo
ad
s
.
T
h
e
E
MS
is
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
o
p
tim
ize
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
atio
n
wh
ile
m
ee
tin
g
th
ese
en
er
g
y
d
em
a
n
d
s
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
an
en
e
r
g
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
tr
ateg
y
is
ess
en
tial.
T
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
tr
ateg
y
em
p
lo
y
s
a
PI
co
n
tr
o
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
is
s
ch
em
e
r
eg
u
lates
th
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
SOC
)
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
u
s
in
g
a
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
th
at
g
en
er
ates
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
p
o
wer
f
o
r
th
e
b
atter
y
,
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
re
f
er
en
ce
p
o
wer
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll is
th
en
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
lo
ad
p
o
w
er
an
d
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
b
atter
y
p
o
wer
.
W
h
en
t
h
e
SOC
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
ex
ce
e
d
s
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
alu
e,
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
p
o
wer
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
,
an
d
th
e
b
atter
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
f
u
ll
p
o
w
er
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
wh
e
n
th
e
SOC
f
alls
b
elo
w
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
,
t
h
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
u
p
p
lies
n
ea
r
ly
all
th
e
lo
a
d
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
s
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
is
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
f
u
e
l
c
e
l
l
p
o
w
e
r
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
P
fc
*
i
s
t
h
e
n
u
s
e
d
t
o
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
f
u
e
l
c
e
l
l
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
ce
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
I
fc
*
u
s
i
n
g
(
1
)
.
∗
=
∗
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
an
d
V
fc
ar
e
th
e
DC
/DC
co
n
v
er
ter
ef
f
icien
cy
(
n
am
ely
0
.
8
5
)
an
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
r
e
g
u
lat
io
n
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
th
e
b
atter
y
co
n
v
er
ter
with
in
th
e
B
M
S.
T
h
is
r
eg
u
latio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
e
u
tili
ze
s
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
*
dc
,
in
th
is
ca
s
e,
2
7
0
V)
an
d
th
e
ac
tu
al
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
dc
)
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
co
n
d
i
tio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
b
u
ck
an
d
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
B
MS
v
ia
r
ef
er
en
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
s
(
I
ba
tt_boost
*
an
d
I
batt_boost
*
)
.
T
h
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
r
eg
u
l
at
o
r
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
em
p
l
o
y
e
d
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
al
-
i
n
te
g
r
al
(
PI
)
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
o
n
t
h
e
DC
b
u
s
is
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
a
ct
u
al
v
o
lta
g
e
t
o
d
et
e
r
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
ce
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
(
b
u
c
k
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
)
a
n
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
(
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
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te
r
)
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
th
e
PI
c
o
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
Fig
u
r
e
3
)
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
well
-
b
alan
ce
d
in
th
is
s
ch
em
e.
T
h
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
d
o
es
n
o
t
n
ee
d
to
g
en
er
ate
p
o
wer
th
at
clo
s
ely
m
atch
es
th
e
lo
ad
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
(
r
ep
r
esen
t
ed
b
y
t
h
e
b
r
o
wn
lin
e)
;
i
n
s
tead
,
it
s
h
ar
es
th
e
lo
ad
with
th
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
t
h
e
b
atter
y
.
T
h
e
SC
(
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
g
r
ee
n
lin
e)
o
p
er
at
es
d
u
r
in
g
tr
an
s
ien
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
at
h
ig
h
lo
a
d
d
em
an
d
s
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
i
s
s
ch
em
e
clea
r
l
y
r
eq
u
ir
es
less
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
o
th
er
s
ch
em
es,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
s
tate
m
ac
h
in
e
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
2
2
]
.
Hav
in
g
estab
lis
h
ed
th
at
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e
PI
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
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r
esu
lts
in
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wer
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y
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r
o
g
en
c
o
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s
u
m
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tio
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,
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is
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e
is
th
e
n
em
p
lo
y
e
d
f
o
r
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
in
teg
r
ate
d
with
R
E
S.
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I
SS
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:
2
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8
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8
6
9
4
I
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t J Po
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lec
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Dr
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s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
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2
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
2
1
9
-
1229
1222
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
t
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
R
E
S
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
is
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
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v
ia
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
m
o
d
u
les.
Fo
u
r
teen
PV
m
o
d
u
les
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies.
I
n
t
h
is
co
n
te
x
t,
th
e
E
MS
r
ea
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j
u
s
ts
th
e
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
o
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th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll,
b
atter
y
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d
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in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
t
o
th
e
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
,
w
h
ich
ar
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
ch
an
g
es
in
s
o
lar
in
ten
s
ity
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Var
iatio
n
s
in
s
o
lar
in
ten
s
ity
ar
e
s
im
u
lated
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
wh
ile
th
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
is
m
a
in
tain
ed
at
a
co
n
s
tan
t v
alu
e
o
f
4
5
°C
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sch
em
atic
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
f
u
el
ce
ll
-
PV p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
PI
c
o
n
tr
o
l a
l
g
o
r
ith
m
s
ch
em
e
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Po
wer
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
FC
s
im
u
latio
n
with
PI
co
n
tr
o
l a
lg
o
r
ith
m
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
So
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
c
h
an
g
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
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lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Dev
elo
p
men
t o
f o
p
era
tio
n
s
tr
a
teg
y
fo
r
P
V
-
fu
el
ce
ll h
y
b
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p
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w
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tem
to
…
(
K
a
th
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I
n
d
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ia
w
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ti
)
1223
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
f
u
el
ce
ll
-
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltai
c
(
h
y
b
r
id
FC
-
PV)
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
th
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
ar
e
p
r
esen
t
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
B
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
3
an
d
5
,
it
is
ev
id
en
t
th
at
with
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
th
e
PV
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
,
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
b
atter
y
p
o
wer
(
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
o
r
an
g
e
lin
e)
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
,
w
h
ile
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
p
o
wer
(
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
t
h
e
b
lu
e
lin
e
)
r
e
m
ain
s
r
elativ
ely
u
n
ch
an
g
ed
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
PI
c
o
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
p
r
i
o
r
itizes
th
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
SOC
r
ath
er
t
h
an
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll's
o
p
er
atio
n
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
ef
f
icien
cy
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
f
u
lly
ad
d
r
ess
ed
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e
,
an
E
MS
s
tr
ateg
y
th
at
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
f
u
el
ce
ll
o
p
er
atio
n
is
n
ee
d
e
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
2
.
2
.
T
he
E
E
M
S str
a
t
eg
y
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
th
e
e
x
ter
n
al
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
tr
ateg
y
(
E
E
MS)
is
t
o
r
e
d
u
ce
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
b
y
m
ax
im
izin
g
s
u
p
p
l
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
atter
ies
an
d
SC
s
,
wh
ile
ad
h
er
in
g
to
p
r
ed
ef
in
e
d
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
as
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
[
2
3
]
-
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
f
E
E
MS
o
v
er
o
th
er
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
lies
in
its
r
elativ
ely
s
im
p
le
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
,
as
it
o
n
ly
r
eq
u
ir
es
th
e
c
o
s
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
th
e
b
atter
ies
an
d
SC
s
,
with
o
u
t
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
em
p
ir
ical
en
er
g
y
ca
lcu
lati
o
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
b
atter
ies.
T
h
e
s
ch
e
m
atic
o
f
th
e
E
E
MS
is
illu
s
tr
at
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
E
E
MS
in
p
u
ts
ar
e
th
e
b
atter
y
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
SOC
)
an
d
t
h
e
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
V
DC
.
Un
l
ik
e
th
e
PI
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
E
E
MS
–
b
esid
es
th
e
r
ef
e
r
en
c
e
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
atter
y
P
*
batt
–
is
th
e
SC
ch
ar
g
e/d
is
ch
ar
g
e
v
o
lta
g
e
(
∆
)
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
p
o
wer
is
th
en
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
with
th
e
l
o
ad
p
o
wer
P
load
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll P
*
fc
u
s
in
g
(
2
)
.
∗
=
l
o
a
d
−
b
at
t
∗
(
2
)
Nex
t,
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
p
o
wer
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
is
co
n
v
er
te
d
in
to
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
r
ef
er
en
c
e
cu
r
r
en
t
v
alu
e
I
fc
*
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
am
e
f
o
r
m
u
las as stated
in
(
1
)
.
I
n
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
lato
r
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
SC
ch
ar
g
e/d
is
ch
ar
g
e
v
o
ltag
e
(
∆
)
an
d
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
o
n
th
e
DC
b
u
s
(
V
*
dc
)
will
b
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
ac
tu
al
v
o
ltag
e
o
n
th
e
DC
b
u
s
(
V
dc
)
to
r
eg
u
late
t
h
e
b
atter
y
s
tate
(
d
is
ch
ar
g
e/ch
ar
g
e)
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
DC
/D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
cu
r
r
en
t
(
in
p
u
t
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
/o
u
t
p
u
t
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
)
.
I
n
th
e
E
E
MS
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
t
h
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
to
m
ax
im
iz
e
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
t
h
e
SC
an
d
th
e
b
atter
y
d
u
r
in
g
a
s
p
ec
if
ie
d
tim
e
i
n
ter
v
al
T
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
is
ti
m
e
in
ter
v
al
is
u
s
u
ally
u
s
ed
t
h
e
s
am
e
as
th
e
tim
e
s
am
p
lin
g
v
al
u
e
T
s
,
alth
o
u
g
h
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
u
le
o
u
t
o
th
er
v
alu
e
s
s
u
ch
as
m
u
ltip
les
o
f
T
s
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
T
s
o
f
0
.
2
s
ec
o
n
d
s
was u
s
ed
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
is
d
ef
in
e
d
as in
(
3
)
-
(
7
)
.
ma
x
∆
,
1
2
∆
2
+
∆
(
3
)
∆
≤
−
_
(
4
)
∆
≤
(
−
SOC
)
(
5
)
_
≤
≤
_
(
6
)
_
−
_
≤
∆
≤
_
−
_
(
7
)
W
h
er
e
Q
is
th
e
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
it
y
(
3
6
V
×
40
Ah
)
an
d
C
r
is
th
e
r
ated
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
o
f
th
e
SC
(
1
5
.
6
F).
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
c
o
n
s
id
er
t
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
en
e
r
g
y
f
r
o
m
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
wh
ich
h
a
v
e
a
p
o
wer
o
f
P
PV
,
th
e
E
E
MS
s
tr
ateg
y
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
ca
n
b
e
d
ir
ec
tly
u
s
ed
b
y
s
im
p
ly
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
th
e
lo
ad
p
o
wer
P
load
to
th
e
r
e
m
ain
in
g
DC
p
o
wer
r
eq
u
ir
ed
P
DCreq
,
wh
ich
as in
(
8
)
.
D
C
r
eq
=
ma
x
(
l
o
ad
−
PV
,
0
)
(
8
)
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
i
s
m
e
th
o
d
c
an
r
e
s
u
lt
in
ch
at
te
r
in
g
p
h
en
o
m
en
a,
a
s
th
e
E
E
M
S
s
tr
at
eg
y
p
la
ce
s
h
ig
h
s
t
r
e
s
s
o
n
th
e
b
at
ter
y
an
d
S
C
s
y
s
tem
s
,
a
s
r
ep
o
r
t
ed
in
Mo
ta
p
o
n
e
t
a
l.
[
2
3
]
.
Ad
d
i
tio
n
al
ly
,
th
e
ex
tr
a
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
P
V
s
y
s
t
em
(
P
P
V)
m
ay
in
cr
e
as
e
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
s
o
f
th
e
r
em
a
in
i
n
g
D
C
p
o
w
er
r
eq
u
ir
ed
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
lu
ct
u
a
tin
g
co
n
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
c
e,
wh
i
ch
ar
e
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
v
ar
i
at
io
n
s
in
s
o
lar
in
ten
s
ity
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ta
l
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
.
T
h
es
e
ch
a
tt
er
i
n
g
ef
f
e
ct
s
c
an
n
e
g
at
iv
e
ly
im
p
ac
t
th
e
o
p
er
a
tio
n
al
l
if
e
s
p
an
o
f
ea
c
h
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
c
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
ia
te
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
(
E
M
S)
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ch
o
s
en
to
m
in
im
iz
e
s
t
r
e
s
s
o
n
th
e
f
u
el
c
el
l,
b
at
te
r
y
,
o
r
S
C
s
y
s
te
m
,
u
lt
im
at
ely
m
ax
i
m
i
zin
g
th
e
lif
e
s
p
an
o
f
t
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
f
u
e
l
c
el
l
p
o
wer
s
y
s
te
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
2
1
9
-
1229
1224
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Po
wer
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
FC
-
PV simu
latio
n
with
PI
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Sch
em
atic
o
f
th
e
E
E
MS
s
tr
ateg
y
2
.
3
.
T
he
m
o
dified
E
E
M
S
s
t
ra
t
eg
y
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
E
E
MS
alg
o
r
ith
m
in
o
r
d
er
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
s
h
o
r
tag
e
o
f
E
E
MS
s
tr
ateg
y
.
C
h
an
g
es
wer
e
m
ad
e
o
n
ly
to
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
r
ef
er
en
ce
p
o
wer
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
s
ch
em
e,
wh
ile
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
lato
r
s
ch
em
e
r
em
ain
e
d
u
n
ch
an
g
ed
.
T
h
e
s
ch
em
atic
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
E
E
MS
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Sch
em
atic
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
E
E
MS
s
tr
ateg
y
Un
lik
e
th
e
E
E
MS
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
E
E
MS
is
d
ir
ec
tly
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
P
*
fc
,
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
SC
ch
ar
g
e/d
is
ch
ar
g
e
v
o
ltag
e
(
∆
)
an
d
th
e
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
atter
y
P
*
batt
.
W
h
ile
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
in
p
u
t
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
E
E
MS
(
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
b
atter
y
SOC
an
d
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e)
is
th
e
r
em
ai
n
in
g
p
o
w
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
P
req
,
as in
(
9
)
.
r
eq
=
ma
x
(
l
o
ad
−
PV
−
∗
,
_
)
(
9
)
W
h
er
e
P
fc_min
is
th
e
s
m
alle
s
t v
alu
e
o
f
p
e
r
m
itted
f
u
el
ce
ll p
o
wer
.
I
n
th
e
m
o
d
if
ie
d
E
E
MS
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
to
m
ax
im
ize
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
li
ed
b
y
th
e
SC
an
d
b
atter
y
b
u
t
m
i
n
im
ize
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
d
u
r
in
g
a
s
p
ec
if
ied
tim
e
i
n
ter
v
al
T
=
1
0
T
s
,
o
r
m
ath
em
atica
lly
wr
itten
as
(
1
0
)
.
ma
x
∆
,
,
1
2
∆
2
+
∆
−
∆
(
1
0
)
W
h
ile
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
b
esid
es u
s
in
g
(
4
)
-
(
7
)
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
ar
e
also
u
s
ed
(
1
1
)
an
d
(
1
2
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Dev
elo
p
men
t o
f o
p
era
tio
n
s
tr
a
teg
y
fo
r
P
V
-
fu
el
ce
ll h
y
b
r
id
p
o
w
er sys
tem
to
…
(
K
a
th
erin
I
n
d
r
ia
w
a
ti
)
1225
≤
r
eq
(
1
1
)
_
≤
≤
_
(
1
2
)
W
h
er
e
P
fc_max
is
th
e
lar
g
est
v
alu
e
o
f
p
er
m
itted
f
u
el
ce
ll
p
o
wer
.
No
tice,
th
er
e
a
r
e
th
r
ee
o
p
tim
izatio
n
v
ar
iab
les
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
(
1
0
)
b
u
t
th
er
e
ar
e
o
n
ly
two
o
u
tp
u
ts
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
E
E
MS
u
s
ed
,
n
am
ely
V
an
d
P
*
fc
.
Nex
t,
as
with
E
E
MS,
V
is
f
ed
to
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
lato
r
s
c
h
em
e
wh
ile
P
*
fc
is
f
ed
t
o
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
cu
r
r
en
t c
alcu
latio
n
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
E
f
f
ec
t
o
f
i
nte
g
r
a
t
ing
P
V
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
f
u
el
ce
ll
–
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
h
y
b
r
i
d
FC
–
PV)
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
th
e
E
E
MS
alg
o
r
ith
m
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
(
a
)
.
I
t
is
ev
id
en
t
th
at
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
o
p
er
ates
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
at
it
s
m
in
im
u
m
p
o
wer
,
as
s
ee
n
in
th
e
g
r
ap
h
,
wh
er
e
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
t
h
e
DC
/DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
less
th
an
1
k
W
d
u
e
to
lo
s
s
es
with
an
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
0
.
8
5
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
p
o
wer
u
s
ed
i
n
th
is
c
ase
is
h
ig
h
e
r
th
a
n
t
h
a
t
s
ee
n
with
th
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
(
Fig
u
r
e
5
)
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
p
er
io
d
f
r
o
m
8
0
to
1
2
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
SC
co
n
tin
u
es to
ad
d
r
ess
tr
an
s
ien
t lo
ad
s
.
T
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
in
te
g
r
atin
g
PV
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
i
n
to
th
e
E
M
S
is
r
ef
l
ec
ted
in
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
ly
,
to
tal
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
s
er
v
es
as
an
o
th
er
k
ey
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
icato
r
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
d
ices
f
o
r
th
e
two
E
MS
s
t
r
ateg
ies
—
PI
co
n
tr
o
l
(
with
o
u
t
in
teg
r
atin
g
PV)
an
d
E
E
MS
(
with
in
teg
r
atin
g
PV)
—
is
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
R
E
S
in
to
th
e
E
MS
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
f
u
el
ce
ll
p
o
we
r
s
y
s
tem
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
ef
f
icien
cy
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
5
%,
wh
ile
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
b
y
1
2
%.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
two
E
MS
s
tr
ateg
ies
S
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
(
%)
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
(
g
)
P
I
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
8
7
.
3
2
4
.
3
6
5
EEM
S
9
2
.
2
4
3
.
8
4
4
3
.
2
.
T
he
m
o
dified
E
E
M
S pe
rf
o
rma
nce
Fro
m
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
E
E
MS
s
tr
ateg
y
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
a)
,
it
is
clea
r
th
at
th
e
ch
atter
in
g
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
o
n
ap
p
e
ar
s
in
b
o
th
th
e
SC
p
o
wer
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
th
e
b
atter
y
p
o
wer
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
FC
–
PV
s
y
s
tem
with
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
E
E
MS
al
g
o
r
ith
m
,
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
b
)
,
in
d
icate
th
at,
in
a
d
d
itio
n
t
o
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
s
i
s
ten
tly
at
its
m
in
im
u
m
p
o
w
er
,
th
e
ch
atter
i
n
g
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
h
as b
ee
n
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
s
u
p
p
r
ess
ed
.
(a
)
(b
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Po
wer
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
PV
-
f
u
el
ce
ll h
y
b
r
id
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
im
u
latio
n
with
(
a)
E
E
MS
an
d
(
b
)
t
h
e
m
o
d
if
ie
d
E
E
MS
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
2
1
9
-
1229
1226
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
also
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
t
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
E
E
MS
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
in
m
ain
ta
in
in
g
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
SOC
)
with
in
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ie
d
r
a
n
g
e,
with
s
m
o
o
th
er
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
th
e
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
E
E
MS
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
as
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
SC
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
h
o
ws
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
T
h
e
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e,
wh
ich
m
ir
r
o
r
s
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
t
h
e
SC
,
is
also
s
tab
ilized
,
with
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
E
E
MS
alg
o
r
ith
m
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
a
v
o
lta
g
e
1
v
o
lt
lo
we
r
th
an
th
e
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
E
E
MS.
T
h
ese
r
elativ
ely
s
tab
le
SOC
an
d
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
r
ef
lect
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
tr
ateg
y
in
m
an
ag
in
g
an
d
m
ain
tain
i
n
g
b
o
th
th
e
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
th
e
DC
n
etwo
r
k
.
On
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
id
e,
b
o
th
th
e
E
E
MS
an
d
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
E
E
MS
p
r
o
d
u
ce
v
er
y
s
im
ilar
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
with
b
o
th
s
tr
ateg
ies
lead
in
g
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
c
y
b
y
k
ee
p
in
g
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
o
p
er
atin
g
at
a
m
in
im
u
m
lo
ad
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
f
2
0
A,
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
B
atter
y
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
with
s
tr
ateg
y
:
(
a)
E
E
MS
an
d
(
b
)
t
h
e
m
o
d
if
ie
d
E
E
MS
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
T
h
e
SC
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
with
s
tr
ateg
y
:
(
a)
E
E
MS
an
d
(
b)
t
h
e
m
o
d
if
ie
d
E
E
MS
Un
lik
e
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
i
n
teg
r
al
(
PI)
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
,
wh
ich
ty
p
ically
f
ails
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
an
a
g
e
f
u
el
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
n
d
b
atter
y
s
tate
-
of
-
ch
ar
g
e
(
SOC
)
,
th
e
E
E
MS
en
s
u
r
es
s
tab
le
SO
C
lev
els
an
d
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
E
E
MS
s
tr
ateg
ies
o
f
ten
s
u
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
th
e
ch
atte
r
in
g
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
o
n
,
wh
ich
lead
s
to
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
s
witch
in
g
th
at
im
p
o
s
es
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
tr
ess
o
n
f
u
el
ce
lls
,
b
atter
ies,
an
d
SC
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Dev
elo
p
men
t o
f o
p
era
tio
n
s
tr
a
teg
y
fo
r
P
V
-
fu
el
ce
ll h
y
b
r
id
p
o
w
er sys
tem
to
…
(
K
a
th
erin
I
n
d
r
ia
w
a
ti
)
1227
T
h
is
s
tr
ess
ac
ce
ler
ates
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
,
u
ltima
tely
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
life
s
p
a
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
o
a
d
d
r
ess
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
to
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
itig
atin
g
th
e
ch
atter
in
g
ef
f
ec
t a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
i
lity
an
d
lo
n
g
ev
ity
.
An
o
th
er
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
is
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
e
n
er
g
y
in
t
o
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
.
B
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
ati
n
g
PV
en
er
g
y
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
PV
in
teg
r
atio
n
lead
s
to
a
5
%
ef
f
icien
cy
g
ain
an
d
a
1
2
%
r
e
d
u
c
tio
n
in
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
d
o
n
o
t
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ate
PV
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
is
in
teg
r
atio
n
n
o
t
o
n
ly
m
ak
es
th
e
s
y
s
tem
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
b
u
t
also
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
r
elian
ce
o
n
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
,
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
a
m
o
r
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tally
f
r
ien
d
l
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
Fu
el
ce
ll c
o
n
d
itio
n
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
with
th
e
s
tr
ateg
y
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
E
E
MS
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
an
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
tr
ateg
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
E
E
MS
s
ch
em
e
f
o
r
PV
-
f
u
el
c
ell
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
a
d
d
r
ess
ef
f
icien
cy
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
m
itig
ate
p
r
em
atu
r
e
a
g
in
g
o
f
f
u
el
ce
lls
,
b
atter
ies,
an
d
S
C
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
s
tr
ess
.
B
y
in
teg
r
ati
ng
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
en
e
r
g
y
as
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
c
e,
th
is
o
p
er
atio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
y
h
as
s
h
o
w
n
to
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
t
h
e
PV
-
f
u
el
ce
ll
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
b
y
m
o
d
if
y
i
n
g
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
E
E
MS,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
m
itig
ated
ch
atter
in
g
p
h
en
o
m
en
a,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
SOC
)
an
d
th
e
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
r
em
ain
with
in
s
p
ec
if
ie
d
r
an
g
es
wh
ile
r
e
d
u
cin
g
s
tr
ess
o
n
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
SC
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
E
E
MS.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
c
h
will
ex
p
lo
r
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tr
ateg
y
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
t
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
a
d
ap
tatio
n
to
v
ar
y
i
n
g
o
p
er
atio
n
al
c
o
n
d
iti
o
n
s
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
w
o
u
ld
lik
e
to
ex
p
r
ess
th
eir
g
r
atitu
d
e
to
th
e
M
in
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
C
u
ltu
r
e,
R
esear
ch
,
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
Ma
s
ter
'
s
T
h
esi
s
R
esear
ch
s
ch
em
e
(
C
o
n
tr
ac
t N
u
m
b
er
: 1
1
2
/E5
/PG.
0
2
.
0
0
.
PL/2
0
2
3
)
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
2
1
9
-
1229
1228
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Kath
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in
I
n
d
r
iawa
ti
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Naw
an
g
s
ih
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
in
d
y
R
ev
ik
o
E
k
atiar
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
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r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
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o
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Fo
:
Fo
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mal
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n
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I
:
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n
v
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t
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g
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R
:
R
e
so
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r
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s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
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o
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O
:
W
r
i
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i
n
g
-
O
r
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l
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r
a
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r
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v
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&
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d
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Vi
:
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su
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P
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Fu
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NT
Au
th
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s
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tate
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in
t
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DATA AV
AI
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AB
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L
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Y
Der
iv
ed
d
ata
s
u
p
p
o
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tin
g
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f
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in
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o
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th
is
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co
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esp
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g
au
th
o
r
,
[
KI
]
,
o
n
r
eq
u
est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
B
.
F
a
t
t
o
u
h
,
R
.
P
o
u
d
i
n
e
h
,
a
n
d
R
.
W
e
st
,
“
Th
e
r
i
s
e
o
f
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
s
a
n
d
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e
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g
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