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[
2
].
I
n
r
e
m
o
t
e
a
r
e
a
s
a
n
d
o
f
f
-
gr
i
d
c
o
m
m
u
ni
t
i
e
s
,
wh
e
r
e
a
c
c
e
s
s
to
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
i
z
e
d
e
lec
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
n
e
t
wo
r
ks
i
s
li
mi
t
e
d
o
r
n
o
n
e
xi
s
t
e
n
t
,
de
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
i
z
e
d
po
we
r
ge
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
pr
o
vi
de
a
vi
a
bl
e
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
v
e
.
Am
o
n
g
v
a
r
i
o
us
r
e
n
e
w
a
bl
e
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
,
ph
o
to
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
(
P
V)
s
o
l
a
r
e
ne
r
g
y
h
a
s
ga
i
ne
d
w
i
de
s
pr
e
a
d
a
t
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
due
to
i
t
s
s
c
a
l
a
bi
li
t
y
,
l
o
w
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
nc
e
r
e
qu
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
,
a
n
d
de
c
l
i
n
i
ng
i
ns
t
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
s
t
s
.
H
o
we
v
e
r
,
P
V
e
n
e
r
g
y
ge
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
hi
g
hly
de
pe
n
d
e
n
t
o
n
s
o
l
a
r
i
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
,
w
hi
c
h
f
l
u
c
t
ua
t
e
s
t
h
r
o
ugh
o
u
t
t
h
e
da
y
a
n
d
is
f
ur
t
h
e
r
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
d
by
we
a
t
h
e
r
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
ns
.
I
n
s
t
a
n
da
l
o
n
e
P
V
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
wh
e
r
e
n
o
b
a
c
kup
po
we
r
s
o
ur
c
e
s
a
r
e
a
v
a
il
a
bl
e
[
3
]
-
[
5
]
,
t
h
e
m
i
s
m
a
t
c
h
b
e
t
we
e
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
pr
o
duc
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
ns
u
m
pt
i
o
n
b
e
c
o
m
e
s
a
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
i
s
s
u
e
,
o
f
t
e
n
n
e
c
e
s
s
i
t
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
gr
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
E
S
S
to
e
n
s
ur
e
a
c
on
t
i
n
uo
us
a
n
d
r
e
l
i
a
bl
e
po
we
r
s
upp
l
y
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
C
he
m
i
c
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
t
or
a
ge
,
pa
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
ly
b
a
tt
e
r
i
e
s
,
r
e
m
a
i
ns
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
wi
d
e
ly
a
do
p
t
e
d
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n
i
n
hy
br
i
d
r
e
n
e
wa
bl
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
due
t
o
i
t
s
hi
g
h
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
t
o
r
a
ge
de
n
s
i
t
y
.
Ho
we
v
e
r
,
s
t
a
n
da
r
d
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
r
e
gu
l
a
r
ly
s
u
f
f
e
r
f
r
o
m
li
mi
t
a
t
i
o
ns
s
uc
h
a
s
l
im
i
t
e
d
po
we
r
de
n
s
i
t
y
,
s
ho
r
t
s
e
r
vi
c
e
li
f
e
a
n
d
gr
a
dua
l
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
de
gr
a
da
t
i
o
n
o
v
e
r
t
i
m
e
[
8
]
-
[1
0
]
.
I
n
c
o
n
t
r
a
s
t
,
s
upe
r
c
a
pa
c
i
to
r
s
o
f
f
e
r
s
igni
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
hi
g
he
r
po
we
r
de
n
s
i
t
y
a
n
d
e
x
t
e
n
de
d
c
yc
l
e
li
f
e
,
m
a
k
i
ng
t
h
e
m
s
u
i
t
a
bl
e
f
o
r
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
ns
r
e
qu
i
r
i
ng
r
a
p
i
d
c
h
a
r
ge
-
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
ge
c
y
c
l
e
s
.
Ho
we
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
i
r
l
o
we
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
a
ge
c
a
pa
c
i
t
y
l
im
i
t
s
t
h
e
i
r
a
bil
i
t
y
t
o
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
a
s
pr
i
m
a
r
y
e
ne
r
g
y
s
t
or
a
ge
uni
t
s
.
C
o
n
s
e
que
n
t
l
y
,
s
upe
r
c
a
pa
c
i
t
o
r
s
a
r
e
o
f
t
e
n
ut
i
l
i
z
e
d
a
s
c
o
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
r
y
s
t
or
a
ge
de
vi
c
e
s
,
wo
r
ki
n
g
i
n
c
o
nj
u
nc
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
t
o
o
p
t
i
mi
z
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
m
a
na
ge
m
e
n
t
i
n
r
e
n
e
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
g
y
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
[
1
1
]
-
[1
3
].
B
y
ut
i
li
z
i
ng
hy
b
r
i
d
E
S
S
,
t
h
e
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
s
t
a
bil
i
t
y
o
f
r
e
n
e
w
a
bl
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
c
a
n
b
e
s
i
g
ni
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
im
pr
o
v
e
d,
m
a
k
i
ng
t
he
m
m
o
r
e
s
u
i
t
a
bl
e
f
o
r
b
ot
h
gr
i
d
-
b
a
s
e
d
a
n
d
r
e
m
o
t
e
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
i
n
t
e
gr
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
s
to
r
a
ge
t
e
c
hn
o
l
o
gi
e
s
n
o
t
o
nl
y
f
a
c
i
li
t
a
t
e
s
a
s
m
o
o
t
h
e
r
t
r
a
n
s
i
t
i
o
n
t
o
wa
r
d
s
us
t
a
i
na
bl
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
b
ut
a
l
s
o
e
n
s
ur
e
s
a
m
o
r
e
r
e
s
i
li
e
n
t
a
nd
s
t
a
bl
e
po
we
r
s
upp
l
y
,
e
v
e
n
i
n
t
h
e
f
a
c
e
o
f
f
l
uc
t
ua
t
i
n
g
r
e
ne
wa
bl
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
[
1
4
]
-
[
18
].
T
hi
s
s
t
ud
y
pr
e
s
e
n
t
s
a
n
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
hy
br
i
d
e
ne
r
g
y
s
to
r
a
ge
s
y
s
t
e
m
(
HE
S
S
)
c
o
m
bi
ni
ng
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
a
n
d
s
upe
r
c
a
pa
c
i
t
o
r
s
(
S
C
)
to
i
m
pr
o
v
e
t
h
e
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
,
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y
,
a
n
d
l
if
e
s
pa
n
o
f
r
e
n
e
wa
bl
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
a
ge
.
A
n
o
v
e
l
e
ne
r
g
y
-
s
ha
r
i
n
g
s
t
r
a
t
e
gy
i
s
i
n
t
r
o
duc
e
d,
wh
e
r
e
S
C
s
a
c
t
a
s
a
uxi
li
a
r
y
s
t
o
r
a
ge
to
h
a
n
d
l
e
pe
a
k
p
o
we
r
de
m
a
n
d
s
,
r
e
duc
i
n
g
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
t
r
e
s
s
a
n
d
m
i
t
i
ga
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
a
dv
e
r
s
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
i
r
r
e
gu
l
a
r
c
h
a
r
ge
-
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
c
y
c
l
e
s
c
a
us
e
d
by
P
V
e
n
e
r
g
y
f
l
uc
t
ua
t
i
o
ns
.
A
c
ur
r
e
n
t
-
b
a
s
e
d
r
e
gul
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
gy
i
s
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
e
d
to
dy
n
a
mi
c
a
l
ly
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
po
we
r
f
l
o
w
b
e
t
we
e
n
t
h
e
b
a
tt
e
r
y
a
n
d
S
C
,
e
n
s
ur
i
n
g
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
e
n
e
r
g
y
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
ut
i
o
n
a
n
d
mi
nim
i
z
i
ng
s
tor
a
ge
c
o
m
po
n
e
n
t
de
gr
a
da
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
r
c
hi
t
e
c
t
ur
e
i
n
c
o
r
po
r
a
t
e
s
a
m
a
xi
m
u
m
po
we
r
p
o
i
n
t
t
r
a
c
ki
n
g
(
M
P
P
T
)
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
t
o
o
p
t
i
mi
z
e
P
V
e
n
e
r
g
y
h
a
r
v
e
s
t
i
n
g
vi
a
a
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
a
b
uc
k
-
b
oo
s
t
c
o
n
ve
r
t
e
r
to
r
e
gul
a
t
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
x
c
ha
n
ge
s
b
e
t
we
e
n
t
h
e
ba
tt
e
r
y
,
S
C
s
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
DC
b
us
,
a
n
d
a
DC
-
A
C
c
o
nve
r
t
e
r
to
f
a
c
il
i
t
a
t
e
po
we
r
d
e
l
i
ve
r
y
t
o
i
nduc
t
i
v
e
l
o
a
ds
.
A
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
m
a
n
a
ge
m
e
n
t
bl
o
c
k
s
upe
r
vi
s
e
s
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
ns
a
m
o
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
c
om
po
n
e
n
t
s
,
o
p
t
i
mi
z
i
ng
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
u
n
de
r
v
a
r
yi
ng
l
o
a
d
c
o
nd
i
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
e
n
t
i
r
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
s
m
o
de
l
e
d
a
n
d
v
a
li
da
t
e
d
i
n
M
A
T
L
A
B
/S
im
u
l
i
nk,
w
i
t
h
s
im
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
c
o
nf
i
r
m
i
ng
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
pr
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
s
i
g
ni
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
im
pr
o
v
e
s
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
l
if
e
s
pa
n
,
s
t
a
bil
i
z
e
s
po
we
r
s
uppl
y
,
a
n
d
e
nh
a
nc
e
s
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y
.
B
y
a
ddr
e
s
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
li
mi
t
a
t
i
o
ns
o
f
t
r
a
di
t
i
o
n
a
l
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
-
b
a
s
e
d
s
to
r
a
ge
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
t
hi
s
wo
r
k
a
dv
a
nc
e
s
s
m
a
r
t
e
n
e
r
g
y
m
a
na
ge
m
e
n
t
s
t
r
a
t
e
gi
e
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
ut
e
s
t
o
t
h
e
s
us
t
a
i
n
a
bl
e
a
n
d
c
o
s
t
-
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
i
n
t
e
gr
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
r
e
ne
wa
bl
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
i
n
t
o
s
t
a
n
da
l
o
n
e
a
n
d
gr
i
d
-
c
o
n
ne
c
t
e
d
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
2.
S
YST
E
M
AR
CHI
T
E
CT
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AN
D
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ON
F
i
gur
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de
pi
c
t
s
t
h
e
hy
b
r
i
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
t
o
r
a
ge
c
o
nf
i
g
ur
a
t
i
o
n
un
de
r
i
nv
e
s
t
i
ga
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
f
e
a
t
ur
e
s
a
P
V
ge
n
e
r
a
t
or
o
pe
r
a
t
i
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g
a
t
34
v
o
l
t
s
,
wi
t
h
ba
tt
e
r
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e
s
a
n
d
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upe
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c
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pa
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o
r
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gr
a
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d
f
o
r
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r
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y
s
t
o
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ge
.
SC
s
m
a
n
a
ge
r
a
p
i
d
c
ur
r
e
n
t
f
l
u
c
t
ua
t
i
o
ns
,
t
h
e
r
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by
r
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duc
in
g
t
h
e
s
t
r
a
i
n
o
n
t
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b
a
tt
e
r
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s
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whi
l
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h
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b
a
tt
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s
s
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r
v
e
a
s
l
o
n
g
-
t
e
r
m
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
t
o
r
a
ge
.
On
t
h
e
DC
b
us
,
t
h
e
c
o
nv
e
r
t
e
r
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
P
V
ge
ne
r
a
to
r
a
c
t
s
a
s
a
v
o
l
t
a
ge
b
o
o
s
t
e
r
,
i
nc
r
e
a
s
i
ng
t
h
e
o
ut
pu
t
f
r
o
m
34
V
to
50
V
.
T
hi
s
c
o
nv
e
r
t
e
r
a
l
s
o
o
p
t
i
mi
z
e
s
po
we
r
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
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o
l
a
r
pa
n
e
l
s
us
i
ng
a
M
P
P
T
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
.
A
bi
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
s
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
to
t
h
e
DC
b
us
,
m
a
n
a
g
i
ng
b
o
t
h
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
c
ur
r
e
n
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
ge
r
e
gul
a
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
we
e
n
t
h
e
b
a
tt
e
r
i
e
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
DC
b
us
.
An
o
t
h
e
r
bi
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
b
uc
k
-
bo
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
c
a
pa
bl
e
o
f
o
pe
r
a
t
i
n
g
i
n
b
o
t
h
c
h
a
r
ge
a
n
d
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
ge
m
o
de
s
,
a
l
s
o
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
s
t
h
e
s
upe
r
c
a
pa
c
i
t
o
r
s
to
t
h
e
DC
b
us
.
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e
li
nk
b
o
t
h
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
t
or
a
ge
de
vi
c
e
s
(
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
a
n
d
s
upe
r
c
a
pa
c
i
t
o
r
s
)
to
a
50
V
DC
b
us
,
f
a
c
il
i
t
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
r
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
[
19
]
-
[2
3
]
.
A
dd
i
t
i
o
n
a
ll
y
,
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
s
a
r
e
ut
i
li
z
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
DC
b
us
t
o
s
m
o
ot
h
o
u
t
p
o
we
r
i
r
r
e
gu
l
a
r
i
t
i
e
s
a
r
i
s
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ng
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
o
pe
r
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t
i
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n
o
f
po
we
r
c
onv
e
r
s
i
o
n
uni
t
s
.
W
e
h
a
v
e
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o
m
p
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t
e
d
a
n
d
v
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li
da
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d
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m
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de
li
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o
f
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y
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m
s
,
e
ns
ur
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n
g
t
h
a
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a
c
h
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o
m
po
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n
t
f
u
nc
t
i
o
ns
a
s
i
n
t
e
n
d
e
d
w
i
t
hi
n
t
h
e
hy
br
i
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
t
o
r
a
ge
s
y
s
t
e
m
[
2
4
]
-
[2
7
].
3.
AN
AL
YSI
S
,
M
ODE
L
L
I
NG,
AN
D
CONT
ROL
OF
VA
RI
OUS
COM
P
ONE
NT
S
3.
1.
P
h
ot
ovol
t
aic
s
ys
t
e
m
m
od
e
l
in
g
T
h
e
f
u
nc
t
i
o
ni
ng
m
e
c
h
a
ni
s
m
o
f
a
s
o
l
a
r
c
e
l
l
c
a
n
b
e
m
o
de
l
e
d
us
i
ng
a
c
o
r
r
e
s
po
n
d
i
n
g
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
d
i
a
gr
a
m
,
a
s
s
h
o
wn
i
n
F
i
gur
e
2.
T
hi
s
m
o
de
l
i
s
e
x
t
e
n
s
i
ve
ly
do
c
u
m
e
n
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
li
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
[
28
]
-
[3
0
]
a
n
d
s
e
r
v
e
s
a
s
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
do
n
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s
i
a
n
J
E
l
e
c
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n
g
&
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m
p
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c
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S
S
N:
2502
-
4752
Hy
br
id
e
ne
r
gy
s
tor
ag
e
s
olut
ions
thr
ough
batt
e
r
y
-
s
upe
r
c
apac
it
or
…
(
A
bde
lkade
r
Y
ou
s
f
i)
13
f
u
n
da
m
e
n
t
a
l
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
f
o
r
PV
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
na
ly
s
i
s
.
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e
r
t
h
e
y
e
a
r
s
,
n
u
m
e
r
o
us
s
t
udi
e
s
ha
v
e
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
ut
e
d
to
t
h
e
de
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
va
r
i
o
us
m
o
de
l
s
f
o
r
PV
c
e
l
l
s
,
m
o
du
l
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s
,
a
n
d
pa
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l
s
.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
e
s
e
,
t
w
o
pr
i
m
a
r
y
mo
de
l
s
a
r
e
w
i
de
ly
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
d:
t
h
e
s
i
n
g
l
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-
d
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de
a
n
d
t
h
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t
w
o
-
d
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o
de
m
o
de
l
s
i
n
(
1)
.
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h
e
s
i
n
g
l
e
-
d
i
o
de
m
o
de
l
,
k
n
o
wn
f
o
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i
t
s
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f
f
e
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t
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v
e
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o
m
pr
o
m
i
s
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b
e
t
we
e
n
pr
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
a
n
d
m
a
na
ge
a
bl
e
c
o
m
put
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
d
e
m
a
n
ds
,
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
e
s
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th
e
m
o
s
t
w
i
de
ly
us
e
d
r
e
pr
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
,
wi
t
h
i
t
s
c
o
r
r
e
s
po
n
d
i
ng
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
d
i
a
gr
a
m
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
2.
=
ℎ
−
(
(
(
+
∗
)
∗
∗
)
−
1
)
−
+
∗
(
1)
W
h
e
r
e
:
:
f
l
o
w
o
f
c
ur
r
e
n
t
vi
a
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
c
e
ll
.
ℎ
:
t
h
e
c
ur
r
e
n
t
ge
n
e
r
a
t
e
d
by
l
i
g
h
t
i
s
c
a
ll
e
d
ph
o
to
c
ur
r
e
n
t
.
:
r
e
v
e
r
s
e
s
a
t
ur
a
t
i
o
n
c
ur
r
e
n
t
,
a
pr
o
pe
r
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
us
e
d
i
n
s
o
l
a
r
c
e
l
l
s
.
:
a
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
’
s
c
h
a
r
ge
(
=
1
.
6
.
10
−
19
)
.
:
v
o
l
t
a
ge
i
n
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
c
e
l
l
’
s
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
.
R
s
:
c
o
m
bi
n
i
ng
i
n
t
e
r
na
l
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
w
i
t
h
s
e
r
i
e
s
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
nc
e
.
:
B
o
l
t
z
m
a
nn
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
(
=
1
.
3
.
10
−
23
/
)
.
:
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
ur
e
i
n
K
e
l
v
i
n.
:
i
de
a
l
i
t
y
f
a
c
t
or
o
f
d
i
o
de
.
R
SH
:
p
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
.
A
PV
a
r
r
a
y
ha
s
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
m
o
du
l
e
s
i
n
t
e
r
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
i
n
s
e
r
i
e
s
a
n
d
pa
r
a
ll
e
l
a
r
r
a
n
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
.
W
e
e
x
pr
e
s
s
t
h
e
t
e
r
m
i
na
l
e
qua
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
c
ur
r
e
n
t
a
n
d
v
o
l
t
a
ge
i
n
pa
r
a
l
l
e
l
a
n
d
s
e
r
i
e
s
c
o
nf
i
gur
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
s
[
3
3
]
-
[3
5
].
=
−
[
e
xp
(
(
+
)
1
)
−
1
(
+
)
1
]
(
2)
T
h
e
po
we
r
-
v
o
l
t
a
ge
(
P
-
V)
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
o
f
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
pa
n
e
l
i
s
n
o
n
-
l
i
ne
a
r
,
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
o
u
t
pu
t
p
o
we
r
f
l
uc
t
ua
t
e
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
i
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
a
nd
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
.
T
h
e
pe
r
t
ur
b
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
o
bs
e
r
va
t
i
o
n
(
P
&
O)
m
e
t
h
o
d
i
s
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
e
n
us
e
d
M
P
P
T
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
f
o
r
o
p
t
i
m
u
m
po
we
r
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
,
o
wi
n
g
t
o
i
t
s
s
i
m
p
li
c
it
y
,
c
l
e
a
r
de
s
i
g
n
,
a
n
d
e
a
s
e
o
f
pr
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
[
3
6
],
[3
7
]
.
T
hi
s
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
wa
s
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
ur
r
e
n
t
i
nv
e
s
t
i
ga
t
i
o
n
.
F
i
gur
e
1.
S
c
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
r
e
pr
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
ph
o
to
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
i
t
h
hy
br
i
d
s
t
or
a
ge
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
I
n
do
n
e
s
i
a
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J
E
l
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c
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
S
c
i
,
Vo
l
.
39
,
N
o
.
1
,
J
ul
y
20
25
:
1
1
-
22
14
F
i
gur
e
2.
T
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
r
e
pr
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
PV
c
e
l
l
3.
2.
M
od
e
l
in
g
an
d
c
h
ar
ac
t
e
r
is
t
ics
o
f
s
u
p
e
r
c
ap
ac
it
o
rs
S
upe
r
c
a
pa
c
i
t
o
r
s
,
o
f
t
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17
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34
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8,
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11.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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un
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11.
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un
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12
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m
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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19
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5.
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ON
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y
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V.
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m
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[
1]
T.
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ng,
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m,
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K
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ma
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ol
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.
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gy
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v
ie
w
s
,
vo
l.
43,
p.
100939,
S
e
p.
2022,
do
i:
10.1016/j
.e
s
r
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00939.
[
2]
H
.
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ha
y
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ghi
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.
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.
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y
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te
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nat
io
nal
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tr
ic
al
P
ow
e
r
and
E
ne
r
gy
Sy
s
te
m
s
, v
o
l.
125, p. 106391, F
e
b. 2021, d
o
i:
10.1016/j
.i
j
e
p
e
s
.2
020.106391.
[
3]
P
.
S
in
gh
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J
.
S
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L
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e
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and A
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s
s
m
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nt
s
, v
ol
. 43, p. 100924, F
e
b. 2021, d
o
i:
10.1016/
j.
s
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ta
.2020.100924.
[
4]
F
. D
ía
z
-
G
o
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.
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s
,”
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our
nal
of
E
ne
r
g
y
St
or
age
,
v
o
l.
51,
p. 104446, J
ul
. 2022, do
i:
10.1016/j
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e
s
t.
2022.104446.
[
5]
C
.
V
.
M
.
G
o
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.
R
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me
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h,
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ngi
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, vo
l.
24, p. 103598, De
c
. 2024, d
o
i:
10.1016
/j
.r
i
n
e
ng.2024.103598.
[
6]
Z
.
Y
a
n,
Y
.
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ha
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ng,
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.
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gy
,
vo
l.
207,
p.
118139,
S
e
p.
2020,
do
i:
10.1016/j
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n
e
r
g
y
.2020.118139.
[
7]
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.
H
us
s
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,
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.
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.
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.
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.
N
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ngr
oo
,
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.
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.
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n,
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.
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.
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im
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s
,
vo
l.
12,
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o
.
24,
p.
4662,
D
e
c
.
20
19,
do
i:
10.3390
/
e
n12244662.
[
8]
M
.
G
o
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-
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o
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le
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,
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.
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nde
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.
G
.
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nd
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.
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ur
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s
,”
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our
nal
of
P
ow
e
r
Sour
c
e
s
, v
o
l.
482
, p. 228918, J
a
n. 2021, do
i:
10.1016/j
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p
o
w
s
o
u
r
.2020.228918.
[
9]
Z
. E
. D
a
ll
a
lb
a
s
hi
, S
. A
lh
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y
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li
r
, M
. J
. M
na
ti
, a
nd A
. A
. A
. A
lh
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y
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li
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o
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ngi
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(
I
J
E
E
C
S)
,
vo
l.
29,
no
. 2, pp. 669
–
677, F
e
b. 2023, d
o
i:
10.11591/i
je
e
c
s
.v
29.
i2
.pp6
69
-
677.
[
10]
M
.
A
.
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mu
,
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.
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ku,
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nd
M
.
Z
.
G
e
ti
e
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s
ul
ts
i
n C
he
m
is
tr
y
, v
o
l.
6, p. 101041, D
e
c
.
2023, do
i:
10.1016/j
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r
e
c
h
e
m.2023.101041.
[
11]
M
. I
quba
l,
P
.
S
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th
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y
a
n,
A
. A
.
S
t
o
ni
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r
,
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.
P
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t
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,
D
. S
.
V
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na
ja
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nd V
.
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nj
i,
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n
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ms
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nat
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T
r
ans
ac
ti
ons
on
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le
c
tr
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al
E
ne
r
gy
Sy
s
t
e
m
s
,
v
o
l.
2022,
pp.
1
–
27,
S
e
p.
2022,
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i:
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[
12]
W
.
L
iu
,
T
.
P
la
c
k
e
,
a
nd
K
.
T
.
C
ha
u,
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l
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s
,”
E
ne
r
gy
R
e
por
ts
,
v
o
l
.
8,
pp. 4058
–
4084, Nov
. 2022, d
o
i:
10.1016/j
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e
g
y
r
.2022.03.016.
[
13
]
P
.
H
.
C
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ma
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go
s
,
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.
H
.
J
.
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.
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ar
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h
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l.
46,
n
o
.
13,
pp. 19258
–
19268, 2022, do
i:
10.1002/
e
r
.7993.
[
14
]
M
.
C
.
A
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