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tead
ily
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
co
s
ts
o
f
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
c
tio
n
in
m
an
y
co
u
n
t
r
ies
h
av
e
p
u
t
en
o
r
m
o
u
s
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
n
th
e
u
tili
ties
'
m
ar
g
in
s
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
elec
tr
ical
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
cr
ea
te
ad
d
itio
n
al
ca
p
ac
ity
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
co
m
p
an
y
a
u
th
o
r
ities
b
e
g
an
to
im
p
lem
en
t
in
ce
n
tiv
es
f
o
r
p
o
w
er
f
ac
to
r
c
o
r
r
ec
tio
n
.
Un
d
e
r
th
i
s
s
etu
p
,
elec
tr
icity
d
is
tr
ib
u
to
r
s
m
u
s
t
ac
h
iev
e
a
ce
r
tain
m
in
im
u
m
p
o
wer
f
ac
t
o
r
o
r
f
ac
e
p
en
alties
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
Po
wer
f
ac
t
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
(
PF
C
)
h
as
wid
esp
r
ea
d
r
ele
v
an
ce
in
o
f
f
ice
c
o
m
p
lex
es,
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
f
ac
ilit
ies,
an
d
th
e
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
g
r
i
d
n
ea
r
co
m
m
e
r
c
ial
clien
ts
.
I
n
s
o
m
e
r
e
g
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
wo
r
ld
,
r
esid
e
n
tial
PF
C
is
also
b
ec
o
m
in
g
m
o
r
e
an
d
m
o
r
e
p
o
p
u
lar
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
Mo
s
tly
th
e
r
esid
en
tial
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
ar
e
n
o
t
b
o
th
e
r
ed
b
y
PF
C
s
in
ce
th
e
m
eter
in
g
is
m
ain
ly
in
Kilo
wa
tt
-
h
o
u
r
(
k
W
h
)
.
Of
ten
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
lu
m
in
a
r
ies
ar
e
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
r
esid
e
n
tial
co
n
s
u
m
er
to
e
x
p
lo
it
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
.
Fo
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
a
n
ew
s
o
lu
tio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
to
e
x
p
lo
r
e
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
d
e
p
lo
y
in
g
PF
C
in
th
e
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
e
two
r
k
s
as
clo
s
e
t
o
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
lo
ad
p
r
em
is
es
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le,
in
p
r
iv
a
te
r
esid
en
ce
s
o
r
r
esid
en
tial
co
lo
n
ies
to
f
o
r
m
a
co
m
m
u
n
ity
m
icr
o
g
r
id
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
R
esid
en
tial
ap
ar
tm
en
ts
an
d
v
illas
n
ea
r
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
Ap
p
lied
Scien
ce
s
(
UT
AS)
,
Su
h
ar
ca
m
p
u
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ex
p
lo
r
ed
.
I
n
a
co
m
m
u
n
ity
m
i
cr
o
g
r
id
,
wh
ich
is
p
o
wer
p
r
o
v
id
er
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
to
r
,
th
ese
p
o
wer
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
a
t
i
o
n
m
e
c
h
a
n
is
m
s
s
e
em
e
d
t
o
b
e
w
o
r
t
h
y
e
n
o
u
g
h
t
o
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
at
e
t
h
e
o
u
t
c
o
m
es
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
el
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
is
to
in
teg
r
ate
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
f
o
r
d
im
in
u
tio
n
o
f
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
an
d
ap
p
ar
en
t
p
o
w
er
ca
p
ac
ity
s
av
in
g
at
th
e
en
d
u
s
er
s
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
an
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
lo
s
s
m
in
im
izatio
n
an
d
ca
p
ac
ity
s
av
in
g
in
r
esid
en
tial m
icr
o
-
g
r
i
d
n
etwo
r
k
h
as b
ee
n
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
f
i
v
e
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
l
o
s
s
m
in
im
izatio
n
h
as
r
ev
iewe
d
in
s
ec
tio
n
1
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
an
d
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
o
f
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
in
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
et
wo
r
k
h
as
b
ee
n
d
escr
ib
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
an
d
3
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
ar
e
in
clu
d
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
4
wh
ile
p
ap
er
h
as c
o
n
clu
d
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
5
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
r
esid
en
tial
p
o
we
r
f
ac
to
r
(
PF
)
is
th
e
r
atio
o
f
th
e
p
er
ce
n
t
ag
e
o
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
icity
th
at’
s
d
e
liv
er
ed
to
th
e
h
o
u
s
e
an
d
u
s
ed
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
,
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
wh
at
is
wasted
[
2
4
]
.
I
t is ex
p
r
ess
ed
b
y
(
1
)
.
=
(
1
)
I
n
p
o
wer
ter
m
s
,
th
e
PF
is
a
r
at
io
o
f
r
ea
l
p
o
wer
to
ap
p
ar
en
t
p
o
wer
.
T
h
e
u
n
ity
PF
o
f
a
d
wellin
g
m
ea
n
s
th
at
all
th
e
elec
tr
icity
s
u
p
p
lie
d
to
h
o
u
s
e
is
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
e
f
f
e
ctiv
ely
f
o
r
its
in
ten
d
ed
p
u
r
p
o
s
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
m
o
s
t
h
o
m
es
to
d
a
y
h
av
e
a
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
o
f
7
7
%
o
r
less
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
m
eter
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
u
s
es
7
7
%
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
in
g
2
3
%
is
wasted
d
u
e
to
b
u
ild
i
n
g
in
d
u
ctiv
e
l
o
ad
s
.
I
f
th
e
PF
is
lo
w,
th
e
p
o
wer
co
m
p
an
y
m
u
s
t
s
u
p
p
ly
m
o
r
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
to
d
o
th
e
s
am
e
wo
r
k
.
Ho
wev
er
,
p
o
wer
-
s
av
in
g
u
n
its
o
f
ten
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
is
PF
to
0
.
9
7
o
r
0
.
9
8
,
th
u
s
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
o
wer
.
T
h
e
r
atio
o
f
r
ea
l
p
o
wer
(
m
e
asu
r
ed
in
,
kW
)
to
ap
p
ar
e
n
t
p
o
wer
(
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
i
n
,
k
VA
)
is
u
s
u
ally
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
a
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e.
I
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
p
o
wer
f
ac
t
o
r
(
PF
imp
)
h
as
also
p
r
o
v
en
t
o
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
s
y
s
tem
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
e
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
a
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
(
%
P
loss
)
[
2
5
]
d
u
e
to
th
e
in
s
tallatio
n
o
f
ca
p
a
cito
r
s
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
(
2
).
%
=
100
−
100
[
]
2
(
2
)
I
n
a
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
,
a
lo
a
d
wit
h
a
lo
wer
PF
d
r
aws
m
o
r
e
cu
r
r
en
t
th
an
a
lo
a
d
with
a
h
ig
h
er
PF
f
ac
to
r
wh
en
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
th
e
s
am
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
.
Hig
h
er
cu
r
r
en
t
s
in
cr
ea
s
e
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
es
in
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
lar
g
er
ca
b
les
an
d
o
t
h
er
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t.
Du
e
to
th
e
c
o
s
t
o
f
lar
g
e
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
a
n
d
was
ted
en
er
g
y
,
u
tili
ties
ty
p
ically
ch
ar
g
e
h
ig
h
er
r
ates
to
en
d
-
u
s
er
s
,
h
av
in
g
lo
wer
PF
s
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
p
h
aso
r
d
iag
r
am
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
a
s
h
u
n
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
ca
n
co
r
r
ec
t
th
e
ap
p
ar
en
t
p
o
wer
an
d
PF
in
an
y
s
ett
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
tag
e
wis
e
p
r
o
ject
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
f
l
o
w
ch
ar
t is g
iv
en
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
n
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
f
o
r
lo
s
s
min
imiz
a
tio
n
a
n
d
ca
p
a
city
s
a
vin
g
s
in
r
esid
en
tia
l
…
(
S
a
s
id
h
a
r
a
n
S
r
ee
d
h
a
r
a
n
)
3
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
PF
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
–
p
h
as
o
r
d
iag
r
am
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Pro
ject
im
p
lem
en
tati
o
n
s
tag
es
3.
P
RO
CE
DUR
E
T
h
is
p
r
o
ject
wo
r
k
d
ea
ls
with
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
p
o
wer
s
av
i
n
g
s
an
d
co
s
t
m
in
im
izatio
n
b
y
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
th
e
r
esid
en
tial
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
witch
in
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
in
th
e
r
esid
en
ce
s
in
Sau
d
B
h
awa
n
R
esid
en
tial
C
o
m
m
u
n
ity
in
Su
h
ar
,
Su
ltan
a
te
o
f
Om
an
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
4
3
7
ap
ar
tm
e
n
ts
,
class
ic
an
d
p
r
em
iu
m
v
illas
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
was c
ar
r
ied
o
u
t in
f
o
u
r
s
tag
es a
s
g
iv
en
b
elo
w
.
I
n
i
t
i
a
ll
y
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
s
u
r
v
e
y
w
a
s
co
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
i
n
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
c
a
t
e
g
o
r
i
e
s
o
f
A
c
c
o
m
o
d
a
t
i
o
n
a
s
g
i
v
e
n
i
n
t
h
e
T
a
b
l
e
1.
T
h
en
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
im
u
latio
n
w
as
co
n
d
u
cted
in
m
u
ltis
im
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
th
e
h
ar
d
war
e
was
test
ed
in
v
ar
io
u
s
r
esid
en
ce
s
b
y
in
ter
f
ac
i
n
g
with
th
e
g
r
id
in
t
h
e
m
ain
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
b
o
ar
d
o
f
ea
ch
r
esid
en
ce
,
ap
a
r
tm
en
ts
an
d
v
illas
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
ty
p
es
o
f
r
esid
en
ce
s
as
g
iv
en
in
T
ab
le
1
an
d
is
is
s
wit
ch
ed
au
to
m
atica
lly
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esid
en
tial
lo
ad
in
g
p
atter
n
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
ca
lc
u
latio
n
s
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
as
p
er
th
e
lo
ad
s
u
r
v
ey
co
n
d
u
c
te
d
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it
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R
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u
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p
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3
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R
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I
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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)
5
4.
RE
SU
L
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AND
DI
SCUS
SI
O
N
Fro
m
th
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lo
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s
u
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v
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was
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tain
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.
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it
was
d
esig
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u
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4
.
Sch
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co
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ab
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3
.
L
is
t o
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u
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in
th
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1
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