Indonesian
J
our
nal
of
Electrical
Engineering
and
Computer
Science
V
ol.
39,
No.
1,
July
2025,
pp.
531
∼
544
ISSN:
2502-4752,
DOI:
10.11591/ijeecs.v39.i1.pp531-544
❒
531
W
eb
GIS-based
postcode
alter
nati
v
e
system
f
or
r
esolving
“last
mile”
pr
oblem
in
J
ordan’
s
home
deli
v
ery
Firas
Omar
1
,
Ahmad
Nabot
2
,
Bilal
So
wan
3
1
Department
of
Business
Intelligence,
F
aculty
of
Business
Administration,
Al-Zaytoonah
Uni
v
ersity
of
Jordan,
Amman,
Jordan
2
Department
of
Softw
are
Engineering,
F
aculty
of
Information
T
echnology
,
Al-Zaytoonah
Uni
v
ersity
of
Jordan,
Amman,
Jordan
3
Department
of
Business
Intelligence,
F
aculty
of
Financial
and
Administrati
v
e
Sciences,
Petra
Uni
v
ersity
,
Amman,
Jordan
Article
Inf
o
Article
history:
Recei
v
ed
Jan
2,
2024
Re
vised
Mar
2,
2025
Accepted
Mar
26,
2025
K
eyw
ords:
Global
positioning
system
Home
deli
v
ery
Jordan
Online
shopping
W
eb
GIS
ABSTRA
CT
As
more
and
more
people
shop
online,
the
postal
code
system
must
be
more
dependable.
Due
to
the
absence
of
a
comprehensi
v
e
postcode
system,
online
purchases
and
shipping
in
the
de
v
eloping
country
of
Jordan
are
complicated.
This
research
paper
proposes
an
alternati
v
e
deli
v
ery
system
for
deli
v
ering
online
purchases
to
customers
without
postal
codes.
Smartphone
and
computer
-based
geographic
information
system
(GIS)
applications
e
v
aluated
in
Jordan.
The
sci-
entists
found
that
the
users
wer
e
eager
to
adopt
the
system
based
on
its
ease
of
use
and
adoption
rate.
A
questionnaire
surv
e
y
w
as
distrib
uted
to
167
retail
stores,
deli
v
ery
logistics
emplo
yees,
uni
v
ersity
students,
and
academics.
The
data
collected
were
then
analyzed
using
SPSS
techniques
such
as
POST
HOC
and
ANO
V
A.
T
o
nd
a
home
deli
v
ery
solution,
we
tested
the
suggested
system
app
on
both
desktop
and
Smartphone
platform
s.
The
ndings
sho
w
that
it
is
easier
to
locate
a
residential
neighborhood.
Customer
trust
and
satisf
action
with
online
purchases
should
increase
due
to
the
additional
benets
of
the
system
in-
stallation.
Impro
v
e
the
ef
fecti
v
eness
of
home
deli
v
ery
services
in
Jordan
with
the
use
of
articial
intelligence
(AI).
Both
customers
and
stores
prefer
this
sys-
tem
for
online
shopping
rather
than
using
postcodes.
According
to
these
data,
e
xperts
can
enhance
their
items
by
implementing
digital
sales
strate
gies.
This
is
an
open
access
article
under
the
CC
BY
-SA
license
.
Corresponding
A
uthor:
Firas
Omar
Department
of
Business
Intelligence,
F
aculty
of
Business
Administration
Al-Zaytoonah
Uni
v
eristy
of
Jordan
Amman,
Jordan
Email:
ras.omar@zuj.edu.jo
1.
INTR
ODUCTION
The
rise
of
information
technology
(IT)
and
the
internet
as
a
shopping
platform
has
re
v
olution-
ized
b
usiness
models
and
customer
services.
The
most
pre
v
alent
form
of
electronic
transac
tion,
b
usiness-
to-customer
(B2C),
has
spark
ed
a
signicant
need
for
deli
v
ery
services
[1].
The
success
of
internet
shopping
is
hea
vily
dependent
on
ef
cient
home
deli
v
ery
,
where
customers
can
con
v
eniently
place
orders
online
and
the
store
tak
es
care
of
fulllment.
This
in
v
olv
es
a
systematic
approach
to
managing,
arranging,
and
preparing
online
orders
for
shipping
to
the
customer’
s
address
[2].
W
ith
the
e
v
olution
of
the
W
eb
and
adv
anced
loca-
tion
technologies
lik
e
web
geographic
informat
ion
system
(GIS)
and
global
positioning
system
(GPS),
retailers
ha
v
e
signicantly
enhanced
their
online
channels
[3].
These
technologies
f
acilitate
functions
such
as
nding
the
nearest
store,
sho
wing
the
location
of
the
store,
pro
viding
dri
ving
directions,
and
enabling
third-party
logistics
J
ournal
homepage:
http://ijeecs.iaescor
e
.com
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
532
❒
ISSN:
2502-4752
to
track
v
ehicl
es,
mak
e
informed
decisions,
and
optimize
routes
[4].
W
eb
GIS
is
used
across
v
arious
indus-
tries
to
collect,
sort,
alter
,
analyze,
and
maintain
geospatial
data
[5].
Using
the
Internet,
logistics
companies
can
display
specic
earth
location
data,
helping
them
in
decision-making,
route
scheduling,
and
operational
optimization
[6].
Despite
adv
ances,
the
lack
of
ef
cient
postcode
systems
in
man
y
countries
has
been
a
critical
o
v
ersight
[7].
Most
research
studies
highlight
the
deli
v
ery
service
pro
vided
by
retailers
and
deli
v
ery
companies
ha
ving
a
reliable
deli
v
ery
system
to
deli
v
er
customers’
orders.
F
or
e
xample,
Machado
et
al.
[8]
ar
gues
that
man
y
deli
v
ery
companies
lack
real-time
monitoring
for
their
deli
v
ery
process
based
on
se
v
eral
parameters.
Allen
et
al.
[9]
in
v
estig
ated
the
challenges
of
parcel
deli
v
ery
services
in
London
that
deli
v
ery
companies
f
ace,
such
as
the
time
tak
en
to
deli
v
er
customer
orders,
the
deli
v
ery
f
ailure
rate,
the
deli
v
ery
time
windo
w
,
and
the
management
of
deli
v
ery
returns.
In
addition,
W
ahab
et
al.
[10]
in
v
estig
ated
the
challenges
and
barriers
of
parcel
deli
v
ery
i
n
Malaysia
to
impro
v
e
the
online
shopping
and
home
deli
v
ery
service.
Buzze
g
a
and
No
v
ellani
[1]
studied
the
routing
problems
of
home
deli
v
eries
t
o
customers
and
suggested
using
lock
ers
as
an
alternati
v
e
to
direct
deli
v
ery
to
the
customer’
s
doorstep.
Shiyu
[4]
anal
yzed
the
challenges
of
home
deli
v
ery
and
b
uilt
a
GPS/GIS-based
system
to
solv
e
the
deli
v
ery
problem.
Finally
,
Duckham
[3]
identied
GIS
as
an
information
system
that
has
spatial
capabilities
to
help
home
deli
v
ery
companies
easily
locate
their
customer’
s
addresses
on
the
map
and
perform
se
v
eral
operations.
Moreo
v
er
,
positioning
technologies
such
as
GPS
and
GIS
are
cru-
cial
for
enhancing
transportation
a
n
d
distrib
ution
within
supply
chains,
particularly
in
internet
shopping
where
transportation
is
k
e
y
[11].
Although
de
v
eloped
countries
benet
from
adv
anced
technologies
to
locate
con-
sumers’
homes
and
impro
v
e
deli
v
ery
services,
countries
lik
e
Jordan
f
ace
challenges
due
to
the
lack
of
reliable
systems
to
identify
consumer
addresses.
T
o
address
this,
a
web-based
GIS
application
w
as
proposed
to
impro
v
e
Jordan’
s
online
shopping
services.
This
research
aim
is
tw
ofold:
to
address
home
deli
v
ery
challenges
in
Jordan
and
to
e
v
aluate
the
proposed
system’
s
usability
and
ef
fecti
v
eness
on
both
PC
and
smartphone
platforms.
The
literature
re
vie
w
highlights
the
importance
of
home
deli
v
ery
in
e-commerce.
It
describes
ho
w
on-
line
shopping
and
home
deli
v
ery
are
intertwined,
with
the
latter
in
v
olving
the
ph
ysical
distrib
ution
of
products
to
a
customer’
s
doorstep
or
w
orkplace
[10].
The
con
v
enience
and
ef
cienc
y
of
home
deli
v
ery
ha
v
e
spurred
the
popularity
of
online
shopping,
transforming
both
information
and
communication
technology
(ICT)
infrastruc-
ture
and
deli
v
ery
services
[9].
Customers
no
w
e
xpect
seamless
coordination
and
prompt
deli
v
ery
,
necessitating
reliable
shipping
systems
[12].
Despite
adv
ances,
the
literature
ackno
wledges
v
arious
challenges
and
the
need
for
ongoing
research
to
further
enhance
deli
v
ery
services,
taking
into
account
specic
customer
needs,
a
v
ailable
technology
,
and
the
deli
v
ery
process
[13].
Inef
cient
and
unreliable
home
deli
v
ery
methods
in
Jordan
are
t
he
main
c
hallenges
and
oppo
r
tunities
for
impro
v
ement
in
this
study
.
In
addition,
the
lack
of
a
complete
and
reliable
addressing
system
causes
these
issues.
The
rapid
e
xpansion
of
e-commerce
has
made
this
issue
w
orse,
necessitating
the
need
for
a
reliable
deli
v
ery
system.
This
study
focuses
on
issues
with
home
deli
v
ery
that
web-based
GIS
technology
can
resolv
e,
replacing
t
he
postcode
system
to
ensure
a
precise,
quick,
and
reliable
home
deli
v
ery
service
[14].
This
em-
phasizes
the
impact
of
IT
and
the
Internet
on
the
shopping
industry
,
the
importance
of
home
deli
v
ery
,
and
the
challenges
of
insuf
cient
address
systems
in
de
v
eloping
countries
such
as
Jordan.
Therefore,
this
study
pro-
poses
a
system
to
impro
v
e
online
shopping
and
solv
e
the
problem
of
home
deli
v
ery
using
web-based
GIS
[4].
The
study
is
structured
as
follo
ws:
a
comprehensi
v
e
re
vie
w
w
as
conducted
in
the
second
section.
The
third
section
then
describes
the
architecture
of
the
anticipated
system,
and
the
fourth
section
present
s
the
applied
methodology-results
of
the
analysis
and
discussion
of
t
he
system
assessment
presented
in
the
fth
section.
Finally
,
the
conclusion
summarizes
the
ndings
and
discusses
limitations
and
future
w
ork.
2.
LITERA
TURE
REVIEW
2.1.
Home
deli
v
ery
ser
vice
Home
deli
v
ery
is
a
vital
component
in
the
contemporary
landscape
of
e-commerce.
The
appeal
of
online
shopping
lies
in
its
con
v
enience,
where
consumers
place
orders
and
retailers
fulll
them
[15].
The
process,
kno
wn
as
order
fulllment,
encompasses
the
meticulous
processing
and
dispatch
of
online
purchases
to
a
designated
location
specied
by
the
customer
,
as
discussed
in
references
[15],
[16].
The
s
yner
g
y
between
online
shopping
and
home
deli
v
ery
is
undeniable;
while
the
former
in
v
olv
es
the
s
election
and
transaction
for
v
arious
items
from
numerous
v
endors
[17],
the
latter
focuses
on
the
ph
ysical
deli
v
ery
of
these
items
to
home
or
of
ce
[18].
Indonesian
J
Elec
Eng
&
Comp
Sci,
V
ol.
39,
No.
1,
July
2025:
531–544
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Indonesian
J
Elec
Eng
&
Comp
Sci
ISSN:
2502-4752
❒
533
The
success
and
appeal
of
online
shopping
are
lar
gely
attrib
uted
to
the
ef
cienc
y
and
con
v
enience
of
home
d
e
li
v
ery
services
[19].
This
system
has
signicantly
reduced
w
aiting
times,
increased
accessibility
,
and
often
decreased
costs
for
consumers
[9].
As
the
pre
v
alence
of
online
shopping
and
home
deli
v
ery
escalates,
so
does
the
e
v
olution
of
ICT
infrastructure
and
the
operational
dynamics
of
deli
v
ery
services
.
Consumers,
in
turn,
ha
v
e
gro
wn
to
e
xpect
seamless
logistics
and
prompt
deli
v
ery
with
their
online
purchases
[20].
Consequently
,
retailers
are
responsible
for
the
operation
of
a
reliable
transportation
system.
Customers
should
be
able
to
input
precise
deli
v
ery
details
and
assist
deli
v
ery
personnel
in
accurately
locating
destinations
with
the
help
of
such
a
system
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
these
distrib
ution
systems
for
online
purchasing
are
not
without
their
shortcomings,
despite
the
progress
the
y
ha
v
e
made,
as
noted
in
pre
vious
studies
of
[12],
[13].
These
studies
underscore
that
a
multitude
of
f
actors,
including
customer
needs,
a
v
ailable
technology
,
and
the
intricacies
of
the
deli
v
ery
process,
signicantly
inuence
the
quality
of
deli
v
ery
services
[2].
The
absence
of
a
reliable
deli
v
ery
mechanism
can
se
v
erely
impede
the
pro
vision
of
secure,
reliable,
and
timely
deli
v
ery
services
[21],
[22].
Hence,
understanding
these
dynamics
and
continuously
rening
the
deli
v
ery
processes
are
crucial
for
meeting
the
e
v
olving
demands
and
e
xpectations
of
online
consumers.
2.2.
Home
deli
v
ery
ser
vice
in
J
ordan
Jordan,
as
a
de
v
eloping
country
,
f
aces
challenges
with
its
deli
v
ery
infrastructure,
mainly
due
to
the
lack
of
a
postcode
system.
This
lack
signicantly
complicates
the
process
of
online
shopping
and
deli
v
ery
within
the
nation.
The
Jordan
Post
Compan
y
(JPC)
serv
es
as
the
main
pro
vider
of
postal
services
in
the
kingdom
[14],
of
fering
a
v
ariety
of
services,
including
e-services,
short
message
service
(SMS),
mail,
and
banking,
to
its
citizens
[23].
Ho
we
v
er
,
due
t
o
the
lack
of
a
reliable
deli
v
ery
service
and
an
established
postcode
system,
JPC
cannot
pro
vide
home
deli
v
ery
services.
Consequently
,
residents
often
rely
on
major
inte
rnational
deli
v
ery
companies
lik
e
DHL,
ARAMEX,
TNT
,
and
UPS
to
recei
v
e
o
v
erseas
goods.
This
reliance
on
international
couriers
highlights
the
challenges
and
inef
ciencies
f
aced
in
domestic
deli
v
ery
and
transportation,
lar
gely
due
to
the
underde
v
eloped
addressing
schema
in
Jordan.
2.3.
Logistics
technology
GPS
and
GIS
are
at
the
fore
front
of
modern
positioning
technologies
,
re
v
olutionizing
the
w
ay
con-
sumer
logistical
services
operate.
E-commerce
b
usinesses
are
highly
dependent
on
these
technologies
for
the
ef
cient
deli
v
ery
of
online
orders
to
customers.
In
the
realm
of
deli
v
ery
logistics,
GPS
terminals
equipped
with
communication
modules
in
deli
v
ery
v
ehicles
serv
e
as
the
primary
system
for
tracking
and
locating.
Meanwhile,
online
GIS
systems
manage
and
streamline
deli
v
ery
operations
using
GPS
data
to
or
g
anize
deli
v
ery
routes
[4],
[8].
GIS
use
coordinates
to
g
ather
,
store,
modify
,
analyze,
and
present
data
about
the
surf
ace
of
the
earth
[24].
These
data
typically
include
geographical
details
such
as
latitude,
longitude,
and
ele
v
ation
[3].
V
arious
indus-
tries,
including
transportation,
urban
planning,
engineering,
education,
and
b
usiness,
le
v
erage
GIS
to
address
operational
challenges
and
enhance
decision-making
processes
[3],
[25].
In
logistics,
GIS
contrib
utes
to
the
enhanced
analysis,
manipulation,
retrie
v
al,
processing,
and
decision-making
related
to
spatial
data
[26],
[27].
The
proliferation
of
adv
anced
communication
netw
orks
and
increased
computational
po
wer
ha
v
e
enabled
GIS
services
to
be
accessible
online.
Such
online
GIS
services
allo
w
Internet-connected
handheld
de
vi
ces,
such
as
smartphones,
to
interact
with
central
serv
ers
in
location-based
applications
[28].
W
eb
GIS,
in
particular
,
utilizes
web
bro
wsers
to
access
data
from
remote
serv
ers,
f
acilitating
online
map
vie
wing,
retrie
v
al,
and
analysis
[6],
[29].
In
the
mobile
realm,
popular
operating
systems
lik
e
Nokia
Symbian,
RIM
BlackBerry
,
W
indo
ws
Mobile,
Android,
and
iPhone
support
a
v
ariety
of
applications,
whet
her
the
y
are
nati
v
e
to
t
he
operating
system,
specic
to
the
de
vice,
or
web-based
[30].
These
mobile
technologies,
when
inte
grated
with
other
logistics
technologies,
play
a
crucial
role
in
modern
logistics.
The
y
aid
in
coordinating
the
o
w
of
goods
through
processes
such
as
route
scheduling
and
optimization,
v
ehicle
location
monitoring,
and
car
go
dispatch
[27],
[31].
This
inte
gration
marks
a
signicant
leap
in
the
ef
cienc
y
and
ef
fecti
v
eness
of
logistical
operations,
pa
ving
the
w
ay
for
a
more
connected
and
streamlined
future
in
deli
v
ery
services.
3.
SYSTEM
DESIGN
The
designed
system
consists
of
tw
o
platforms:
a
desktop
and
a
smartphone
platform
with
a
map
as
sho
wn
in
Figure
1.
These
platforms
were
de
v
eloped
to
ensure
e
xibility
and
accessibility
for
a
wide
range
of
users,
re
g
ardless
of
their
de
vice
preferences.
Both
platforms
pro
vide
real-tim
e
location
tracking
and
map
interaction
features,
which
are
essential
for
accurate
deli
v
ery
address
identication
and
route
planning.
This
W
eb
GIS-based
postcode
alternative
system
for
r
esolving
“last
mile”
pr
oblem
in
...
(F
ir
as
Omar)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
534
❒
ISSN:
2502-4752
dual-platform
approach
aims
t
o
streamline
the
deli
v
ery
proce
ss
by
allo
wi
n
g
customers
and
retailers
t
o
interact
with
the
system
easily
on
their
preferred
de
vices.
Figure
1.
The
designed
system
architecture
3.1.
Desktop
platf
orm
The
proposed
desktop
platform
utilizes
the
bro
wser/serv
er
(B/S)
architecture,
a
rob
ust
cl
ient-serv
er
frame
w
ork
designed
to
process
and
analyze
enquiries
ef
ciently
.
This
architecture
is
adept
at
supporting
multi-
media
and
swiftly
rendering
maps,
of
fering
an
unparalleled
user
e
xperience.
It
enables
users
to
mak
e
clear
and
informed
decisions
re
g
arding
netw
ork
routing
and
location
modeling.
These
functions
are
resource-intensi
v
e
due
to
the
comple
x
algorithms
and
calculations
making
them
best
suited
for
serv
er
-side
e
x
ecution.
The
system
allo
ws
unlimited
user
access
through
serv
er
-side
application
methods
and
is
b
uilt
using
a
combination
of
PHP
,
Ja
v
aScript,
XML,
AJ
AX,
and
XHTML.
F
or
small
and
medium-sized
enterprises
(SMEs),
this
syste
m
can
be
inte
grated
as
a
plug-in
on
their
websites.
This
inte
gration
allo
ws
customers
to
use
their
web
bro
wsers
to
access
the
suggested
system
application
and
perform
essential
tasks
online.
The
plug-in
e
xtends
the
bro
wser’
s
capa-
bilities,
signicantly
enhancing
the
map
client.
Pro
vides
users
with
the
tools
to
edit,
search,
visualize,
and
alter
the
appearance
of
ma
p
s
according
to
their
needs.
Essentially
,
when
the
bro
wser
retrie
v
es
data,
it
can
acti
v
ate
a
plug-in
to
f
acilitate
these
v
arious
functions
[5].
This
setup
ensures
a
v
ersatile
and
user
-friendly
interf
ace,
making
it
an
ef
fecti
v
e
solution
for
b
usinesses
seeking
to
optimize
their
operational
ef
cienc
y
.
3.2.
Smartphone
platf
orm
Desktop
and
mobile
platforms
are
designed
with
a
similar
structure
to
ensure
a
consistent
user
e
xpe-
rience.
On
mobile
de
vices,
web
bro
wsers
act
as
the
client-side
component.
These
bro
wsers
are
essentially
the
interf
ace
that
users
interact
with;
the
y
display
maps,
sho
wcase
the
results
of
GIS
analysis,
and
recei
v
e
GPS
data
from
the
user’
s
de
vice
on
the
serv
er
side,
where
the
client
communicates
with
hosts
for
se
v
eral
critical
func-
tions
[32].
It
supports
an
e-commerce
platform
for
users
to
eng
age
in
transactions,
a
web
service
that
f
acilitates
data
e
xchange,
and
modules
responsibl
e
for
transforming
GPS
coordinates
and
performing
other
GIS-related
operations.
These
serv
er
-side
components
process
requests
and
information
from
client-side
bro
wsers.
The
connection
between
the
client
(mobile
or
desktop
bro
wser)
and
the
serv
er
is
maintained
through
v
arious
client-
serv
er
communication
netw
orks.
These
netw
orks
ensure
that
the
GPS
recei
v
er
on
the
user’
s
de
vice
can
reliably
transmit
data
to
the
map
serv
er
.
T
o
accommodate
a
broad
range
of
users
with
dif
ferent
types
of
internet
access,
the
system
supports
both
traditional
connections
lik
e
ADSL
and
dial-up
as
well
as
more
modern
wireless
tech-
nologies
such
as
W
i-Fi,
W
iMAX,
and
ber
optic.
This
inclusi
v
e
approach
ensures
that
users
can
access
and
utilize
the
platform’
s
features
smoothly
,
re
g
ardless
of
their
internet
connection
type.
Indonesian
J
Elec
Eng
&
Comp
Sci,
V
ol.
39,
No.
1,
July
2025:
531–544
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Indonesian
J
Elec
Eng
&
Comp
Sci
ISSN:
2502-4752
❒
535
3.2.1.
System
users
The
main
users
of
this
system
are
re
gistered
online
shoppers,
primarily
using
it
for
their
e-comm
erce
needs.
F
ollo
wing
them
are
e-ret
ailers,
especially
small
and
medium-sized
b
usinesses
(SMEs),
who
inte
grate
this
system
into
their
websites
as
a
subsystem
to
enhance
their
operations.
In
addition,
logistics
rms,
partic-
ularly
those
that
w
ork
with
stores
without
their
deli
v
ery
eet
and
rely
on
third-party
logistics
(3PL)
pro
viders,
can
also
de
v
elop
and
use
applications
tailored
to
this
system
to
st
reamline
the
transport
and
deli
v
ery
of
customer
orders
[5].
3.2.2.
System
functions
This
system
has
tw
o
main
parts:
the
front
end
and
the
back
end.
Customers
use
the
front-end
module
that
mak
es
the
desktop
and
mobile
phone
platforms.
As
the
system
administrator
,
the
retailer
intends
to
use
the
back-end
module
to
handle
logistics
operations
such
as
route
planning
and
scheduling.
The
functional
architecture
of
the
system
is
sho
wn
in
Figure
2.
Figure
2
illustrates
the
system
structure
that
has
been
de
v
eloped
for
the
management
of
the
deli
v
ery
process
by
retailers
and
customers’
desktop
and
smartphone
platforms
.
The
follo
wing
is
an
e
xplanation
of
this
structure:
Figure
2.
The
designed
system
functional
structure
3.2.3.
The
fr
ont-end
module
When
maki
ng
an
online
purchase,
PC
and
laptop
users
can
conrm
their
shipping
address,
be
it
their
home
or
of
ce,
to
streamline
deli
v
ery
.
After
re
gistering
on
a
shopping
website,
the
site
shares
the
customer’
s
address
with
the
retailer
.
The
e-commerce
platform
pro
vides
a
map
where
users
can
pinpoint
and
mark
their
location,
along
with
elds
to
enter
their
phone
number
,
street,
and
neighbourhood
details.
This
ensures
that
b
usinesses
or
deli
v
ery
services
ha
v
e
the
precise
coordinates
to
accurately
locate
the
customer’
s
address
[5].
3.2.4.
Customers’
smartphone
platf
orm
The
smartphone
platform
is
a
critical
component
of
the
mobile-frie
nd
l
y
e-commerce
e
xperience,
as
it
replicates
all
the
features
found
in
the
PC
v
ersion.
The
user’
s
precise
location
is
determined
and
displayed
on
a
map
by
utilizing
the
phone’
s
b
uilt-in
GPS.
Ne
v
ertheless,
desktop
users
are
required
to
manually
position
a
mark
er
on
the
map
after
utilizing
the
search
function
to
locate
the
closest
street
to
their
address
[32].
3.2.5.
The
back-end
module
The
smartphone
platform
is
a
k
e
y
part
of
the
mobile-friendly
e-com
merce
e
xperience,
mirroring
al
l
features
found
in
the
PC
v
ersion.
It
utilizes
the
phone’
s
b
uilt-in
GPS
to
pinpoint
and
display
the
user’
s
e
xact
location
on
a
map.
Ho
we
v
er
,
desktop
users
need
to
manually
place
a
mark
er
on
the
map
after
nding
the
closest
street
to
their
address
using
the
search
function
[32].
3.2.6.
Electr
onic
map
The
map
serv
es
as
a
crucial
tool
for
the
system
administrator
,
allo
wing
them
to
retrie
v
e
and
vi
e
w
client
shipping
addresses
from
the
serv
er
.
This
enables
the
administrator
to
plan
deli
v
ery
routes
and
set
precise
W
eb
GIS-based
postcode
alternative
system
for
r
esolving
“last
mile”
pr
oblem
in
...
(F
ir
as
Omar)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
536
❒
ISSN:
2502-4752
deli
v
ery
times
for
orders.
By
marking
a
residence
o
n
the
electronic
map,
the
system
captures
its
coordinates,
aiding
in
route
planning
and
scaling.
Users
ha
v
e
the
option
to
vie
w
the
map
at
v
arious
zoom
le
v
els
and
switch
between
satellite
and
h
ybrid
vie
ws
for
better
clarity
.
Ef
ciently
or
g
anizing
and
scheduling
dri
v
er
routes
is
essential
ensuring
prompt
and
accurate
deli
v
ery
of
products
to
clients’
homes
[5].
3.2.7.
Ser
v
er
-side
functions
The
serv
er
acts
as
the
central
hub
in
this
system,
using
a
client/serv
er
(C/S)
architecture
to
f
acilita
te
interaction
and
data
e
xchange
between
desktop/mobile
users
and
retailers/logistics
companies.
Re
gistered
customers,
on
desktop
or
mobile,
can
pro
vide
their
location
details
during
the
e-commerce
check
out
process.
This
information,
once
gi
v
en
to
t
he
system
administrator
,
is
stored
in
the
user’
s
account
for
future
transactions.
Existing
customers
also
ha
v
e
the
con
v
enience
of
altering
their
shipping
addre
ss
with
just
a
click,
making
it
easy
to
update
the
destination
for
their
purchases.
3.2.8.
System
model
The
ne
w
system
will
enable
customers
to
identify
their
houses
on
the
map
and
allo
w
the
deli
v
ery
courier
to
plan
and
schedule
the
route
between
the
depot
location
and
the
customer’
s
house
location.
The
sys-
tem
o
wchart
contains
the
input
and
output
parameters
required
to
run
the
system.
The
outputs
of
this
system
are
the
system’
s
main
aim,
which
is
the
nal
destination
location
for
the
deli
v
ery
courier
.
The
designed
system
o
wchart
model
is
sho
wn
in
Figure
3.
Figure
3.
The
designed
system
o
wchart
model
Indonesian
J
Elec
Eng
&
Comp
Sci,
V
ol.
39,
No.
1,
July
2025:
531–544
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Indonesian
J
Elec
Eng
&
Comp
Sci
ISSN:
2502-4752
❒
537
4.
METHOD
This
research
study
adopts
a
quantitati
v
e
e
xperimental
design
to
systematically
assess
and
com
p
a
re
the
reliability
and
usability
of
the
designed
softw
are
application
in
this
study
.
Researchers
for
data
collection
frequently
emplo
y
this
method
as
it
pro
vides
a
better
understanding
of
the
research
problem,
relying
on
surv
e
ys,
observ
ations,
and
intervie
ws.
Depending
on
the
study’
s
objecti
v
es,
questionnaires
are
the
most
widely
used
method
for
the
e
xploration,
description,
and
e
xplanation
of
the
research
problem.
The
surv
e
y’
s
e
xploration
objecti
v
e
is
to
comprehend
the
topic
and
its
concepts
in
greater
depth
to
determine
the
most
important
concepts
and
ho
w
to
measure
them
[33].
This
study
used
a
surv
e
y
questionnaire
to
determine
customers’
vie
wpoints
to
w
ards
online
shopping
and
home
deli
v
ery
services
in
Jordan.
4.1.
Sample
Uni
v
ersity
students
and
academics,
retailer
em
p
l
o
yees,
and
deli
v
ery
companies’
emplo
yees
ha
v
e
been
found
as
the
most
frequent
users
of
the
Internet
to
perform
daily
acti
vities,
including
online
shopping.
Albayati
[34]
and
Barus
[35]
ar
gues
that
the
y
represent
a
lar
ge
portion
of
online
shopping
as
the
y
b
uy
personal
items
such
as
clothes,
food,
and
entertainment
products
through
the
internet,
as
sho
wn
in
T
able
1.
T
able
1.
P
articipants
e
xperience
with
the
Internet
and
smartphones
Internet
usage
Usage
period
Percent
Internet
use
Daily
89.2
W
eekly
12.0
Smartphone
use
Al
w
ays
92.2
Sometimes
6.0
Ne
v
er
1.8
Internet
on
smartphone
Y
es
96.4
No
3.6
Internet
e
xperience
Excellent
86.2
Good
12.0
F
air
1.8
T
able
1
illustrates
ho
w
participants
used
the
internet
in
their
daily
acti
vities.
Most
of
the
participant
s,
89.2%,
use
the
internet
daily
,
and
12%
use
the
internet
weekly
.
Most
participants
who
used
smartphones
in
their
daily
li
v
es
were
92.2%
using
smartphones
often,
6%
sometimes,
and
1.8%
ne
v
er
using
smartphones.
In
addition,
the
percentage
of
participants
who
use
the
internet
on
their
smartphones
w
as
96.4%,
and
3.6%
do
not
use
the
internet
on
their
smartphones.
The
internet
use
e
xperience
le
v
el
frequenc
y
w
as
86.2%
e
xcellent,
12%
good,
and
1.8%
f
air
e
xperience.
The
questionnaire
w
as
disseminated
to
250
indi
viduals
from
v
arious
uni
v
ersities,
retail
s
tores,
and
deli
v
ery
companies
in
Jordan
via
WhatsApp,
email,
and
F
acebook
groups.
The
response
rate
w
as
approximately
71%,
as
167
questionnaires
were
returned
and
deemed
v
alid
for
analysis.
The
study’
s
con
v
enient
design,
which
required
only
5-10
minutes
to
complete,
w
as
responsible
for
the
high
response
rate.
4.2.
Data
collection
pr
ocedur
e
Data
were
collected
through
quantitati
v
e
research
methods
using
a
structured
questionnaire
based
on
an
interv
al
scale.
The
questionnaire
consisted
of
four
sections,
including
demographic
data,
usability
f
actors,
adoption
f
actors,
and
system
relati
v
e
adv
antages.
The
questionnaire
w
as
pre-tested
with
e
xperienced
people
to
enhance
its
v
alidity
by
e
v
aluating
each
item’
s
clarity
and
meaning
and
suggesting
impro
v
ement
areas.
The
study
emplo
yed
descripti
v
e
analysis
to
test
the
mean
(M)
and
st
andard
de
viation
(SD)
for
the
v
ariables
and
their
items.
Subsequently
,
POST
HOC
and
ANO
V
A
were
utilized
as
anal
ysis
techniques
to
test
the
questionnaire
items.
Moreo
v
er
,
the
questionnaire
aimed
to
elicit
the
participant’
s
vie
wpoint
when
using
multiple-point
responses,
such
as
the
Lik
ert
scale,
in
a
distrib
uted
questionnaire.
The
objecti
v
e
of
the
questionnaire
is
to
in
v
estig
ate
the
situation,
attitude,
and
perception
of
the
respondents
in
a
population
or
subgroups
about
the
services
pro
vided.
The
objecti
v
e
of
the
e
xplanation
of
the
surv
e
y
is
to
test
the
theory
and
causal
relations
by
identifying
the
relationship
between
the
v
ariables
[33],
[36].
T
o
respond
to
these
items,
the
questionnaire
w
as
distrib
uted
to
four
cate
gories
of
respondents:
emplo
yees,
managers,
consultants,
and
uni
v
ersity
professors
with
academic
and
industrial
backgrounds,
as
sho
wn
in
T
able
2.
W
eb
GIS-based
postcode
alternative
system
for
r
esolving
“last
mile”
pr
oblem
in
...
(F
ir
as
Omar)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
538
❒
ISSN:
2502-4752
T
able
2.
P
articipants’
demographics
Demographic
prole
Cate
gory
No.
of
participants
Percentage
T
otal
Gender
Male
131
78.4
167
Female
36
21.6
Age
range
(years)
18-28
46
27.5
167
29-49
95
56.9
50-60
26
15.6
Education
le
v
el
Ph.D.
29
17.4
167
MSc.
35
21.0
BSc.
101
60.5
GCSE
2
1.2
Job
title
Retailer
31
18.6
167
Deli
v
ery
emplo
yee
59
35.3
Students
and
academic
staf
f
77
46.1
T
able
2
sho
ws
that
men
made
up
78.4%
of
the
participants
and
w
omen
21.6%.
56.9%
of
the
partici-
pants
were
between
the
ages
of
29
and
49,
27.5%
were
between
the
ages
of
18
and
28,
and
15.6%
were
between
the
ages
of
50
and
60.
Also,
60.5%
of
the
participants
hold
a
B.Sc.
21%
hold
M.Sc.
17.4%
hold
Ph.D.,
and
1.2%
hold
a
GCSE.
Finally
,
there
are
three
distinct
types
of
partici
pants
based
on
their
occupations:
46.1%
students
and
academic
staf
f;
18.6%
retail
emplo
yees;
and
35.3%
deli
v
ery
logistics
w
ork
ers.
5.
RESUL
TS
AND
DISCUSSION
W
e
conducted
the
in
v
estig
ation
and
analysis
to
e
v
aluate
the
system’
s
usability
for
both
customers
and
retailers.
This
includes
the
ease
of
use
for
customers
to
search
on
both
platforms
and
select
shipping
addresses,
as
well
as
for
retailers
to
nd
customer
house
locations,
generate
routes,
and
e
xport/import
route
information.
Furthermore,
the
system’
s
relati
v
e
benets,
including
resolving
home
deli
v
ery
issues
and
enhancing
trust
and
satisf
action
with
online
shopping,
along
with
adoption
f
actors
lik
e
willingness/satisf
action
and
recommenda-
tions
for
others,
ha
v
e
been
considered
cr
u
c
ial
for
its
v
alidation.
Group
1
(G1)
consisted
of
indi
viduals
emplo
yed
in
retail;
Group
2
(G2)
of
indi
viduals
emplo
yed
in
deli
v
ery
logistics;
and
Group
3
(G3)
of
indi
viduals
emplo
yed
in
higher
education
institutions.
5.1.
Usability
factors
f
or
customers
T
able
3
sho
ws
ea
ch
group’
s
a
v
erage
scores
on
v
arious
usability
metrics,
such
a
s
the
ease
of
choosing
shipping
addresses
and
conducting
searches
on
desktop
a
n
d
mobile
de
vices.
The
mean
(M)
and
standard
de
vi-
ation
(SD)
scores
for
the
usability
f
actor
attained
by
the
participants
in
the
three
groups
are
sho
wn
in
T
able
4.
Furthermore,
post
hoc
analysis
(POST
HOC)
and
analysis
of
v
ariance
(ANO
V
A)
were
implemented
to
e
v
aluate
the
participants’
perspecti
v
es
on
the
ef
cac
y
of
the
proposed
system.
T
able
3.
Mean
and
standard
de
viations
of
usability
f
actors
for
customers
F
actor
G1
G2
G3
Ease
of
use
for
search
using
desktop
M
1.35
1.05
1.13
SD
0.608
0.222
0.338
Ease
of
use
for
search
using
the
smartphone
M
1.32
1.10
1.26
SD
0.599
0.443
0.637
Ease
of
use
for
selecting
a
shipping
address
M
1.32
1.10
1.19
SD
0.599
0.357
0.430
T
able
4
sho
ws
the
results
of
the
ANO
V
A
test,
which
indicates
a
statistically
signicant
dif
ference
between
the
groups
re
g
arding
search
usability
on
the
desktop
platform
(P
=
0.0010
<
0.5).
There
are
also
no
statistically
signicant
dif
ferences
bet
ween
the
groups
in
terms
of
searching
using
the
smartphone
plat-
form
(P
=
0.143
>
0.05)
or
changing
the
deli
v
ery
address
from
the
sa
v
ed
address
list
in
the
customer’
s
account
(P
=
0.081
<
0.05).
Indonesian
J
Elec
Eng
&
Comp
Sci,
V
ol.
39,
No.
1,
July
2025:
531–544
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Indonesian
J
Elec
Eng
&
Comp
Sci
ISSN:
2502-4752
❒
539
T
able
4.
ANO
V
A
results
of
usability
f
actors
for
customers
F
actor
F
Sig.
Ease
of
use
for
search
using
desktop
6.899
0.001
T
able
5
s
ho
ws
the
desktop
search
usability
results
after
performing
POST
HOC
analysis.
There
were
statistically
signicant
dif
ferences
between
the
three
groups
in
ho
w
easy
the
y
thought
the
desktop
platform
search
w
as
to
use.
This
suggests
that
the
desktop
platform
house
search
is
seen
as
a
little
more
dif
cult
and
may
require
some
digital
map
e
xperience.
The
customer
will
manually
identify
the
location
of
the
house
on
the
map
using
a
desktop
platform.
Ho
we
v
er
,
most
people
already
kno
w
ho
w
to
use
desktop
applications,
so
searching
for
house
locations
on
a
map
is
easy
.
In
addition,
the
size
of
desktop
monitors
made
it
easier
for
users
to
manipulate
the
map’
s
zoom
in
and
out
and
vie
w
settings
(i.e.,
h
ybrid
and
satellite
vie
ws).
Finally
,
the
mouse
cursors
mak
e
it
simple
and
con
v
enient
to
mo
v
e
the
map
mark
er
to
the
desired
location
[37].
When
searching
for
and
identifying
the
location
of
the
houses
on
the
map
using
a
smartphone
platform,
there
are
no
statistically
signicant
dif
ferences
between
the
groups.
Ho
we
v
er
,
a
GPS
recei
v
er
is
b
uilt
into
the
smartphone
to
f
acilitate
automatic
location
detection
[32].
Finally
,
after
the
initial
use
of
the
system,
there
is
no
statistically
signicant
dif
ference
between
the
groups
re
g
arding
the
ease
of
selecting
the
shipping
address.
This
sho
ws
that
the
system
is
user
-friendly
because
it
allo
ws
users/customers
to
sa
v
e
their
shipping
address
after
identifying
it
on
the
map.
This
mak
es
identifying
the
shipping
address
easy
and
stress-free
for
future
onli
ne
purchases.
Furthermore,
the
system
lets
users
choose
an
alternate
shipping
address,
pin
it
to
a
map,
and
use
it
instead
of
the
sa
v
ed
addresses
(for
e
xample,
w
ork).
T
able
5.
POST
HOC
results
of
usability
f
actors
for
customers
F
actor
Group
Other
groups
Sig.
Ease
of
use
for
search
using
desktop
G1
G2
0.001
G3
0.014
G2
G1
0.001
G3
0.438
G3
G1
0.014
G2
0.438
5.2.
Usability
factors
f
or
r
etailers
T
able
6
displays
the
a
v
erage
scores
of
each
group
on
v
arious
usability
measures,
including
the
ease
of
locating
a
customer’
s
home
location
on
a
map,
creating
a
route,
and
e
xporting
and
importing
routes.
T
able
6
also
displays
the
data
on
usability
achie
v
ed
by
participants
in
the
three
groups,
along
with
their
respecti
v
e
M
and
SD.
The
participants’
thoughts
on
the
usability
of
the
proposed
system
were
also
analysed
using
ANO
V
A
and
POST
-HOC
testing.
T
able
6.
Mean
and
standard
de
viations
of
usability
f
actors
for
retailers
F
actor
G1
G2
G3
Ease
of
use
for
nding
customer’
s
house
location
M
1.29
1.08
1.19
SD
0.588
0.281
0.488
Ease
of
use
for
route
generating
M
1.61
1.27
1.45
SD
0.844
0.665
0.804
Ease
of
use
for
route
information
e
xport/import
M
1.45
1.41
1.19
SD
0.768
0.812
0.460
According
to
ANO
V
A
test
results,
nding
cust
omers’
homes
w
as
not
signicantly
dif
ferent
between
the
groups
(P
=
0.104
>
0.05).
There
are
also
no
statistically
signicant
dif
ferences
between
the
groups
in
terms
of
the
ease
of
creating
search
routes
(P
=
0.117
>
0.05).
Finally
,
there
are
no
statistically
signicant
dif
ferences
between
the
groups
in
terms
of
the
ease
of
e
xporting
route
information
from
the
map
and
importing
it
i
nto
a
GPS
recei
v
er
to
obtain
the
necessary
directions
to
the
desired
destination
(P
=
0.086
>
0.05).
There
is
no
statistically
signicant
dif
ference
between
the
groups
in
the
POST
HOC
results
to
f
acilitate
use
in
locating
customers’
W
eb
GIS-based
postcode
alternative
system
for
r
esolving
“last
mile”
pr
oblem
in
...
(F
ir
as
Omar)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
540
❒
ISSN:
2502-4752
homes.
Since
there
are
currently
no
such
systems
in
Jordan,
this
indicates
the
ef
cienc
y
and
accurac
y
of
nding
residential
addresses.
Ha
ving
a
deli
v
ery
system
that
can
pinpoint
the
customer’
s
address
also
impro
v
es
the
ef
fecti
v
eness
and
ef
cienc
y
of
the
deli
v
ery
operati
on.
This
conforms
to
the
ndings
of
[10],
[38],
[39].
At
the
same
tim
e,
there
is
no
statistically
signicant
dif
ference
between
the
groups
re
g
arding
map-based
route
generation
simplicity
,
suggesting
that
retailers
can
use
the
system
to
plot
deli
v
ery
routes
from
the
depot
to
their
customers’
homes
easily
.
Furthermore,
there
is
no
statistically
signicant
dif
ference
between
the
groups
in
terms
of
the
sim
plicity
with
which
retailers
can
e
xport
route
information
from
the
map
and
import
it
into
the
GPS
recei
v
er
,
indicating
that
the
system
allo
ws
retailers
to
do
so.
According
to
W
ahab
et
al.
[10]
and
Buzze
g
a
and
No
v
ellani
[1],
deli
v
ery
service
pro
viders
can
better
serv
e
their
customers
by
speeding
up
their
products’
deli
v
ery
and
impro
ving
the
system’
s
management
ef
cienc
y
[40].
5.3.
Adoption
factors
Predicti
v
e
f
actors
for
system
adoption
include
user
willingness/satisf
action
and
the
lik
elihood
of
users
recommending
the
system
to
others.
W
e
researched
the
f
actors
that
lead
to
softw
are
adoption
to
v
er
ify
the
ne
w
system.
Adoption
f
actors,
such
as
willingness
and
recommendation
for
the
use
of
such
a
system,
ha
v
e
mean
v
alues
for
each
group
sho
wn
in
T
able
7.
In
addition,
ANO
V
A
and
POST
HOC
analysis
were
used
to
assess
the
participants’
perspecti
v
es
on
the
adoption
f
actors
of
the
proposed
system.
T
able
7.
Mean
and
standard
de
viations
of
adoption
f
actors
F
actor
G1
G2
G3
System
usage
willingness
on
desktop
M
1.94
1.97
1.90
SD
0.359
0.183
0.347
System
usage
willingness
on
the
smartphone
M
2.13
1.85
1.79
SD
1.05
1.09
0.864
System
usage
recommendations
on
desktop
M
1.29
1.08
1.23
SD
0.529
0.337
0.605
System
usage
recommendations
for
smartphone
M
1.32
1.12
1.23
SD
0.599
0.560
0.583
According
to
the
ANO
V
A
analysis
results,
there
are
no
statistically
signicant
dif
ferences
between
the
groups
concerning
desktop
platform
system
usage
willingness
(P
=
0.405
>
0.05).
The
willingness
to
use
the
system
on
the
smartphone
also
indicates
t
hat
there
are
no
signicant
dif
ferences
between
the
groups
(P
=
0.270
>
0.05).
On
the
desktop
platform,
there
are
also
no
statistically
signicant
dif
ferences
in
system
usage
recommendations
between
the
groups
(P
=
0.122
>
0.05).
The
groups’
recommendations
for
system
usage
on
smartphone
platforms,
ho
we
v
er
,
do
not
dif
fer
statistically
signicantly
(P
=
0.252).
There
were
no
signicant
dif
ferences
between
the
groups
in
ho
w
lik
ely
the
y
were
to
use
the
system
on
a
desktop
platform
after
the
f
act.
This
data
suggests
that
the
participants
are
okay
with
the
idea
of
the
system
k
eeping
track
of
their
ho
m
e
addresses
in
the
future.
At
t
h
e
same
time,
there
are
no
statistically
signicant
dif
fer
ences
between
the
groups
in
terms
of
will
ingness
to
use
the
system
on
a
smartphone.
This
suggests
that
the
participants
are
okay
with
the
idea
of
using
the
ne
w
system
as
a
smartphone
platform
or
app
to
automatically
nd
their
home
in
the
future.
There
are
also
no
statistically
signicant
dif
ferences
between
the
groups
on
the
recommendat
ion
of
system
usage
on
the
desktop
for
others,
indicating
that
participants
advise
others
to
use
the
system
to
identify
their
house
location
when
shopping
online
on
the
desktop
platform.
Currently
,
there
are
no
statistically
sig-
nicant
dif
ferences
between
the
groups
recommending
the
system
as
a
smartphone
platform.
This
means
that
participants
recom
mend
the
ne
w
system
to
others
(e.g.,
smartphone
users)
to
use
the
ne
w
system
to
identify
their
home
location
when
shopping
online.
These
ndings
are
i
n
line
with
the
results
of
W
ahab
et
al.
[10]
and
Abousaeidi
[41].
5.4.
System
r
elati
v
e
adv
antages
The
surv
e
y
g
athered
participant
opinions
to
determine
whether
the
ne
w
system
could
enhance
online
shopping
by
increasing
trust
and
satisf
action
and
address
home
deli
v
ery
issues
such
as
a
lack
of
a
postcode
system
and
a
lack
of
a
routing
and
scheduling
system
to
test
the
v
alidity
of
the
ne
w
system’
s
potent
ial
to
address
these
issues.
Ho
we
v
er
,
T
able
8
presents
the
mean
v
alues
of
impro
ving
online
shopping,
trust
and
satisf
action,
and
solving
home
deli
v
ery
problems
for
each
group.
Indonesian
J
Elec
Eng
&
Comp
Sci,
V
ol.
39,
No.
1,
July
2025:
531–544
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.