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2
]
.
I
n
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
as
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
d
e
v
elo
p
s
,
c
r
o
p
cu
lt
iv
atio
n
tim
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
d
u
e
to
u
r
b
an
izatio
n
,
an
d
f
ar
m
er
s
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
ite
ar
e
ag
in
g
.
D
u
e
to
th
is
,
t
h
e
n
ee
d
o
f
s
m
ar
t
f
ar
m
in
g
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
,
th
e
y
h
av
e
lately
ex
p
an
d
e
d
,
s
m
ar
t
f
a
r
m
s
ar
e
m
o
s
tly
f
o
cu
s
ed
in
t
h
e
ar
ea
o
f
s
m
ar
t
h
o
r
ticu
ltu
r
e,
an
d
r
esear
c
h
is
b
ein
g
d
o
n
e
in
lim
ited
s
p
ac
es [
3
]
.
Pro
d
u
cin
g
as
m
an
y
cr
o
p
s
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le
o
n
a
s
m
all
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
lan
d
is
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
f
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e.
I
f
th
e
is
s
u
e
with
c
r
o
p
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
is
f
o
u
n
d
,
it
wil
l
b
e
m
u
ch
s
im
p
ler
f
o
r
a
n
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
cr
o
p
with
th
e
b
est
y
ield
.
Sel
ec
tin
g
th
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
cr
o
p
f
o
r
a
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ar
ea
o
f
lan
d
c
an
h
elp
to
f
ar
m
er
s
in
cr
ea
s
e
cr
o
p
y
ield
an
d
p
r
o
f
it.
I
t
is
ch
allen
g
in
g
to
f
o
r
ec
ast
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
al
y
ield
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
m
p
lex
f
ac
to
r
s
.
Gen
er
ally
,
th
e
cr
o
p
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
is
im
p
ac
ted
b
y
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
,
f
ac
to
r
s
lik
e
clim
ate,
h
ar
v
est
p
lan
n
in
g
,
p
est in
f
estatio
n
s
,
wa
ter
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
,
s
o
il q
u
ality
,
an
d
g
en
o
ty
p
e
[
4
]
.
C
r
o
p
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
is
p
r
im
ar
il
y
im
p
ac
ted
b
y
lo
ca
l
wea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
all
o
v
er
t
h
e
wo
r
ld
.
W
ith
th
e
ex
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
a
s
m
all
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
cr
o
p
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
g
r
e
en
h
o
u
s
es
o
r
o
th
er
co
n
tr
o
lled
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
is
h
ig
h
ly
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
atm
o
s
p
h
er
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
5
]
.
"
W
ea
th
er
"
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
s
tate
o
f
th
e
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e
at
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
lace
an
d
tim
e.
Facto
r
s
th
at
ar
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
clu
d
e
win
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
an
d
s
p
ee
d
,
air
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
h
u
m
id
ity
,
atm
o
s
p
h
er
i
c
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
clo
u
d
in
ess
,
an
d
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
.
T
h
e
r
e
will
b
e
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
wea
th
er
f
r
o
m
s
ea
s
o
n
t
o
s
ea
s
o
n
,
d
a
y
to
d
ay
,
ev
en
h
o
u
r
to
h
o
u
r
.
I
n
th
e
p
ast,
wea
th
er
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
wer
e
b
ased
o
n
o
b
s
er
v
ati
o
n
s
o
f
wea
th
er
p
atter
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
win
d
a
n
d
clo
u
d
p
atter
n
a
s
th
eir
co
lo
r
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
cu
r
r
en
t
wea
th
er
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
is
u
p
d
ated
an
d
u
tili
ze
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
6
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
t
o
b
ein
g
an
ess
en
tial
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
f
o
o
d
f
o
r
th
e
h
u
m
an
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
s
ee
d
s
ar
e
also
u
s
ed
as
a
s
tar
tin
g
p
o
i
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
cr
o
p
s
.
T
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
s
ee
d
h
as
a
m
ajo
r
im
p
ac
t
o
n
c
r
o
p
y
ield
,
with
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
t
o
r
s
h
av
in
g
s
lig
h
tl
y
im
p
ac
t.
Pre
d
ictin
g
th
e
g
er
m
i
n
atio
n
o
f
s
ee
d
s
is
an
ess
en
tial
an
d
im
p
o
r
tan
t
task
.
T
h
is
i
s
also
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t seed
s
an
d
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
f
o
o
d
ch
ai
n
[
7
]
.
Hea
t
wav
es,
er
r
atic
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
p
atter
n
s
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
d
r
o
u
g
h
ts
an
d
f
lo
o
d
s
,
an
d
o
th
er
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
h
av
e
all
h
ad
a
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
a
ct
o
n
th
e
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
s
ec
to
r
g
lo
b
ally
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
ar
ea
s
ar
e
u
n
d
e
r
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
p
r
ess
u
r
e
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
en
o
u
g
h
f
o
o
d
d
u
e
to
th
e
h
ig
h
p
ac
e
o
f
p
o
p
u
latio
n
g
r
o
wth
a
n
d
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
clim
at
e
-
r
elate
d
im
p
ac
ts
o
n
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
f
ield
s
.
T
h
e
lim
ited
ag
r
icu
l
tu
r
al
l
an
d
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
u
s
ed
wis
ely
in
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
cr
o
p
s
th
at
ar
e
h
ea
lth
y
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
m
ee
t
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
f
o
o
d
[
8
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
tr
ad
itio
n
al
in
ten
s
iv
e
f
ar
m
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
r
esu
lt
in
r
elativ
ely
lo
wer
y
ield
s
an
d
d
eg
r
ad
e
th
e
s
o
il.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
f
ar
m
er
s
lack
awa
r
e
n
ess
o
f
r
e
al
-
tim
e
m
ar
k
et
f
l
u
ctu
atio
n
s
a
n
d
clim
atic
ch
a
n
g
e
,
wh
ich
r
esu
lts
in
an
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
n
ec
ess
ar
y
cr
o
p
s
.
Giv
en
th
at
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
n
o
t
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
ef
f
icien
tly
,
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
c
o
s
ts
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
p
er
y
ield
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
a
lo
t
o
f
f
er
tili
ze
r
s
an
d
p
esti
cid
es
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
with
o
u
t
b
ein
g
o
n
ly
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
[
9
]
.
Sm
ar
t
ir
r
ig
ati
o
n
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
d
e
p
en
d
o
n
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
th
e
f
ield
'
s
s
o
il
m
o
is
tu
r
e
p
atter
n
an
d
th
e
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
p
r
ed
ic
tio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
u
p
c
o
m
in
g
d
ay
s
a
r
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
th
e
ef
f
i
cien
t
an
d
o
p
tim
al
u
s
e
o
f
f
r
esh
wate
r
d
u
r
in
g
i
r
r
ig
atio
n
.
I
n
d
ia
an
d
o
th
er
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
p
r
ed
ict
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
is
in
d
u
s
tr
y
in
th
e
u
p
co
m
in
g
y
ea
r
s
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
ed
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
A
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
eo
p
le
in
cities
ca
n
f
ar
m
u
s
in
g
i
n
ter
n
et
o
f
t
h
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
b
ase
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
Ma
k
in
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
task
s
to
b
e
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
o
n
a
f
ar
m
m
ig
h
t
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
b
y
cr
o
p
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
.
Mo
r
e
Sm
ar
t
ag
r
i
cu
ltu
r
al
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
c
r
o
p
c
u
ltiv
atio
n
p
er
h
ec
tar
e
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
tr
ad
itio
n
al
f
ar
m
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
m
an
u
al
an
d
n
o
t
v
er
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
e;
th
er
e
is
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t.
Usi
n
g
I
o
T
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
s
m
ar
t
f
a
r
m
in
g
is
a
m
o
d
er
n
f
ar
m
i
n
g
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
co
n
ce
p
t
th
at
aim
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
o
u
tp
u
t
[
1
1
]
.
Far
m
e
r
s
ca
n
u
tili
ze
f
er
tili
ze
r
s
o
th
er
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
m
o
r
e
wi
s
ely
p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
o
r
e
cr
o
p
s
o
f
h
ig
h
er
q
u
ality
an
d
q
u
an
tity
.
I
t
is
n
o
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
f
o
r
f
a
r
m
er
s
to
b
e
o
n
th
e
f
ield
all
d
a
y
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
it'
s
p
o
s
s
ib
le
th
at
th
e
f
ar
m
er
s
lack
th
e
ex
p
er
tis
e
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
eir
cr
o
p
s
u
s
in
g
v
ar
i
o
u
s
to
o
ls
.
I
o
T
g
iv
es
th
em
ac
ce
s
s
to
au
to
m
ated
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
m
ay
o
p
er
ate
with
o
u
t
h
u
m
a
n
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
a
n
d
ca
n
aler
t
th
e
m
to
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
d
ec
is
io
n
s
f
o
r
h
an
d
lin
g
v
ar
io
u
s
is
s
u
es
th
at
m
ay
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
wh
ile
f
ar
m
in
g
.
I
t
ca
n
r
ea
ch
a
n
d
aler
t
f
ar
m
er
s
ev
e
n
wh
en
t
h
ey
ar
e
n
o
t
in
t
h
e
f
ield
,
en
ab
lin
g
th
e
m
to
watc
h
o
v
er
a
lar
g
er
ar
ea
o
f
lan
d
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
[
1
2
]
.
I
o
T
is
a
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
th
at
ap
p
ea
r
s
to
b
e
an
a
d
v
an
ta
g
e
f
o
r
th
e
2
1
st
ce
n
t
u
r
y
.
I
t
co
n
n
e
cts
all
o
b
jects
in
a
s
y
s
tem
to
g
eth
er
.
T
h
e
wr
it
er
s
h
av
e
d
escr
ib
ed
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
I
o
T
an
d
o
th
e
r
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies,
s
u
ch
as
b
ig
d
ata,
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
,
an
d
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
(
ML
)
[
1
3
]
.
E
ac
h
o
f
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
h
as
a
m
ajo
r
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
th
e
d
esig
n
in
g
o
f
I
o
T
.
Data
an
d
o
th
er
h
elp
f
u
l
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
h
u
m
id
ity
,
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
(
pH
)
,
ar
e
s
to
r
e
d
in
th
e
clo
u
d
.
I
o
T
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
b
ig
d
ata
an
d
ML
ar
e
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
d
at
a
s
to
r
ag
e.
As
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
d
ata
u
s
ed
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
n
n
ec
ted
d
e
v
ices
in
cr
ea
s
e,
b
ig
d
ata
an
d
ML
ar
e
two
m
o
r
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
th
at
ar
e
b
ei
n
g
u
tili
ze
d
wh
en
co
m
b
in
ed
with
I
o
T
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
is
s
u
e
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
y
co
m
p
lem
en
t
I
o
T
b
y
o
f
f
er
in
g
en
h
an
ce
d
n
etwo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
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:
2
5
0
2
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4
7
5
2
I
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d
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esian
J
E
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&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
25
:
436
-
4
4
5
438
d
ata
s
to
r
ag
e,
wid
e
-
r
an
g
in
g
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
an
d
b
etter
s
y
s
tem
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
An
au
t
o
m
ated
s
y
s
tem
wo
u
ld
b
e
im
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
im
ag
in
e
with
o
u
t th
e
I
o
T
.
I
o
T
h
as e
n
o
u
g
h
a
p
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
in
n
ea
r
ly
e
v
er
y
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
is
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
m
an
y
s
ec
to
r
s
th
at
a
r
e
b
eg
in
n
i
n
g
to
u
s
e
I
oT
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
as
it
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
wid
el
y
u
s
ed
.
On
e
ap
p
li
ca
tio
n
th
at
u
s
es
I
o
T
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
s
m
ar
t
ir
r
ig
atio
n
,
wh
ich
ir
r
ig
ates
t
h
e
f
ar
m
a
u
to
m
atica
lly
b
ased
o
n
its
d
em
an
d
s
an
d
attem
p
ts
to
u
s
e
f
r
esh
wate
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
e
f
f
i
cien
tly
.
Nu
m
e
r
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
a
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
m
ar
t
ir
r
ig
atio
n
is
at
co
n
s
er
v
in
g
wate
r
an
d
it
im
p
r
o
v
es
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
in
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
wh
en
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ir
r
ig
atio
n
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
s
ev
e
r
al
d
if
f
ic
u
lties
to
o
v
er
co
m
e,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
is
e,
ch
an
g
es
in
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
p
a
tter
n
s
,
ex
tr
em
e
wea
th
er
,
wea
t
h
er
v
a
r
iab
ilit
y
,
an
d
th
e
co
m
p
lex
i
ty
o
f
elem
en
ts
af
f
ec
tin
g
cr
o
p
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
ac
cu
r
ate
h
is
to
r
ical
cr
o
p
y
ield
d
ata
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
m
an
a
g
in
g
ag
r
icu
l
tu
r
al
r
is
k
.
ML
h
as
b
ee
n
an
ex
t
en
s
iv
ely
u
s
ed
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
t
o
a
d
d
r
ess
th
ese
is
s
u
es.
Ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
h
as a
llo
wed
t
h
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
ML
tech
n
iq
u
es [
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
aim
o
f
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
p
lan
n
in
g
is
to
cr
ea
te
a
m
ax
im
u
m
o
u
tp
u
t
u
s
in
g
f
ewe
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
as
m
o
n
ey
,
lan
d
,
o
r
f
e
r
tili
ze
r
s
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
with
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
ev
er
al
ML
[
1
8
]
an
d
a
r
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
(
AI
)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
[
1
9
]
.
A
ML
alg
o
r
ith
m
will
b
e
u
s
ed
to
cr
ea
te
a
s
y
s
tem
th
at
ca
n
ch
o
o
s
e
c
r
o
p
s
,
ir
r
ig
ate
th
e
m
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
ly
,
an
d
s
u
g
g
est
f
er
tili
ze
r
s
.
A
s
m
ar
t
ir
r
ig
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
b
ased
o
n
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
is
p
r
esen
ted
.
I
t
u
s
es
I
n
ter
n
et
wea
th
er
f
o
r
ec
ast
d
ata
in
co
m
b
in
atio
n
wit
h
g
r
o
u
n
d
le
v
e
l
s
en
s
in
g
s
u
ch
a
s
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
a
n
d
m
o
is
tu
r
e
lev
els,
as
well
as
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
d
ata
to
esti
m
ate
f
ield
r
eq
u
i
r
e
m
en
ts
f
o
r
ir
r
i
g
atio
n
.
T
h
e
in
tellig
en
ce
o
f
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
s
y
s
tem
f
r
o
m
an
in
tell
ig
en
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
th
at
co
n
s
id
er
s
elem
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
ea
r
-
ter
m
wea
th
e
r
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
,
lik
e
u
ltra
v
io
let
(
UV
)
,
h
u
m
i
d
ity
,
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
,
an
d
air
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e,
in
a
d
d
itio
n
to
s
en
s
in
g
d
ata.
T
h
e
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
r
esu
lts
ar
e
h
ig
h
l
y
en
co
u
r
ag
i
n
g
,
an
d
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
f
u
lly
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
[
2
0
]
.
State
-
of
-
th
e
-
ar
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
s
u
p
p
ly
wate
r
to
th
e
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
f
ield
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
o
il
m
o
is
tu
r
e
v
alu
e
,
wh
ich
is
d
etec
ted
u
s
in
g
an
I
o
T
s
en
s
o
r
,
to
th
e
in
tellig
en
t
f
a
r
m
in
g
s
y
s
tem
wi
th
wea
th
er
f
o
r
ec
ast
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
cr
o
p
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
was
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
r
ec
eiv
es
th
e
d
ata
t
h
a
t
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
h
av
e
co
llected
.
W
ith
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
f
th
e
ON/OFF
b
u
tto
n
s
in
cl
u
d
ed
in
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
licatio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
wh
en
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
s
e
t
to
au
to
m
atic
m
o
d
e,
wh
en
th
e
s
o
il
m
o
is
tu
r
e
co
n
ten
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
a
ce
r
tain
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
th
e
f
ield
is
i
r
r
ig
ated
.
Dep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
m
o
is
tu
r
e
co
n
ten
t,
t
h
e
p
u
m
p
is
tu
r
n
ed
ON.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
u
s
es
an
An
d
r
o
id
ap
p
licatio
n
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
wea
th
er
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t th
e
ag
r
icu
lt
u
r
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
i
n
a
ce
r
tain
a
r
ea
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
y
ea
r
’
s
[
2
1
]
.
An
in
tellig
en
t
m
o
d
el
ca
lled
A
g
r
o
C
o
n
s
u
ltan
t
is
p
r
esen
ted
f
o
r
ass
is
t
in
g
th
e
I
n
d
ian
f
ar
m
e
r
to
m
ak
e
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
d
ec
is
io
n
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
cr
o
p
g
r
o
wth
b
ased
o
n
s
o
w
in
g
s
ea
s
o
n
,
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
s
o
il,
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
lo
ca
tio
n
an
d
o
th
er
f
ac
t
o
r
in
clu
d
es r
ain
f
all
as we
ll a
s
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
r
ain
f
all
p
r
e
d
icto
r
s
y
s
tem
is
a
ls
o
im
p
lem
en
ted
wh
ich
ca
n
p
r
e
d
ict
th
e
r
ain
f
all
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
y
ea
r
[
2
2
]
.
An
au
to
m
atic
an
d
r
em
o
te
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
is
d
escr
ib
ed
as
alter
n
ativ
e
to
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
s
y
s
t
em
s
.
Ph
o
n
o
lo
g
ical
d
ata
is
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
atellite
im
ag
es
co
m
b
in
ed
with
cr
o
p
c
alen
d
ar
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
AE
Z
(
ag
r
o
-
ec
o
lo
g
ical
zo
n
in
g
)
f
o
r
ac
cu
r
ate
class
if
icatio
n
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
cr
o
p
.
T
h
es
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
s
atellite
im
ag
es
a
r
e
co
m
p
ar
e
d
with
th
e
ca
len
d
ar
d
ata
o
f
cr
o
p
ar
e
co
m
p
iled
f
o
r
ar
ea
o
f
in
ter
est.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
o
b
tain
ed
9
1
% a
c
cu
r
ac
y
[
2
3
]
.
A
cr
o
p
y
ield
p
r
ed
ictio
n
m
o
d
el
is
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
u
s
es
p
esti
cid
e
r
ec
o
r
d
s
,
cr
o
p
y
ield
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
d
ata
an
d
ML
m
o
d
els.
R
ig
o
r
o
u
s
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
g
ath
e
r
in
g
,
clea
n
in
g
an
d
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
d
ata.
T
h
e
tr
ai
n
ed
d
ata
is
ev
alu
ated
o
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
ML
tech
n
iq
u
es.
Gr
id
Se
ar
ch
C
V
m
eth
o
d
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
h
y
p
er
-
p
a
r
am
ete
r
twea
k
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
id
en
tific
at
io
n
o
f
s
u
itab
le
h
y
p
e
r
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
K
-
f
o
ld
cr
o
s
s
v
alid
atio
n
aim
s
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
2
4
]
.
A
non
-
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
m
u
ltip
le
ac
ce
s
s
(
NOM
A)
r
elay
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
u
p
lin
k
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
was
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
w
ir
eless
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
W
SNs
)
.
Mo
r
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
ca
n
b
e
a
cc
o
m
m
o
d
ate
d
with
th
e
s
am
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
e
lem
en
ts
(
R
E
’
s
)
u
s
in
g
th
e
N
OM
A
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
a
ty
p
ical
p
er
io
d
ic
a
n
d
b
u
r
s
ty
s
h
o
r
t
-
r
an
g
e
u
p
lin
k
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
.
Fo
r
W
SNs
in
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e,
a
m
ix
ed
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
ch
em
e
f
ea
tu
r
in
g
b
o
th
u
p
lin
k
an
d
d
o
wn
li
n
k
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
R
elay
-
aid
ed
NOM
A
s
ch
em
e
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
u
p
lin
k
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
to
th
e
s
in
k
n
o
d
e
,
wh
ile
tr
ad
itio
n
al
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
m
u
ltip
le
a
cc
ess
(
OM
A
)
is
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
d
o
w
n
lin
k
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
NOM
A
tech
n
iq
u
e
ca
n
b
e
a
co
m
p
etitiv
e
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
u
p
lin
k
an
d
d
o
wn
lin
k
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
f
o
r
W
SNs
in
ag
r
icu
l
tu
r
e,
as d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
n
u
m
er
ical
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
th
at
in
d
icate
W
SN
s
with
r
elay
-
aid
ed
NOM
A
ac
h
iev
e
a
lo
wer
o
u
tag
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
an
d
h
i
g
h
er
s
u
m
d
ata
r
at
e
[
2
5
]
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
W
SNs
w
ith
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
h
a
r
v
ester
n
o
d
es,
a
n
e
w
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
co
n
n
ec
ted
d
o
m
i
n
atin
g
s
et
(
C
DS)
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
s
u
g
g
est
ed
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
v
o
lv
i
n
g
p
r
ec
is
io
n
ag
r
ic
u
ltu
r
e.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
f
lo
o
d
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
an
d
an
en
er
g
y
-
e
f
f
icien
t
C
DS
alg
o
r
ith
m
ar
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
u
n
i
q
u
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
co
n
n
ec
ted
d
o
m
in
atin
g
s
et
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
with
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
in
s
m
ar
t
ag
r
icu
lt
u
r
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
as
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
f
lo
o
d
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
a
n
d
C
DS
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
s
,
t
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
in
c
r
e
ased
th
e
life
tim
e
o
f
W
SN
s
b
y
u
p
to
s
ix
tim
es
an
d
1
.
4
tim
es,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
o
n
l
y
1
5
% o
f
th
e
e
n
tire
life
tim
e
is
d
ev
o
ted
to
t
h
e
C
DS d
ev
elo
p
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
esen
ted
a
h
ig
h
-
r
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
p
atio
tem
p
o
r
al
im
a
g
e
f
u
s
io
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
(
HI
S
T
I
F)
th
a
t
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
m
u
ltip
licativ
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
o
f
tem
p
o
r
al
ch
an
g
e
(
MM
T
C
)
an
d
f
ilter
in
g
f
o
r
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ca
le
s
p
atial
m
atch
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
tern
et
o
f th
in
g
s
b
a
s
ed
s
ma
r
t a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
e
u
s
in
g
K
-
n
ea
r
est n
eig
h
b
o
r
fo
r
…
(
K
a
lya
n
k
u
ma
r
Da
s
a
r
i
)
439
(
FC
SM)
.
B
o
th
th
e
p
o
in
t
s
p
r
ea
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
ef
f
ec
t
a
n
d
th
e
g
eo
-
r
e
g
is
tr
atio
n
er
r
o
r
s
b
etwe
en
f
in
e
an
d
co
ar
s
e
r
eso
lu
tio
n
im
a
g
es
wer
e
ta
k
en
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
in
FC
SM.
HI
STI
F
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
th
e
f
u
s
io
n
er
r
o
r
f
r
o
m
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ca
le
s
p
atial
m
is
m
atch
an
d
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
s
p
atial
d
etails
with
in
f
ield
s
,
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
wh
eth
er
th
e
d
ata
wer
e
s
im
u
lated
o
r
r
ea
l,
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
an
aly
s
is
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
HI
STI
F
m
ig
h
t
b
e
u
s
ef
u
l f
o
r
r
eg
u
la
r
ly
an
d
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
cr
o
p
g
r
o
wth
a
t th
e
s
u
b
f
ield
lev
el
[
2
7
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
e
d
ict
cr
o
p
y
ield
,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
s
tu
d
y
b
u
ild
s
a
d
ee
p
r
ec
u
r
r
e
n
t
Q
-
n
etwo
r
k
m
o
d
el,
wh
ich
is
a
r
ec
u
r
r
en
t
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
d
ee
p
lea
r
n
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
o
v
er
th
e
Q
-
l
ea
r
n
in
g
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t
lear
n
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
d
ata
p
ar
am
eter
s
en
ter
th
e
lay
er
s
o
f
th
e
r
ec
u
r
r
en
t
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
,
wh
ich
ar
e
s
tack
ed
co
n
s
ec
u
tiv
ely
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
in
p
u
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
t
h
e
Q
-
lear
n
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
cr
ea
tes
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
o
r
p
r
e
d
ictin
g
cr
o
p
y
ield
.
T
h
e
Q
-
v
alu
es
ar
e
m
ap
p
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
r
ec
u
r
r
en
t
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
to
a
lin
ea
r
lay
er
.
B
y
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
d
ata
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
ac
cu
r
ately
p
r
ed
icts
th
e
cr
o
p
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
with
9
3
.
7
%
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
m
o
r
e
th
an
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
m
o
d
els
[
2
8
]
.
T
o
s
o
lv
e
th
e
a
b
o
v
e
-
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
is
s
u
es,
th
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
I
o
T
-
b
ased
s
m
ar
t
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
u
s
in
g
KNN
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
cr
o
p
y
ield
.
T
h
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
wo
r
k
is
d
escr
ib
ed
as
f
o
llo
ws:
T
h
e
s
ec
tio
n
2
p
r
esen
ts
I
o
T
B
ased
s
m
ar
t
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
u
s
in
g
KNN
f
o
r
en
h
an
cin
g
t
h
e
cr
o
p
y
ield
.
T
h
e
s
ec
tio
n
3
ev
alu
ates th
e
r
esu
lt a
n
aly
s
is
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
s
ec
tio
n
4
.
2.
I
O
T
B
A
SE
D
SM
ART AG
R
I
CUL
T
UR
E
USI
NG
K
NN
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
I
o
T
b
ased
s
m
ar
t
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
u
s
in
g
KNN
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
e
cr
o
p
y
ield
is
p
r
esen
ted
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
p
r
esen
ted
s
y
s
tem
's
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
.
C
r
o
p
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
i
ty
ca
n
b
e
im
p
ac
ted
b
y
wea
th
e
r
,
a
n
d
an
I
o
T
-
b
ased
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
wea
th
er
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
o
f
f
er
v
al
u
ab
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
ese
wea
th
er
p
atter
n
s
.
T
h
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
elp
s
f
ar
m
e
r
s
m
ak
e
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
d
ec
is
io
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
p
lan
tin
g
,
ir
r
ig
atio
n
,
o
th
er
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
task
s
b
y
c
o
llectin
g
th
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
m
u
ltip
le
s
en
s
o
r
s
an
d
eq
u
ip
m
en
t.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
I
o
T
b
ased
s
m
ar
t a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
e
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
KNN
Her
e,
in
th
is
an
aly
s
is
,
v
ar
io
u
s
s
en
s
o
r
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
n
am
ely
n
itr
o
g
en
,
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
u
s
,
a
n
d
p
o
tass
iu
m
(
NPK)
s
en
s
o
r
,
p
H
s
en
s
o
r
,
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
an
d
h
u
m
id
ity
s
en
s
o
r
,
r
ain
f
all
s
en
s
o
r
,
air
q
u
ality
s
en
s
o
r
an
d
b
ar
o
m
etr
ic
s
en
s
o
r
s
an
d
all
th
ese
s
en
s
o
r
s
’
d
ata
i
s
co
l
lecte
d
o
n
tim
ely
b
asis
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
cr
o
p
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t.
Firstl
y
,
th
e
s
o
il
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
r
ain
f
all
an
d
h
u
m
id
ity
ar
e
ch
ec
k
ed
a
n
d
th
e
n
s
o
il
p
H
an
d
NPK
v
alu
es
ar
e
ch
ec
k
ed
.
An
NPK
s
en
s
o
r
is
u
s
ed
to
co
llect
th
e
N
PK
v
alu
es
an
d
p
H
s
en
s
o
r
is
u
s
ed
to
co
llect
th
e
p
H
d
ata
.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
ea
ch
n
u
tr
ien
t b
y
weig
h
t is sh
o
wn
in
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct'
s
N
-
P
-
K
v
alu
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
25
:
436
-
4
4
5
440
So
il
r
ea
ctio
n
o
r
s
o
il
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H
in
d
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tes
th
e
s
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il
alk
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r
ac
id
it
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o
f
s
o
il
an
d
its
u
n
its
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e
p
H
u
n
its
.
T
h
e
s
o
il
p
H
ca
n
b
e
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
io
n
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
p
H
is
0
to
1
wh
er
e
7
is
n
eu
tr
al
p
o
in
t.
Data
f
r
o
m
all
th
ese
s
en
s
o
r
s
ar
e
c
o
llected
an
d
u
s
ed
f
o
r
cr
o
p
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
.
T
h
e
m
icr
o
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
is
u
s
ed
t
o
u
p
l
o
ad
th
e
co
llected
d
ata
t
o
th
e
clo
u
d
d
atab
ase,
wh
e
r
e
th
e
s
er
v
er
in
s
tr
u
cts
th
e
d
ata
to
b
e
s
av
ed
in
a
d
atab
ase.
T
h
e
n
wea
th
e
r
API
is
o
p
en
e
d
u
s
in
g
clo
u
d
p
l
atf
o
r
m
t
o
g
at
h
er
t
h
e
r
ain
f
all,
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
h
u
m
id
ity
v
alu
es.
T
h
e
g
at
h
er
ed
v
alu
es
ar
e
in
s
er
ted
in
to
a
ML
alg
o
r
ith
m
to
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
th
e
b
est
cr
o
p
s
.
W
ea
th
er
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
:
t
h
e
wea
th
er
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
h
elp
s
th
e
u
s
er
to
p
r
o
tect
th
e
c
r
o
p
d
u
r
in
g
s
u
d
d
en
clim
ate
ch
an
g
es.
T
em
p
er
atu
r
e
a
n
d
h
u
m
id
it
y
s
en
s
o
r
,
r
ain
f
all
s
en
s
o
r
,
air
q
u
ality
s
en
s
o
r
an
d
b
ar
o
m
etr
ic
s
en
s
o
r
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
f
o
r
ec
ast
th
e
wea
th
er
.
So
il
m
o
is
tu
r
e
s
en
s
o
r
:
t
h
is
s
en
s
o
r
ca
n
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
w
ater
is
r
etai
n
ed
in
th
e
s
o
il
h
o
r
izo
n
b
y
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
is
tu
r
e
c
o
n
ten
t
o
f
th
e
s
o
il.
T
h
e
s
o
il
m
o
is
tu
r
e
co
n
te
n
t
is
b
ein
g
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
th
e
s
o
il
m
o
is
tu
r
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
an
d
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
am
o
u
n
t
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
p
r
ed
ef
in
e
d
th
r
esh
o
ld
.
T
h
e
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
d
atab
ase
d
ec
id
es
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
e
b
ased
o
n
ty
p
e
o
f
cr
o
p
a
n
d
s
o
il
m
o
is
tu
r
e
co
n
ten
t.
Mo
is
tu
r
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
m
o
is
tu
r
e
co
n
te
n
t
o
f
th
e
s
o
il,
an
d
clo
u
d
p
lat
f
o
r
m
o
p
e
n
wea
th
er
API
’
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
ch
e
ck
th
e
wea
th
er
.
Flo
w
s
en
s
o
r
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
wate
r
is
b
ein
g
p
u
t
in
to
th
e
s
o
il.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
ch
ec
k
s
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
v
alu
es
ev
er
y
P
h
o
u
r
s
.
W
h
en
th
er
e
is
less
s
o
il
m
o
i
s
tu
r
e
an
d
n
o
ch
a
n
ce
o
f
r
ai
n
,
th
e
m
e
ch
an
is
m
ch
ec
k
s
t
h
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
t
h
at
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
is
n
o
r
m
al,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ac
tiv
ates t
h
e
p
u
m
p
to
wate
r
th
e
p
lan
ts
f
o
r
X
m
in
u
tes
,
o
r
u
n
til th
e
cr
o
p
'
s
m
o
is
tu
r
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
is
s
atis
f
ied
.
I
n
ca
s
e
o
f
h
ig
h
tem
p
er
atu
r
es,
th
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
in
itiates
th
e
p
u
m
p
to
ir
r
ig
ate
th
e
p
lan
ts
f
o
r
X+
Y
m
in
u
tes,
o
r
u
n
til
th
e
cr
o
p
r
ea
c
h
es
its
m
ax
im
u
m
m
o
is
tu
r
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
will
wait
u
n
til
it
s
tar
ts
if
r
ain
is
p
r
ed
icted
.
T
h
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
f
ield
,
th
e
f
lo
w
s
en
s
o
r
r
ea
d
i
n
g
s
,
an
d
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
wate
r
r
eq
u
ir
ed
b
y
th
e
p
lan
ts
ar
e
u
s
ed
t
o
ca
lcu
lat
e
to
wate
r
.
T
h
is
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
u
s
in
g
m
icr
o
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
er
s
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
en
s
u
r
es th
at
th
e
p
lan
ts
g
r
o
w
h
ea
lth
ily
an
d
r
ec
ei
v
e
th
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
m
o
is
tu
r
e.
T
h
e
f
er
tili
ty
o
f
th
e
s
o
il
af
f
ec
ts
cr
o
p
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
So
il
f
er
tili
ty
is
m
o
s
tly
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
t
h
e
N,
P,
an
d
K
co
n
ten
t
o
f
th
e
s
o
il.
T
h
ese
r
ea
d
in
g
s
ca
n
b
e
ex
am
in
e
d
with
an
NPK
s
en
s
o
r
.
E
v
er
y
cr
o
p
wo
u
ld
h
av
e
a
s
et
o
f
co
n
s
is
ten
t
NPK
v
alu
es.
T
h
e
lan
d
wh
er
e
cr
o
p
s
ar
e
g
r
o
w
n
is
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
all
o
f
th
e
v
alu
es
tak
en
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
c
r
o
p
b
ein
g
g
r
o
wn
an
d
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
o
b
tain
e
d
b
o
th
e
x
a
m
in
ed
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
wo
u
ld
d
ec
i
d
e
if
f
er
tili
ty
is
at
its
h
ig
h
est
lev
el.
No
r
m
al
f
er
tili
ze
r
s
ar
e
wo
u
ld
m
ain
tain
th
e
s
o
il's
f
er
tili
ty
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
if
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
ex
ce
llen
t.
I
f
n
o
t,
i
t
is
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
to
ap
p
ly
e
x
t
r
a
f
er
tili
ze
r
s
o
n
t
o
p
o
f
th
e
r
eg
u
lar
f
e
r
tili
ze
r
s
as
n
e
ed
ed
b
y
th
e
cr
o
p
.
R
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
f
e
r
tili
ze
r
d
o
s
ag
e
a
r
e
also
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
wo
u
ld
b
e
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
f
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
f
er
tili
ty
o
f
th
e
s
o
il
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
cr
o
p
u
n
til
it
was
h
ar
v
ested
.
T
h
e
f
er
tili
ze
r
r
atio
ca
n
b
e
co
m
p
u
ted
b
y
tak
in
g
t
h
e
lo
west
n
u
m
b
er
i
n
th
e
g
r
ad
e
an
d
d
iv
i
d
in
g
ea
c
h
o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
n
th
e
c
o
n
tain
er
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
t
h
e
f
e
r
tili
ze
r
g
r
ad
e,
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
er
tili
ze
r
p
r
o
d
u
ct'
s
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
ate,
p
o
ta
s
h
,
an
d
n
itro
g
e
n
.
T
h
e
co
llecte
d
NPK
v
alu
es
ar
e
ap
p
lied
to
KNN
f
o
r
f
e
r
tili
ze
r
re
co
m
m
en
d
atio
n
.
B
ef
o
r
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
in
g
a
cr
o
p
,
ML
is
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
cr
o
p
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
to
ev
alu
a
te
s
ev
er
al
f
ac
to
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
wea
th
er
,
p
H,
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
o
u
s
(
P),
p
o
tass
iu
m
(
K)
,
an
d
n
itro
g
en
(
N)
.
T
h
e
KNN
class
if
ier
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
s
a
cr
o
p
th
at
will
g
r
o
w
in
th
e
g
i
v
en
s
o
il
b
y
a
n
al
y
zin
g
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
il
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
a
u
to
m
atic
wa
ter
in
g
s
y
s
tem
allo
ws
th
e
KN
N
class
if
ier
to
an
aly
ze
t
h
e
s
o
i
l's
m
o
is
tu
r
e
co
n
ten
t
an
d
wea
th
er
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
il
m
o
is
tu
r
e
co
n
ten
t
an
d
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
wea
th
er
,
th
e
a
u
to
m
atic
ir
r
ig
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
ir
r
ig
ates
th
e
cr
o
p
s
au
to
m
atica
lly
.
T
h
e
KNN
th
en
d
ec
i
d
es
wh
eth
er
th
e
p
lan
t
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
wate
r
ed
o
r
n
o
t
b
ased
o
n
its
m
o
is
tu
r
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
h
e
alth
y
g
r
o
wth
,
th
e
th
i
r
d
s
y
s
tem
,
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
th
e
f
er
tili
ze
r
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ati
o
n
s
y
s
tem
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
am
o
u
n
t
an
d
tim
in
g
o
f
f
er
tili
ze
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
to
th
e
cr
o
p
.
T
h
es
e
th
r
ee
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
s
wo
r
k
to
g
et
h
er
to
en
h
a
n
ce
cr
o
p
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
wh
en
co
m
b
i
n
ed
in
to
o
n
e
m
ain
s
y
s
tem
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
I
o
T
b
ased
s
m
a
r
t
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
u
s
in
g
KNN
f
o
r
e
n
h
an
cin
g
th
e
cr
o
p
y
ield
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
an
aly
s
is
o
f
p
r
esen
ted
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
h
er
e.
T
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
f
ar
m
p
ar
am
eter
s
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
.
T
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
s
2
(
a)
an
d
2
(
b
)
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
cr
o
p
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
in
ter
m
s
o
f
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
an
d
h
u
m
id
it
y
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a)
,
t
h
e
y
-
ax
is
in
d
icate
s
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
d
eg
r
ee
s
C
elsi
u
s
,
wh
ile
th
e
x
-
a
x
is
s
h
o
ws
th
e
tim
e.
T
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
h
u
m
id
ity
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
wh
e
r
e
x
-
ax
is
s
h
o
ws
th
e
tim
e
an
d
y
-
ax
is
in
d
icat
es
th
e
h
u
m
id
ity
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ased
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ased
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