I
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ne
s
ia
n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
a
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Co
m
pu
t
er
Science
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
.
1
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ly
2
0
2
5
,
p
p
.
247
~
2
5
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I
SS
N:
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4
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DOI
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3
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.i
1
.
pp
247
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2
5
7
247
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ted
Mar
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2
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2
5
M
o
b
i
le
n
e
two
r
k
o
p
e
ra
to
rs
a
re
fa
c
in
g
e
v
e
r
-
in
c
re
a
sin
g
traffic
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
b
e
c
a
u
se
o
f
th
e
n
u
m
e
ro
u
s
d
a
ta
-
h
u
n
g
r
y
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
u
se
d
b
y
s
u
b
sc
rib
e
rs
n
o
wa
d
a
y
s.
As
a
re
su
l
t,
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
t
h
a
t
su
p
p
o
rt
h
ig
h
b
a
n
d
wid
th
a
n
d
n
e
two
rk
a
v
a
il
a
b
i
li
ty
h
a
v
e
b
e
c
o
m
e
e
ss
e
n
ti
a
l.
On
e
s
u
c
h
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
is
d
e
n
se
wa
v
e
len
g
th
d
iv
isi
o
n
m
u
l
ti
p
le
x
in
g
(DWDM
).
Th
is
stu
d
y
i
n
v
e
sti
g
a
ted
th
e
e
v
o
lu
ti
o
n
o
f
a
n
o
p
t
ica
l
a
d
d
/d
r
o
p
m
u
lt
ip
le
x
e
r
(OA
DM),
wh
ich
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
k
e
y
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
DWDM
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
g
o
a
l
o
f
t
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
wa
s
t
o
in
v
e
stig
a
te
h
o
w
t
h
e
e
v
o
l
u
ti
o
n
o
f
a
n
OA
DM
h
a
s
c
o
n
tri
b
u
te
d
to
n
e
two
rk
su
rv
iv
a
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
b
a
n
d
wid
t
h
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
in
DWDM
o
p
ti
c
a
l
n
e
two
rk
s.
A
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
se
a
rc
h
o
f
t
h
e
li
tera
tu
r
e
o
n
a
n
OA
DM
wa
s
u
n
d
e
rtak
e
n
u
sin
g
d
a
ta
so
u
rc
e
s
li
k
e
G
o
o
g
le
S
c
h
o
lar,
El
se
v
ier,
Re
se
a
rc
h
Ga
te,
S
c
ie
n
c
e
Dire
c
t,
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r,
a
n
d
DWDM
v
e
n
d
o
r
m
a
n
u
a
ls.
T
h
e
stu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
a
t
i
n
o
rd
e
r
to
a
d
d
re
ss
p
re
se
n
t
a
n
d
f
u
tu
re
DWDM
o
p
ti
c
a
l
n
e
two
r
k
d
e
m
a
n
d
s,
a
re
c
o
n
fig
u
ra
b
le
o
p
ti
c
a
l
a
d
d
/d
r
o
p
m
u
lt
ip
le
x
e
r
(ROA
DM)
d
e
p
l
o
y
e
d
o
v
e
r
fle
x
-
g
rid
sp
e
c
tru
m
is
e
ss
e
n
ti
a
l.
Th
e
m
o
st
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
it
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
a
R
OA
DM
su
p
p
o
rts
c
o
l
o
rles
s,
d
irec
ti
o
n
les
s,
c
o
n
ten
ti
o
n
les
s,
a
n
d
fle
x
-
g
ri
d
fu
n
c
ti
o
n
a
li
ti
e
s,
re
su
lt
in
g
in
th
e
m
o
st
ro
b
u
st
,
fl
e
x
ib
le,
a
n
d
fu
tu
re
-
p
ro
o
f
DWDM
o
p
ti
c
a
l
n
e
two
rk
.
T
h
e
stu
d
y
f
u
rth
e
r
fo
u
n
d
th
a
t
flex
-
g
rid
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
su
p
p
o
r
ts
u
p
li
n
k
s
with
h
ig
h
li
n
e
ra
tes
a
n
d
h
a
s su
p
e
r
io
r
sp
e
c
tral
e
fficie
n
c
y
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
DC
-
F
R
OAD
M
DW
DM
Flex
-
g
r
id
OADM
R
OADM
s
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Mn
o
th
o
P.
Mk
h
wan
az
i
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
T
s
h
wan
e
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Staats
ar
till
ir
ie
,
Pre
to
r
ia
W
est,
So
u
th
Af
r
ica
E
m
ails
: m
n
o
th
o
.
m
k
h
wan
az
i@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
u
s
e
o
f
d
ata
-
d
r
iv
en
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
in
b
u
s
in
es
s
,
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia,
a
n
d
e
n
ter
tain
m
en
t
h
as
r
esu
lted
in
a
s
u
r
g
e
in
d
ata
tr
a
f
f
ic
f
o
r
m
o
b
ile
n
etwo
r
k
o
p
er
a
to
r
s
.
Op
tical
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
is
d
ata
tr
af
f
ic
in
cr
ea
s
e
ad
e
q
u
ately
d
u
e
to
its
ab
ilit
y
to
c
o
p
e
with
h
ig
h
d
ata
v
o
lu
m
es
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
g
r
o
win
g
d
em
a
n
d
f
o
r
b
an
d
wid
th
p
r
o
p
els
th
e
r
ap
i
d
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
o
p
tical
f
ib
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
[
2
]
,
o
n
e
s
u
ch
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
b
ein
g
d
en
s
e
wav
el
en
g
th
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
lex
in
g
(
DW
DM
)
.
DW
DM
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
u
s
ed
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
ca
p
ac
ity
in
o
p
tical
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
T
h
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
b
an
d
wid
th
o
f
an
ex
is
tin
g
f
ib
r
e
n
etwo
r
k
b
y
co
m
b
i
n
in
g
an
d
tr
a
n
s
m
itti
n
g
m
u
ltip
le
s
ig
n
als
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
at
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
wa
v
elen
g
th
s
o
n
th
e
s
am
e
f
ib
r
e
[
3
]
.
E
ac
h
in
p
u
t
is
p
r
o
d
u
c
ed
b
y
a
d
is
tin
ct
o
p
tical
s
o
u
r
ce
with
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
wav
elen
g
th
.
DW
DM
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
ad
v
an
ce
d
m
u
ltip
l
ex
in
g
tech
n
i
q
u
e
av
ailab
le
to
d
ay
[
4
]
.
Prio
r
r
esear
ch
o
n
DW
DM
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
ex
p
lo
r
ed
its
ab
ilit
y
to
m
ee
t
p
r
esen
t
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
b
an
d
wid
th
d
em
an
d
s
,
with
o
u
t
g
o
in
g
i
n
to
g
r
ea
t
d
etail
o
n
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
th
at
m
ak
e
u
p
a
DW
DM
s
y
s
tem
.
As
D
W
DM
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ev
o
l
v
ed
,
s
o
d
id
its
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
An
o
p
tical
ad
d
/
d
r
o
p
m
u
ltip
l
ex
er
(
OADM
)
is
o
n
e
s
u
ch
co
m
p
o
n
en
t.
T
h
e
OADM
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
th
r
ee
m
ain
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
with
in
th
e
DW
DM
n
etwo
r
k
:
o
p
tical
ad
d
,
d
r
o
p
,
an
d
ex
p
r
ess
s
witc
h
in
g
o
f
th
e
o
p
tical
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
25
:
247
-
2
5
7
248
wav
elen
g
th
.
T
h
e
OADM
en
s
u
r
es
b
etter
u
s
ag
e
o
f
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
i
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
w
h
ile
als
o
ex
p
an
d
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
co
v
er
ag
e
[
5
]
.
A
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
o
p
tical
ad
d
/d
r
o
p
m
u
ltip
lex
er
(
R
OADM
)
is
an
en
h
an
ce
d
OADM
th
at
is
m
o
r
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
n
o
wad
ay
s
d
u
e
to
its
ab
ilit
y
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
em
o
te
co
n
f
ig
u
r
at
io
n
an
d
a
u
to
m
atic
wav
elen
g
th
r
o
u
tin
g
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
ex
p
o
n
e
n
tial
r
is
e
o
f
in
ter
n
et
d
ata
tr
af
f
ic,
a
R
OADM
h
as
ev
o
lv
ed
to
b
ec
o
m
e
ev
e
n
m
o
r
e
f
lex
i
b
le.
T
h
e
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
in
DW
DM
o
p
tical
n
etwo
r
k
s
allo
ws
r
em
o
te
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
a
n
d
au
to
m
atic
wav
elen
g
t
h
r
o
u
tin
g
,
b
o
th
o
f
wh
ich
ar
e
cr
itical
to
n
etwo
r
k
s
u
r
v
i
v
a
b
ilit
y
.
Netwo
r
k
s
u
r
v
iv
ab
ilit
y
i
s
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
a
n
etwo
r
k
to
s
elf
-
h
ea
l a
n
d
c
o
n
tin
u
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
co
r
r
ec
tly
wh
e
n
a
lin
k
o
r
n
o
d
e
f
ails
[
6
]
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
s
a
d
esk
r
esear
ch
s
tr
ateg
y
.
T
h
is
is
a
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
e
n
tails
co
llectin
g
,
r
ev
iewin
g
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
o
f
f
i
cial
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
at
ic
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
u
s
ed
to
co
n
d
u
ct
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
s
ea
r
ch
o
f
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
th
e
OADM
d
ep
lo
y
ed
in
DW
D
M
o
p
tical
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
A
s
y
s
tem
atic
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
in
clu
d
es
id
en
tify
in
g
d
ata
s
o
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
th
e
r
esear
ch
,
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
to
u
s
e
w
h
en
s
ea
r
c
h
in
g
th
e
liter
atu
r
e,
an
d
th
e
in
c
lu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
[
8
]
.
Seco
n
d
ar
y
d
ata
f
o
r
th
is
d
esk
r
esear
ch
was
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
ac
a
d
em
ic
r
esear
ch
d
atab
ases
,
th
e
in
ter
n
et,
an
d
d
ata
s
h
ee
ts
f
r
o
m
s
ev
er
al
DW
DM
v
en
d
o
r
s
.
A
m
o
n
g
th
e
ac
a
d
em
ic
r
esear
ch
d
atab
ases
u
s
ed
wer
e
Go
o
g
l
e
Sch
o
lar
,
Sp
r
in
g
e
r
,
R
esear
ch
Gate
,
Op
en
Acc
ess
J
o
u
r
n
als,
I
E
E
E
,
an
d
Scien
ce
Dir
ec
t.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
d
ep
lo
y
ed
a
k
ey
w
o
r
d
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
ateg
y
to
f
in
d
lit
er
atu
r
e
o
n
DW
DM
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
its
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
h
e
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
e
ar
ch
m
et
h
o
d
e
n
s
u
r
es
t
h
at
o
n
ly
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ele
v
an
t
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
av
e
b
ee
n
lis
ted
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
s
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
was
g
u
id
ed
b
y
th
e
B
o
o
lean
o
p
er
at
o
r
s
AND
an
d
OR
.
I
n
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
in
cl
u
d
e
d
:
−
All p
u
b
licatio
n
s
h
ad
to
b
e
wr
it
ten
in
E
n
g
lis
h
.
−
T
h
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
p
er
i
o
d
was b
e
twee
n
2
0
1
7
an
d
2
0
2
3
.
−
Pu
b
licatio
n
`
s
r
elev
an
ce
to
th
e
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
.
−
Pu
b
licatio
n
`
s
av
ailab
ilit
y
to
f
e
llo
w
ac
ad
em
ics.
2
.
1
.
DWDM t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
DW
DM
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t
i
n
o
p
tical
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
in
c
e
it
allo
w
s
s
ev
er
al
o
p
tical
wa
v
elen
g
th
s
to
s
h
ar
e
a
s
in
g
le
f
ib
er
s
tr
a
n
d
.
DW
DM
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
o
p
er
ate
in
b
o
t
h
th
e
c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
b
a
n
d
(
C
-
b
an
d
)
a
n
d
th
e
lo
n
g
b
a
n
d
(
L
-
b
a
n
d
)
o
f
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
.
T
h
e
C
-
b
an
d
is
p
r
ef
e
r
r
ed
o
v
er
th
e
L
-
b
an
d
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
lo
wer
at
ten
u
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
C
-
B
an
d
o
p
e
r
ates
f
r
o
m
1
,
5
3
0
n
m
t
o
1
,
5
6
5
n
m
an
d
is
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
I
T
U
-
T
G.
6
9
4
.
1
s
tan
d
a
r
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
u
ltip
l
e
x
in
g
o
f
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
wav
elen
g
th
s
in
to
a
s
in
g
le
co
m
p
o
s
ite
s
ig
n
al
an
d
its
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
in
g
le
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
o
s
ite
s
ig
n
al
is
d
em
u
ltip
lex
ed
at
th
e
r
ec
eiv
in
g
en
d
,
an
d
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
wav
elen
g
th
s
ar
e
t
er
m
in
ated
to
th
eir
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
o
p
tical
r
ec
eiv
er
s
[
1
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Mu
ltip
le
x
in
g
a
n
d
d
e
m
u
ltip
lex
in
g
o
f
o
p
tical
s
ig
n
als
[
1
0
]
A
DW
DM
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
f
o
u
r
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
wh
ich
in
clu
d
e
a
tr
an
s
p
o
n
d
er
,
m
u
ltip
lex
er
/d
em
u
ltip
lex
er
,
O
ADM
,
an
d
er
b
iu
m
-
d
o
p
ed
f
ib
er
am
p
lifie
r
(
E
DFA)
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
r
an
s
p
o
n
d
er
s
ar
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
an
d
ter
m
in
atin
g
wav
elen
g
th
s
at
b
o
th
e
n
d
s
o
f
th
e
DW
DM
s
y
s
tem
.
A
m
u
ltip
lex
er
co
m
b
in
es
s
ev
er
al
wav
elen
g
th
s
an
d
tr
a
n
s
m
its
th
em
as
a
s
in
g
le
co
m
p
o
s
ite
s
ig
n
al
o
v
er
an
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
E
vo
lu
tio
n
o
f t
h
e
o
p
tic
a
l a
d
d
/d
r
o
p
mu
ltip
lexe
r
in
d
en
s
e
w
a
ve
len
g
th
d
ivis
io
n
…
(
Mn
o
th
o
P
.
Mkh
w
a
n
a
z
i
)
249
o
p
tic
f
ib
r
e.
A
d
em
u
ltip
lex
e
r
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
es
th
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
o
f
wh
at
a
m
u
ltip
lex
er
d
o
es;
at
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
en
d
,
it
is
o
lates
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
wav
elen
g
th
s
b
ef
o
r
e
th
ey
ar
e
ter
m
in
at
ed
to
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
tr
an
s
p
o
n
d
er
s
.
An
E
DFA
is
u
s
ed
to
am
p
lify
a
d
eg
r
a
d
ed
o
p
t
ical
s
ig
n
al.
Dep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
eir
p
lace
m
en
t
in
th
e
DW
DM
s
y
s
tem
,
an
E
DFA
ca
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
a
b
o
o
s
ter
,
in
-
lin
e
am
p
lifie
r
,
o
r
p
r
e
-
a
m
p
lif
ier
[
9
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
th
e
OADM
,
its
p
r
im
ar
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
an
d
its
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
.
2
.
2
.
O
ptic
a
l
a
dd
/dro
p m
ultiplex
er
Op
tical
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
m
o
f
d
ata
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
in
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
t
h
e
e
v
e
r
-
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
b
an
d
wid
th
d
em
an
d
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
in
ter
n
et
u
s
er
s
.
DW
DM
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
e
n
ab
led
o
p
tical
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
to
r
ea
ch
ca
p
ac
ities
o
f
u
p
t
o
1
T
b
it/s
an
d
b
ey
o
n
d
[
1
1
]
.
W
ith
t
h
e
s
ca
r
city
o
f
f
ib
r
e
o
p
tic
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
i
n
m
etr
o
p
o
litan
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
a
n
O
ADM
is
d
ep
lo
y
ed
to
m
a
k
e
b
etter
u
s
e
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
o
p
tical
f
ib
r
e
f
ac
ilit
ies
an
d
ex
p
an
d
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
'
s
co
v
er
ag
e
ar
ea
[
5
]
.
A
n
OADM
is
an
es
s
en
tial c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
DW
DM
n
etwo
r
k
s
b
ec
au
s
e
it
allo
ws
ca
r
r
ier
s
to
cr
ea
te
a
v
er
s
atile,
ag
ile,
an
d
r
ea
d
ily
co
n
tr
o
llab
le
o
p
tical
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
lay
er
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
OADM
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
ad
d
in
g
an
d
r
e
m
o
v
in
g
wav
el
en
g
t
h
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
wav
ele
n
g
th
s
co
n
tain
ed
b
y
a
co
m
p
o
s
ite
s
ig
n
al
in
a
f
ib
r
e
[
1
3
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
o
f
an
OADM
wh
er
e
a
co
m
p
o
s
ite
s
ig
n
al
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
f
o
u
r
wa
v
elen
g
th
s
(
r
ed
,
o
r
an
g
e,
g
r
ee
n
,
an
d
b
lu
e
)
.
T
h
e
O
A
DM
d
r
o
p
s
th
e
r
ed
wav
elen
g
t
h
wh
ile
allo
win
g
t
h
e
o
th
er
th
r
ee
wav
elen
g
th
s
to
p
ass
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
ar
e
n
o
t
in
ten
d
ed
f
o
r
th
is
p
ar
tic
u
lar
DW
DM
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
d
r
o
p
p
ed
r
ed
wav
elen
g
th
is
f
o
r
war
d
ed
to
a
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
tr
an
s
p
o
n
d
er
m
o
d
u
le.
Fig
u
r
e
2
also
s
h
o
ws
th
e
OAD
M
ad
d
in
g
a
n
ew
r
e
d
w
av
elen
g
th
,
wh
ich
is
m
u
ltip
le
x
ed
in
t
o
a
n
ew
co
m
p
o
s
ite
s
ig
n
al
b
e
f
o
r
e
b
ein
g
tr
an
s
m
itted
f
u
r
th
er
alo
n
g
in
th
e
DW
DM
o
p
tical
n
etwo
r
k
.
Hav
in
g
estab
lis
h
ed
th
e
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
ce
o
f
an
OADM
in
DW
DM
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
ex
am
in
e
h
o
w
it
h
as
e
v
o
lv
e
d
as
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
m
at
u
r
ed
o
v
e
r
tim
e.
OADM
s
ar
e
class
if
ied
in
to
t
wo
ca
teg
o
r
ies
,
f
ix
ed
o
p
tical
ad
d
/d
r
o
p
m
u
ltip
lex
er
(
FOADM
)
an
d
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
le
o
p
tical
ad
d
-
d
r
o
p
m
u
ltip
lex
er
(
R
OADM
)
.
A
FOADM
i
s
a
co
n
v
en
tio
n
a
l
OADM
th
at
ca
n
o
n
ly
in
p
u
t
o
r
o
u
tp
u
t
o
n
e
wav
elen
g
th
v
ia
th
e
f
ix
ed
p
o
r
t.
A
FOADM
h
a
s
p
r
e
-
ass
ig
n
ed
wav
elen
g
th
ch
an
n
els
in
s
tatic
n
o
d
es.
I
t
allo
ws
f
o
r
th
e
r
em
o
v
al
an
d
r
eu
s
e
o
f
o
n
e
wav
elen
g
th
l
o
ca
lly
,
as
well
as
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
am
e
wav
elen
g
th
to
b
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
ted
in
th
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
d
ir
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
FOADM
allo
ws
f
o
r
s
tatic
wav
elen
g
th
allo
ca
tio
n
,
wh
e
r
ea
s
th
e
R
OADM
allo
ws
f
o
r
d
y
n
am
i
c
allo
ca
tio
n
[
1
4
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
OADM
ad
d
/
d
r
o
p
an
d
p
ass
-
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
u
n
ctio
n
alities
[
1
3
]
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
to
estab
lis
h
h
o
w
t
h
e
OADM
h
as
ev
o
lv
ed
as
DW
DM
o
p
tical
n
etwo
r
k
s
h
av
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
,
as
well
as
h
o
w
it
h
as
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
n
et
wo
r
k
s
u
r
v
i
v
ab
ilit
y
an
d
b
a
n
d
wid
th
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t.
DW
DM
o
p
tical
n
etwo
r
k
s
tr
an
s
m
it
m
ass
iv
e
v
o
lu
m
es
o
f
ess
en
tial
d
ata.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
m
o
b
ile
n
etwo
r
k
o
p
e
r
ato
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
i
o
r
itize
n
etwo
r
k
s
u
r
v
iv
ab
ilit
y
an
d
b
an
d
wid
th
av
aila
b
ilit
y
to
av
o
id
s
er
v
ice
d
is
r
u
p
ti
o
n
to
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
e
r
s
.
3
.
1
.
Rec
o
nfi
g
ura
ble o
ptic
a
l
a
dd
/dro
p m
ultiplex
er
Giv
en
th
e
m
ass
iv
e
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
d
ata
tr
an
s
p
o
r
ted
b
y
DW
DM
n
etwo
r
k
s
a
n
d
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
th
e
s
er
v
ices
th
ey
p
r
o
v
id
e,
n
etwo
r
k
s
u
r
v
iv
a
b
ilit
y
m
u
s
t
b
e
p
r
io
r
itized
.
As
tr
af
f
ic
d
em
an
d
s
b
e
ca
m
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
d
y
n
am
ic,
a
R
OADM
s
y
s
tem
c
ap
ab
le
o
f
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
a
d
esig
n
ated
wav
elen
g
th
r
o
u
te
was
d
e
v
e
lo
p
ed
.
A
R
OADM
h
as
two
m
ain
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
th
e
R
OADM
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
an
d
th
e
ad
d
/d
r
o
p
s
tag
e.
T
h
e
R
OADM
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
r
o
u
tin
g
o
p
tic
al
s
ig
n
als,
wh
ile
th
e
ad
d
/d
r
o
p
s
tag
e
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
a
d
d
in
g
an
d
d
r
o
p
p
in
g
s
ig
n
als
in
th
e
o
p
tical
n
etwo
r
k
[
1
5
]
.
A
R
OADM
en
ab
les
th
e
r
em
o
v
al
a
n
d
r
ein
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
wav
elen
g
th
s
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
n
o
d
es
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
at
th
e
co
m
m
an
d
o
f
th
e
ce
n
tr
alize
d
co
n
tr
o
l
ce
n
ter
[
1
6
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
25
:
247
-
2
5
7
250
a
R
OADM
p
r
o
v
id
es
f
lex
ib
le
wav
elen
g
th
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t,
wh
i
ch
is
u
s
ed
to
m
ak
e
o
p
tical
n
e
two
r
k
s
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t,
f
lex
ib
le,
an
d
s
ca
lab
le
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
wav
elen
g
th
s
elec
tiv
e
s
witch
(
W
SS
)
is
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
in
a
R
OADM
.
W
SS
m
o
d
u
les
ar
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
d
y
n
am
ically
r
o
u
tin
g
,
b
lo
ck
in
g
,
a
n
d
atten
u
atin
g
all
wav
elen
g
th
s
with
in
a
DW
DM
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
W
SS
en
a
b
les
a
R
OA
DM
to
s
wi
tch
tr
af
f
ic
o
n
th
e
o
p
tical
lay
er
r
em
o
tely
[
1
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
R
O
ADM
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
o
f
a
two
-
d
eg
r
ee
DW
DM
s
y
s
tem
wh
er
e
“R”
s
tan
d
s
f
o
r
r
ec
eiv
e,
f
o
r
d
r
o
p
p
ed
wav
elen
g
th
s
.
“T
”
s
tan
d
s
f
o
r
tr
a
n
s
m
it,
f
o
r
a
d
d
e
d
wav
elen
g
th
.
C
-
B
an
d
wav
e
len
g
th
s
ca
n
eith
er
ter
m
in
at
e
o
n
th
e
ad
d
/d
r
o
p
b
l
o
ck
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
e
o
r
b
y
p
ass
in
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
n
ex
t
D
W
DM
s
y
s
tem
.
W
S
S
m
o
d
u
le
e
n
s
u
r
es
th
at
an
y
wav
elen
g
th
ca
n
b
e
r
o
u
ted
to
an
y
o
u
tp
u
t
f
ib
r
e
o
r
d
ir
ec
ti
o
n
av
ail
ab
le
to
th
at
s
p
ec
if
ic
DW
DM
n
o
d
e
[
1
8
]
.
T
ab
le
1
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
etwe
en
a
FOADM
an
d
a
R
OADM
in
ter
m
s
o
f
in
s
tallatio
n
,
co
m
m
is
s
io
n
in
g
,
an
d
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
ac
tiv
ities
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
R
OADM
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
d
iag
r
am
[
1
2
]
T
ab
le
1
.
FOADM
v
s
R
OADM
[
1
9
]
I
n
st
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
mm
i
ss
i
o
n
i
n
g
F
O
A
D
M
R
O
A
D
M
F
i
r
st
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
/
p
o
w
e
r
u
p
M
a
n
u
a
l
/
m
a
n
u
a
l
M
a
n
u
a
l
/
a
u
t
o
m
a
t
e
d
C
a
b
l
i
n
g
M
a
n
u
a
l
M
a
n
u
a
l
C
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
/
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
M
a
n
u
a
l
/
m
a
n
u
a
l
A
u
t
o
ma
t
e
d
P
o
w
e
r
b
a
l
a
n
c
i
n
g
M
a
n
u
a
l
A
u
t
o
ma
t
e
d
Te
st
i
n
g
M
a
n
u
a
l
A
u
t
o
ma
t
e
d
M
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
/
r
e
-
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
N
e
w
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
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h
a
n
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p
r
o
v
i
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o
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i
n
g
M
a
n
u
a
l
A
u
t
o
ma
t
e
d
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
r
e
-
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
M
a
n
u
a
l
A
u
t
o
ma
t
e
d
Re
-
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
r
e
-
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
a
n
u
a
l
A
u
t
o
ma
t
e
d
Tr
a
i
n
i
n
g
o
f
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
t
a
f
f
M
e
d
i
u
m
t
o
h
i
g
h
Lo
w
T
h
e
au
to
m
atio
n
o
f
a
ctiv
ities
in
a
R
OADM
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
en
ab
lin
g
s
m
o
o
th
er
n
etwo
r
k
r
o
llo
u
ts
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
.
A
R
OADM
m
in
im
izes
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
lab
o
r
h
o
u
r
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
t
h
e
m
a
n
u
al
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
in
g
n
ee
d
ed
wh
e
n
d
e
alin
g
with
a
FOADM
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
elim
in
atio
n
o
f
all
m
an
u
al
t
ask
s
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
DW
DM
o
p
tical
n
etwo
r
k
is
d
y
n
am
ic,
with
v
ar
io
u
s
ty
p
es
o
f
r
er
o
u
tin
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
,
wh
eth
e
r
at
th
e
s
er
v
ice
o
r
wav
elen
g
th
lev
el.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
s
im
p
ler
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
an
d
g
r
ea
ter
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
a
R
OADM
h
as
g
ain
ed
wid
esp
r
ea
d
in
d
u
s
tr
y
ac
ce
p
ta
n
ce
[
2
0
]
.
T
a
b
le
2
lis
ts
all
th
e
R
AODM
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
with
v
ar
y
in
g
d
eg
r
ee
s
o
f
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
elem
en
tar
y
R
OADM
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
em
p
lo
y
s
f
ix
ed
f
ilter
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
ad
d
/d
r
o
p
f
u
n
ct
io
n
.
Oth
er
R
OADM
s
y
s
tem
s
o
f
f
er
(
i)
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
in
wav
elen
g
th
ass
ig
n
m
en
t,
(
ii)
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
in
ad
d
/d
r
o
p
d
ir
ec
tio
n
,
(
iii)
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
r
o
u
te
wav
elen
g
th
s
in
an
y
d
ir
ec
tio
n
with
o
u
t
wav
elen
g
th
co
llis
io
n
/ch
an
n
el
b
lo
ck
in
g
,
(
iv
)
f
in
ally
,
a
f
l
e
x
i
b
l
e
g
r
i
d
W
S
S
t
h
a
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
f
l
e
x
-
g
r
i
d
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
b
il
e
n
etwo
r
k
o
p
er
ato
r
s
s
elec
t
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
R
OADM
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
in
d
icate
d
in
T
ab
le
2
b
ased
o
n
th
e
lev
el
o
f
f
lex
ib
ili
ty
r
eq
u
ir
ed
as
well
as a
f
f
o
r
d
ab
ilit
y
.
Mo
r
e
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
im
p
lies
m
o
r
e
co
s
t
s
[
2
1
]
.
T
ab
le
2
.
R
OADM
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
s
with
d
if
f
er
in
g
d
eg
r
ee
s
o
f
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
[
2
1
]
R
O
A
D
M
t
y
p
e
C
o
l
o
r
l
e
ss
D
i
r
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
E
vo
lu
tio
n
o
f t
h
e
o
p
tic
a
l a
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mu
ltip
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…
(
Mn
o
th
o
P
.
Mkh
w
a
n
a
z
i
)
251
3
.
1
.
1
.
Co
lo
rless
T
h
is
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
allo
ws
th
e
ass
ig
n
m
en
t
o
f
an
y
C
-
B
an
d
wa
v
elen
g
th
t
o
an
y
p
o
r
t
with
in
th
e
DW
DM
n
o
d
e.
Fo
r
an
y
wav
elen
g
th
d
r
o
p
p
ed
at
th
e
lo
ca
l
n
o
d
e,
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
ad
d
ed
wav
elen
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th
ca
n
g
o
to
an
y
o
u
tp
u
t
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o
r
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r
eg
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d
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f
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ich
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p
u
t
p
o
r
t
it
co
m
es
f
r
o
m
[
2
2
]
.
T
o
g
et
th
e
m
o
s
t
o
u
t
o
f
a
co
lo
r
less
-
R
OADM
,
n
etwo
r
k
o
p
e
r
ato
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
eq
u
ip
th
eir
n
etwo
r
k
s
with
tu
n
ab
le
tr
an
s
p
o
n
d
er
s
.
I
t
allo
ws
en
d
h
o
s
ts
to
co
n
n
ec
t
to
r
em
o
te
h
o
s
ts
with
g
r
ea
ter
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
is
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
allo
ws
th
e
s
am
e
tr
an
s
p
o
n
d
e
r
to
b
e
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
to
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
wav
elen
g
th
w
ith
o
u
t
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
an
u
al
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
o
n
-
s
ite.
Fig
u
r
e
4
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
o
f
a
co
lo
r
less
R
OAD
M,
wh
er
e
an
y
o
f
th
e
C
-
B
an
d
wav
elen
g
th
s
ca
n
b
e
d
r
o
p
p
ed
o
n
an
y
p
o
r
t.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
o
lo
r
less
ad
d
/d
r
o
p
[
2
2
]
3
.
1
.
2
.
Dire
ct
io
nles
s
T
h
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
less
f
u
n
ctio
n
alit
y
en
ab
les
a
DW
DM
s
y
s
tem
to
r
er
o
u
te
a
lam
b
d
a
ac
r
o
s
s
an
y
f
ib
r
e
r
o
u
te
av
ailab
le
in
th
at
n
o
d
e
in
t
h
e
e
v
en
t
o
f
a
f
ailu
r
e
o
n
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
r
o
u
te.
T
h
is
lam
b
d
a
r
er
o
u
te
o
cc
u
r
s
r
eg
a
r
d
less
o
f
wh
ich
ad
d
/d
r
o
p
b
lo
ck
th
e
wa
v
elen
g
th
is
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
.
T
h
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
less
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
als
o
en
ab
les
au
to
m
atic
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
a
wav
elen
g
th
d
ir
ec
tio
n
af
ter
it
h
as
b
ee
n
ad
d
e
d
o
r
d
r
o
p
p
ed
,
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
o
f
r
o
u
te
d
esig
n
an
d
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
ev
e
n
f
u
r
th
er
[
2
4
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
less
co
n
ce
p
t
wh
e
r
e
λ
1
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
a
d
d
/d
r
o
p
b
lo
ck
o
n
“Fib
r
e
R
o
u
te
1
”
y
et
it
is
s
till
ab
le
to
tr
an
s
it
th
e
DW
DM
n
o
d
e
v
ia
“Fib
r
e
R
o
u
te
2
”.
T
h
is
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
en
s
u
r
es
im
p
r
o
v
ed
lam
b
d
a
r
esto
r
atio
n
,
r
esu
ltin
g
i
n
in
cr
ea
s
ed
n
etwo
r
k
s
u
r
v
iv
ab
ilit
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Dir
ec
tio
n
less
ad
d
/d
r
o
p
[
2
4
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
25
:
247
-
2
5
7
252
3
.
1
.
3
.
Co
nte
ntio
nles
s
T
h
e
b
r
ea
k
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
b
e
n
ef
it
o
f
C
DC
R
OA
DM
is
i
ts
ab
ilit
y
t
o
ad
d
an
d
d
r
o
p
an
y
wa
v
elen
g
th
o
n
an
y
p
o
r
t.
Sig
n
if
ican
tly
,
a
C
DC
R
O
ADM
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
d
ep
lo
y
i
n
g
th
e
s
am
e
wav
elen
g
th
m
an
y
tim
es
o
n
th
e
s
am
e
p
ath
,
b
y
elim
in
atin
g
wav
elen
g
th
b
lo
ck
i
n
g
.
T
w
o
o
r
m
o
r
e
wa
v
elen
g
th
s
with
t
h
e
s
am
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
ca
n
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
s
am
e
ad
d
/d
r
o
p
in
t
h
is
s
etu
p
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
co
n
ten
tio
n
less
f
u
n
c
tio
n
ality
en
ab
les
th
e
DW
DM
n
o
d
e
to
r
ec
o
lo
r
wav
elen
g
th
s
to
a
d
if
f
er
en
t f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
ch
an
n
el.
R
ec
o
lo
r
in
g
is
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
y
wh
ich
th
e
R
OADM
a
s
s
ig
n
s
an
alter
n
ate
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
to
an
in
c
o
m
in
g
wa
v
elen
g
th
th
at
h
as
a
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
th
at
is
alr
ea
d
y
u
s
ed
in
th
e
a
d
d
/d
r
o
p
b
lo
ck
d
u
r
in
g
r
esto
r
atio
n
.
T
h
is
f
ea
t
s
u
b
s
tan
t
ially
im
p
r
o
v
es
n
etwo
r
k
av
aila
b
ilit
y
b
y
lo
wer
in
g
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
o
f
f
au
lt
r
ec
o
v
er
y
[
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
r
ee
λ
1
s
(
g
r
ee
n
)
ad
d
e
d
o
n
th
e
s
am
e
ad
d
/d
r
o
p
with
o
u
t
wav
elen
g
th
b
l
o
ck
in
g
.
T
h
is
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t step
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
DW
DM
o
p
tical
n
etwo
r
k
s
u
r
v
i
v
ab
ilit
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
o
n
ten
ti
o
n
less
ad
d
/d
r
o
p
[
2
2
]
3
.
1
.
4
.
F
lex
-
g
rid t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
Flex
-
g
r
id
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
r
ep
lac
in
g
r
eg
u
lar
W
DM
ch
an
n
el
s
p
ac
in
g
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
its
g
r
ea
te
r
f
l
ex
ib
ilit
y
in
u
tili
zi
n
g
C
-
B
an
d
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
f
f
e
r
s
h
ig
h
lin
e
r
ate
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
b
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
s
ev
er
al
ad
jace
n
t
f
lex
ib
le
s
u
b
-
c
h
an
n
e
ls
to
f
o
r
m
a
s
u
p
er
-
c
h
an
n
el
[
2
5
]
.
Flex
g
r
id
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
d
ef
in
ed
in
I
T
U
-
T
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
G.
6
9
4
.
1
,
i
s
b
ased
o
n
a
1
2
.
5
GHz
s
p
ec
tr
al
ch
an
n
el
s
p
ac
in
g
[
2
6
]
.
A
C
DC
-
R
OADM
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
f
lex
-
g
r
id
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
is
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
a
C
D
C
-
F
R
OA
DM
.
T
h
e
C
D
C
-
F
R
OADM
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
b
etter
u
tili
ze
f
ib
r
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
o
tr
an
s
m
it
h
ig
h
d
ata
r
ates,
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
f
lex
-
g
r
id
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
n
ec
ess
itates
a
ch
an
g
e
in
th
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
ch
em
e
in
th
e
DW
DM
n
etwo
r
k
.
Hig
h
e
r
o
r
d
er
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
ch
em
es
s
u
ch
as
1
6
-
QAM
,
6
4
-
QAM
,
a
n
d
2
5
6
-
QAM
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
lin
e
r
ate
p
er
wav
elen
g
th
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
Similar
ly
,
h
ig
h
o
p
tical
s
ig
n
al
-
to
-
n
o
is
e
r
atio
an
d
lo
w
p
h
ase
n
o
is
e
ar
e
ju
s
t
as
im
p
o
r
tan
t
[
2
7
]
.
I
t
is
v
ital
to
n
o
te
th
at
a
g
u
ar
d
b
a
n
d
is
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
b
etwe
en
ea
ch
ch
an
n
el
w
h
en
e
m
p
lo
y
i
n
g
f
lex
-
g
r
id
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
o
r
cr
o
s
s
-
talk
[
2
8
]
.
Flex
-
g
r
id
en
a
b
led
DW
DM
o
p
tical
n
etwo
r
k
s
ar
e
also
ca
lled
E
ONs,
s
h
o
r
t
f
o
r
elastic
o
p
tical
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
1
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
co
m
p
a
r
es
th
e
ch
an
n
el
s
p
ac
in
g
as
well
as
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
a
l
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
f
i
x
ed
-
g
r
id
an
d
f
lex
-
g
r
id
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
s
.
I
n
t
h
e
f
ix
ed
-
g
r
id
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
,
ch
an
n
el
s
p
ac
in
g
is
f
ix
ed
at
5
0
GHz
,
an
d
th
e
h
ig
h
est
p
o
s
s
ib
le
u
p
lin
k
is
1
0
0
Gb
it/s
p
er
wav
elen
g
th
.
Flex
-
g
r
id
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
d
iv
id
es
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
in
to
6
.
2
5
GHz
c
h
an
n
el
s
p
ac
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
6
.
2
5
GH
z
ch
an
n
el
s
p
ac
in
g
allo
ws
f
lex
-
g
r
id
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
to
m
ak
e
b
etter
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
er
e
ar
e
f
ewe
r
wasted
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
r
eso
u
r
c
es.
Flex
-
g
r
id
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
en
ab
les
th
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
u
p
lin
k
s
o
r
lam
b
d
as
with
lin
e
r
ates
ex
ce
ed
in
g
1
0
0
Gb
it/s
.
T
h
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
lin
e
r
ates
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
to
1
T
b
it/s
an
d
b
ey
o
n
d
.
Flex
-
g
r
id
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
allo
ws
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
d
ata
to
b
e
p
ac
k
ed
o
n
to
a
s
in
g
le
wav
elen
g
th
,
wh
ich
is
cr
itical
in
m
ee
ti
n
g
b
o
th
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
b
a
n
d
wid
th
n
ee
d
s
[
2
8
]
.
A
C
DC
-
F
R
OA
DM
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
v
er
s
atile
R
OADM
to
d
ate
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
R
OADM
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
en
h
an
ce
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
E
vo
lu
tio
n
o
f t
h
e
o
p
tic
a
l a
d
d
/d
r
o
p
mu
ltip
lexe
r
in
d
en
s
e
w
a
ve
len
g
th
d
ivis
io
n
…
(
Mn
o
th
o
P
.
Mkh
w
a
n
a
z
i
)
253
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
s
u
ch
as
m
u
lti
-
d
eg
r
ee
,
ad
d
/d
r
o
p
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es,
c
o
lo
r
less
,
d
ir
ec
tio
n
less
,
co
n
ten
tio
n
less
,
an
d
f
lex
-
g
r
id
[
3
0
]
.
I
t
is
ess
en
tial
th
at
o
p
tic
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
tr
an
s
itio
n
f
r
o
m
a
f
ix
ed
-
g
r
i
d
to
a
f
lex
ib
le
g
r
id
t
o
m
ee
t
p
r
esen
t
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
b
an
d
wid
t
h
d
em
a
n
d
s
in
DW
DM
o
p
tical
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
3
1
]
.
T
o
av
o
id
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
is
r
u
p
t
io
n
in
t
h
e
ex
is
tin
g
fi
x
ed
-
g
r
id
n
etwo
r
k
,
a
g
r
a
d
u
al
tr
an
s
itio
n
wh
er
e
n
o
d
es
with
f
l
ex
-
g
r
id
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies
co
ex
is
t
with
f
ix
e
d
-
g
r
i
d
n
o
d
es
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
b
ef
o
r
e
a
c
o
m
p
lete
m
ig
r
atio
n
[
3
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Fix
ed
g
r
id
v
s
.
f
lex
-
g
r
id
[
1
]
3
.
2
.
DWDM net
wo
rk
s
urv
iv
a
bil
it
y
Sev
er
al
attem
p
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
m
ad
e
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
p
tical
n
et
wo
r
k
s
u
r
v
iv
a
b
ilit
y
ag
ain
s
t
s
in
g
le
an
d
m
u
ltip
le
lin
k
o
r
n
o
d
e
f
ailu
r
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
tectio
n
an
d
r
esto
r
a
tio
n
[
3
3
]
.
Pro
tectio
n
is
a
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
y
in
wh
ich
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
p
r
e
-
allo
c
ated
to
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
in
th
e
ev
en
t
o
f
a
f
ailu
r
e.
R
esto
r
atio
n
is
wh
en
th
e
o
p
tical
s
y
s
tem
s
ea
r
ch
es
f
o
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
d
y
n
a
m
ically
af
ter
t
h
e
f
ailu
r
e
h
a
s
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
d
ep
lo
y
in
g
p
r
o
tectio
n
an
d
r
esto
r
atio
n
to
g
eth
e
r
is
ca
lled
p
r
o
tec
tio
n
an
d
r
esto
r
atio
n
co
m
b
i
n
ed
(
PR
C
)
.
P
R
C
is
th
e
f
au
lt
-
h
an
d
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
u
s
ed
b
y
an
au
t
o
m
atica
lly
s
witch
ed
o
p
tical
n
etwo
r
k
[
3
5
]
.
A
f
lo
w
ch
ar
t
o
u
tlin
in
g
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
th
e
PR
C
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
in
g
a
C
DC
-
F
R
OA
DM
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
W
h
en
a
f
i
b
r
e
cu
t
is
d
etec
ted
,
th
e
DW
DM
s
y
s
tem
estab
lis
h
es
if
it
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
o
r
p
r
o
tectio
n
r
o
u
te.
I
f
th
e
o
p
tic
f
i
b
r
e
ca
b
le
b
r
ea
k
a
f
f
ec
ts
th
e
p
r
o
te
ctio
n
r
o
u
te,
t
h
e
f
ailu
r
e
is
n
o
n
s
er
v
ice
af
f
ec
tin
g
.
W
h
ile
th
is
s
itu
atio
n
d
o
es
n
o
t
d
is
r
u
p
t
s
er
v
ices,
s
u
f
f
icien
t
att
en
tio
n
m
u
s
t
b
e
g
iv
en
to
r
eso
lv
in
g
th
e
is
s
u
e
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
n
ex
t
f
ailu
r
e
m
ay
b
e
s
er
v
ice
-
af
f
ec
tin
g
.
I
f
t
h
e
f
ib
r
e
c
u
t
is
o
n
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
r
o
u
te,
th
e
s
er
v
ices
ar
e
s
witch
ed
to
t
h
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
r
o
u
te;
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
is
h
ea
tles
s
f
o
r
th
e
cl
ien
t
s
in
ce
th
e
s
witch
in
g
tim
e
i
s
s
u
b
5
0
m
s
,
th
is
is
a
ty
p
ical
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
witch
in
g
tim
e
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
e
o
n
ly
o
b
v
io
u
s
d
if
f
er
en
ce
m
ay
b
e
a
ch
an
g
e
in
laten
cy
d
e
p
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
len
g
t
h
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
r
o
u
te.
T
h
e
lam
b
d
a
(
s
)
o
n
th
e
f
ailed
r
o
u
te
wh
et
h
er
n
o
m
in
al
o
r
p
r
o
tectio
n
r
o
u
te,
in
itiates
th
e
r
esto
r
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
v
ia
GM
PLS/ASON
en
g
in
e
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
DW
DM
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
d
e
p
lo
y
ed
.
Am
o
n
g
s
t
o
t
h
er
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
,
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
o
p
tical
r
esto
r
atio
n
i
s
s
u
b
ject
to
wh
eth
er
r
esto
r
atio
n
f
ib
r
e
r
o
u
tes
ar
e
av
ailab
le
at
th
e
tim
e
th
e
f
ailu
r
e
o
cc
u
r
s
.
I
f
th
e
f
ailed
la
m
b
d
a
c
an
n
o
t
b
e
r
esto
r
e
d
b
ec
au
s
e
n
et
wo
r
k
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
u
n
a
v
ailab
l
e,
it
is
d
r
o
p
p
e
d
an
d
r
em
ain
s
d
o
w
n
u
n
til
th
e
f
ailed
f
ib
r
e
r
o
u
te
is
r
e
p
air
ed
.
T
h
is
r
elate
s
to
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
r
esto
r
in
g
all
f
ailed
f
ib
r
e
r
o
u
tes
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
as
q
u
ick
ly
as
f
ea
s
ib
le,
ev
e
n
if
th
e
y
ar
e
n
o
t
af
f
ec
tin
g
s
er
v
ices
at
th
e
tim
e
o
f
f
ailu
r
e.
W
h
en
th
e
n
ex
t
f
ib
r
e
r
o
u
te
d
i
s
r
u
p
tio
n
o
cc
u
r
s
,
a
f
ailed
f
ib
r
e
r
o
u
te
th
at
is
lef
t
u
n
atten
d
e
d
co
u
ld
b
e
th
e
o
n
e
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
r
esto
r
atio
n
p
at
h
to
o
th
er
lam
b
d
as
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
W
h
er
e
n
etwo
r
k
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
av
ailab
le,
a
f
ailed
lam
b
d
a
is
r
esto
r
ed
u
s
in
g
a
n
ew
tem
p
o
r
al
f
ib
r
e
r
o
u
te.
W
h
at
is
m
o
r
e
cr
u
cial
in
th
is
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
is
th
at
a
r
ec
o
v
er
e
d
lam
b
d
a
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
en
tire
ly
n
ew
tem
p
o
r
al
SNC
-
P
p
ath
f
o
r
th
e
s
er
v
ice,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
s
u
r
v
iv
ab
ilit
y
e
v
en
m
o
r
e
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
b
o
th
a
s
er
v
ice
an
d
a
lam
b
d
a
c
an
b
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
to
u
s
e
r
ev
er
tiv
e
o
r
n
o
n
-
r
ev
er
tiv
e
s
witch
in
g
m
o
d
es.
I
n
r
e
v
er
tiv
e
s
witch
in
g
,
th
e
s
er
v
ice
is
s
w
itch
ed
b
ac
k
to
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
r
o
u
te
wh
en
it
h
as
r
ec
o
v
er
ed
f
r
o
m
a
f
ailu
r
e
.
A
s
witc
h
to
th
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
r
o
u
te
r
em
a
in
s
in
p
lace
in
n
o
n
-
r
ev
er
tiv
e
s
witch
in
g
ev
en
af
ter
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
r
o
u
te
h
as
r
ec
o
v
e
r
ed
f
r
o
m
a
f
ailu
r
e
[
3
7
]
.
O
n
ce
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
r
o
u
te
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ep
air
e
d
an
d
lam
b
d
as/s
er
v
ices
h
av
e
r
ev
er
ted
to
t
h
eir
n
o
r
m
al
r
o
u
te,
th
e
PR
C
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
co
m
p
lete.
T
h
e
ty
p
e
o
f
R
OADM
u
s
ed
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
PR
C
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
C
DC
-
F
R
O
ADM
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
t
h
e
wav
elen
g
th
c
h
an
n
el
u
tili
ze
d
b
y
t
h
e
lam
b
d
a
ca
n
n
o
lo
n
g
er
b
e
a
h
in
d
r
a
n
c
e
to
t
h
e
r
esto
r
ati
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
ec
au
s
e
wa
v
elen
g
th
ca
n
b
e
r
ec
o
l
o
r
ed
th
an
k
s
to
t
h
e
co
n
ten
tio
n
less
f
ea
tu
r
e
.
T
h
is
f
ea
t
s
u
b
s
tan
tia
lly
im
p
r
o
v
es
n
etwo
r
k
av
ailab
ilit
y
b
y
lo
wer
in
g
t
h
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
o
f
f
au
lt
r
ec
o
v
er
y
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
r
ev
iewe
d
ag
r
ee
th
at
r
esto
r
atio
n
is
cr
itical
f
o
r
en
h
an
ci
n
g
n
etwo
r
k
av
ailab
il
ity
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
is
n
o
t
g
u
ar
a
n
teed
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
is
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
o
n
th
e
av
ailab
le
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
at
th
e
tim
e
o
f
f
ailu
r
e.
T
o
g
u
ar
an
tee
th
at
r
esto
r
atio
n
r
o
u
tes
ar
e
alwa
y
s
av
ailab
le,
it
is
v
ital
to
r
ed
u
c
e
th
e
m
ea
n
-
tim
e
-
to
-
r
ep
ai
r
(
M
T
T
R
)
as
m
u
c
h
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le
w
h
er
e
f
i
b
r
e
cu
ts
ar
e
d
etec
ted
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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J
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&
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Vo
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3
9
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No
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1
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Ju
ly
20
25
:
247
-
2
5
7
254
T
h
e
C
DC
-
F
R
OADM
al
s
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
f
lex
-
g
r
i
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
h
en
ce
th
e
letter
“F”.
T
h
is
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
en
ab
les
th
e
allo
ca
tio
n
o
f
th
e
o
p
tical
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
at
a
f
in
er
g
r
an
u
lar
ity
o
f
1
2
.
5
GHz
,
th
e
r
eb
y
en
ab
lin
g
d
y
n
am
ic
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
[
3
8
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
r
ev
iewe
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
b
a
n
d
wid
th
av
ailab
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y
is
cr
u
cial
to
DW
DM
o
p
tical
n
etwo
r
k
s
in
m
ee
tin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
ca
p
ac
ity
d
em
an
d
s
.
Flex
-
g
r
id
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
allo
ws
f
o
r
a
lo
t
m
o
r
e
o
p
tical
ch
an
n
els,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
o
p
tical
p
o
wer
p
u
m
p
e
d
in
to
th
e
am
p
lifie
r
s
o
f
ex
is
t
in
g
f
ix
ed
-
g
r
id
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
es,
ca
u
s
in
g
s
o
m
e
am
p
lifie
r
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to
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h
u
t
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o
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co
m
p
letely
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Giv
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eq
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Fu
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Fig
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