Indonesian
J
our
nal
of
Electrical
Engineering
and
Computer
Science
V
ol.
39,
No.
1,
July
2025,
pp.
118
∼
130
ISSN:
2502-4752,
DOI:
10.11591/ijeecs.v39.i1.pp118-130
❒
118
Enhancing
urban
cyclist
safety
thr
ough
integrated
smart
backpack
system
Ser
gio
G
´
omez,
Daniel
Mej
´
ıa,
Fr
edy
Mart
´
ınez
F
acultad
T
ecnol
´
ogica,
Uni
v
ersidad
Distrital
Francisco
Jos
´
e
de
Caldas,
Bogot
´
a
D.C,
Colombia
Article
Inf
o
Article
history:
Recei
v
ed
Aug
20,
2024
Re
vised
Mar
8,
2025
Accepted
Mar
26,
2025
K
eyw
ords:
Accident
pre
v
ention
Cyclist
visibility
Embedded
system
Proximity
sensors
Smart
backpack
Urban
safety
ABSTRA
CT
The
inc
reasing
adoption
of
bic
ycles
as
a
sustainable
mode
of
urban
transporta-
tion
has
underscored
the
ur
gent
need
for
enhanced
safety
measures
for
c
yclists.
This
paper
presents
the
de
v
elopment
and
implementation
of
an
inte
grated
smart
backpack
system
designed
to
impro
v
e
the
safet
y
and
visibility
of
urban
c
yclists.
The
system
le
v
erages
adv
anced
technologies,
including
the
ESP32
microcon-
troller
,
GPS
modules,
proximity
sensors,
and
LED
lighting,
to
create
a
semi-
automatic
solution
that
adapts
to
en
vironmental
conditions
and
c
yclist
beha
vior
in
real-time.
Extensi
v
e
testing
under
v
arious
conditions,
including
lo
w
visibility
and
adv
erse
weather
,
demonstrated
the
system’
s
reliability
in
enhancing
c
yclist
visibility
and
reducing
accident
risks.
The
smart
backpack
also
features
a
user
-
friendly
mobile
application,
pro
viding
real-time
data
on
speed,
distance,
and
location,
which
further
contrib
utes
to
rider
safety
.
The
results
indicate
signi-
cant
potential
for
this
technology
to
be
widely
adopted,
of
fering
a
practical
and
ef
fecti
v
e
solut
ion
to
the
gro
wing
safety
concerns
of
urban
c
yclists.
This
w
ork
not
only
adv
ances
the
eld
of
wearable
safety
technologies
b
ut
also
sets
the
founda-
tion
for
future
inno
v
ations
in
smart
transpor
tation
systems,
contrib
uting
to
safer
and
more
sustainable
urban
mobility
.
This
is
an
open
access
article
under
the
CC
BY
-SA
license
.
Corresponding
A
uthor:
Fredy
Mart
´
ınez
F
acultad
T
ecnol
´
ogica,
Uni
v
ersidad
Distrital
Francisco
Jos
´
e
de
Caldas
Carrera
7
No
40B-53,
Bogot
´
a
D.C.,
Colombia
Email:
fhmartinezs@udistrital.edu.co
1.
INTR
ODUCTION
Amid
rapid
urbanization,
the
inte
gration
of
c
ycling
into
transportation
netw
orks
has
emer
ged
as
a
critical
strate
gy
for
sustainable
city
li
ving.
Ho
we
v
er
,
the
sur
ge
in
urban
c
ycling
has
brought
to
light
a
pressing
need
for
enhanced
safety
measures
to
protect
c
yclists
amidst
the
hustle
and
b
ustle
of
city
streets
[1].
The
city
of
Bogot
´
a,
with
its
vibrant
urban
landscape
and
gro
wing
c
ycling
community
,
serv
es
as
a
poignant
case
s
tudy
for
the
de
v
elopment
and
implementation
of
safety
technologies
[2]-[4].
Ho
we
v
er
,
this
is
not
just
a
local
issue
b
ut
a
global
concern,
as
cities
w
orldwide
stri
v
e
to
promote
c
ycling
as
an
eco-friendly
and
ef
cient
means
of
mobility
.
Ag
ainst
this
backdrop,
this
paper
e
xplores
the
potential
of
an
inte
grated
smart
backpack
system
to
impro
v
e
urban
c
yclist
safety
,
aiming
t
o
mitig
ate
the
risks
as
sociated
with
sharing
roads
wi
th
motorized
traf
c
[5].
The
proposed
s
ystem
represents
a
signicant
leap
forw
ard
in
harnessing
technology
to
create
a
safer
and
more
inclusi
v
e
c
ycling
en
vironment.
Urban
areas
lik
e
Bogot
´
a
are
grappling
with
the
dual
challenges
of
traf
c
congestion
and
high
rates
of
transportation-related
accidents,
which
disproportionately
af
fect
c
yclists
[6].
The
unsafe
conditions
are
often
e
xacerbated
by
a
lack
of
dedicated
c
ycling
infrastructure
and
the
erratic
beha
vior
of
other
road
users
[7].
J
ournal
homepage:
http://ijeecs.iaescor
e
.com
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Indonesian
J
Elec
Eng
&
Comp
Sci
ISSN:
2502-4752
❒
119
Impro
ving
c
yclist
safety
,
therefore,
is
not
only
a
public
health
imperati
v
e
b
ut
also
a
k
e
y
f
actor
in
encouraging
more
people
to
choose
c
ycling
as
a
viable
mode
of
daily
transportation.
Cutting-edge
technology
holds
the
k
e
y
to
reducing
the
dangers
f
aced
by
urban
c
yclists.
Smart
systems
and
inno
v
ations
can
enhance
visibility
,
communication,
and
interaction
among
all
road
users.
This
paper
del
v
es
into
the
design
and
functionality
of
a
smart
backpack
system
that
could
re
v
olutionize
c
yclist
safety
by
inte
grating
adv
anced
technologies
such
as
collision
detection,
real-time
communication,
and
enhanced
visibility
.
By
addressing
these
safety
concerns,
the
system
has
the
potential
to
mak
e
c
ycling
a
safer
and
more
attracti
v
e
option
for
urban
commuters.
The
research
presented
in
this
paper
holds
broader
implications
for
cities
around
the
w
orld
that
are
stri
ving
to
inte
grate
c
ycling
into
their
urban
transport
netw
orks
[8],
[9].
As
global
urbanization
continues,
the
lessons
learned
from
Bogot
´
a’
s
e
xperiences
can
pro
vide
v
aluable
insights
for
other
citie
s
looking
to
promote
en
vironmental
sustainability
through
increased
bic
ycle
usage.
Insights
from
these
studies
can
be
adapted
and
implemented
in
dif
ferent
conte
xts
to
create
a
uni
v
ersal
frame
w
ork
for
enhancing
c
ycling
safety
.
The
inte
grated
smart
backpack
system
discussed
in
this
paper
of
fers
a
scalable
and
adaptable
solution
that
can
be
customized
to
meet
the
unique
needs
of
v
arious
urban
en
vironments.
By
sharing
the
ndings
and
recommendations
of
this
study
,
we
aim
to
contrib
ute
to
the
global
con
v
ersation
on
urban
sustainability
and
c
yclist
safety
.
T
o
conduct
a
thorough
analysis
of
the
potential
impact
of
the
smart
backpack
system
on
urban
c
ycl
ist
safety
,
this
paper
adopts
a
comprehensi
v
e
research
methodology
.
Information
is
g
athered
from
v
arious
sources,
including
academic
literature,
industry
reports,
and
patent
lings,
to
pro
vide
a
rob
ust
foundation
for
the
study
.
The
selection
of
studies
for
inclusion
in
this
re
vie
w
is
guided
by
stri
ngent
criteria,
ensuring
that
only
those
with
clear
empirical
ndings
and
inno
v
ati
v
e
perspecti
v
es
on
technology
application
are
considered.
This
paper
not
only
assesses
the
ef
cac
y
of
the
s
mart
backpack
system
b
ut
also
identies
its
limitati
on
s
and
further
research
and
de
v
elopment.
Each
component
of
the
system
is
e
xamined
for
its
adaptability
to
the
urban
en
vironment
and
its
potential
to
g
ain
user
acceptance.
The
comprehensi
v
e
analysis
endea
v
ors
to
bridge
the
chasm
between
research
and
actionable
solutions,
presenting
a
strate
gic
plan
for
the
adv
ancement
of
technologies
that
can
signicantly
enhance
the
safety
of
urban
c
yclists.
This
detailed
analysis
helps
identify
the
most
suitable
solutions
for
each
urban
setting.
Ultimately
,
the
ndings
of
this
study
are
intended
to
inform
and
guide
polic
y
decisions
and
technological
adv
ancements
that
will
mak
e
our
cities
safer
for
c
yclists
and
all
residents
alik
e.
The
y
pro
vide
the
basis
for
informed
decision-making
to
shape
transportation
policies
and
infrastructure.
By
inte
grating
these
insights,
cities
can
create
an
en
vironment
where
c
ycling
is
not
only
feasible
b
ut
also
safe,
encouraging
more
people
to
embrace
this
mode
of
transportation
for
a
sustainable
future.
2.
LITERA
TURE
REVIEW
The
domain
of
c
yclist
safety
technology
has
witnessed
a
proliferation
of
inno
v
ations
aimed
at
mi
tig
at-
ing
the
risks
associated
with
urban
c
ycling.
T
raditional
measures,
such
as
high-visibility
apparel
and
helmets,
remain
the
cornerstone
of
personal
protection
for
c
yclists
[10],
[11].
These
items,
including
reecti
v
e
jack
ets
and
LED-equipped
gear
,
are
designed
to
enhance
c
yclist
visibility
and
of
fer
safety
during
accidents
[12],
[13].
Ne
v
ertheless,
these
technologies
are
fundamentally
passi
v
e,
serving
to
mitig
ate
rather
than
pre
v
ent
incidents,
a
limitation
that
has
spurred
the
de
v
elopment
of
more
proacti
v
e
safety
solutions
[14],
[15].
In
response
t
o
the
need
for
acti
v
e
safety
measures,
the
c
ycling
community
has
embraced
technol
ogies
such
as
adv
anced
lighting
systems
and
electronic
signaling
de
vices
[16],
[17].
These
systems
not
only
light
up
the
c
yclist’
s
path
b
ut
also
ensure
their
visibility
to
other
road
users,
thus
reducing
the
risk
of
collisions
[18],
[19].
T
urn
signals,
inte
grated
into
handlebars
or
wearable
de
vices,
f
acilitate
clear
communication
of
the
c
yclist’
s
intentions,
further
enhancing
safety
[20].
Cameras
and
radar
systems
complement
these
solutions
by
pro
viding
c
yclists
with
real-time
alerts
about
approaching
v
ehicles,
thereby
enhancing
situational
a
w
areness
[21],
[22].
The
inte
gration
of
GPS
technology
has
re
v
olutionized
urban
c
ycling
na
vig
ation,
of
fering
c
ycli
sts
a
wealth
of
information
to
enhance
their
safety
and
ef
cienc
y
[23].
GPS
de
vices,
no
w
commonly
inte-
grated
into
bic
ycle
computers
o
r
smart
w
atches,
pro
vide
real-time
data
on
route
information,
traf
c
conditions,
and
road
hazards
[24].
These
de
vices
can
recommend
alternati
v
e
routes
to
a
v
oid
high-traf
c
or
areas
with
poor
infrastructure,
reducing
risk
e
xposure
[25].
Additionally
,
some
GPS-enabled
de
vices
are
link
ed
to
mo-
bile
apps
that
enable
accident
tracking
and
reporting,
contrib
uting
to
a
community-based
approach
to
safety
enhancement
[26].
Enhancing
urban
cyclist
safety
thr
ough
inte
gr
ated
smart
bac
kpac
k
system
(Ser
gio
G
´
omez)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
120
❒
ISSN:
2502-4752
Urban
c
yclists
are
increasingly
embracing
wearable
technology
,
particularly
smart
helmets
and
con-
nected
wearables,
to
enhance
their
safety
[27].
These
de
vices
can
monitor
vital
signs,
detect
crashes,
and
automatically
alert
emer
genc
y
services
to
the
c
yclist’
s
location
[28].
Equipped
with
accelerometers
and
gyro-
scopes,
these
wearables
can
quickly
detect
f
alls
and
f
acilitate
rapid
response,
potent
ially
impro
ving
outcomes
post-accident
[29].
Furthermore,
the
emer
gence
of
smart
f
abrics
holds
the
promise
of
simultaneously
increasing
comfort
and
protection,
with
sensors
that
adapt
to
en
vironmental
conditions
[30].
The
recent
adv
ancements
in
c
yclist
safety
are
a
big
step
forw
ard.
Ho
we
v
er
,
it
is
important
to
contin-
uously
assess
the
ef
fecti
v
eness
of
current
technologies
in
light
of
changing
city
landscapes.
The
inno
v
ations
in
this
eld
need
to
be
adaptable
and
able
to
address
present
safety
concerns
while
also
accommodating
future
urban
de
v
elopments
and
changes
in
c
yclist
beha
vior
.
Achie
ving
this
requires
ongoing
research
and
de
v
elop-
ment
dri
v
en
by
technological
adv
ancements
and
a
thorough
understanding
of
city
dynamics.
The
objecti
v
e
is
to
establish
a
comprehensi
v
e
system
of
technologies
that
will
greatly
impro
v
e
o
v
erall
c
yclist
safety
.
3.
PR
OBLEM
ST
A
TEMENT
Urban
c
ycling
has
become
an
increasingly
popular
mode
of
transportation
due
to
its
en
vironmental
benets
and
its
role
in
promoting
a
health
y
lifestyle.
Ho
we
v
er
,
the
rapid
gro
wth
in
c
yclist
numbers
has
not
been
matched
by
corresponding
impro
v
ements
in
road
safety
infrastructure,
leading
to
a
signicant
rise
in
c
yclist-related
accidents,
particularly
in
densely
populated
cit
ies
lik
e
Bogot
´
a.
The
urban
en
vironment
presents
numerous
hazards
to
c
yclists,
including
poor
visibility
,
inadequate
lighting
on
k
e
y
routes,
and
the
proximity
of
motorized
v
ehicles,
all
of
which
contrib
ute
to
a
heightened
risk
of
collisions
and
accidents.
Despite
the
widespread
use
of
traditional
safety
measures
such
as
high-visibility
c
lothing,
helmets,
and
reecti
v
e
gear
,
these
solutions
are
lar
gely
reacti
v
e,
pro
viding
protection
only
after
an
incident
has
occurred.
This
reacti
v
e
approach
f
ails
to
address
the
root
causes
of
man
y
accidents,
particularly
those
resulting
from
a
lack
of
visibility
or
communication
between
c
yclists
and
other
road
users.
As
such,
there
is
a
critical
need
for
more
proacti
v
e
safety
solutions
that
not
only
increase
the
visibility
of
c
yclists
b
ut
also
f
acili
tate
better
communication
and
situational
a
w
areness
on
the
road.
Moreo
v
er
,
the
e
xisting
electronic
safety
systems,
while
inno
v
ati
v
e,
often
lack
inte
gration
and
adapt-
ability
.
F
or
instance,
while
GPS-enabled
de
vices
can
pro
vide
route
information
and
alert
c
yclists
t
o
hazards,
the
y
do
not
directly
enhance
visibility
or
communication
with
other
road
users.
Similarly
,
whi
le
LED
lighting
and
electronic
signaling
de
vices
impro
v
e
visibility
,
the
y
do
not
of
fer
real-time
feedback
or
data
that
could
be
used
to
further
enhance
c
yclist
safety
.
This
disjointed
approach
results
in
suboptimal
safety
outcomes,
as
these
technologies
do
not
w
ork
together
as
a
cohesi
v
e
system.
In
light
of
these
challenges,
there
is
a
pressing
need
to
de
v
elop
an
inte
grated
safety
solution
that
com-
bines
the
st
rengths
of
e
xisting
technologies
while
addressing
their
limitations.
Such
a
system
should
enhance
c
yclist
visibility
,
pro
vide
real-time
feedback
on
en
vironmental
conditions,
and
f
acilitate
communication
be-
tween
c
yclists
and
other
road
users.
By
address
ing
these
needs,
the
proposed
smart
backpack
system
aims
to
signicantly
reduce
the
risk
of
accidents
and
impro
v
e
o
v
erall
safety
for
urban
c
yclists.
4.
METHODS
4.1.
System
design
and
ar
chitectur
e
The
smart
backpack
system
is
designed
with
a
focus
on
enhancing
urban
c
yclist
safety
by
inte
grating
a
v
ariety
of
sensors
and
communication
modules
into
a
compact
and
functional
wearable
de
vice.
The
core
of
the
system
is
the
ESP32
microcontroller
,
selected
for
it
s
rob
ust
processing
capabilities
and
dual-mode
Bluetooth
and
W
i-Fi
connecti
vity
.
The
ESP32
serv
es
as
the
central
hub
of
the
system,
managing
data
acquisition
from
sensors,
processing
the
information,
and
coordinating
the
output
to
v
arious
actuators,
such
as
the
LED
lighting
system
and
the
communication
interf
ace
with
the
mobile
application.
The
system
architecture
is
b
uilt
around
three
k
e
y
components:
the
sensor
suite,
the
processing
unit,
and
the
communication
modules.
The
sensor
suite
includes
the
BH1750
light
sensor
,
which
measures
ambi-
ent
light
le
v
els
and
triggers
the
LED
lights
when
the
c
yclist
enters
lo
w-visibility
conditions.
The
MPU-6050
accelerometer
and
gyroscope
module
monitors
the
c
yclist’
s
mo
v
ements,
detecting
sudden
accelerations
or
de-
celerations
that
might
indicate
an
emer
genc
y
,
such
as
a
f
all
or
abrupt
stop.
Additionally
,
the
NEO-6M
GPS
module
pro
vides
real-time
location
data,
allo
wing
the
syst
em
to
track
the
c
yclist’
s
route
and
pro
vide
location-
based
services
through
the
mobile
application.
Indonesian
J
Elec
Eng
&
Comp
Sci,
V
ol.
39,
No.
1,
July
2025:
118–130
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Indonesian
J
Elec
Eng
&
Comp
Sci
ISSN:
2502-4752
❒
121
Data
o
w
within
the
system
be
gins
with
the
sensor
suite
continuously
monitoring
the
c
yclist’
s
en
vi-
ronment
and
mo
v
ements.
The
ESP32
collects
thi
s
ra
w
data
and
processes
it
using
predened
algorithms
to
determine
the
appropriate
response.
F
or
instance,
if
the
BH1750
sensor
detects
lo
w
light
le
v
els,
the
micro-
controller
immediately
acti
v
ates
the
LED
lighting
system
to
increase
the
c
yclis
t’
s
visibility
.
Similarly
,
if
the
MPU-6050
detects
a
sharp
deceleration,
the
system
can
trigger
a
visual
alert,
such
as
ashing
the
LEDs
in
a
specic
pattern
to
signal
an
emer
genc
y
.
The
processed
data,
including
GPS
coordinates,
is
then
transmitted
via
Bluetooth
to
the
mobile
application,
where
it
is
displayed
to
the
user
in
real-time.
The
system’
s
architecture
also
emphasizes
modularity
and
e
xpandability
.
The
components
are
inter
-
connected
through
standard
communication
protocols
such
as
I2C
for
the
sensors
and
uni
v
ersal
asynchronous
recei
v
er/transmitter
(U
AR
T)
for
the
GPS
module,
allo
wing
for
easy
inte
gration
of
additional
sensors
or
actu-
ators
if
needed.
The
use
of
the
ESP32’
s
dual-core
processing
capability
ensures
that
the
system
can
handle
multiple
tasks
simultaneously
without
compromis
ing
performance.
One
core
is
dedicated
to
managing
sensor
data
and
system
logic,
while
the
other
handles
communication
tasks,
ensuring
that
data
transmission
to
the
mobile
application
remains
smooth
and
uninterrupted.
The
system
is
designed
with
ener
gy
ef
cienc
y
in
mind.
The
po
wer
requirements
of
the
ESP32
and
the
sensors
are
carefully
managed
to
maximize
battery
life
without
sacricing
functionality
.
The
LED
lighting
system,
for
instance,
is
programmed
to
operate
in
an
ener
gy-sa
ving
mode
during
the
daytime
or
when
the
c
yclist
is
stationary
.
The
o
v
erall
architecture
of
the
smart
backpack
ensures
that
it
is
both
po
werful
and
ef
cient,
capable
of
signicantly
enhancing
c
yclist
safety
in
urban
en
vironments
while
maintaining
a
compact
and
user
-
friendly
form
f
actor
.
4.2.
Component
integration
The
successful
operation
of
the
smart
backpack
system
hinges
on
the
seamless
inte
gration
of
v
ar
ious
sensors,
modules,
and
a
ctuators,
each
playing
a
critical
role
in
enhancing
the
safety
of
urban
c
yclists.
The
inte
gration
process
w
as
meticulously
planned
to
ensure
that
all
components
w
ork
ed
in
harmon
y
,
with
particular
attention
gi
v
en
to
ph
ysical
layout,
wiring,
and
communication
protocols.
The
primary
components
inte
grated
into
t
h
e
system
include
the
BH1750
light
sensor
,
MPU-6050
accelerometer
,
and
gyros
cope,
NEO-6M
GPS
module,
and
the
LED
lighting
system,
all
orchestrated
by
the
ESP32
microcontroller
.
The
BH1750
light
sensor
w
as
selected
for
its
precision
in
measuring
ambient
light
le
v
els,
a
cri
tical
f
actor
for
acti
v
ating
LED
lighting
in
lo
w-visibility
conditions.
The
sensor
w
as
mounted
on
the
top
section
of
the
backpack,
ensuring
unobstructed
e
xposure
to
en
vironmental
light.
W
iring
w
as
routed
i
nternally
to
connect
the
sensor
to
the
ESP32
via
the
I2C
b
us,
chosen
for
its
simplicity
and
reliability
in
handling
data
transmission
between
multiple
sensors.
This
conguration
allo
wed
the
microcontroller
to
continuously
monitor
light
le
v
els
and
trigger
the
LED
system
as
needed
without
delay
,
enhancing
the
c
yclist’
s
visibility
during
dusk,
da
wn,
or
under
lo
w-light
conditions
such
as
tunnels.
The
MPU-6050
accelerometer
and
gyroscope
module
were
inte
grated
to
monitor
the
c
yclist’
s
motion,
pro
viding
real-time
data
on
acceleration,
orientation,
and
sudden
mo
v
ements.
This
module
w
as
strate
gically
placed
near
the
center
of
the
backpack,
aligning
with
the
c
yclist’
s
center
of
gra
vity
f
o
r
accurate
mot
ion
detec-
tion.
The
MPU-6050
w
as
also
connected
to
the
ESP32
via
the
I2C
interf
a
ce,
enabling
ef
cient
data
collection
and
processing.
The
microcontroller
used
this
data
to
det
ect
potential
emer
gencies,
such
as
sudden
stops
or
f
alls
and
responded
by
acti
v
ating
the
LED
lights
in
a
ashing
pattern,
s
ignaling
to
nearby
road
use
rs
that
the
c
yclist
may
be
in
distress.
The
NEO-6M
GPS
module
w
as
inte
grated
to
pro
vide
accurate
location
tracking
and
na
vig
ation
capa-
bilities.
Positioned
on
the
e
xterior
of
the
backpack
to
ensure
optimal
satellite
reception,
the
GPS
module
w
as
connected
to
the
ESP32
through
a
U
AR
T
interf
ace.
This
setup
allo
wed
for
the
ef
cient
transmission
of
GPS
data
to
the
microcontroller
,
which
w
as
then
relayed
to
the
mobile
application
via
Bluetooth.
The
GPS
data
w
as
crucial
not
only
for
real-time
tracking
b
ut
also
for
logging
routes
and
pro
viding
location-based
alerts,
thereby
enhancing
the
o
v
erall
safety
and
situational
a
w
areness
of
the
c
yclist.
The
LED
lighting
system,
a
vital
component
of
the
safety
mechanism
,
w
as
inte
grated
along
the
e
x-
terior
of
the
backpack
in
a
pattern
designed
to
maximize
visibility
.
The
LEDs
were
connected
to
the
ESP32
through
MOSFET
dri
v
ers,
which
were
necessary
due
to
the
higher
current
requirements
of
the
LEDs
compared
to
the
microcontroller’
s
output
capacity
.
The
MOSFETs
acted
as
switches,
allo
wing
the
ESP32
to
control
the
LEDs’
operation
based
on
inputs
from
the
light
sensor
and
accelerometer
.
The
wiring
w
as
carefully
routed
through
the
backpack’
s
structure,
with
protecti
v
e
insulation
to
pre
v
ent
damage
from
wear
and
tear
or
en
vi-
Enhancing
urban
cyclist
safety
thr
ough
inte
gr
ated
smart
bac
kpac
k
system
(Ser
gio
G
´
omez)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
122
❒
ISSN:
2502-4752
ronmental
e
xposure.
This
inte
gration
ensured
that
the
lighting
system
could
operate
reliably
under
v
arious
conditions,
enhancing
the
c
yclist’
s
visibility
at
all
times.
4.3.
Softwar
e
de
v
elopment
The
softw
are
de
v
elopment
process
w
as
k
e
y
in
ensuring
the
seamless
interaction
between
hardw
are
components
and
the
user
interf
ace.
The
pr
imary
objecti
v
es
of
the
softw
are
were
to
ef
ciently
manage
sensor
data,
f
acilitate
real-time
decision-making,
and
pro
vide
an
intuiti
v
e
user
e
xperience
through
a
mobile
applica-
tion.
The
de
v
elopment
process
in
v
olv
ed
the
use
of
MIT
AppIn
v
entor
for
the
creation
of
the
mobile
application
and
Arduino
IDE
for
programming
the
ESP32
microcontroller
,
which
serv
es
as
the
system’
s
core.
The
Arduino
IDE
w
as
utilized
to
de
v
elop
the
rmw
are
for
the
ESP32
microcontroller
,
responsible
for
managing
the
data
o
w
between
sensors,
processing
this
data,
and
controlling
the
outputs.
The
softw
are
w
as
written
in
C/C++,
le
v
eraging
the
e
xtensi
v
e
libraries
a
v
ailable
for
the
ESP32
platform.
K
e
y
functionalities
such
as
readi
ng
data
from
the
BH1750
light
sensor
,
MPU-6050
accelerometer
,
and
NEO-6M
GPS
module
were
implemented
using
respecti
v
e
librari
es
lik
e
“W
ire.h”
for
I2C
communication
and
softw
are
“Serial.h”
for
GPS
data
handling.
The
rmw
are
also
included
routines
for
controlling
the
LED
lighting
system
through
the
use
of
MOSFET
dri
v
ers,
enabling
dynamic
responses
based
on
real-time
sensor
data.
A
critical
component
of
the
softw
are
w
as
the
implementation
of
algorithms
for
sensor
fusion
and
data
processing.
Sensor
fusion
w
as
necessary
to
combine
data
from
the
accelerometer
and
gyroscope
in
the
MPU-6050
module,
pro
viding
more
accurate
and
reliable
information
about
the
c
yclist’
s
mo
v
ements.
This
w
as
achie
v
ed
using
a
complementary
lter
algorithm,
which
mer
ged
the
accelerometer
data
to
detect
sudden
stops
or
f
alls
and
the
gyroscope
data
to
monitor
orientation
changes
.
The
processed
data
w
as
then
used
to
trigger
specic
responses,
such
as
acti
v
ating
the
LED
lights
in
a
ashing
pattern
to
signal
an
emer
genc
y
.
Additionally
,
the
softw
are
w
as
designed
to
periodically
check
the
light
le
v
els
using
the
BH1750
sensor
and
adjust
the
LED
brightness
accordingly
to
ensure
optimal
visibility
under
v
arying
en
vironmental
conditions.
The
mobile
application,
de
v
eloped
using
MIT
AppIn
v
entor
,
serv
ed
as
the
user
interf
ace
for
the
smart
backpack
system.
MIT
AppIn
v
entor
w
as
chosen
for
its
simplicity
and
ability
to
quickly
prototype
and
de
v
elop
applications
for
Android
de
vices.
The
application
w
as
d
e
signed
to
display
real-time
data
such
as
the
c
yclist’
s
speed,
distance
tra
v
eled,
current
location,
and
light
le
v
els
(Figure
1).
The
Bluetooth
communication
between
the
ESP32
and
the
mobile
application
w
as
handled
using
the
“BluetoothClient”
component
in
AppIn
v
entor
,
which
f
acilitated
the
seamless
e
xchange
of
data.
The
application
also
pro
vided
the
user
with
control
o
v
er
certain
system
parameters,
such
as
setting
thresholds
for
light
le
v
els
that
w
ould
trigger
the
LED
lights
or
choosing
to
acti
v
ate
a
silent
mode
where
only
critical
alerts
are
displayed.
Figure
1.
Application
on
Android
smartphone
In
addition
to
real-time
data
display
,
the
mobile
application
included
a
feature
for
logging
ride
data,
which
allo
wed
c
yclists
to
re
vie
w
their
performance
metrics
and
routes
after
their
journe
y
.
This
feature
w
as
implemented
using
the
“T
in
yDB”
component
in
AppIn
v
entor
,
which
stored
data
locally
on
the
user’
s
de
vice.
The
application
also
incorporated
safety
features
such
as
sending
automatic
alerts
to
emer
genc
y
contacts
in
the
e
v
ent
of
a
detected
f
all,
le
v
eraging
the
accelerometer
data
processed
by
the
ESP32.
The
o
v
erall
design
of
the
softw
are
prioritized
responsi
v
eness,
user
-friendliness,
and
the
inte
gration
of
safety-critical
functions,
ensuring
that
the
smart
backpack
system
could
ef
fecti
v
ely
enhance
the
safety
of
urban
c
yclists.
The
softw
are
de
v
elopment
process
a
lso
included
rigorous
testing
and
deb
ugging
phases,
where
both
the
rmw
are
and
the
mobile
application
were
iterati
v
ely
rened
based
on
feedback
from
eld
tests.
The
sys-
tem’
s
performance
w
as
e
v
aluated
i
n
real-w
orld
c
ycling
conditions,
ensuring
that
the
algorithms
could
handle
Indonesian
J
Elec
Eng
&
Comp
Sci,
V
ol.
39,
No.
1,
July
2025:
118–130
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Indonesian
J
Elec
Eng
&
Comp
Sci
ISSN:
2502-4752
❒
123
the
dynamic
nature
of
urban
en
vironments.
An
y
issues
related
to
sensor
accurac
y
,
data
transmission
latenc
y
,
or
user
interf
ace
responsi
v
eness
were
addressed
during
these
phases,
leading
to
a
rob
ust
and
reliable
softw
are
system
that
meets
the
safety
and
usability
requirements
of
the
smart
backpack.
4.4.
Pr
ototyping
The
prototyping
and
f
abrication
phase
of
the
smart
backpack
system
w
as
a
critical
step
in
trans
forming
the
conceptual
design
into
a
functional,
ph
ysical
product.
This
process
in
v
olv
ed
careful
selection
of
materi-
als,
meticulous
design
of
the
printed
circuit
board
(PCB)
layout,
and
iterati
v
e
f
abrication
of
the
prototype
to
ensure
it
met
the
desired
performance
and
safety
standards.
The
primary
goals
were
to
create
a
durable,
weather
-resistant,
and
er
gonomically
sound
product
that
could
reliably
house
the
electronic
components
while
maintaining
user
comfort
and
functionality
.
The
selection
of
materials
w
as
dri
v
en
by
the
need
for
durability
,
e
xibility
,
and
w
aterproong.
The
outer
shell
of
t
he
backpack
w
as
constructed
using
a
high-quality
,
w
ater
-resistant
f
abric,
chosen
for
its
abilit
y
to
protect
the
electronic
components
from
en
vironmental
f
actors
such
as
rai
n
and
dust.
This
f
abric
w
as
reinforced
with
additional
layers
at
critical
points,
such
as
the
base
and
seams,
to
enhance
durability
and
resistance
to
wear
and
tear
.
The
interior
of
the
backpack
w
as
lined
with
shock-absorbing
foam,
strate
gically
placed
to
protect
the
delicate
electronic
components,
including
the
PCB
and
battery
pack,
from
mechanical
shocks
and
impacts
during
use.
Y
umbolon
foam
w
as
selected
for
this
purpose
due
to
its
lightweight
yet
highly
protecti
v
e
properties,
ensuring
that
the
backpack
remained
comfortable
to
wear
while
pro
viding
adequate
protection
for
the
electronics.
Designing
the
PCB
l
ayout
w
as
a
comple
x
task
that
required
careful
consi
deration
of
t
he
spatial
con-
straints
within
the
backpack,
as
well
as
the
need
to
minimize
electrical
interference
between
components.
The
PCB
w
as
di
vided
into
tw
o
main
sections:
one
dedicated
to
po
wer
management
and
the
other
to
signal
pro-
cessing
and
communication.
The
po
wer
management
section
included
the
lithium-ion
battery
pack,
a
v
oltage
re
gulator
,
and
MOSFETs
for
controlling
the
LED
lights.
The
signal
processing
section
housed
the
ESP32
mi-
crocontroller
,
along
with
the
connections
for
the
BH1750
light
sensor
,
MPU-6050
accelerometer
,
and
NEO-6M
GPS
module.
The
layout
w
as
optimized
to
reduce
the
length
of
critical
signal
paths,
thereby
minimizing
po-
tential
noise
and
interference.
Additionally
,
the
PCB
w
as
designed
with
o
v
ersized
copper
traces
in
the
po
wer
section
to
handle
the
higher
currents
required
by
the
LEDs,
ensuring
reliable
operation
under
all
conditions.
The
f
abrication
of
the
prototype
in
v
olv
ed
se
v
eral
iterations,
each
addressing
specic
challenges
en-
countered
during
the
de
v
elopment
process.
One
of
the
primary
challenges
w
as
ensuring
the
w
aterproong
of
the
backpack
without
compromising
the
accessibility
of
the
electronic
components
for
maintenance
and
up-
grades.
This
w
as
achie
v
ed
by
designing
a
sealed
compartment
for
the
electronics,
with
w
aterproof
zippers
and
silicone
g
ask
ets
around
cable
entry
points.
The
sealed
compartment
could
be
easily
accessed
by
the
user
for
battery
replacement
or
softw
are
updates,
without
e
xposing
the
electronics
to
moisture.
Another
challenge
w
as
managing
the
heat
generated
by
the
electronic
components,
particularly
the
LEDs
and
the
po
wer
management
circuitry
.
T
o
address
this,
the
PCB
w
as
designed
with
thermal
vias
and
heat
sinks,
which
ef
fecti
v
ely
dissipated
heat
a
w
ay
from
the
critical
components,
maintaining
the
system’
s
stability
and
prolonging
the
lifespan
of
the
electronics.
Throughout
the
prototyping
process,
e
xtensi
v
e
testing
w
as
conducted
to
v
alidate
the
design
under
real-
w
orld
conditions.
The
prototype
w
as
subjected
to
en
vironmental
stress
tests,
including
e
xposure
to
e
xtreme
temperatures,
hum
idity
,
and
mechanical
shocks,
to
ensure
it
could
withstand
the
rigors
of
daily
urban
c
ycling.
Additionally
,
the
er
gonomic
design
of
the
backpack
w
as
tested
with
users
to
ensure
that
it
w
as
comfortable
to
wear
for
e
xtended
periods,
e
v
en
with
the
added
weight
of
the
electronics.
Feedback
from
these
tests
w
as
used
to
rene
the
design,
resulting
in
a
nal
prototype
that
balanced
durability
,
functionality
,
and
user
comfort.
4.5.
T
esting
and
v
alidation
The
testing
and
v
alidation
phase
w
as
crucial
in
ensuring
that
the
smart
backpack
system
met
the
required
safety
and
performance
standards
for
urban
c
yclists.
This
phase
in
v
olv
ed
a
series
of
rigorous
tests
designed
to
e
v
aluate
the
system’
s
functionality
under
v
arious
en
vironmental
and
operational
conditions.
The
primary
areas
of
focus
during
testing
included
the
responsi
v
eness
of
the
LED
lighting
system,
the
accurac
y
of
the
GPS
module,
the
reliability
of
the
sensor
data,
and
t
he
o
v
erall
battery
life.
Each
component
w
as
subjected
to
specic
tests
to
v
alidate
its
perform
ance,
and
the
system
as
a
whole
w
as
tested
in
real-w
orld
c
ycling
conditions
to
ensure
its
ef
fecti
v
eness
in
enhancing
c
yclist
safety
.
Enhancing
urban
cyclist
safety
thr
ough
inte
gr
ated
smart
bac
kpac
k
system
(Ser
gio
G
´
omez)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
124
❒
ISSN:
2502-4752
The
LED
lighting
system
w
as
tested
for
responsi
v
eness
to
changes
in
ambient
light
le
v
els,
as
detected
by
the
BH1750
light
sensor
.
These
tests
were
conducted
in
both
controlled
laboratory
settings
and
real-w
orld
en
vironments
with
v
arying
lighting
conditions,
such
as
during
nighttime,
in
tunnels,
and
under
streetlights
(Figure
2).
The
system’
s
ability
to
adjust
the
brightness
of
the
LEDs
in
real-time
w
as
e
v
aluated
by
measuring
the
response
time
from
the
moment
the
sensor
detected
a
change
in
light
le
v
el
to
when
the
LEDs
adjusted
their
brightness.
The
results
demonstrated
that
the
system
could
ef
fecti
v
ely
enhance
visibility
in
lo
w-light
conditions,
with
a
response
time
well
within
the
acceptable
range
for
ensuring
c
yclist
safety
.
Figure
2.
Illumination
system
in
lo
w
light
conditions
in
the
en
vironment
The
NEO-6M
GPS
module
w
as
subjected
to
accurac
y
tests
to
v
alidate
its
ability
to
pro
vide
precise
location
data.
These
tests
were
conducted
by
comparing
the
GPS
data
logged
by
the
smart
backpack
with
reference
data
obtained
from
a
high-precision
GPS
de
vice.
The
tests
included
both
stationary
measurements
and
dynamic
testing
during
c
ycling
to
assess
t
he
module’
s
performance
in
tracking
the
c
yclist’
s
mo
v
ement.
The
results
sho
wed
that
the
GPS
module
pro
vided
accurate
location
data
with
minimal
de
viation,
making
it
reliable
for
real-time
tracking
and
na
vig
ation
purposes.
Additionally
,
the
GPS
module’
s
ability
to
maintain
a
stable
connection
with
satellites
in
v
arious
urban
en
vironments,
including
areas
with
tall
b
uildings
and
dense
tree
co
v
er
,
w
as
e
v
aluated,
and
it
w
as
found
to
perform
reliably
in
most
conditions.
Sensor
reliability
w
as
another
critical
area
of
testing,
particularly
for
the
MPU-6050
accelerometer
and
gyroscope
module,
which
plays
a
k
e
y
role
in
detecting
sudden
mo
v
ements,
such
as
f
alls
or
abrupt
stops.
The
sensor
w
as
tested
for
accurac
y
and
consistenc
y
in
detecting
and
reporting
acceleration
and
orientation
changes.
This
in
v
olv
ed
subjecting
the
backpack
to
a
series
of
simulated
f
alls
and
abrupt
mo
v
ements
to
determine
ho
w
quickly
and
accurately
the
sensor
data
w
as
processed
by
the
ESP32
microcontroller
.
The
testing
conrmed
that
the
sensor
reliably
detected
these
e
v
ents
and
triggered
the
appropriate
safety
responses,
such
as
ashing
the
LEDs
in
a
specic
pattern
to
signal
an
emer
genc
y
.
Battery
life
testing
w
as
conducted
to
ensure
that
the
smart
backpack
could
operate
for
e
xtended
periods
without
requiring
frequent
rechar
ging,
which
is
essential
for
practical
use
in
urban
c
ycling.
The
system’
s
po
wer
consumption
w
as
measured
under
dif
ferent
operating
conditions,
including
continuous
LED
operation,
GPS
tracking,
and
Bluetooth
communication
with
the
mobile
application.
The
tests
were
designed
to
simulate
typical
usage
scenarios
to
determine
the
e
xpected
battery
life
under
normal
conditions.
The
results
indicated
that
the
backpack
could
operate
for
a
full
day
of
c
ycling
(approximately
8-10
hours)
on
a
single
char
ge,
with
po
wer
-sa
ving
modes
a
v
ailable
to
e
xtend
battery
life
further
when
full
functionality
w
as
not
required.
4.6.
Data
collection
and
analysis
The
data
collection
and
analysis
phase
w
as
essential
for
e
v
aluating
the
performance
of
the
smart
back-
pack
system
under
real-w
orld
conditions.
This
process
in
v
olv
ed
g
athering
data
from
v
arious
sensors
during
eld
tests,
processing
the
ra
w
data
to
e
xtract
meaningful
insights,
and
analyzing
the
results
to
assess
the
sys-
tem’
s
ef
fecti
v
eness
in
enhancing
c
yclist
safety
.
The
data
collected
pro
vided
v
aluable
feedback
on
the
system’
s
functionality
,
including
sensor
accurac
y
,
system
responsi
v
eness,
and
o
v
erall
user
e
xperience.
Indonesian
J
Elec
Eng
&
Comp
Sci,
V
ol.
39,
No.
1,
July
2025:
118–130
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Indonesian
J
Elec
Eng
&
Comp
Sci
ISSN:
2502-4752
❒
125
During
the
eld
tests,
data
w
as
collected
from
the
BH1750
light
sensor
,
MPU-6050
acceleromet
er
and
gyroscope,
and
NEO-6M
GPS
module,
all
of
which
were
logged
by
the
ESP32
microcontroller
(Figure
3).
The
microcontroller
continuously
monitored
the
sensor
outputs,
logging
data
at
predened
interv
als
to
ensure
a
comprehensi
v
e
dataset.
The
light
sensor
data
pro
vided
insights
into
the
ambient
light
conditions
encountered
during
the
tests,
while
the
accelerometer
and
gyros
cope
data
captured
the
c
yclist’
s
mo
v
ements,
including
an
y
sudden
changes
in
v
elocity
or
orientation.
GPS
data
w
as
logged
to
track
the
c
yclist’
s
route,
speed,
and
location,
which
w
as
essential
for
assessing
the
system’
s
real-time
tracking
capabilities.
I
l
l
u
m
i
n
a
n
c
e
[
l
x
]
T
i
m
e
[
s
]
Figure
3.
BH1750
light
sensor
recording
in
medium-lo
w
light
conditions
The
ra
w
data
collected
from
the
sensors
w
as
processed
using
algorithms
implemented
in
the
rm
w
are
of
the
ESP32
microcontroller
.
F
or
instance,
the
data
from
the
MPU-6050
w
as
processed
using
a
complemen-
tary
lter
to
combine
accelerometer
and
gyroscope
readings,
pro
viding
a
more
accurate
representation
of
the
c
yclist’
s
mo
v
ements.
This
processed
data
w
as
used
to
identify
signicant
e
v
ents,
such
as
sudden
stops
or
f
alls,
which
were
then
mark
ed
in
the
dataset
for
further
analysis
(Fi
gure
4).
The
GPS
data
w
as
processed
to
calcu-
late
the
distance
tra
v
eled,
and
a
v
erage
speed,
and
identify
an
y
de
viations
from
the
planned
route,
which
could
indicate
areas
where
the
c
yclist
f
aced
challenges,
such
as
poor
road
conditions
or
high
traf
c.
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
X
-
a
x
i
s
[
m
/
s
²
]
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
Y
-
a
x
i
s
[
m
/
s
²
]
A
n
g
u
l
a
r
v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
i
n
t
h
e
Z
-
a
x
i
s
[
°
/
s
]
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
Z
-
a
x
i
s
[
m
/
s
²
]
T
i
m
e
[
s
]
Figure
4.
MPU-6050
sensor
recording
during
speed
change,
acceleration,
and
turning
tests
The
analysi
s
of
the
collected
data
in
v
olv
ed
both
quantitati
v
e
and
qualitati
v
e
methods.
Quantita
ti
v
e
analysis
w
as
performed
using
statistical
tools
to
e
v
aluate
the
reliability
and
accurac
y
of
the
sensor
data.
F
or
e
xample,
the
standard
de
viation
of
t
he
light
sensor
readings
w
as
calculated
to
assess
the
sensor’
s
consistenc
y
in
dif
ferent
lighting
conditions.
Si
milarly
,
the
accurac
y
of
the
GPS
module
w
as
e
v
aluated
by
comparing
the
logged
data
ag
ainst
a
reference
GPS
de
vice,
calculating
the
a
v
erage
error
in
position
and
speed.
The
accelerometer
and
gyroscope
data
were
analyzed
to
detect
patterns
that
could
indicate
unsafe
conditions,
such
as
sudden
decelerations
that
might
precede
a
f
all.
These
statistical
analyses
pro
vided
a
clear
pi
cture
of
the
system’
s
performance
and
highlighted
areas
for
potential
impro
v
ement.
Enhancing
urban
cyclist
safety
thr
ough
inte
gr
ated
smart
bac
kpac
k
system
(Ser
gio
G
´
omez)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
126
❒
ISSN:
2502-4752
In
addition
to
quantitati
v
e
analysis,
qualitati
v
e
feedback
from
test
participants
w
as
g
athered
to
as
sess
the
system’
s
usability
and
ef
fecti
v
eness.
Cyclists
who
participated
in
the
eld
tests
were
ask
ed
to
pro
vide
feedback
on
their
e
xperience
using
the
smart
backpack,
including
the
responsi
v
eness
of
the
lighting
system,
the
accurac
y
of
the
GPS
tracking,
and
the
comfort
of
the
backpack
during
use.
This
feedback
w
as
analyzed
to
identify
an
y
usability
issues
that
were
not
e
vident
from
the
sensor
data
alone,
such
as
dif
culties
in
interacting
with
the
mobile
application
or
discomfort
caused
by
the
placement
of
certain
components.
The
combined
results
from
the
quantitati
v
e
and
qualitati
v
e
analyses
were
used
to
rene
the
s
ystem
and
inform
future
de
v
elopment
ef
forts.
The
data
demonstrated
that
the
smart
backpack
system
w
as
ef
fecti
v
e
in
enhancing
c
yclist
safety
by
impro
ving
visibility
,
pro
viding
accurate
location
tracking,
and
responding
appro-
priately
to
sudden
mo
v
ements.
Ho
we
v
er
,
the
analysis
also
re
v
ealed
areas
where
the
system
could
be
further
optimized,
such
as
impro
ving
the
ener
gy
ef
cienc
y
of
the
LED
lighting
system
or
enhancing
the
user
interf
ace
of
the
mobile
application.
These
insights
will
guide
future
iterations
of
the
smart
backpack
system,
ensuring
that
it
continues
to
meet
the
needs
of
urban
c
yclists
in
increasingly
comple
x
en
vironments.
5.
RESUL
TS
AND
DISCUSSION
5.1.
Lighting
system
perf
ormance
The
LED
lighting
system,
controlled
by
the
BH1750
light
sensor
,
performed
e
xceptionally
well
in
adjusting
to
v
arying
ambient
light
conditions.
During
eld
tests,
the
system
consistently
responded
to
changes
in
light
le
v
els,
such
as
transitioning
from
daylight
to
tunnels
or
underpasses,
by
automatically
adjusting
the
brightness
of
the
LEDs.
The
response
time
of
the
lighting
system
w
as
found
to
be
within
milliseconds,
ensur
-
ing
that
the
c
yclist’
s
visibility
w
as
maintained
at
all
times.
This
real-time
adjustment
signicantly
enhanced
the
c
yclist’
s
visi
bility
to
other
road
users,
especially
in
lo
w-light
conditions.
The
feedback
from
c
yclists
conrmed
that
the
lighting
system
w
as
ef
fecti
v
e
in
alerting
dri
v
ers
and
pedestrians
to
their
presence,
thereby
reducing
the
risk
of
accidents.
Ho
we
v
er
,
the
tests
also
re
v
ealed
that
the
system’
s
battery
consumption
increased
signicantly
when
operating
at
maximum
brightness
for
e
xtended
periods.
This
nding
suggests
the
need
for
further
opti-
mization
of
the
po
wer
management
system,
possibly
by
inte
grating
more
ener
gy-ef
cient
LEDs
or
enhancing
the
po
wer
-sa
ving
algorithms.
5.2.
GPS
accuracy
and
tracking
The
GPS
module’
s
performance
w
as
e
v
aluated
based
on
its
abili
ty
to
accurately
track
the
c
yclist’
s
lo-
cation
and
pro
vide
reliable
na
vig
ation
data.
The
eld
tests
indicated
that
the
NEO-6M
GPS
module
maintained
a
high
le
v
el
of
accurac
y
,
with
an
a
v
erage
positional
error
of
less
than
2
meters,
e
v
en
in
urban
en
vironments
with
dense
b
uildings
and
trees
.
The
GPS
system
w
as
particularly
ef
fecti
v
e
in
tracking
the
c
y
c
list’
s
route
and
speed,
pro
viding
v
aluable
data
that
w
as
inte
grated
with
the
mobile
application
for
real-time
monitoring.
This
le
v
el
of
accurac
y
is
critical
for
urban
c
yclists
who
rely
on
precise
na
vig
ati
on
to
a
v
oid
hazardous
areas
or
plan
ef
cient
routes.
Despite
the
o
v
erall
positi
v
e
results,
occasional
signal
drops
were
observ
ed
in
areas
with
v
ery
high-rise
b
uildings
or
underpasses,
where
satellite
visibility
w
as
obstructed.
Addressing
these
limitations
might
in
v
olv
e
e
xploring
alternati
v
e
positioning
technologies,
such
as
inte
grating
inertia
l
na
vig
ation
systems
(INS)
to
comple-
ment
the
GPS
data
and
pro
vide
continuous
location
tracking
in
en
vironments
where
GPS
alone
is
insuf
cient.
5.3.
Sensor
r
eliability
and
system
r
esponsi
v
eness
The
MPU-6050
accelerometer
and
gyroscope
module
pro
v
ed
to
be
reliable
in
detecting
sudden
mo
v
e-
ments
and
changes
in
orientation,
which
are
indicati
v
e
of
potential
accidents
or
f
alls.
The
sensor
data
w
as
processed
in
real-time
by
the
ESP32
mi
crocontroller
,
which
then
triggered
the
LED
lights
to
ash
in
a
specic
pattern
to
alert
nearby
v
ehicles
and
pedestrians
of
the
c
yclist’
s
emer
genc
y
.
The
system’
s
responsi
v
eness
w
as
v
alidated
through
a
series
of
simulated
f
all
tests,
where
the
time
from
sensor
detection
to
LED
acti
v
ation
w
as
consistently
less
than
200
milliseconds.
This
rapid
response
time
is
crucial
in
pre
v
enting
secondary
accidents
by
maki
ng
other
r
oad
users
immediately
a
w
are
of
the
c
yclist’
s
situation.
Ho
we
v
er
,
the
tes
ting
phase
also
high-
lighted
the
need
for
ne-tuning
the
sensiti
vity
thresholds
of
the
accelerometer
,
as
some
f
alse
positi
v
es
were
recorded
during
normal
c
ycling
acti
vities,
such
as
abrupt
stops
or
sharp
turns.
These
ndings
suggest
that
fur
-
ther
calibration
of
the
sensor
thresholds
could
i
mpro
v
e
the
system’
s
accurac
y
in
distinguishing
between
actual
emer
gencies
and
normal
c
ycling
dynamics.
Indonesian
J
Elec
Eng
&
Comp
Sci,
V
ol.
39,
No.
1,
July
2025:
118–130
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Indonesian
J
Elec
Eng
&
Comp
Sci
ISSN:
2502-4752
❒
127
5.4.
User
experience
and
battery
life
Feedback
from
test
participants
re
g
arding
the
o
v
erall
user
e
xperience
w
as
lar
gely
positi
v
e.
Cyclist
s
appreciated
the
system’
s
unobtrusi
v
e
design
and
the
seamless
inte
gration
of
safety
features
that
did
not
interfere
with
their
riding
e
xperience.
The
mobile
application,
de
v
eloped
using
MIT
AppIn
v
entor
,
w
as
praised
for
its
intuiti
v
e
interf
ace
and
the
real-time
display
of
critical
data
such
as
speed,
distance,
and
location.
Ho
we
v
er
,
some
users
re
p
or
ted
issues
with
Bluetooth
connecti
vity
,
particularly
in
maintaining
a
stable
connection
between
the
mobile
de
vice
and
the
ESP32
mi
crocontroller
during
long
rides.
This
issue
highlights
the
need
for
further
optimization
of
the
Bluetooth
communication
protocols
to
ensure
consistent
performance.
Battery
life
tests
re
v
ealed
that
the
system
could
operate
continuously
for
approximately
8
hours
under
typical
usage
conditions,
which
includes
moderate
LED
usage
and
periodic
GPS
tracking.
While
this
battery
life
is
suf
cient
for
most
daily
commutes,
it
may
f
all
short
for
longer
rides
or
when
the
system
operates
at
full
capacity
,
such
as
in
consistently
lo
w-light
conditions.
This
nding
indicates
the
need
for
future
impro
v
ements
in
po
wer
ef
cienc
y
,
such
as
incorporating
a
lar
ger
battery
or
implementing
more
aggressi
v
e
po
wer
-sa
ving
features
to
e
xtend
the
operational
time
without
compromising
the
system’
s
safety
functions.
5.5.
Discussion
of
o
v
erall
system
perf
ormance
Ov
erall,
the
smart
backpack
system
demonstrated
its
potential
to
signicantly
enhance
urban
c
ycli
st
safety
through
a
combination
of
proacti
v
e
safety
features
and
real-time
data
inte
gration.
The
LED
lighting
system,
GPS
t
racking,
and
sensor
-based
hazard
detection
all
performed
reliably
under
v
arious
test
conditions,
v
alidating
the
system’
s
design
and
functionality
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
the
testing
phase
also
re
v
ealed
areas
where
further
renement
is
necessary
,
particularly
in
po
wer
management,
sensor
calibration,
and
Bluetooth
connecti
vity
.
Addressing
these
challenges
will
be
critical
in
future
iterations
of
the
smart
backpack
system
to
ensure
it
meets
the
needs
of
urban
c
yclists
in
increasingly
comple
x
and
demanding
en
vironments.
The
positi
v
e
feedback
from
test
participants,
combined
with
the
quantitati
v
e
data
collected,
suggest
s
that
the
smart
backpack
system
could
be
a
v
aluable
addition
to
e
xisting
c
yclist
safety
measures.
By
inte
grating
multiple
technologies
into
a
single,
user
-friendly
de
vice,
this
system
of
fers
a
comprehensi
v
e
solution
to
the
challenges
f
aced
by
urban
c
yclists,
particularly
in
en
vironments
with
high
traf
c
density
and
v
ariable
light-
ing
conditions.
Future
de
v
elopment
ef
forts
will
focus
on
optimizing
the
system’
s
performance,
e
xpanding
its
feature
set,
and
conducting
broader
eld
tests
to
further
v
alidate
its
ef
fecti
v
eness
and
adaptability
.
The
ndings
of
this
study
hold
signicant
implications
for
urban
c
yclist
safety
,
addressing
critical
chal-
lenges
related
to
visibility
,
communication,
and
real-time
hazard
detection.
Unlik
e
traditional
safety
measures,
which
are
predominantly
reacti
v
e,
the
proposed
smart
backpack
system
inte
grates
proacti
v
e
technologies
that
dynamically
adapt
to
en
vironmental
conditions,
pro
viding
a
scalable
and
autonomous
solution
for
accident
pre-
v
ention.
This
research
aligns
with
the
broader
scientic
consensus
that
wearable
and
intelligent
transportation
systems
can
signicantly
enhance
road
safety
,
complementing
pre
vious
studies
that
emphasize
the
importance
of
c
yclist
visibility
and
situational
a
w
areness.
Ho
we
v
er
,
our
results
also
introduce
a
no
v
el
approach
by
inte-
grating
multiple
sensor
-based
safety
mechanisms
into
a
single,
compact
system,
demonstrating
its
feasibility
for
lar
ge-scale
urban
deplo
yment.
These
ndings
contrib
ute
to
the
gro
wing
body
of
research
on
smart
mobility
solutions,
reinforcing
the
role
of
real-time
data
processing
and
adapti
v
e
safety
measures
in
reducing
c
yclist
vulnerability
in
high-traf
c
en
vironments.
6.
CONCLUSION
The
de
v
elopment
of
the
smart
backpack
system
represents
a
signicant
adv
ancement
in
the
pu
r
suit
of
enhanced
safety
for
urban
c
yclists.
Through
the
inte
gration
of
adv
anced
sensors,
real-time
data
processing,
and
responsi
v
e
LED
lighti
ng,
the
system
addresses
critical
safety
challenges
f
aced
by
c
yclists
in
comple
x
urban
en
vironments.
The
eld
tests
demonstrated
that
the
system
ef
fecti
v
ely
impro
v
es
visibility
,
pro
vides
accurate
GPS-based
tracking,
and
rapidly
responds
to
potential
hazards,
thereby
reducing
the
risk
of
accidents.
The
positi
v
e
feedback
from
users
further
v
alidates
the
system’
s
practical
applicability
,
highlighting
its
unob-
trusi
v
e
design
and
the
seamless
inte
gration
of
safety
features
that
do
not
interfere
with
the
riding
e
xperience.
Ho
we
v
er
,
the
testing
phase
also
identied
areas
for
further
impro
v
ement,
particularly
in
terms
of
po
wer
manage-
ment,
sensor
calibration,
and
Bluetooth
connecti
vity
,
which
will
be
crucial
in
rening
the
system
for
broader
de-
plo
yment.
Enhancing
urban
cyclist
safety
thr
ough
inte
gr
ated
smart
bac
kpac
k
system
(Ser
gio
G
´
omez)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.