I
nd
o
ne
s
ia
n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
a
nd
Co
m
pu
t
er
Science
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ju
ly
2
0
2
5
,
p
p
.
6
1
4
~
6
2
4
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijeecs.v
3
9
.i
1
.
pp
614
-
6
2
4
614
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ee
cs.ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Adv
a
ncements i
n
g
a
s lea
ka
g
e det
ect
io
n and
risk as
ses
sm
ent:
a
com
prehensiv
e
surv
ey
Y.
B
ha
v
a
ni,
Sa
njusree
Vo
da
pa
lly
,
Dines
h
B
o
k
k
a
,
H
a
rsh
it
ha
Va
rm
a
M
ud
da
s
a
ni,
Dee
pik
a
K
a
s
t
uri
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
K
a
k
a
t
i
y
a
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
e
o
f
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
W
a
r
a
n
g
a
l
,
I
n
d
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Ap
r
21
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
Mar
10
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
Mar
26
,
2
0
2
5
G
a
s
lea
k
a
g
e
is
th
e
m
a
in
p
ro
b
lem
th
a
t
h
a
rm
s
th
e
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t,
i
n
fr
a
stru
c
tu
re
a
n
d
p
u
b
li
c
sa
fe
ty
.
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
i
s
in
c
re
a
sin
g
ra
p
i
d
ly
n
o
wa
d
a
y
s.
S
o
,
th
e
re
m
u
st
b
e
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
ts
in
t
h
e
m
e
th
o
d
s
u
se
d
.
M
a
n
y
m
e
th
o
d
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
c
o
m
e
a
c
ro
ss
to
so
lv
e
t
h
is
p
ro
b
lem
.
T
h
is
su
rv
e
y
p
a
p
e
r
e
x
p
lo
re
s
v
a
ri
o
u
s
m
e
th
o
d
s
a
n
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
u
se
d
t
o
so
l
v
e
th
e
p
ro
b
lem
.
M
a
n
y
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
su
g
g
e
ste
d
to
re
d
u
c
e
th
e
r
isk
o
f
g
a
s
lea
k
s
a
n
d
imp
ro
v
e
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
s
y
ste
m
s.
It
in
v
e
stig
a
tes
c
u
tt
in
g
-
e
d
g
e
m
o
d
e
l
s
fo
r
e
stim
a
ti
n
g
th
e
e
ffe
c
ts
o
f
li
q
u
e
fied
n
a
tu
re
d
g
a
s
(
LNG
)
lea
k
a
g
e
a
c
c
id
e
n
ts,
c
o
m
p
re
h
e
n
siv
e
wire
le
ss
se
n
so
r
n
e
two
rk
(W
S
N)
is
se
t
u
p
fo
r
d
e
tec
ti
n
g
g
a
s
lea
k
s
in
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
two
rk
a
n
d
Ka
lma
n
fil
ter
-
b
a
se
d
g
a
s lea
k
a
g
e
e
a
rly
wa
rn
in
g
sy
ste
m
s.
Cu
rre
n
t
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
ts
in
c
lu
d
e
fa
c
to
rs
l
ik
e
p
o
in
t
o
f
in
tere
st
(P
o
I)
,
h
u
m
a
n
d
a
ta
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
g
a
s
p
i
p
e
li
n
e
s.
As
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
c
re
a
se
s,
th
e
re
wo
u
ld
b
e
m
a
jo
r
th
re
a
t
o
f
a
u
th
e
n
ti
c
a
ti
o
n
.
S
o
,
it
a
ls
o
lo
o
k
s
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
s
f
o
r
u
se
r
a
u
th
e
n
ti
c
a
ti
o
n
b
a
se
d
o
n
d
iffere
n
t
p
a
tt
e
rn
s
to
m
o
b
il
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
Esp
e
c
ially
i
n
sm
a
rt
h
o
m
e
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
ts,
t
h
e
re
is
a
n
e
e
d
t
o
imp
r
o
v
e
se
c
u
rit
y
.
T
h
is
su
r
v
e
y
p
ro
v
id
e
s
c
o
m
p
lete
u
n
d
e
rs
tan
d
in
g
o
f
p
re
se
n
t
a
n
d
fu
t
u
re
d
irec
ti
o
n
s
fo
r
t
h
e
r
e
se
a
rc
h
e
rs
in
g
a
s
lea
k
a
g
e
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
risk
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
a
ri
o
u
s
m
e
th
o
d
s
a
n
d
th
e
ir
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Au
th
en
ticatio
n
Gas le
ak
ag
e
I
n
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
R
is
k
as
s
ess
m
en
t
Sm
ar
t h
o
m
e
W
ir
eles
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Y.
B
h
av
an
i
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
T
e
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Kak
atiy
a
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
Scien
ce
W
ar
an
g
al,
T
elan
g
an
a
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
y
er
r
am
.
b
h
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
o
u
r
h
o
m
es
to
m
ak
e
th
em
s
m
ar
t
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
is
cr
u
cial.
Saf
eg
u
ar
d
in
g
o
u
r
h
o
m
es
f
r
o
m
p
o
ten
tial
d
am
a
g
e
an
d
ac
cid
en
ts
is
p
ar
am
o
u
n
t.
I
n
m
an
y
co
u
n
tr
ies
,
liq
u
id
p
etr
o
leu
m
g
as
(
L
PG
)
is
wid
ely
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
r
ea
s
o
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
d
etec
tin
g
g
as lea
k
s
is
a
m
ajo
r
co
n
ce
r
n
f
o
r
u
s
er
s
,
as it c
an
lead
to
f
r
ig
h
ten
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
I
n
s
tallin
g
f
ir
e
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
s
y
s
tem
s
,
alo
n
g
with
g
as
leak
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
is
ess
en
tial.
T
h
ese
au
to
m
ated
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
es
n
o
t
o
n
ly
p
r
o
tect
p
eo
p
le
f
r
o
m
h
az
ar
d
o
u
s
e
x
p
lo
s
io
n
s
b
u
t
also
h
elp
p
r
e
v
en
t a
cc
id
en
ts
alto
g
et
h
er
.
Gas
leak
ag
e
lead
s
to
v
ar
io
u
s
h
az
ar
d
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
m
an
y
d
i
f
f
icu
lties
.
I
t
is
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
id
en
tify
th
e
s
u
itab
le
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
g
as
leak
ag
e
d
etec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
s
th
at
ar
e
ex
is
tin
g
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
o
r
e
h
u
m
an
lab
o
r
.
T
h
is
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
m
an
y
er
r
o
r
s
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
o
r
th
e
r
esu
lt
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
ac
cu
r
ate.
B
y
u
s
in
g
p
ip
eli
n
e
n
etwo
r
k
[
1
]
[
2
]
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
all
f
ac
to
r
s
lik
e
d
ata,
h
u
m
an
m
o
tio
n
,
an
d
p
o
in
t
o
f
in
ter
est
(P
o
I
)
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
s
ca
n
b
e
d
etec
ted
.
T
h
is
n
etwo
r
k
is
co
m
p
lex
to
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
an
d
u
n
k
n
o
wn
leak
ag
es
m
ay
h
ap
p
e
n
.
T
o
av
o
id
th
es
e
lim
itatio
n
s
u
r
b
an
s
en
s
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
wh
ich
h
elp
s
to
ex
tr
ac
t
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
d
ata
f
r
o
m
p
atter
n
s
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
m
o
v
em
en
ts
.
Neu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
ar
e
cr
ea
ted
b
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
all
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
r
is
k
.
T
h
is
h
elp
s
to
id
en
tify
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
leak
lo
ca
tio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
ac
tical
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
.
All
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
g
as
leak
d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
ac
cu
r
ate
r
esu
lts
o
f
r
is
k
ass
ess
m
en
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
d
va
n
ce
men
ts
in
g
a
s
lea
ka
g
e
d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
r
is
k
a
s
s
ess
men
t:
a
co
mp
r
eh
en
s
ive
s
u
r
ve
y
(
Y.
B
h
a
va
n
i
)
615
T
h
e
d
e
m
an
d
f
o
r
liq
u
ef
ied
n
at
u
r
ed
g
as
(
L
NG)
h
as
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
.
T
h
e
leak
ag
e
h
az
ar
d
s
also
in
cr
ea
s
ed
as
m
o
r
e
L
NG
g
as
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
[
3
]
.
C
o
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
will
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
f
o
r
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
h
elp
to
d
etec
t
th
e
ex
ten
t
o
f
l
ea
k
ag
e.
B
u
t
em
e
r
g
en
cy
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
a
r
e
n
o
t
f
u
lf
illed
i.e
.
,
if
th
e
r
e
is
a
n
in
c
r
e
ase
in
th
e
ex
ten
t
o
f
leak
ag
e,
it
will
n
o
t
s
to
p
au
to
m
atica
lly
.
L
ea
k
ag
e
v
o
lu
m
es
an
d
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
r
o
p
er
ly
esti
m
ated
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
r
is
k
s
.
HYSY
S
an
d
FLACS
m
o
d
els
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
esti
m
ate
s
p
ill
f
lo
w
r
ates
an
d
g
en
er
ate
f
o
r
ec
ast
o
u
tco
m
es
lik
e
v
a
p
o
r
ex
p
lo
s
io
n
an
d
p
o
o
l
f
ir
es.
T
h
is
s
tr
ateg
y
is
al
s
o
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
ed
t
o
g
en
e
r
a
te
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
r
esu
lts
b
y
tak
in
g
d
if
f
e
r
en
t f
ac
to
r
s
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
ex
is
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
ex
p
lain
ed
h
av
e
m
an
y
d
is
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
wh
er
e
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
g
a
s
leak
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
is
co
m
p
lex
f
o
r
th
e
e
x
i
s
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
a
f
ew
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
n
o
t
ac
c
u
r
ate.
W
ith
r
esp
ec
t
to
th
e
ea
r
lier
m
eth
o
d
s
,
we
s
u
g
g
ested
an
in
ter
n
et
o
f
t
h
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
n
etwo
r
k
th
at
d
etec
ts
g
as
leak
ag
es
in
th
e
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e.
T
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
is
n
o
t
c
o
m
p
lex
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
is
h
elp
s
to
d
etec
t
g
as
leak
s
p
r
io
r
an
d
av
o
i
d
m
ajo
r
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
is
a
n
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
s
o
f
t
war
e
an
d
h
ar
d
war
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
h
e
g
as
leak
s
ar
e
d
etec
ted
with
t
h
e
h
elp
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
in
t
h
e
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
.
I
f
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
d
etec
ts
th
e
g
as
leak
s
,
th
en
a
s
m
ar
t
v
en
tila
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
will
b
e
en
ab
led
to
p
r
ev
en
t
d
am
ag
e
.
T
h
is
v
en
tilatio
n
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
b
e
o
p
er
ate
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
web
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
en
s
u
r
es
s
ec
u
r
ity
with
au
th
en
ticatio
n
te
ch
n
iq
u
es.
T
h
e
d
ata
r
elate
d
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
will
b
e
a
v
ailab
le
in
th
e
clo
u
d
s
o
th
at
it
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
r
em
o
tely
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
ca
n
b
e
ea
s
ily
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
a
b
le
to
th
e
u
s
er
as it d
o
es n
o
t in
clu
d
e
co
m
p
lex
m
o
d
els an
d
p
atter
n
s
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ize
d
as
f
o
llo
ws,
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
is
g
i
v
en
in
s
ec
tio
n
1
,
s
ec
tio
n
2
elu
cid
ates
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
.
Sectio
n
3
co
m
p
ar
es a
n
d
illu
s
tr
ates e
x
is
tin
g
w
o
r
k
an
d
s
ec
tio
n
4
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
.
Sectio
n
5
p
r
o
v
id
es c
o
n
clu
s
io
n.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
Pra
ctica
l
tr
ials
ar
e
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
th
e
v
er
if
icatio
n
o
f
ac
c
u
r
ate
r
esu
lts
.
I
n
tellig
en
t
r
is
k
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
r
eq
u
ir
es
r
ea
l
wo
r
ld
s
it
u
atio
n
s
to
b
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
an
ef
f
icien
t
m
an
n
er
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ic
ien
cy
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
in
cr
ea
s
es
with
p
r
ac
tical
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
th
ese
test
s
will
s
p
ec
if
y
th
e
im
p
o
r
t
an
ce
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
u
tili
ty
n
etwo
r
k
.
R
ea
l
tim
e
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
h
el
p
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
g
as
leak
a
g
e
r
is
k
an
d
id
e
n
tify
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
leak
ag
e
lo
ca
tio
n
s
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
af
e
ty
.
Th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
in
teg
r
ates
b
o
th
s
o
f
twar
e
an
d
h
ar
d
war
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
An
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
with
t
h
e
h
elp
o
f
d
ev
ices
lik
e
MQ
5
s
en
s
o
r
,
DC
m
o
to
r
,
E
SP
8
2
6
6
,
lo
a
d
ce
lls
,
r
elay
,
g
lo
b
al
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
m
o
b
ile
(
GSM
)
m
o
d
u
le,
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
,
lo
ad
ce
lls
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
el
ec
tr
ic
cir
cu
it,
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
,
r
esis
to
r
s
,
an
d
b
atter
y
.
E
SP
8
2
6
6
m
o
d
u
le
en
ab
les
th
e
s
y
s
tem
to
co
n
n
ec
t
to
W
i
-
Fi.
L
o
ad
ce
lls
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
weig
h
t.
GSM
m
o
d
u
le
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
en
d
in
g
s
h
o
r
t m
ess
ag
e
s
er
v
ice
(
SMS
)
to
th
e
u
s
er
,
a
s
im
is
to
b
e
in
s
er
ted
in
to
it
f
o
r
u
s
er
in
ter
ac
tio
n
.
MQ
5
s
en
s
o
r
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
g
as
leak
s
.
DC
m
o
to
r
wo
r
k
s
as
th
e
v
en
tilatio
n
s
y
s
tem
in
th
e
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
c
o
n
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
.
L
o
ad
ce
lls
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
f
i
n
d
th
e
weig
h
t
o
f
th
e
g
as,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le
we
ca
n
k
n
o
w
th
e
we
ig
h
t
o
f
th
e
g
as
co
n
tain
ed
in
th
e
g
as
cy
lin
d
er
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
lo
ad
ce
lls
.
R
elay
m
o
d
u
le
h
elp
s
to
s
witch
elec
tr
ical
d
ev
ices.
Ar
d
u
in
o
I
DE
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
c
o
d
in
g
to
th
e
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
.
R
e
q
u
ir
ed
lib
r
a
r
ies
lik
e
Ar
d
u
in
o
I
o
T
C
lo
u
d
,
Ar
d
u
in
o
_
C
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
Han
d
ler
,
Ar
d
u
in
o
_
E
SP
3
2
_
OT
A,
GSM,
Ar
d
u
in
o
_
Deb
u
g
Utils
,
Ar
d
u
in
o
Mq
ttC
lien
t,
E
s
p
lo
r
a,
Ar
d
u
in
o
_
AVRS
T
L
ar
e
to
b
e
in
s
talled
in
Ar
d
u
in
o
I
DE
.
W
e
n
ee
d
to
s
et
u
p
a
b
o
a
r
d
E
SP
8
2
6
6
in
th
e
Ar
d
u
in
o
I
DE
.
T
h
is
s
o
f
twar
e
s
y
s
tem
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
.
B
o
th
E
SP
an
d
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
s
am
e
W
i
-
Fi
n
etwo
r
k
to
en
s
u
r
e
au
t
h
en
ticatio
n
.
Af
ter
ex
ec
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
co
d
e
we
ca
n
k
n
o
w
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
g
as
w
h
ich
is
b
el
o
w
o
r
a
b
o
v
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
weig
h
t
o
f
th
e
g
as
r
em
ai
n
in
g
an
d
s
tatu
s
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
lete
s
k
etch
will
b
e
s
av
ed
in
th
e
Ar
d
u
in
o
clo
u
d
,
an
d
it
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
an
y
wh
e
r
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
clo
u
d
.
A
p
ar
ticu
lar
u
s
er
n
am
e
a
n
d
p
ass
wo
r
d
will
b
e
g
iv
e
n
to
th
e
clo
u
d
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
I
n
Ar
d
u
in
o
clo
u
d
,
a
d
ev
ice
ca
n
b
e
cr
ea
te
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ash
b
o
ar
d
s
o
th
at
it
ca
n
b
e
o
p
er
ate
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
o
b
ile
a
p
p
licatio
n
.
A
s
p
ec
if
ic
W
i
-
Fi
n
am
e
an
d
p
ass
wo
r
d
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
g
iv
en
s
o
th
at
o
n
ly
a
u
th
en
ticate
d
u
s
er
s
ca
n
o
p
er
ate
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
Firstl
y
,
th
e
s
y
s
t
em
an
d
E
SP
8
2
6
6
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
W
i
-
Fi.
I
f
th
er
e
is
an
y
g
as
leak
ag
e
d
etec
ted
b
y
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
th
en
im
m
ed
iately
th
e
lig
h
t w
i
ll “
o
n
”
in
th
e
r
ela
y
m
o
d
u
le.
T
h
e
s
m
ar
t v
en
tilatio
n
s
y
s
tem
i.e
.
,
DC
m
o
to
r
in
th
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
will
b
e
en
ab
led
.
T
h
e
weig
h
t
o
f
th
e
g
as
is
ca
lcu
late
d
b
y
th
e
lo
ad
ce
lls
.
I
f
th
e
weig
h
t
o
f
th
e
g
as
is
les
s
th
an
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
e,
th
en
an
aler
t
o
f
g
as
b
o
o
k
in
g
is
s
en
t
to
th
e
u
s
er
.
Aler
ts
ar
e
s
en
t
to
th
e
u
s
er
to
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
m
o
b
ile
n
u
m
b
er
.
W
e
ca
n
k
n
o
w
th
e
g
as
v
alu
e,
g
as
weig
h
t,
wh
eth
er
th
e
SMS
is
s
en
t,
wh
eth
er
th
e
s
y
s
tem
an
d
d
ev
ice
is
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
W
i
-
Fi
an
d
th
e
wo
r
k
in
g
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
er
ial
m
o
n
ito
r
in
Ar
d
u
in
o
I
DE
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
p
o
r
t.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
,
v
ar
i
o
u
s
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
g
as
leak
s
,
r
i
s
k
an
aly
s
is
,
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
th
e
g
as
leak
ag
e
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
au
th
en
ticatio
n
u
s
in
g
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
licat
io
n
p
atter
n
s
.
E
ac
h
m
eth
o
d
h
as
its
o
wn
ad
v
an
tag
es
as
well
a
s
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
m
eth
o
d
s
wh
ich
wer
e
in
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
p
ap
er
s
ar
e
d
escr
ib
e
d
b
elo
w.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
25
:
6
1
4
-
6
2
4
616
2
.
1
.
G
a
s
lea
ka
g
e
risk
a
s
s
ess
m
ent
in utilit
y
net
wo
rk
s
Gas
leak
ag
e
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
ajo
r
r
is
k
s
in
u
tili
ty
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
6
]
.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
u
s
e
h
u
m
an
lab
o
r
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
wh
ich
r
ed
u
ce
ef
f
i
cien
cy
.
T
h
e
r
is
k
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
u
t
th
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
in
s
id
e
th
e
g
as
p
i
p
elin
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
Hen
ce
it
is
m
an
d
ato
r
y
to
cr
ea
te
au
t
o
m
ate
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
th
at
ev
alu
ate
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
ac
cu
r
at
ely
an
d
id
en
tify
th
e
h
ig
h
-
r
is
k
lo
ca
tio
n
s
q
u
ick
ly
.
R
esear
ch
[
7
]
s
u
g
g
ests
an
in
tellig
en
t
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
ass
ess
i
n
g
th
e
r
is
k
wh
ic
h
o
v
er
co
m
e
s
th
e
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
u
s
es e
x
clu
s
iv
e
m
u
lti s
o
u
r
ce
d
ata.
2
.
2
.
Cha
lleng
es in
g
a
s
lea
ka
g
e
risk
a
s
s
ess
m
ent
An
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
r
is
k
ass
ess
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
is
v
er
y
co
m
p
le
x
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
as
it
h
as
to
d
ea
l
w
ith
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
l
ea
k
ag
e
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
clea
r
t
o
p
r
ed
i
ct
th
e
r
is
k
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
also
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
m
ajo
r
c
h
allen
g
es.
T
h
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
p
ip
elin
e
n
etwo
r
k
is
also
a
m
ajo
r
f
ac
t
o
r
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
I
n
ter
n
al
f
ea
tu
r
es
a
n
d
ex
ter
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
f
ea
tu
r
es
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
co
m
b
in
ed
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
s
e
ch
allen
g
es.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
[
1
0
]
b
u
ild
s
a
jo
in
t
lear
n
in
g
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
t
h
at
h
elp
s
f
o
r
ac
ce
s
s
in
g
lea
k
ag
e
r
i
s
k
ef
f
icien
cy
u
s
in
g
I
n
ter
n
al
f
ea
tu
r
es
an
d
ex
ter
n
a
l
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ea
tu
r
es.
All
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es
a
r
e
to
b
e
f
ac
ed
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
f
lawless
s
y
s
tem
with
h
ig
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
a
b
ilit
y
.
2
.
3
.
Adv
a
nce
m
ent
s
in
g
a
s
lea
k
a
g
e
det
ec
t
io
n sy
s
t
em
s
Pre
v
io
u
s
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
g
as
leak
a
g
e
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
em
p
lo
y
e
d
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
n
o
d
es
with
o
u
t
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
o
r
e
n
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t.
T
o
a
d
d
r
ess
th
is
,
a
f
u
lly
in
teg
r
ated
wir
eless
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
(
W
SN)
s
y
s
tem
h
as
b
ee
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
[
1
1
]
,
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
I
o
T
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
ed
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
ea
r
ly
war
n
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
T
h
is
in
teg
r
ated
s
y
s
tem
en
h
a
n
ce
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
g
r
ea
ter
p
r
ec
is
io
n
in
id
en
tify
i
n
g
a
n
d
aler
tin
g
to
g
as
lea
k
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
s
.
2
.
4
.
I
nn
o
v
a
t
i
o
ns
in
g
a
s
lea
ka
g
e
ea
rly
wa
rning
s
y
s
t
em
s
T
h
e
m
ain
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
an
y
s
y
s
tem
will
b
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
Acc
u
r
ac
y
an
d
p
r
ec
is
io
n
ar
e
lim
ited
to
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
ex
ten
t
f
o
r
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
[
1
2
]
.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
a
cc
u
r
ac
y
a
u
n
iq
u
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
id
en
tifie
d
b
ased
o
n
b
ac
k
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
n
eu
r
al
n
etw
o
r
k
s
(
B
PNNs
)
an
d
Kalm
an
f
ilter
s
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
es
lo
n
g
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
m
em
o
r
y
(
L
STM
)
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
v
ec
to
r
m
ac
h
in
e
(
SVM)
m
o
d
els
f
o
r
t
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
to
p
r
e
d
ict
g
as
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
2
.
5
.
Co
ntinuo
us
a
uthent
ica
t
io
n us
ing
m
o
bil
e
a
pp
lica
t
io
n pa
t
t
er
ns
Au
th
en
ticatio
n
is
th
e
m
ajo
r
p
r
o
b
lem
in
b
u
il
d
in
g
a
d
e
v
ice
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
er
e
a
r
e
m
an
y
wa
y
s
to
m
alf
u
n
ctio
n
th
e
d
ata
b
y
ac
ce
s
s
in
g
th
e
d
ata
in
an
u
n
a
u
th
o
r
ized
m
an
n
er
.
T
o
p
r
o
tect
th
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
s
u
ch
a
ctiv
ities
,
we
n
ee
d
t
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
ec
u
r
it
y
f
o
r
th
e
d
ata.
I
t
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
b
y
au
th
en
ticatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es.
Au
th
en
ticatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
wh
ich
d
ep
en
d
o
n
s
tatic
cr
ed
en
tials
will
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
r
is
k
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
ests
a
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
u
s
er
au
th
en
ticatio
n
a
n
d
i
d
en
tity
b
ased
o
n
m
o
b
ile
a
p
p
licatio
n
p
atter
n
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
au
th
e
n
ticatio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
p
r
o
to
co
ls
ar
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
with
th
e
h
ig
h
p
r
ec
is
io
n
v
alu
es.
I
n
s
id
e
s
m
ar
t
h
o
m
e
s
ettin
g
,
th
is
m
o
d
el
an
aly
s
es
th
e
p
atter
n
s
wh
ich
a
r
e
id
en
tifie
d
b
y
ap
p
licatio
n
.
Hen
ce
a
h
ig
h
p
r
ec
is
io
n
v
alu
e
to
b
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
th
at
h
elp
s
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
th
e
s
ec
u
r
it
y
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
.
2
.
6
.
O
pti
m
iza
t
io
n in Io
T
env
iro
nm
ent
s
f
o
r
s
ma
rt
ho
m
e
s
y
s
t
em
s
I
o
T
u
s
es
ef
f
icien
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
d
ata
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
I
o
T
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
es
m
u
ltip
le
s
en
s
o
r
s
f
o
r
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
et
wee
n
th
e
d
ev
ices.
I
o
T
co
m
p
le
tely
wo
r
k
s
with
th
e
in
ter
n
et
f
ac
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
d
ata
ca
n
b
e
ac
ce
s
s
ed
f
r
o
m
an
y
wh
er
e
w
ith
th
e
h
elp
o
f
in
ter
n
et.
T
h
is
h
elp
s
s
m
ar
t h
o
m
e
s
y
s
tem
s
to
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
to
u
s
er
n
ee
d
s
.
Sev
er
al
j
o
in
o
p
er
ato
r
s
ar
e
o
p
tim
ized
,
an
d
SV
M
class
if
icat
io
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ef
f
e
ctiv
en
ess
o
f
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
s
en
s
o
r
d
ata.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
id
en
tifie
s
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
h
elp
s
to
m
an
ag
e
d
ev
ices.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
im
p
r
o
v
es
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
in
s
m
ar
t
h
o
m
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t.
3.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
Ma
n
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
eth
o
d
s
g
as
leak
ag
e
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
r
is
k
ass
ess
m
en
t
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
we
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
a
co
m
p
let
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
p
r
esen
t
a
n
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
wh
o
ca
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
eir
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
in
a
r
ig
h
t
d
ir
ec
tio
n
an
d
ac
h
iev
e
t
h
e
g
o
al
o
f
f
in
d
i
n
g
b
etter
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
g
as
leak
ag
e.
L
iu
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
s
er
io
u
s
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
s
u
lf
u
r
h
e
x
af
lu
o
r
id
e
(
SF
6
)
g
as
leak
s
in
cities,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
m
ass
f
atalities
an
d
s
u
f
f
o
ca
tio
n
.
I
t
s
u
g
g
ests
a
m
eth
o
d
ical
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
f
o
r
k
ee
p
in
g
a
n
ey
e
o
n
,
aler
tin
g
,
an
d
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
t
o
SF
6
leak
s
in
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
s
in
an
em
er
g
en
cy
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
a
tio
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
SF
6
g
as
th
at
h
as
escap
ed
is
ex
am
in
ed
u
s
in
g
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
f
lu
id
d
y
n
am
ics
(
C
FD
)
m
o
d
els
to
p
in
p
o
in
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
d
va
n
ce
men
ts
in
g
a
s
lea
ka
g
e
d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
r
is
k
a
s
s
ess
men
t:
a
co
mp
r
eh
en
s
ive
s
u
r
ve
y
(
Y.
B
h
a
va
n
i
)
617
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
r
e
g
io
n
s
an
d
estab
lis
h
s
en
s
o
r
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
lo
ca
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
n
e
f
f
icien
t
em
er
g
en
c
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
y
s
tem
is
m
ad
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
b
y
th
e
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
a
p
r
ed
ictio
n
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
SF
6
d
i
f
f
u
s
io
n
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
e
tech
n
i
q
u
e
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ates
s
af
ety
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
d
ata
to
en
ab
le
p
r
o
m
p
t
id
e
n
tific
atio
n
o
f
n
e
ce
s
s
ar
y
em
er
g
en
c
y
ac
tio
n
s
wh
en
th
ey
ar
is
e.
B
u
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
em
p
lo
y
e
d
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
m
o
d
elin
g
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
h
o
w
n
atu
r
al
g
as lea
k
s
an
d
s
p
r
ea
d
s
with
in
u
tili
ty
tu
n
n
els
u
n
d
e
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
o
p
er
ati
o
n
al
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
v
ar
y
in
g
p
r
ess
u
r
es,
leak
s
izes,
v
en
tilatio
n
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
,
an
d
leak
lo
ca
tio
n
s
.
T
h
eir
s
tu
d
y
s
o
u
g
h
t
to
o
f
f
er
v
alu
a
b
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
r
o
u
tin
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
p
r
ac
tices a
n
d
s
tr
a
teg
ies f
o
r
p
r
e
v
en
tin
g
ac
cid
en
ts
.
Salam
eh
et
a
l
.
[
1
8
]
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
test
in
g
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
a
n
d
r
eliab
le
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
in
teg
r
ated
W
SN
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
i
ch
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ea
t
u
r
e.
R
em
ar
k
ab
ly
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
m
ain
t
ain
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
b
etwe
en
n
etwo
r
k
n
o
d
es
with
a
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
r
ate
o
f
less
th
an
5
%.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
r
esp
o
n
d
s
v
er
y
q
u
ick
ly
;
in
ju
s
t
5
0
m
illi
s
e
co
n
d
s
,
g
as
leak
s
ca
n
b
e
d
etec
ted
.
Gas
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
h
av
e
an
im
p
r
ess
iv
e
9
7
%
ac
cu
r
ac
y
r
ate,
wh
ich
is
p
ar
tic
u
lar
ly
n
o
tewo
r
t
h
y
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t th
e
v
iab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
s
y
s
tem
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
h
o
w
m
u
ch
it
m
ay
im
p
r
o
v
e
ea
r
l
y
war
n
in
g
g
a
s
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
R
alev
s
k
i
an
d
Sto
jk
o
s
k
a
[
1
9
]
d
ev
is
ed
an
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
I
o
T
s
y
s
tem
aim
ed
at
s
wif
tly
id
en
tify
in
g
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
f
i
r
e
an
d
g
as
leak
s
.
T
h
ey
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
s
im
u
lated
s
ce
n
ar
io
wh
er
ein
d
etec
t
th
e
escalatin
g
r
is
k
o
f
a
k
itch
en
f
i
r
e
b
y
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
g
as
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
ati
o
n
s
.
T
o
s
tr
ea
m
lin
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
m
in
im
iz
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
th
ey
im
p
le
m
en
ted
a
tim
e
s
er
ies
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
m
eth
o
d
u
s
in
g
a
m
o
v
in
g
av
er
ag
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
ch
em
e.
J
u
war
i
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
ex
t
er
n
al
elem
en
ts
af
f
ec
ti
n
g
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
an
d
ex
p
l
o
s
io
n
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
n
atu
r
al
g
as,
em
p
lo
y
in
g
FLA
C
S
s
o
f
twar
e.
T
h
ey
e
x
am
in
ed
v
ar
iab
les
s
u
ch
as
win
d
d
ir
e
ctio
n
,
th
e
wid
th
o
f
v
en
ted
en
clo
s
u
r
e
h
o
les,
an
d
th
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
o
b
s
tacle
s
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
B
au
wen
s
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
in
v
o
lv
in
g
v
en
tila
ted
ex
p
lo
s
io
n
s
with
p
r
o
p
an
e
-
air
m
ix
tu
r
es.
T
h
eir
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
s
tu
d
y
in
g
h
o
w
v
en
t
s
ize,
ig
n
itio
n
lo
ca
tio
n
an
d
o
b
s
tacle
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
o
f
ex
p
lo
s
io
n
s
t
h
at
ar
e
b
u
ild
u
p
o
f
p
r
ess
u
r
e.
Z
an
d
i
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
in
v
esti
g
ate
d
n
atu
r
al
g
as
leak
s
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
p
ip
elin
e.
E
x
am
i
n
e
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
th
at
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
ed
g
as
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
in
ea
ch
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
t
h
eir
im
p
ac
t
o
n
t
h
e
ex
p
lo
s
io
n
z
o
n
e.
T
o
v
alid
ate
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
c
o
n
d
u
cted
r
ea
l
-
life
test
s
with
th
e
I
s
f
ah
an
Gas
C
o
m
p
a
n
y
in
I
r
an
a
n
d
co
m
p
a
r
ed
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
with
n
u
m
er
ical
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
Var
iab
les
lik
e
b
u
r
s
t
s
ize,
p
ip
elin
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
win
d
v
elo
city
,
an
d
s
o
il
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
ea
tu
r
es
in
f
lu
en
ci
n
g
th
is
is
s
u
e.
T
h
eir
s
im
u
latio
n
s
r
ev
ea
l
t
h
at
h
ig
h
er
p
ip
elin
e
p
r
ess
u
r
es
an
d
lar
g
er
r
u
p
tu
r
e
d
iam
eter
s
lead
to
b
o
o
s
t
in
th
e
h
eig
h
t
o
f
th
e
ex
p
l
o
s
io
n
zo
n
e.
DeFr
ien
d
et
a
l.
[
2
3
]
s
u
g
g
ested
a
n
o
v
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
d
etec
tin
g
an
d
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
r
is
k
f
r
o
m
v
a
r
io
u
s
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
leak
ag
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
r
ath
er
th
an
r
ely
in
g
s
o
lely
o
n
wo
r
s
t
-
ca
s
e
ev
alu
atio
n
s
.
W
an
g
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
in
th
eir
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
r
esen
ts
a
d
ig
ital
twi
n
m
o
d
el
o
f
p
ip
elin
es,
u
tili
zin
g
p
r
ess
u
r
e
s
ig
n
als
g
en
er
ated
b
y
leak
s
to
en
h
an
ce
leak
d
etec
tio
n
.
A
v
is
u
al
m
o
d
el
is
cr
ea
ted
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
es
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
is
p
lay
o
f
s
p
atial
d
ata
f
r
o
m
p
ip
elin
e
p
h
y
s
ical
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
alo
n
g
s
id
e
d
ig
ital
twin
o
u
tp
u
t
d
ata.
Up
o
n
leak
d
etec
tio
n
,
an
alar
m
is
ac
tiv
ated
,
tr
ig
g
er
in
g
a
n
em
er
g
en
c
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e
p
lan
.
Ad
d
itio
n
all
y
,
a
p
ip
elin
e
leak
id
en
tific
atio
n
m
o
d
el
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
an
aly
zin
g
f
in
ite
elem
e
n
t m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
p
i
p
elin
e.
T
h
e
t
est d
ata
i
s
co
llected
,
p
r
ep
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
,
an
d
f
ea
tu
r
e
v
ec
to
r
s
ar
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
.
SVM
tr
ain
in
g
m
o
d
els
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
e
d
to
class
if
y
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
eo
r
etica
l
an
aly
s
is
an
d
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
al
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
e
h
ig
h
d
etec
tio
n
ac
cu
r
a
cy
o
f
th
ei
r
m
eth
o
d
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
f
e
asib
ilit
y
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
d
ig
ital twin
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
f
o
r
g
as p
ip
elin
e
leak
d
etec
tio
n
.
Z
h
en
g
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
,
co
n
ce
r
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
p
o
s
s
ib
le
leak
ag
e
r
is
k
s
d
u
r
in
g
o
f
f
-
l
o
ad
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
ar
e
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
to
lig
h
t
b
y
th
e
g
r
o
wi
n
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
L
NG
f
ac
ilit
ies
b
ein
g
b
u
ilt.
T
o
a
d
d
r
ess
th
is
,
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
s
tr
ateg
y
co
m
b
in
es th
e
FLACS
an
d
HYSYS m
o
d
els f
o
r
p
r
ec
is
e
ev
alu
atio
n
.
T
o
b
e
g
in
with
,
a
HYSYS m
o
d
el
d
eter
m
in
es
s
p
ill
f
lo
w
r
ates
in
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
b
o
t
h
with
an
d
with
o
u
t
th
e
ass
is
tan
ce
o
f
a
b
asic
p
r
o
c
ess
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
(
B
PC
S).
Seco
n
d
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
s
p
ill
f
lo
w
r
ates,
wea
th
er
,
an
d
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
ty
p
e,
FLACS
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
ec
asts
o
u
tc
o
m
e
in
clu
d
in
g
v
ap
o
r
b
u
r
s
ts
an
d
p
o
o
l
f
ir
es.
Simu
latio
n
s
s
h
o
w
th
a
t
th
e
HYSYS
–
FLACS
m
o
d
el
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
o
t
h
er
m
eth
o
d
s
in
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
b
ig
g
er
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
s
to
ich
io
m
etr
ic
clo
u
d
s
(
Q9
)
an
d
p
o
o
lin
g
r
e
g
io
n
s
v
ia
s
ix
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
is
in
teg
r
ated
m
o
d
el
h
elp
s
with
em
er
g
en
cy
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
m
itig
atio
n
ef
f
o
r
ts
b
y
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
a
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
d
a
n
g
er
s
r
elat
ed
to
u
n
s
ch
ed
u
led
L
NG
em
is
s
io
n
s
.
W
an
g
et
a
l.
[
2
6
]
s
tu
d
ied
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
t
h
e
r
elea
s
e
an
d
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
g
as f
r
o
m
s
m
all
o
p
en
i
n
g
s
u
n
d
er
b
o
th
n
atu
r
al
air
f
lo
w
an
d
f
o
r
ce
d
v
en
tilatio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
u
s
in
g
f
lu
en
t
s
o
f
twar
e.
L
iu
et
a
l.
[
2
7
]
u
tili
ze
d
C
FD
to
r
estrict
n
atu
r
al
g
as
l
ea
k
s
in
th
r
ee
d
is
tin
ct
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
.
T
h
eir
s
tu
d
y
ev
alu
ate
d
g
as
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
lev
els an
d
id
en
tifie
d
p
o
ten
tiall
y
h
az
ar
d
o
u
s
zo
n
es,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
b
u
ild
i
n
g
s
an
d
p
ip
elin
es.
Z
h
ao
’
s
m
eth
o
d
m
e
r
g
es
th
e
alter
ed
g
au
s
s
ian
p
lu
m
e
m
o
d
el
with
u
n
m
an
n
e
d
ae
r
ial
v
eh
icle
s
(
UAVs
)
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
with
laser
m
eth
an
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
alo
n
g
s
id
e
th
e
Ma
r
k
o
v
ch
ain
Mo
n
te
C
ar
lo
m
et
h
o
d
b
ased
o
n
B
ay
esian
in
f
er
en
ce
[
2
8
]
.
Un
lik
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
th
eir
m
eth
o
d
en
ab
les
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
o
f
b
o
th
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
an
d
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
p
ip
elin
e
leak
s
.
T
h
ey
co
n
d
u
cted
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
an
d
m
o
d
el
ass
ess
m
en
ts
o
n
th
e
in
v
er
s
io
n
m
o
d
el
to
v
e
r
if
y
its
r
atio
n
ality
an
d
v
iab
ilit
y
.
L
iu
et
a
l
.
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2
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[
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[
3
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[
4
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Th
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4
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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d
o
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J
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g
&
C
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m
p
Sci
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N:
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-
4
7
5
2
A
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in
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(
Y.
B
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a
va
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)
619
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
NS
Var
io
u
s
m
eth
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d
o
lo
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e
d
ev
elo
p
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d
f
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T
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m
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h
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f
u
l
f
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r
f
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a
b
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p
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th
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as
leak
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T
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R
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m
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ate
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th
at
lead
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let
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T
h
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L
iu
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s
m
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th
o
d
[
4
1
]
s
u
g
g
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a
s
u
lf
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x
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lu
o
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T
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eq
u
ir
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f
o
r
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lf
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r
h
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x
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lu
o
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e
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ea
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s
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ilit
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n
d
er
v
a
r
io
u
s
v
alu
es
o
f
p
r
ess
u
r
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
f
g
as with
tim
e
Z
h
en
g
’
s
m
eth
o
d
[
2
5
]
s
u
g
g
es
ts
a
ch
em
ical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
at
esti
m
ates
th
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
o
f
v
ap
o
u
r
ex
p
lo
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
is
a
b
asic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
th
at
m
o
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ito
r
s
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d
co
n
tr
o
ls
p
r
o
ce
s
s
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en
s
u
r
e
it
o
p
er
ates
s
af
ely
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d
with
in
n
o
r
m
al
p
a
r
am
eter
s
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
is
u
s
ed
to
f
in
d
th
e
f
lo
w
r
ate
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
v
ar
i
o
u
s
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
th
at
ar
e
with
an
d
with
o
u
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
e
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
will
af
f
ec
t
th
e
s
ize
o
f
leak
a
g
e
am
o
u
n
t.
So
,
th
er
e
ar
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
l
ea
k
ag
e
s
izes.
Pre
s
s
u
r
e
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
leak
a
g
e
s
izes,
with
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d
with
o
u
t
B
PC
S
is
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
ab
o
v
e
g
r
ap
h
.
I
t
d
ep
icts
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
th
e
f
l
o
w
r
ate
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
v
alu
es
o
f
p
r
ess
u
r
e
with
r
esp
e
ct
to
tim
e.
Fro
m
t
h
e
g
r
ap
h
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
2
we
ca
n
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
at
th
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l sy
s
tem
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
f
lo
w
r
ate.
4
.
1
.
Adv
a
nce
m
ent
s
in g
a
s
pip
eline
s
a
f
et
y
s
y
s
t
em
s
T
h
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
ec
tio
n
d
e
als
with
th
e
m
ajo
r
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
ts
in
g
as
p
ip
elin
e
s
af
et
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Dete
ctio
n
o
f
g
as
leak
a
g
es
in
p
r
io
r
en
s
u
r
es
th
e
s
af
ety
o
f
th
e
p
u
b
lic
[
4
9
]
.
Saf
et
y
is
th
e
m
aj
o
r
f
ac
to
r
in
b
u
ild
in
g
an
y
s
y
s
tem
.
Var
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
a
r
e
in
teg
r
ated
t
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
P
o
I
s
,
h
u
m
an
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
g
as
p
ip
elin
es
ar
e
in
teg
r
ated
an
d
r
esu
lted
in
a
n
ef
f
icien
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
r
is
k
as
s
ess
m
en
t.
W
ith
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
cu
ttin
g
-
e
d
g
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
an
d
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
ar
c
h
itectu
r
es,
th
er
e
is
a
h
u
g
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
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2
I
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d
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n
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J
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&
C
o
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p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
9
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No
.
1
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ly
20
25
:
6
1
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2
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620
em
er
g
en
cy
r
esp
o
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s
es
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d
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f
icien
t
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esu
lts
.
T
h
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in
teg
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ated
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led
to
th
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d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
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o
f
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r
b
a
n
s
en
s
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es with
ad
v
a
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ce
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
wh
ich
o
f
f
er
s
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ea
l ti
m
e
leak
ag
e
r
is
k
ass
ess
m
en
t.
Sar
n
in
et
a
l.
[
5
0
]
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
a
s
y
s
tem
to
d
etec
t,
m
o
n
ito
r
,
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
L
PG
leak
s
f
r
o
m
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
g
as
cy
lin
d
er
s
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
es
MQ
-
2
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
f
o
r
d
ete
ctin
g
L
PG
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s
.
T
h
e
m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
was
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
th
r
o
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g
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L
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n
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p
iezo
b
u
zz
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ts
,
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d
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em
o
tely
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ia
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B
ly
n
k
ap
p
licatio
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.
C
o
n
tr
o
l
was
m
ad
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av
ailab
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
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p
er
m
o
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s
h
u
t
o
f
f
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as
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lin
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er
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lato
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wh
en
g
as
lev
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b
ec
o
m
e
d
an
g
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o
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s
ly
h
ig
h
.
T
h
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y
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te
m
o
p
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ates
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
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No
d
eM
C
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E
SP
8
2
6
6
co
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
W
i
-
Fi
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Pre
s
s
u
r
e
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l sy
s
tem
4
.
2
.
I
nte
g
ra
t
io
n o
f
end
-
to
-
end
WSN
s
y
s
t
em
s
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
ex
p
lo
r
es
v
ar
io
u
s
m
eth
o
d
s
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
g
as
lea
k
ag
e
d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
r
is
k
s
ass
ess
m
en
t.
On
e
o
f
th
o
s
e
m
eth
o
d
s
is
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
en
d
-
to
-
en
d
W
SNs
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
s
p
ec
if
ies th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
in
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
th
e
d
ev
ices
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
ea
r
ly
war
n
in
g
o
f
g
a
s
leak
s
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
cr
ea
ted
m
an
y
h
ar
d
wa
r
e
an
d
s
o
f
twar
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
en
h
an
ce
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
.
I
o
T
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
a
r
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
v
ar
i
o
u
s
ev
en
ts
[
5
1
]
.
W
ith
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
etwo
r
k
an
d
lo
w
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
r
ates,
we
ca
n
s
p
ec
if
y
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
c
e
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
I
t satis
f
ies th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
its
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
4
.
3
.
Securit
y
a
nd
us
a
bil
it
y
i
n sm
a
rt
ho
m
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
C
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
au
th
e
n
ticatio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
p
r
iv
ac
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
o
b
u
ild
an
y
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
etwo
r
k
o
r
an
y
s
y
s
tem
,
th
er
e
is
alwa
y
s
a
th
r
ea
t
o
f
au
th
en
ticatio
n
.
Priv
ac
y
an
d
au
th
en
ticatio
n
ar
e
g
iv
en
to
p
p
r
io
r
ity
to
p
r
e
v
en
t
u
n
au
th
o
r
ized
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
d
ata
m
alf
u
n
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
este
d
m
eth
o
d
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
tr
o
n
g
p
r
o
tectio
n
ag
ain
s
t
v
ar
i
o
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
in
I
o
T
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
I
t
also
en
s
u
r
es
h
ig
h
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
T
h
ese
s
m
ar
t
h
o
m
e
s
y
s
tem
s
estab
lis
h
s
tan
d
ar
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies f
o
r
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t o
f
th
e
liv
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
in
f
u
tu
r
e.
4
.
4
.
G
a
s
lea
ka
g
e
m
o
nito
ring
s
y
s
t
em
f
o
r
us
e
in ho
s
pita
ls
Hu
s
s
ien
et
a
l.
[
5
2
]
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
d
is
cu
s
s
es
a
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
ed
to
d
etec
t
g
as
leak
s
f
r
o
m
cy
lin
d
er
s
,
wh
ich
aler
ts
u
s
er
s
v
ia
t
h
e
GSM
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
L
PG
g
as
leak
ag
e
d
etec
to
r
th
at
s
en
d
s
a
s
ig
n
al
to
an
Ar
d
u
in
o
Un
o
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
wh
en
g
as
lea
k
ag
e
is
d
etec
te
d
.
I
t
u
s
es
GSM
n
etwo
r
k
to
s
e
n
d
n
o
tific
atio
n
s
,
an
L
C
D
s
cr
ee
n
to
d
is
p
lay
th
e
war
n
in
g
,
a
n
d
also
a
b
u
zz
er
to
s
o
u
n
d
an
aler
t.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
tech
n
iq
u
es
u
s
ed
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
i
n
tellig
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
g
as
p
ip
elin
e
s
af
ety
.
W
ith
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
d
ata
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
r
ea
l
tim
e
co
m
p
lete
m
eth
o
d
to
ev
alu
ate
leak
ag
e
h
az
ar
d
s
.
Var
io
u
s
in
c
lu
s
iv
e
an
d
ex
clu
s
iv
e
f
ac
to
r
s
ar
e
in
clu
d
ed
w
h
ich
m
ad
e
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
m
o
r
e
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
h
elp
s
to
lear
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
ea
r
lier
m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
g
as
leak
s
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
in
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies.
J
o
in
t
lear
n
in
g
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
n
o
v
el
m
o
d
u
le.
T
h
is
allo
ws
u
s
to
m
o
n
ito
r
v
ar
io
u
s
s
itu
atio
n
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
an
d
h
elp
s
in
g
iv
in
g
p
r
o
m
p
t
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
Ur
b
an
s
en
s
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
h
el
p
in
an
al
y
zin
g
h
u
m
a
n
m
o
ti
o
n
d
ata
th
at
u
s
es
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
i
n
f
r
as
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
e
o
t
h
er
s
tu
d
y
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
h
ar
d
war
e
an
d
s
o
f
twar
e
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
in
W
SN
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
v
id
es
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t
in
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
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